CINXE.COM
International Environmental Law Research Papers - Academia.edu
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>International Environmental Law Research Papers - Academia.edu</title> <!-- _ _ _ | | (_) | | __ _ ___ __ _ __| | ___ _ __ ___ _ __ _ ___ __| |_ _ / _` |/ __/ _` |/ _` |/ _ \ '_ ` _ \| |/ _` | / _ \/ _` | | | | | (_| | (_| (_| | (_| | __/ | | | | | | (_| || __/ (_| | |_| | \__,_|\___\__,_|\__,_|\___|_| |_| |_|_|\__,_(_)___|\__,_|\__,_| We're hiring! See https://www.academia.edu/hiring --> <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="nVk3lQw7nQUKnOitZjHabkNN0x/SBpso2JFcV7g558aBw6YhZ82fixlZgDPA8QeBrRPDjigIA5+KauLFU3elAg==" /> <link href="/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?after=50%2C41040275" rel="next" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> <meta name="description" content="View International Environmental Law Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":15276,"monthly_visitors":"112 million","monthly_visitor_count":112794806,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":112,"user_count":277208133,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732489546000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732489546000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.7.2/html5shiv.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-296162c7af6fd81dcdd76f1a94f1fad04fb5f647401337d136fe8b68742170b1.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-8d53a22151f33ab413d88fa1c02f979c3f8706d470fc1bced09852c72a9f3454.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-f8fe82512740391f81c9e8cc48220144024b425b359b08194e316f4de070b9e8.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law" /> </head> <!--[if gte IE 9 ]> <body class='ie ie9 c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'> <![endif]--> <!--[if !(IE) ]><!--> <body class='c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'> <!--<![endif]--> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <!-- Event listeners for analytics --> <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more <span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less <span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><style type="text/css">.sor-abstract { display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">International Environmental Law</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">30,900 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>International Environmental Law</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/International_Environmental_Law">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35708056 coauthored" data-work_id="35708056" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35708056/Principe_de_pr%C3%A9caution_et_m%C3%A9tamorphoses_de_la_responsabilit%C3%A9_Mare_and_Martin_2018_dir_L_dAmbrosio_G_Giudicelli_Delage_S_Manacorda_Pr%C3%A9face_M_Delmas_Marty_">Principe de précaution et métamorphoses de la responsabilité, Mare & Martin, 2018 (dir. L. d'Ambrosio, G. Giudicelli-Delage, S. Manacorda - Préface M. Delmas-Marty)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Combinant une approche pluridisciplinaire et une méthode comparative, cet ouvrage se propose un double objectif. Saisir tout d’abord la portée et le contenu normatif du principe de précaution à travers l’étude de ses dynamiques... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35708056" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Combinant une approche pluridisciplinaire et une méthode comparative, cet ouvrage se propose un double objectif. <br /> <br />Saisir tout d’abord la portée et le contenu normatif du principe de précaution à travers l’étude de ses dynamiques normatives : circulation horizontale entre les différentes branches du droit international et circulation verticale du droit international et européen vers le droit national. Repérer ensuite les métamorphoses de la responsabilité juridique que le principe de précaution est susceptible d’engendrer à l’échelle nationale, le terme métamorphoses désignant, à l’instar des sciences du vivant, moins le résultat que les processus de transformation de la responsabilité juridique. <br /> <br />À partir de l’analyse du processus de transformation, de changement, de façonnement de ce droit « vivant », la recherche vise à repérer, interroger et encadrer les limites de l’influence du principe de précaution sur le droit de la responsabilité, et notamment sur les sources et la mise en œuvre de la responsabilité pénale. Dans cette perspective elle rend compte des acquis, théoriques et pratiques, dans le domaine de la responsabilité – civile et pénale – au regard de l’expérience française et comparée (Italie, Espagne, Chine et Argentine).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35708056" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b63a9eceda0ad6f55d84b41614de95a3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55580436,"asset_id":35708056,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55580436/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1770779" href="https://college-de-france.academia.edu/LucadAmbrosio">Luca d'Ambrosio</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1770779" type="text/json">{"id":1770779,"first_name":"Luca","last_name":"d'Ambrosio","domain_name":"college-de-france","page_name":"LucadAmbrosio","display_name":"Luca d'Ambrosio","profile_url":"https://college-de-france.academia.edu/LucadAmbrosio?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1770779/606714/18192115/s65_luca.d_ambrosio.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-35708056">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-35708056"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://unina2.academia.edu/StefanoManacorda">Stefano Manacorda</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-35708056'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-35708056').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35708056 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35708056"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35708056, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35708056", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35708056 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35708056; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35708056"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35708056 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35708056"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35708056; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35708056]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35708056").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35708056").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35708056"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="535" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="535" type="text/json">{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law">Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1307" type="text/json">{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22182" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Precautionary_Principle">Precautionary Principle</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22182" type="text/json">{"id":22182,"name":"Precautionary Principle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Precautionary_Principle?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35708056]'), work: {"id":35708056,"title":"Principe de précaution et métamorphoses de la responsabilité, Mare \u0026 Martin, 2018 (dir. L. d'Ambrosio, G. Giudicelli-Delage, S. Manacorda - Préface M. Delmas-Marty)","created_at":"2018-01-19T01:37:06.646-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35708056/Principe_de_pr%C3%A9caution_et_m%C3%A9tamorphoses_de_la_responsabilit%C3%A9_Mare_and_Martin_2018_dir_L_dAmbrosio_G_Giudicelli_Delage_S_Manacorda_Pr%C3%A9face_M_Delmas_Marty_?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_35708056","summary":"Combinant une approche pluridisciplinaire et une méthode comparative, cet ouvrage se propose un double objectif.\r\n\r\nSaisir tout d’abord la portée et le contenu normatif du principe de précaution à travers l’étude de ses dynamiques normatives : circulation horizontale entre les différentes branches du droit international et circulation verticale du droit international et européen vers le droit national. Repérer ensuite les métamorphoses de la responsabilité juridique que le principe de précaution est susceptible d’engendrer à l’échelle nationale, le terme métamorphoses désignant, à l’instar des sciences du vivant, moins le résultat que les processus de transformation de la responsabilité juridique.\r\n\r\nÀ partir de l’analyse du processus de transformation, de changement, de façonnement de ce droit « vivant », la recherche vise à repérer, interroger et encadrer les limites de l’influence du principe de précaution sur le droit de la responsabilité, et notamment sur les sources et la mise en œuvre de la responsabilité pénale. Dans cette perspective elle rend compte des acquis, théoriques et pratiques, dans le domaine de la responsabilité – civile et pénale – au regard de l’expérience française et comparée (Italie, Espagne, Chine et Argentine).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55580436,"asset_id":35708056,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1770779,"first_name":"Luca","last_name":"d'Ambrosio","domain_name":"college-de-france","page_name":"LucadAmbrosio","display_name":"Luca d'Ambrosio","profile_url":"https://college-de-france.academia.edu/LucadAmbrosio?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1770779/606714/18192115/s65_luca.d_ambrosio.jpg"},{"id":522554,"first_name":"Stefano","last_name":"Manacorda","domain_name":"unina2","page_name":"StefanoManacorda","display_name":"Stefano Manacorda","profile_url":"https://unina2.academia.edu/StefanoManacorda?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/522554/184234/13196475/s65_stefano.manacorda.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":22182,"name":"Precautionary Principle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Precautionary_Principle?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":633558,"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ENVIRONMENTAL_LAW_AND_CRIMINAL_LIABILITY?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_72401232" data-work_id="72401232" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72401232/Climate_Conflict_and_International_Law_in_the_Middle_East_and_Beyond">Climate, Conflict, and International Law in the Middle East and Beyond</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The last time there was this much carbon dioxide in our atmosphere was three and a half million years ago. While our planetary history evidences cyclical climatic shifts, this time injustice is the cause. The lifestyles of the wealthy few... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_72401232" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The last time there was this much carbon dioxide in our atmosphere was three and a half million years ago. While our planetary history evidences cyclical climatic shifts, this time injustice is the cause. The lifestyles of the wealthy few are sustained not only by increasing economic inequality but the systemic collapse of ecosystems. The richest 20 percent consumes 80 percent of the world's natural resources and generates over 90 percent of its pollution and waste. For most people, the poorer 80 percent, their grossly unequal access to natural resources is compounded by also bearing the brunt of the pollution generated by the rich.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/72401232" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d7d766f65bd22ad0d5531605b2b2c9bf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81403155,"asset_id":72401232,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81403155/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="162042851" href="https://yale.academia.edu/UshaNatarajan">Usha Natarajan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="162042851" type="text/json">{"id":162042851,"first_name":"Usha","last_name":"Natarajan","domain_name":"yale","page_name":"UshaNatarajan","display_name":"Usha Natarajan","profile_url":"https://yale.academia.edu/UshaNatarajan?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/162042851/45466455/37604537/s65_usha.natarajan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_72401232 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="72401232"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72401232, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_72401232", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_72401232 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72401232; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_72401232"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_72401232 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72401232"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72401232; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72401232]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_72401232").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_72401232").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="72401232"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3849" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict">Conflict</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3849" type="text/json">{"id":3849,"name":"Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=72401232]'), work: {"id":72401232,"title":"Climate, Conflict, and International Law in the Middle East and Beyond","created_at":"2022-02-24T03:54:24.093-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/72401232/Climate_Conflict_and_International_Law_in_the_Middle_East_and_Beyond?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_72401232","summary":"The last time there was this much carbon dioxide in our atmosphere was three and a half million years ago. While our planetary history evidences cyclical climatic shifts, this time injustice is the cause. The lifestyles of the wealthy few are sustained not only by increasing economic inequality but the systemic collapse of ecosystems. The richest 20 percent consumes 80 percent of the world's natural resources and generates over 90 percent of its pollution and waste. For most people, the poorer 80 percent, their grossly unequal access to natural resources is compounded by also bearing the brunt of the pollution generated by the rich.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81403155,"asset_id":72401232,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":162042851,"first_name":"Usha","last_name":"Natarajan","domain_name":"yale","page_name":"UshaNatarajan","display_name":"Usha Natarajan","profile_url":"https://yale.academia.edu/UshaNatarajan?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/162042851/45466455/37604537/s65_usha.natarajan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":3849,"name":"Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":98206,"name":"International Politics of the Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Politics_of_the_Middle_East?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28342610" data-work_id="28342610" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28342610/Curtain_down_and_nothing_settled_global_sustainability_governance_after_the_Rio_20_Earth_Summit">Curtain down and nothing settled: global sustainability governance after the 'Rio+20' Earth Summit</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, held in June 2012 in Rio de Janeiro, was probably the largest event in a long series of megasummits on environmental protection and sustainable development. Roughly 44 000... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28342610" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, held in June 2012 in Rio de Janeiro, was probably the largest event in a long series of megasummits on environmental protection and sustainable development. Roughly 44 000 participants descended on Rio de Janeiro to take part in ten days of preparatory committee meetings, informal consultations, side events, and the actual conference. Yet despite this unprecedented high attendance by participants from governments and civil society, the outcome of the conference is less than many had hoped for. In this paper I review the outcomes of the 2012 Rio conference in detail, with a special focus on its contributions towards the reform of the institutional framework for sustainable development. Following this review, I discuss the way ahead and options for structural reform to restrengthen earth system governance.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28342610" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a959037265b63cd12c678d9d7641313f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48675422,"asset_id":28342610,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48675422/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="52807288" href="https://uu.academia.edu/FrankBiermann">Frank Biermann</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="52807288" type="text/json">{"id":52807288,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Biermann","domain_name":"uu","page_name":"FrankBiermann","display_name":"Frank Biermann","profile_url":"https://uu.academia.edu/FrankBiermann?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/52807288/13961332/56670215/s65_frank.biermann.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28342610 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28342610"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28342610, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28342610", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28342610 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28342610; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28342610"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28342610 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28342610"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28342610; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28342610]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28342610").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28342610").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28342610"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">33</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies">Development Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="977" type="text/json">{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law">Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1307" type="text/json">{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies">Environmental Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3407" type="text/json">{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28342610]'), work: {"id":28342610,"title":"Curtain down and nothing settled: global sustainability governance after the 'Rio+20' Earth Summit","created_at":"2016-09-08T08:40:26.996-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28342610/Curtain_down_and_nothing_settled_global_sustainability_governance_after_the_Rio_20_Earth_Summit?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_28342610","summary":"The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, held in June 2012 in Rio de Janeiro, was probably the largest event in a long series of megasummits on environmental protection and sustainable development. Roughly 44 000 participants descended on Rio de Janeiro to take part in ten days of preparatory committee meetings, informal consultations, side events, and the actual conference. Yet despite this unprecedented high attendance by participants from governments and civil society, the outcome of the conference is less than many had hoped for. In this paper I review the outcomes of the 2012 Rio conference in detail, with a special focus on its contributions towards the reform of the institutional framework for sustainable development. Following this review, I discuss the way ahead and options for structural reform to restrengthen earth system governance.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48675422,"asset_id":28342610,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":52807288,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Biermann","domain_name":"uu","page_name":"FrankBiermann","display_name":"Frank Biermann","profile_url":"https://uu.academia.edu/FrankBiermann?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/52807288/13961332/56670215/s65_frank.biermann.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":3707,"name":"Climate change policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_change_policy?f_ri=25400"},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=25400"},{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=25400"},{"id":7609,"name":"Environmental Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Management?f_ri=25400"},{"id":9787,"name":"Environmental Policy and Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Policy_and_Governance?f_ri=25400"},{"id":14084,"name":"Energy and Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_and_Environment?f_ri=25400"},{"id":14469,"name":"Sustainable Water Resources Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Water_Resources_Management?f_ri=25400"},{"id":18754,"name":"Global Environmental Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Environmental_Change?f_ri=25400"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=25400"},{"id":24545,"name":"Global Environmental Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Environmental_Governance?f_ri=25400"},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":28074,"name":"International Environmental Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Politics?f_ri=25400"},{"id":37344,"name":"Earth and Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_and_Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=25400"},{"id":43777,"name":"United Nations Development Programme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations_Development_Programme?f_ri=25400"},{"id":48218,"name":"Global change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_change?f_ri=25400"},{"id":62628,"name":"global Climate change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/global_Climate_change?f_ri=25400"},{"id":91253,"name":"United Nations politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations_politics?f_ri=25400"},{"id":107491,"name":"Global Environmental Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Environmental_Politics?f_ri=25400"},{"id":112173,"name":"Climate Change Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Politics?f_ri=25400"},{"id":145061,"name":"Political ecology, NGOs, sustainable development, biodiversity, agroecology, amazonia, brazil, global change, environmental actors, protect areas, nature conservation.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_ecology_NGOs_sustainable_development_biodiversity_agroecology_amazonia_brazil_globa?f_ri=25400"},{"id":192701,"name":"Environment and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment_and_Development?f_ri=25400"},{"id":207695,"name":"International Environmental Law and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law_and_Policy?f_ri=25400"},{"id":209810,"name":"Environmental justice, global sustainability, Environmental Politics and Governance, Indigenous Knowledge Systems, Education for Sustainable Development, Environmental Sustainability. Global Development and Environmental Protection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_justice_global_sustainability_Environmental_Politics_and_Governance_Indigenous_Know?f_ri=25400"},{"id":226536,"name":"United Nations Environment Programme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations_Environment_Programme?f_ri=25400"},{"id":609308,"name":"Sustainable Development, Rio+20, United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development_Rio_20_United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development?f_ri=25400"},{"id":646991,"name":"Green and Sustainability Practices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Green_and_Sustainability_Practices?f_ri=25400"},{"id":939195,"name":"Global (North/South) Environmental Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_North_South_Environmental_Politics?f_ri=25400"},{"id":996364,"name":"Environmental Policy and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Policy_and_Management?f_ri=25400"},{"id":1832447,"name":"ENVIRONMENT IN THE WORLD","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ENVIRONMENT_IN_THE_WORLD?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37828279" data-work_id="37828279" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37828279/LA_OBRA_COMPARADA_DE_RA%C3%9AL_BRA%C3%91ES_Y_LA_EVOLUCI%C3%93N_DEL_DERECHO_AMBIENTAL_LATINOAMERICANO">LA OBRA COMPARADA DE RAÚL BRAÑES Y LA EVOLUCIÓN DEL DERECHO AMBIENTAL LATINOAMERICANO</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">El presente trabajo analiza la obra de Raúl Brañes, a la luz del derecho comparado. El objetivo del mismo es descubrir y describir las metodologías que fueron utilizadas por el autor en su obra, prolífica, de derecho ambiental... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37828279" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">El presente trabajo analiza la obra de Raúl Brañes, a la luz del derecho comparado. El objetivo del mismo es descubrir y describir las metodologías que fueron utilizadas por el autor en su obra, prolífica, de derecho ambiental latinoamericano. Para realizar tal análisis y su evolución, sus trabajos serán observados en relación con su tiempo y con las particularidades biográficas del autor, las cuales pueden resultar explicativas de parte de las opciones de estudio que va tomando. Veremos que el trabajo emprendido se topa en diversas ocasiones con una realidad muy probable: no hay una metodología preconcebida por el autor ni tampoco consistente en el tiempo. Esta dificultad, sin embargo, hace aún más interesante la valoración de sus obras, que fluyen conjuntamente con la propia creación y evolución de la rama del derecho ambiental en América Latina, donde Brañes es reconocido como uno de sus padres fundadores. 1. Su exilio y su época como consultor internacional. Raúl Brañes fue, en la Universidad de Chile, estudiante y luego profesor de Derecho Procesal 1 , hasta que en 1973 dejó el país para radicarse en México, exiliado por la dictadura 2. A esto alude implícitamente , en la dedicatoria que dejara escrita para su último trabajo, que se reproduce íntegra por ser inspiradora precisamente para quienes Brañes quizo incentivar:</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37828279" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="43ccee020962e7abeff59656b3bdb42e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57829347,"asset_id":37828279,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57829347/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16045457" href="https://uchile.academia.edu/EzioCostaCordella">Ezio Costa Cordella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16045457" type="text/json">{"id":16045457,"first_name":"Ezio","last_name":"Costa Cordella","domain_name":"uchile","page_name":"EzioCostaCordella","display_name":"Ezio Costa Cordella","profile_url":"https://uchile.academia.edu/EzioCostaCordella?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16045457/4352908/30189060/s65_ezio.costa_cordella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37828279 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37828279"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37828279, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37828279", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37828279 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37828279; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37828279"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37828279 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37828279"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37828279; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37828279]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37828279").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37828279").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37828279"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="546" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law">Comparative Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="546" type="text/json">{"id":546,"name":"Comparative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law">Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1307" type="text/json">{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="68098" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Derecho_Ambiental">Derecho Ambiental</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="68098" type="text/json">{"id":68098,"name":"Derecho Ambiental","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Derecho_Ambiental?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37828279]'), work: {"id":37828279,"title":"LA OBRA COMPARADA DE RAÚL BRAÑES Y LA EVOLUCIÓN DEL DERECHO AMBIENTAL LATINOAMERICANO","created_at":"2018-11-22T04:21:53.413-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37828279/LA_OBRA_COMPARADA_DE_RA%C3%9AL_BRA%C3%91ES_Y_LA_EVOLUCI%C3%93N_DEL_DERECHO_AMBIENTAL_LATINOAMERICANO?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_37828279","summary":"El presente trabajo analiza la obra de Raúl Brañes, a la luz del derecho comparado. El objetivo del mismo es descubrir y describir las metodologías que fueron utilizadas por el autor en su obra, prolífica, de derecho ambiental latinoamericano. Para realizar tal análisis y su evolución, sus trabajos serán observados en relación con su tiempo y con las particularidades biográficas del autor, las cuales pueden resultar explicativas de parte de las opciones de estudio que va tomando. Veremos que el trabajo emprendido se topa en diversas ocasiones con una realidad muy probable: no hay una metodología preconcebida por el autor ni tampoco consistente en el tiempo. Esta dificultad, sin embargo, hace aún más interesante la valoración de sus obras, que fluyen conjuntamente con la propia creación y evolución de la rama del derecho ambiental en América Latina, donde Brañes es reconocido como uno de sus padres fundadores. 1. Su exilio y su época como consultor internacional. Raúl Brañes fue, en la Universidad de Chile, estudiante y luego profesor de Derecho Procesal 1 , hasta que en 1973 dejó el país para radicarse en México, exiliado por la dictadura 2. A esto alude implícitamente , en la dedicatoria que dejara escrita para su último trabajo, que se reproduce íntegra por ser inspiradora precisamente para quienes Brañes quizo incentivar:","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57829347,"asset_id":37828279,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16045457,"first_name":"Ezio","last_name":"Costa Cordella","domain_name":"uchile","page_name":"EzioCostaCordella","display_name":"Ezio Costa Cordella","profile_url":"https://uchile.academia.edu/EzioCostaCordella?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16045457/4352908/30189060/s65_ezio.costa_cordella.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":546,"name":"Comparative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":68098,"name":"Derecho Ambiental","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Derecho_Ambiental?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":147502,"name":"Derecho comparado","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Derecho_comparado?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2700307" data-work_id="2700307" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2700307/Corporate_Social_Responsibility_in_the_Nigerian_Oil_and_Gas_Sector_Legal_barriers_facing_claims_of_environmental_liability_against_Multinational_oil_companies_in_Nigeria"> Corporate Social Responsibility in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Sector: Legal barriers facing claims of environmental liability against Multinational oil companies in Nigeria.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2700307" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="458cdb76796bee30f448ec9d3495f69e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30690623,"asset_id":2700307,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30690623/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2871195" href="https://mymaties.academia.edu/princeugochukwu">prince ugochukwu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2871195" type="text/json">{"id":2871195,"first_name":"prince","last_name":"ugochukwu","domain_name":"mymaties","page_name":"princeugochukwu","display_name":"prince ugochukwu","profile_url":"https://mymaties.academia.edu/princeugochukwu?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2871195/947044/1186071/s65_prince.ugochukwu.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2700307 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2700307"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2700307, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2700307", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2700307 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2700307; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2700307"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2700307 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2700307"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2700307; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2700307]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2700307").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2700307").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2700307"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1452" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Social_Responsibility">Corporate Social Responsibility</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1452" type="text/json">{"id":1452,"name":"Corporate Social Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Social_Responsibility?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="583597" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Oil_and_Gas_Law_and_Environmental_Law">Energy, Oil and Gas Law and Environmental Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="583597" type="text/json">{"id":583597,"name":"Energy, Oil and Gas Law and Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Oil_and_Gas_Law_and_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2700307]'), work: {"id":2700307,"title":" Corporate Social Responsibility in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Sector: Legal barriers facing claims of environmental liability against Multinational oil companies in Nigeria.","created_at":"2013-02-26T16:51:27.529-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2700307/Corporate_Social_Responsibility_in_the_Nigerian_Oil_and_Gas_Sector_Legal_barriers_facing_claims_of_environmental_liability_against_Multinational_oil_companies_in_Nigeria?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_2700307","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30690623,"asset_id":2700307,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2871195,"first_name":"prince","last_name":"ugochukwu","domain_name":"mymaties","page_name":"princeugochukwu","display_name":"prince ugochukwu","profile_url":"https://mymaties.academia.edu/princeugochukwu?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2871195/947044/1186071/s65_prince.ugochukwu.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1452,"name":"Corporate Social Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Social_Responsibility?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":583597,"name":"Energy, Oil and Gas Law and Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Oil_and_Gas_Law_and_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43688451" data-work_id="43688451" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43688451/STEPS_TO_GEOENGINEERING_IN_THE_ARCTIC_AND_RESEARCH_GOVERNANCE_THE_HOPE_FOR_ACTION_THROUGH_GREENLAND_S_SUCCESSFUL_INDEPENDENCE">STEPS TO GEOENGINEERING IN THE ARCTIC AND RESEARCH GOVERNANCE-THE HOPE FOR ACTION THROUGH GREENLAND’S SUCCESSFUL INDEPENDENCE</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Current international mitigation efforts are failing to solve the increasingly alarming issue of global warming. With a history of an inability to enforce International law, world leaders must figure out a new method to work together to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43688451" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Current international mitigation efforts are failing to solve the increasingly alarming issue of global warming. With a history of an inability to enforce International law, world leaders must figure out a new method to work together to combat climate change. There is no longer a true global leader in combating climate change, so is the possible solution dominating the arctic through geopolitical influence, or a country such as Greenland with an indigenous population becoming independent and taking control of a large chunk of the arctic? There are ethics, economic consequences, political factors, and environmental risks at play that will determine this. After evaluating those in the context of geoengineering in the arctic, a solution will be proposed about the best path possible for the Arctic moving forward with geoengineering to protect the environment.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43688451" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="beac278be47a00867f1e498fa6274b88" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63991314,"asset_id":43688451,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63991314/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="152513009" href="https://tamu.academia.edu/BrettTQuinn">Brett Quinn, JD</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="152513009" type="text/json">{"id":152513009,"first_name":"Brett","last_name":"Quinn, JD","domain_name":"tamu","page_name":"BrettTQuinn","display_name":"Brett Quinn, JD","profile_url":"https://tamu.academia.edu/BrettTQuinn?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/152513009/46495354/107783054/s65_brett.quinn_jd.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43688451 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43688451"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43688451, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43688451", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43688451 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43688451; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43688451"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43688451 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43688451"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43688451; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43688451]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43688451").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43688451").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43688451"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51381" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arctic_geopolitics">Arctic geopolitics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="51381" type="text/json">{"id":51381,"name":"Arctic geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arctic_geopolitics?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72935" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arctic_Governance">Arctic Governance</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="72935" type="text/json">{"id":72935,"name":"Arctic Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arctic_Governance?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43688451]'), work: {"id":43688451,"title":"STEPS TO GEOENGINEERING IN THE ARCTIC AND RESEARCH GOVERNANCE-THE HOPE FOR ACTION THROUGH GREENLAND’S SUCCESSFUL INDEPENDENCE","created_at":"2020-07-22T06:19:33.924-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43688451/STEPS_TO_GEOENGINEERING_IN_THE_ARCTIC_AND_RESEARCH_GOVERNANCE_THE_HOPE_FOR_ACTION_THROUGH_GREENLAND_S_SUCCESSFUL_INDEPENDENCE?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_43688451","summary":"\nCurrent international mitigation efforts are failing to solve the increasingly alarming issue of global warming. With a history of an inability to enforce International law, world leaders must figure out a new method to work together to combat climate change. There is no longer a true global leader in combating climate change, so is the possible solution dominating the arctic through geopolitical influence, or a country such as Greenland with an indigenous population becoming independent and taking control of a large chunk of the arctic? There are ethics, economic consequences, political factors, and environmental risks at play that will determine this. After evaluating those in the context of geoengineering in the arctic, a solution will be proposed about the best path possible for the Arctic moving forward with geoengineering to protect the environment.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63991314,"asset_id":43688451,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":152513009,"first_name":"Brett","last_name":"Quinn, JD","domain_name":"tamu","page_name":"BrettTQuinn","display_name":"Brett Quinn, JD","profile_url":"https://tamu.academia.edu/BrettTQuinn?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/152513009/46495354/107783054/s65_brett.quinn_jd.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":51381,"name":"Arctic geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arctic_geopolitics?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":72935,"name":"Arctic Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arctic_Governance?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":75906,"name":"Climate Change Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":93753,"name":"Geoengineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geoengineering?f_ri=25400"},{"id":214911,"name":"Geoenvironmental Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geoenvironmental_Engineering?f_ri=25400"},{"id":1983991,"name":"US geoengineering policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/US_geoengineering_policy?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35610805" data-work_id="35610805" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35610805/Liber_Amicorum_Anne_Petitpierre_Sauvain_Economie_Environnement_Ethique_De_la_responsabilit%C3%A9_sociale_et_soci%C3%A9tale">Liber Amicorum Anne Petitpierre-Sauvain, Economie Environnement Ethique De la responsabilité sociale et sociétale</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35610805" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ace7180b09e924f15b331a486da8f391" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55478633,"asset_id":35610805,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55478633/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10569214" href="https://regnet.academia.edu/JulianWyatt">Julian Wyatt</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10569214" type="text/json">{"id":10569214,"first_name":"Julian","last_name":"Wyatt","domain_name":"regnet","page_name":"JulianWyatt","display_name":"Julian Wyatt","profile_url":"https://regnet.academia.edu/JulianWyatt?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10569214/18757039/18717711/s65_julian.wyatt.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35610805 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35610805"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35610805, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35610805", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35610805 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35610805; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35610805"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35610805 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35610805"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35610805; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35610805]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35610805").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35610805").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35610805"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7560" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law">Public International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7560" type="text/json">{"id":7560,"name":"Public International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15112" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/WTO_law">WTO law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15112" type="text/json">{"id":15112,"name":"WTO law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/WTO_law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19287" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_trade_law">International trade law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="19287" type="text/json">{"id":19287,"name":"International trade law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_trade_law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35610805]'), work: {"id":35610805,"title":"Liber Amicorum Anne Petitpierre-Sauvain, Economie Environnement Ethique De la responsabilité sociale et sociétale","created_at":"2018-01-08T08:40:52.281-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35610805/Liber_Amicorum_Anne_Petitpierre_Sauvain_Economie_Environnement_Ethique_De_la_responsabilit%C3%A9_sociale_et_soci%C3%A9tale?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_35610805","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55478633,"asset_id":35610805,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10569214,"first_name":"Julian","last_name":"Wyatt","domain_name":"regnet","page_name":"JulianWyatt","display_name":"Julian Wyatt","profile_url":"https://regnet.academia.edu/JulianWyatt?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10569214/18757039/18717711/s65_julian.wyatt.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7560,"name":"Public International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":15112,"name":"WTO law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/WTO_law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":19287,"name":"International trade law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_trade_law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42302135" data-work_id="42302135" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42302135/ENVIRONMENTAL_REGULATION_AND_GOVERNANCE_PURPOSE_STRATEGIES_AND_PRINCIPLES_by_Veerle_Heyvaert_Book_review">ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION AND GOVERNANCE: PURPOSE, STRATEGIES AND PRINCIPLES, by Veerle Heyvaert | Book review</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Veerle Heyvaert's book is a seminal monograph in the field of transnational environmental law. The phenomena explored by this book have fundamentally transformed the conventions of international, environmental and public law, as well as... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42302135" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Veerle Heyvaert's book is a seminal monograph in the field of transnational environmental law. The phenomena explored by this book have fundamentally transformed the conventions of international, environmental and public law, as well as the scope of analysis of “governance.” As such, this is not just a mandatory supplement to classical portrayals of international environmental law - a notion that no longer adequately reflects the scope of environment-related regulatory activity. It is also a deeply well researched depiction of contemporary governance in the transnational space and a reflection on its associated challenges that regulatory initiatives must respond to.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42302135" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b20f8a8d06265695df8421db15b2c780" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62457911,"asset_id":42302135,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62457911/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="18042002" href="https://zrs-kp.academia.edu/JernejaPenca">Jerneja Penca</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="18042002" type="text/json">{"id":18042002,"first_name":"Jerneja","last_name":"Penca","domain_name":"zrs-kp","page_name":"JernejaPenca","display_name":"Jerneja Penca","profile_url":"https://zrs-kp.academia.edu/JernejaPenca?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18042002/9443974/115774764/s65_jerneja.penca.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42302135 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42302135"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42302135, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42302135", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42302135 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42302135; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42302135"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42302135 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42302135"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42302135; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42302135]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42302135").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42302135").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42302135"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="207695" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law_and_Policy">International Environmental Law and Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="207695" type="text/json">{"id":207695,"name":"International Environmental Law and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law_and_Policy?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1790835" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_Governance">Transnational Governance</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1790835" type="text/json">{"id":1790835,"name":"Transnational Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_Governance?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42302135]'), work: {"id":42302135,"title":"ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION AND GOVERNANCE: PURPOSE, STRATEGIES AND PRINCIPLES, by Veerle Heyvaert | Book review","created_at":"2020-03-24T00:06:46.918-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42302135/ENVIRONMENTAL_REGULATION_AND_GOVERNANCE_PURPOSE_STRATEGIES_AND_PRINCIPLES_by_Veerle_Heyvaert_Book_review?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_42302135","summary":"Veerle Heyvaert's book is a seminal monograph in the field of transnational environmental law. The phenomena explored by this book have fundamentally transformed the conventions of international, environmental and public law, as well as the scope of analysis of “governance.” As such, this is not just a mandatory supplement to classical portrayals of international environmental law - a notion that no longer adequately reflects the scope of environment-related regulatory activity. It is also a deeply well researched depiction of contemporary governance in the transnational space and a reflection on its associated challenges that regulatory initiatives must respond to.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62457911,"asset_id":42302135,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":18042002,"first_name":"Jerneja","last_name":"Penca","domain_name":"zrs-kp","page_name":"JernejaPenca","display_name":"Jerneja Penca","profile_url":"https://zrs-kp.academia.edu/JernejaPenca?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18042002/9443974/115774764/s65_jerneja.penca.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":207695,"name":"International Environmental Law and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law_and_Policy?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1790835,"name":"Transnational Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_Governance?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34290692" data-work_id="34290692" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34290692/Environmental_law_from_the_policy_perspective_understanding_how_legal_frameworks_influence_environmental_problem_solving">Environmental law from the policy perspective: understanding how legal frameworks influence environmental problem solving</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34290692" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cbd2f5073a072d9cae0dfa6cc1eefacf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54195782,"asset_id":34290692,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54195782/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="274120" href="https://mah.academia.edu/JosephaWessels">Josepha I Wessels</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="274120" type="text/json">{"id":274120,"first_name":"Josepha","last_name":"Wessels","domain_name":"mah","page_name":"JosephaWessels","display_name":"Josepha I Wessels","profile_url":"https://mah.academia.edu/JosephaWessels?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/274120/67271/1399436/s65_joshka.wessels.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34290692 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34290692"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34290692, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34290692", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34290692 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34290692; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34290692"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34290692 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34290692"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34290692; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34290692]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34290692").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34290692").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34290692"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies">Environmental Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3407" type="text/json">{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18845" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability">Environmental Sustainability</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18845" type="text/json">{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="105783" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bookreview">Bookreview</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="105783" type="text/json">{"id":105783,"name":"Bookreview","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bookreview?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34290692]'), work: {"id":34290692,"title":"Environmental law from the policy perspective: understanding how legal frameworks influence environmental problem solving","created_at":"2017-08-21T05:15:02.227-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34290692/Environmental_law_from_the_policy_perspective_understanding_how_legal_frameworks_influence_environmental_problem_solving?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_34290692","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54195782,"asset_id":34290692,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":274120,"first_name":"Josepha","last_name":"Wessels","domain_name":"mah","page_name":"JosephaWessels","display_name":"Josepha I Wessels","profile_url":"https://mah.academia.edu/JosephaWessels?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/274120/67271/1399436/s65_joshka.wessels.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":105783,"name":"Bookreview","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bookreview?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16493852" data-work_id="16493852" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16493852/Regulaci%C3%B3n_Internacional_del_Medio_Ambiente">Regulación Internacional del Medio Ambiente</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Principios internacionales sobre derecho internacional público y derecho ambiental internacional.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16493852" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c187ad0800ac847e42dc1a24f782b77e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39018653,"asset_id":16493852,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39018653/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="29426178" href="https://ub-ar.academia.edu/JacquelineBerkenstadt">Jacqueline Berkenstadt</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="29426178" type="text/json">{"id":29426178,"first_name":"Jacqueline","last_name":"Berkenstadt","domain_name":"ub-ar","page_name":"JacquelineBerkenstadt","display_name":"Jacqueline Berkenstadt","profile_url":"https://ub-ar.academia.edu/JacquelineBerkenstadt?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29426178/8424938/10115225/s65_jacqueline.berkenstadt.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16493852 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16493852"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16493852, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16493852", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_16493852 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16493852; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_16493852"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_16493852 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="16493852"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16493852; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16493852]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16493852").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16493852").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16493852"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law">Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1307" type="text/json">{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16493852]'), work: {"id":16493852,"title":"Regulación Internacional del Medio Ambiente","created_at":"2015-10-05T18:10:45.452-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16493852/Regulaci%C3%B3n_Internacional_del_Medio_Ambiente?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_16493852","summary":"Principios internacionales sobre derecho internacional público y derecho ambiental internacional.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39018653,"asset_id":16493852,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":29426178,"first_name":"Jacqueline","last_name":"Berkenstadt","domain_name":"ub-ar","page_name":"JacquelineBerkenstadt","display_name":"Jacqueline Berkenstadt","profile_url":"https://ub-ar.academia.edu/JacquelineBerkenstadt?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29426178/8424938/10115225/s65_jacqueline.berkenstadt.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11563709" data-work_id="11563709" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11563709/FOREIGNERS_LAND_RIGHTS_REGULATIONS_INDONESIA_S_PRACTICE">FOREIGNERS LAND RIGHTS REGULATIONS: INDONESIA’S PRACTICE</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11563709" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fed887f37d806020bc113b96a31da497" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37056048,"asset_id":11563709,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37056048/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="28233204" href="https://ui.academia.edu/ArieAfriansyah">Arie Afriansyah</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="28233204" type="text/json">{"id":28233204,"first_name":"Arie","last_name":"Afriansyah","domain_name":"ui","page_name":"ArieAfriansyah","display_name":"Arie Afriansyah","profile_url":"https://ui.academia.edu/ArieAfriansyah?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28233204/7980972/8939592/s65_arie.afriansyah.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11563709 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11563709"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11563709, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11563709", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_11563709 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11563709; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_11563709"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_11563709 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11563709"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11563709; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11563709]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11563709").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11563709").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11563709"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="546" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law">Comparative Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="546" type="text/json">{"id":546,"name":"Comparative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11563709]'), work: {"id":11563709,"title":"FOREIGNERS LAND RIGHTS REGULATIONS: INDONESIA’S PRACTICE","created_at":"2015-03-21T03:19:03.145-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11563709/FOREIGNERS_LAND_RIGHTS_REGULATIONS_INDONESIA_S_PRACTICE?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_11563709","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37056048,"asset_id":11563709,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":28233204,"first_name":"Arie","last_name":"Afriansyah","domain_name":"ui","page_name":"ArieAfriansyah","display_name":"Arie Afriansyah","profile_url":"https://ui.academia.edu/ArieAfriansyah?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28233204/7980972/8939592/s65_arie.afriansyah.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":546,"name":"Comparative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":29904,"name":"International Investment Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Investment_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":60770,"name":"Law of Treaties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_Treaties?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3110845" data-work_id="3110845" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3110845/Social_influences_on_food_choice_and_dietary_change_a_sociological_attitude">Social influences on food choice and dietary change: a sociological attitude</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3110845" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e221404cabc828846e1f423fc52e22d4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50463402,"asset_id":3110845,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50463402/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3575431" href="https://soas-uk.academia.edu/AnneMurcott">Anne Murcott</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3575431" type="text/json">{"id":3575431,"first_name":"Anne","last_name":"Murcott","domain_name":"soas-uk","page_name":"AnneMurcott","display_name":"Anne Murcott","profile_url":"https://soas-uk.academia.edu/AnneMurcott?f_ri=25400","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3110845 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3110845"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3110845, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3110845", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3110845 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3110845; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3110845"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3110845 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3110845"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3110845; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3110845]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3110845").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3110845").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3110845"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1578" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Participatory_Research">Participatory Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1578" type="text/json">{"id":1578,"name":"Participatory Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Participatory_Research?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5976" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_Change">Institutional Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5976" type="text/json">{"id":5976,"name":"Institutional Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_Change?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6656" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-Governmental_Organizations_NGOs_">Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6656" type="text/json">{"id":6656,"name":"Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-Governmental_Organizations_NGOs_?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18845" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability">Environmental Sustainability</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="18845" type="text/json">{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3110845]'), work: {"id":3110845,"title":"Social influences on food choice and dietary change: a sociological attitude","created_at":"2013-03-25T22:15:41.335-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3110845/Social_influences_on_food_choice_and_dietary_change_a_sociological_attitude?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_3110845","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50463402,"asset_id":3110845,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3575431,"first_name":"Anne","last_name":"Murcott","domain_name":"soas-uk","page_name":"AnneMurcott","display_name":"Anne Murcott","profile_url":"https://soas-uk.academia.edu/AnneMurcott?f_ri=25400","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1578,"name":"Participatory Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Participatory_Research?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":5976,"name":"Institutional Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_Change?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":6656,"name":"Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-Governmental_Organizations_NGOs_?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":38360,"name":"Food Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Security?f_ri=25400"},{"id":70646,"name":"Development policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_policy?f_ri=25400"},{"id":102572,"name":"Urban Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Issues?f_ri=25400"},{"id":991561,"name":"Natural Resource Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resource_Economy?f_ri=25400"},{"id":991562,"name":"Climate Change (Agro Sociology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Agro_Sociology_?f_ri=25400"},{"id":1009430,"name":"Savannas Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Savannas_Sciences?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50993878" data-work_id="50993878" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50993878/Ozone_Depletion_and_International_Legal_Responses">Ozone Depletion and International Legal Responses</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">There are many situations where anthropogenic activities have significant effects on the environment. Ozone layer damage is one of them, caused by the use of Ozone Depleting Substance (ODSs) e.g. Chlorofluorocarbons, Halons etc. This... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_50993878" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">There are many situations where anthropogenic activities have significant effects on the environment. Ozone layer damage is one of them, caused by the use of Ozone Depleting Substance (ODSs) e.g. Chlorofluorocarbons, Halons etc. This project primarily focuses on the issue of ozone depletion and the global community's efforts to prevent what could have been an ecological disaster if left unchecked. First, it examines the science of ozone depletion, and the role played by Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs) in modern society and details the discovery of the damage being done by these substances to the ozone layer and the detection of an ozone hole in the Antarctic. It then critically examines the global communities' efforts to ban ODSs thru the crafting of the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, and the attempts to successfully strengthen the instrument through the Montreal Protocol and subsequent amendments.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50993878" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f45523c696ca9f606f4f63244a24103d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68865114,"asset_id":50993878,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68865114/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="151211601" href="https://kashmir.academia.edu/SaqibAyoub">Saqib Ayoub</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="151211601" type="text/json">{"id":151211601,"first_name":"Saqib","last_name":"Ayoub","domain_name":"kashmir","page_name":"SaqibAyoub","display_name":"Saqib Ayoub","profile_url":"https://kashmir.academia.edu/SaqibAyoub?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/151211601/47539996/115964909/s65_saqib.ayoub.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50993878 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50993878"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50993878, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50993878", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_50993878 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50993878; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_50993878"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_50993878 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50993878"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50993878; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50993878]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_50993878").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_50993878").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="50993878"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=50993878]'), work: {"id":50993878,"title":"Ozone Depletion and International Legal Responses","created_at":"2021-08-24T08:20:54.589-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/50993878/Ozone_Depletion_and_International_Legal_Responses?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_50993878","summary":"There are many situations where anthropogenic activities have significant effects on the environment. Ozone layer damage is one of them, caused by the use of Ozone Depleting Substance (ODSs) e.g. Chlorofluorocarbons, Halons etc. This project primarily focuses on the issue of ozone depletion and the global community's efforts to prevent what could have been an ecological disaster if left unchecked. First, it examines the science of ozone depletion, and the role played by Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs) in modern society and details the discovery of the damage being done by these substances to the ozone layer and the detection of an ozone hole in the Antarctic. It then critically examines the global communities' efforts to ban ODSs thru the crafting of the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, and the attempts to successfully strengthen the instrument through the Montreal Protocol and subsequent amendments.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68865114,"asset_id":50993878,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":151211601,"first_name":"Saqib","last_name":"Ayoub","domain_name":"kashmir","page_name":"SaqibAyoub","display_name":"Saqib Ayoub","profile_url":"https://kashmir.academia.edu/SaqibAyoub?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/151211601/47539996/115964909/s65_saqib.ayoub.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35927237" data-work_id="35927237" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35927237/Transboundary_Damage_and_Environmental_Impact_Assessment_New_Trends_for_the_Protection_of_Third_States_and_the_Environment">Transboundary Damage and Environmental Impact Assessment: New Trends for the Protection of Third States and the Environment</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35927237" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40979541" href="https://uniroma1.academia.edu/GianfrancoGabrieleNucera">Gianfranco Gabriele Nucera</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40979541" type="text/json">{"id":40979541,"first_name":"Gianfranco Gabriele","last_name":"Nucera","domain_name":"uniroma1","page_name":"GianfrancoGabrieleNucera","display_name":"Gianfranco Gabriele Nucera","profile_url":"https://uniroma1.academia.edu/GianfrancoGabrieleNucera?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40979541/11169556/12464490/s65_gianfranco_gabriele.nucera.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35927237 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35927237"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35927237, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35927237", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35927237 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35927237; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35927237"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35927237 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35927237"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35927237; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35927237]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35927237").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35927237").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35927237"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4524" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development">Sustainable Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4524" type="text/json">{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10729" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Impact_Assessment">Environmental Impact Assessment</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10729" type="text/json">{"id":10729,"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Impact_Assessment?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35927237]'), work: {"id":35927237,"title":"Transboundary Damage and Environmental Impact Assessment: New Trends for the Protection of Third States and the Environment","created_at":"2018-02-15T02:21:38.470-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35927237/Transboundary_Damage_and_Environmental_Impact_Assessment_New_Trends_for_the_Protection_of_Third_States_and_the_Environment?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_35927237","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40979541,"first_name":"Gianfranco Gabriele","last_name":"Nucera","domain_name":"uniroma1","page_name":"GianfrancoGabrieleNucera","display_name":"Gianfranco Gabriele Nucera","profile_url":"https://uniroma1.academia.edu/GianfrancoGabrieleNucera?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40979541/11169556/12464490/s65_gianfranco_gabriele.nucera.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":10729,"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Impact_Assessment?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36802659" data-work_id="36802659" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36802659/%CE%97_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%80%CF%84%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82">Η συμβολή των Ηνωμένων Εθνών στη σύνδεση της βιώσιμης ανάπτυξης με την προστασία του περιβάλλοντος</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">(in Greek) In their efforts to combat the major problems which are affecting the international community, the United Nations established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs include a wide scope of actions which aim at... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36802659" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">(in Greek)<br />In their efforts to combat the major problems which are affecting the international community, the United Nations established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs include a wide scope of actions which aim at promoting both the international collaborations as well as the cooperation of public and private sectors in order to improve the quality of life of all people. Apart from the presentation of the SDGs and the methods of their implementation, in the present article we discuss the contribution of the United Nations to the effort to bind together development and environmental protection (in particular by tackling climate change), as the latter is now considered a step of great importance in improving human life on the planet.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36802659" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9425be90fd3b24a34b352354e43421cf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57859507,"asset_id":36802659,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57859507/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3360715" href="https://uoa.academia.edu/GeorgeDikaios">George Dikaios</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3360715" type="text/json">{"id":3360715,"first_name":"George","last_name":"Dikaios","domain_name":"uoa","page_name":"GeorgeDikaios","display_name":"George Dikaios","profile_url":"https://uoa.academia.edu/GeorgeDikaios?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3360715/1128235/38703680/s65_george.dikaios.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36802659 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36802659"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36802659, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36802659", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36802659 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36802659; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36802659"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36802659 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36802659"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36802659; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36802659]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36802659").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36802659").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36802659"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4524" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development">Sustainable Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4524" type="text/json">{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6617" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations">United Nations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6617" type="text/json">{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36802659]'), work: {"id":36802659,"title":"Η συμβολή των Ηνωμένων Εθνών στη σύνδεση της βιώσιμης ανάπτυξης με την προστασία του περιβάλλοντος","created_at":"2018-06-07T15:54:40.727-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36802659/%CE%97_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%80%CF%84%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_36802659","summary":"(in Greek)\nIn their efforts to combat the major problems which are affecting the international community, the United Nations established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs include a wide scope of actions which aim at promoting both the international collaborations as well as the cooperation of public and private sectors in order to improve the quality of life of all people. Apart from the presentation of the SDGs and the methods of their implementation, in the present article we discuss the contribution of the United Nations to the effort to bind together development and environmental protection (in particular by tackling climate change), as the latter is now considered a step of great importance in improving human life on the planet.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57859507,"asset_id":36802659,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3360715,"first_name":"George","last_name":"Dikaios","domain_name":"uoa","page_name":"GeorgeDikaios","display_name":"George Dikaios","profile_url":"https://uoa.academia.edu/GeorgeDikaios?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3360715/1128235/38703680/s65_george.dikaios.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":28074,"name":"International Environmental Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Politics?f_ri=25400"},{"id":1958655,"name":"Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development_Goals_SDGs_?f_ri=25400"},{"id":2358447,"name":"Paris Agreement 2015","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paris_Agreement_2015?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12030051" data-work_id="12030051" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12030051/Aktu%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_ot%C3%A1zky_zakotven%C3%AD_lidsk%C3%A9ho_pr%C3%A1va_na_%C5%BEivotn%C3%AD_prost%C5%99ed%C3%AD_v_mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%ADm_pr%C3%A1vu_AUCI_3_2011_">Aktuální otázky zakotvení lidského práva na životní prostředí v mezinárodním právu (AUCI 3/2011)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Text popisuje vazby mezi ochranou životního prostředí a lidskými právy z hlediska možnosti využití nástrojů ochrany lidských práv ve prospěch ochrany životního prostředí. Hlavní pozornost je věnována nejnovějšímu nalezenému výsledku... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12030051" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Text popisuje vazby mezi ochranou životního prostředí a lidskými právy z hlediska možnosti využití nástrojů ochrany lidských práv ve prospěch ochrany životního prostředí. Hlavní pozornost je věnována nejnovějšímu nalezenému výsledku těchto vazeb, a sice konceptu lidského práva na příznivé (zdravé, čisté, vyvážené apod.) životní prostředí a jeho pozici v mezinárodním právu. Po přehledu vývoje tohoto práva nastiňuje autorka tři konkrétní cesty, představitelné pro uznání tohoto nového lidského práva v mezinárodním právu. <br /> <br />Citace: <br />MÜLLEROVÁ, H. Aktuální otázky zakotvení lidského práva na životní prostředí v mezinárodním právu. Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Iuridica. 2011, č. 3, s. s. 19-44. ISSN 0323-0619. <br /> <br />The article describes the linkages that have been found between the environmental protection and human rights; it esp. mentions the ways how environmental protection may benefit from applying human rights instruments. It tackles the most recent result of these linkages, the concept of a new human right to a decent (healthy, clean, etc.)environment and its recognition in international law. After presenting an overview of a historical development of the right, the autor deals with three concrete ways that are possible for future international recognition of the right environment.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12030051" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e4d9a6c7a188ad7c7b3f35075827e7c9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37361975,"asset_id":12030051,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37361975/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16090884" href="https://cas-cz.academia.edu/HanaMullerova">Hana Müllerová</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16090884" type="text/json">{"id":16090884,"first_name":"Hana","last_name":"Müllerová","domain_name":"cas-cz","page_name":"HanaMullerova","display_name":"Hana Müllerová","profile_url":"https://cas-cz.academia.edu/HanaMullerova?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16090884/4373880/155186167/s65_hana.m_llerov_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12030051 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12030051"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12030051, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12030051", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12030051 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12030051; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12030051"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12030051 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12030051"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12030051; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12030051]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12030051").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12030051").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12030051"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law">Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1307" type="text/json">{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22266" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law_and_Human_Rights">Environmental Law and Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22266" type="text/json">{"id":22266,"name":"Environmental Law and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="529133" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Right_to_a_Healthy_Environment">Human Right to a Healthy Environment</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="529133" type="text/json">{"id":529133,"name":"Human Right to a Healthy Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Right_to_a_Healthy_Environment?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12030051]'), work: {"id":12030051,"title":"Aktuální otázky zakotvení lidského práva na životní prostředí v mezinárodním právu (AUCI 3/2011)","created_at":"2015-04-20T10:29:42.999-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12030051/Aktu%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_ot%C3%A1zky_zakotven%C3%AD_lidsk%C3%A9ho_pr%C3%A1va_na_%C5%BEivotn%C3%AD_prost%C5%99ed%C3%AD_v_mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%ADm_pr%C3%A1vu_AUCI_3_2011_?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_12030051","summary":"Text popisuje vazby mezi ochranou životního prostředí a lidskými právy z hlediska možnosti využití nástrojů ochrany lidských práv ve prospěch ochrany životního prostředí. Hlavní pozornost je věnována nejnovějšímu nalezenému výsledku těchto vazeb, a sice konceptu lidského práva na příznivé (zdravé, čisté, vyvážené apod.) životní prostředí a jeho pozici v mezinárodním právu. Po přehledu vývoje tohoto práva nastiňuje autorka tři konkrétní cesty, představitelné pro uznání tohoto nového lidského práva v mezinárodním právu.\r\n\r\nCitace:\r\nMÜLLEROVÁ, H. Aktuální otázky zakotvení lidského práva na životní prostředí v mezinárodním právu. Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Iuridica. 2011, č. 3, s. s. 19-44. ISSN 0323-0619.\r\n\r\nThe article describes the linkages that have been found between the environmental protection and human rights; it esp. mentions the ways how environmental protection may benefit from applying human rights instruments. It tackles the most recent result of these linkages, the concept of a new human right to a decent (healthy, clean, etc.)environment and its recognition in international law. After presenting an overview of a historical development of the right, the autor deals with three concrete ways that are possible for future international recognition of the right environment.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37361975,"asset_id":12030051,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16090884,"first_name":"Hana","last_name":"Müllerová","domain_name":"cas-cz","page_name":"HanaMullerova","display_name":"Hana Müllerová","profile_url":"https://cas-cz.academia.edu/HanaMullerova?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16090884/4373880/155186167/s65_hana.m_llerov_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":22266,"name":"Environmental Law and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":529133,"name":"Human Right to a Healthy Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Right_to_a_Healthy_Environment?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44971317" data-work_id="44971317" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44971317/The_Development_of_Environmental_Human_Rights">The Development of Environmental Human Rights</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Human rights and the environment are linked with each other in two ways. Firstly, the environment is seen as precondition of the realization of human rights. Because human beings are dependent on the environment. We all meet our basic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44971317" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Human rights and the environment are linked with each other in two ways. Firstly, the environment is seen as precondition of the realization of human rights. Because human beings are dependent on the environment. We all meet our basic needs including air, water and food from nature. Individuals cannot exist without the mother earth. For this reason, human rights may not be enjoyed at the absence of a clean environment. Secondly, human rights can be an effective way to achieve environmental safety. These two linkages are united under the umbrella of environmental human rights. Environmental human rights are the rights of people to protect the environment for the sake of human beings. There have been numerous studies investigating the scope and types of environmental human rights. However, how the linkage between human rights and the environment has been evolved has not been discussed sufficiently so far. Accordingly, this paper aims to explore how environmental human rights have been developed over history. This research finds that environmental human rights have been developed by international environmental law more than international human rights law.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44971317" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1bc4d46f113106e355d7864eb7984ed6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65506879,"asset_id":44971317,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65506879/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37275192" href="https://leeds.academia.edu/EmrahAkyuz">Emrah Akyuz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37275192" type="text/json">{"id":37275192,"first_name":"Emrah","last_name":"Akyuz","domain_name":"leeds","page_name":"EmrahAkyuz","display_name":"Emrah Akyuz","profile_url":"https://leeds.academia.edu/EmrahAkyuz?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37275192/10575138/100023622/s65_emrah.akyuz.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44971317 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44971317"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44971317, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44971317", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44971317 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44971317; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44971317"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44971317 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44971317"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44971317; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44971317]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44971317").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44971317").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44971317"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law">Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1307" type="text/json">{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2169" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law">Human Rights Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2169" type="text/json">{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies">Environmental Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3407" type="text/json">{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44971317]'), work: {"id":44971317,"title":"The Development of Environmental Human Rights","created_at":"2021-01-25T01:29:37.559-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44971317/The_Development_of_Environmental_Human_Rights?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_44971317","summary":"Human rights and the environment are linked with each other in two ways. Firstly, the environment is seen as precondition of the realization of human rights. Because human beings are dependent on the environment. We all meet our basic needs including air, water and food from nature. Individuals cannot exist without the mother earth. For this reason, human rights may not be enjoyed at the absence of a clean environment. Secondly, human rights can be an effective way to achieve environmental safety. These two linkages are united under the umbrella of environmental human rights. Environmental human rights are the rights of people to protect the environment for the sake of human beings. There have been numerous studies investigating the scope and types of environmental human rights. However, how the linkage between human rights and the environment has been evolved has not been discussed sufficiently so far. Accordingly, this paper aims to explore how environmental human rights have been developed over history. This research finds that environmental human rights have been developed by international environmental law more than international human rights law.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65506879,"asset_id":44971317,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37275192,"first_name":"Emrah","last_name":"Akyuz","domain_name":"leeds","page_name":"EmrahAkyuz","display_name":"Emrah Akyuz","profile_url":"https://leeds.academia.edu/EmrahAkyuz?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37275192/10575138/100023622/s65_emrah.akyuz.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":5321,"name":"International Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":22266,"name":"Environmental Law and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=25400"},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":195847,"name":"Environmental Laws","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Laws?f_ri=25400"},{"id":953080,"name":"Environmental Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Rights?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43462252" data-work_id="43462252" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43462252/Technology_transfer_for_the_high_seas_potential_modalities_for_technology_transfer_under_the_International_Legally_Binding_Instrument">Technology transfer for the high seas: potential modalities for technology transfer under the International Legally Binding Instrument</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43462252" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bff2f36901b3461ca0a3657889c44cbf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63769858,"asset_id":43462252,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63769858/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7772259" href="https://pkustl.academia.edu/StephenMinas">Stephen Minas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7772259" type="text/json">{"id":7772259,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Minas","domain_name":"pkustl","page_name":"StephenMinas","display_name":"Stephen Minas","profile_url":"https://pkustl.academia.edu/StephenMinas?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7772259/2766554/95852880/s65_stephen.minas.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43462252 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43462252"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43462252, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43462252", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43462252 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43462252; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43462252"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43462252 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43462252"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43462252; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43462252]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43462252").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43462252").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43462252"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6617" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations">United Nations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6617" type="text/json">{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8869" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_the_Sea">Law of the Sea</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8869" type="text/json">{"id":8869,"name":"Law of the Sea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_the_Sea?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10072" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology_transfer">Technology transfer</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10072" type="text/json">{"id":10072,"name":"Technology transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology_transfer?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17635" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_biodiversity">Marine biodiversity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17635" type="text/json">{"id":17635,"name":"Marine biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_biodiversity?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43462252]'), work: {"id":43462252,"title":"Technology transfer for the high seas: potential modalities for technology transfer under the International Legally Binding Instrument","created_at":"2020-06-28T20:02:00.504-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43462252/Technology_transfer_for_the_high_seas_potential_modalities_for_technology_transfer_under_the_International_Legally_Binding_Instrument?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_43462252","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63769858,"asset_id":43462252,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7772259,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Minas","domain_name":"pkustl","page_name":"StephenMinas","display_name":"Stephen Minas","profile_url":"https://pkustl.academia.edu/StephenMinas?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7772259/2766554/95852880/s65_stephen.minas.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":8869,"name":"Law of the Sea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_the_Sea?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":10072,"name":"Technology transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology_transfer?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":17635,"name":"Marine biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_biodiversity?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=25400"},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":26218,"name":"International Marine Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Marine_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":32203,"name":"Technology transfer to developing countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology_transfer_to_developing_countries?f_ri=25400"},{"id":88526,"name":"Marine Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Technology?f_ri=25400"},{"id":197441,"name":"Convention on Biological Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity?f_ri=25400"},{"id":207695,"name":"International Environmental Law and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law_and_Policy?f_ri=25400"},{"id":297829,"name":"UNFCCC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UNFCCC?f_ri=25400"},{"id":324909,"name":"High Seas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Seas?f_ri=25400"},{"id":406850,"name":"Marine Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Environment?f_ri=25400"},{"id":662700,"name":"UNCLOS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UNCLOS?f_ri=25400"},{"id":974457,"name":"Unclos 1982","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unclos_1982?f_ri=25400"},{"id":2358447,"name":"Paris Agreement 2015","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paris_Agreement_2015?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38373322" data-work_id="38373322" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38373322/Tackling_a_Global_Crisis_Did_the_Vienna_Convention_Save_the_Ozone_Layer">Tackling a Global Crisis: Did the Vienna Convention Save the Ozone Layer?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">After a brief non-technical discussion of the science, this ppt discusses the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol (and amendments) in relation to the ozone layer as well as climate change. The Vienna Convention served as an... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38373322" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">After a brief non-technical discussion of the science, this ppt discusses the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol (and amendments) in relation to the ozone layer as well as climate change. The Vienna Convention served as an important template for later international agreements that tacked other environmental issues.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38373322" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="866ef296520b9fa79dbbef826a029f63" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58428039,"asset_id":38373322,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58428039/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="29671820" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MurrayLeeEiland">Murray Lee Eiland</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="29671820" type="text/json">{"id":29671820,"first_name":"Murray","last_name":"Lee Eiland","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MurrayLeeEiland","display_name":"Murray Lee Eiland","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MurrayLeeEiland?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29671820/8527885/21613653/s65_murray.lee_eiland.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38373322 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38373322"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38373322, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38373322", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38373322 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38373322; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38373322"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38373322 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38373322"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38373322; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38373322]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38373322").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38373322").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38373322"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law">Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1307" type="text/json">{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36059" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36059" type="text/json">{"id":36059,"name":"Environmentalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmentalism?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="75906" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Law">Climate Change Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="75906" type="text/json">{"id":75906,"name":"Climate Change Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38373322]'), work: {"id":38373322,"title":"Tackling a Global Crisis: Did the Vienna Convention Save the Ozone Layer?","created_at":"2019-02-17T15:30:32.741-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38373322/Tackling_a_Global_Crisis_Did_the_Vienna_Convention_Save_the_Ozone_Layer?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_38373322","summary":"After a brief non-technical discussion of the science, this ppt discusses the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol (and amendments) in relation to the ozone layer as well as climate change. The Vienna Convention served as an important template for later international agreements that tacked other environmental issues. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58428039,"asset_id":38373322,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":29671820,"first_name":"Murray","last_name":"Lee Eiland","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MurrayLeeEiland","display_name":"Murray Lee Eiland","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MurrayLeeEiland?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29671820/8527885/21613653/s65_murray.lee_eiland.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":36059,"name":"Environmentalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmentalism?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":75906,"name":"Climate Change Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":380824,"name":"Ozone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ozone?f_ri=25400"},{"id":741384,"name":"Ozone layer depletion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ozone_layer_depletion?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_54397626" data-work_id="54397626" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54397626/Non_Compliance_Procedures_in_Multilateral_Environmental_Agreements_Weaknesses_Diagnosis_and_Therapy">Non-Compliance Procedures in Multilateral Environmental Agreements: Weaknesses' Diagnosis and Therapy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/54397626" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="155617a770230bdd8f2e76d81c7d06e0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":70781052,"asset_id":54397626,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70781052/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="179698286" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ACardesaSalzmann">Antonio Cardesa Salzmann</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="179698286" type="text/json">{"id":179698286,"first_name":"Antonio","last_name":"Cardesa Salzmann","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ACardesaSalzmann","display_name":"Antonio Cardesa Salzmann","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ACardesaSalzmann?f_ri=25400","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_54397626 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="54397626"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 54397626, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_54397626", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_54397626 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54397626; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_54397626"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_54397626 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="54397626"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54397626; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=54397626]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_54397626").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_54397626").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="54397626"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24545" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Environmental_Governance">Global Environmental Governance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24545" type="text/json">{"id":24545,"name":"Global Environmental Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Environmental_Governance?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60349" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multilateral_Environmental_Agreements">Multilateral Environmental Agreements</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="60349" type="text/json">{"id":60349,"name":"Multilateral Environmental Agreements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multilateral_Environmental_Agreements?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=54397626]'), work: {"id":54397626,"title":"Non-Compliance Procedures in Multilateral Environmental Agreements: Weaknesses' Diagnosis and Therapy","created_at":"2021-09-30T11:27:19.130-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/54397626/Non_Compliance_Procedures_in_Multilateral_Environmental_Agreements_Weaknesses_Diagnosis_and_Therapy?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_54397626","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":70781052,"asset_id":54397626,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":179698286,"first_name":"Antonio","last_name":"Cardesa Salzmann","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ACardesaSalzmann","display_name":"Antonio Cardesa Salzmann","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ACardesaSalzmann?f_ri=25400","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":24545,"name":"Global Environmental Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Environmental_Governance?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":60349,"name":"Multilateral Environmental Agreements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multilateral_Environmental_Agreements?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43738689" data-work_id="43738689" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43738689/Human_Development_and_Environmental_Protection">Human Development and Environmental Protection</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Human development is a concept which involves all fields of human life. It essentially involves availability of resources; how people feel about their lives; and opportunities such as proper nourishment, respect, safety and security of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43738689" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Human development is a concept which involves all fields of human life. It essentially involves availability of resources; how people feel about their lives; and opportunities such as proper nourishment, respect, safety and security of life and property and opportunities to participate in community life. All these cannot be separated from the environment: because environment is where we live; and development is what we all do in attempting to improve our lot within it. In this context, sustainable development includes the idea of developing without depletion. The basis for this concept is the need to integrate economic objectives with environmental protection. There is no gainsaying that human development is at a serious war with environmental sustainability. This paper appraises the linkages and 'conflict' between the quest for human development and the protection of the environment with a focus on sustainability. It is the findings of this paper that through a religious application of the concept vof sustainable development, particularly Rio Declaration through Agenda 21 document, human development canbe attained without depletion of the environment.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43738689" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="019d9bafd4e2a6be079e1d241af7aa24" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64048953,"asset_id":43738689,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64048953/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3299929" href="https://buk.academia.edu/MuhammadAwwalDanlami">Muhammad Awwal Danlami</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3299929" type="text/json">{"id":3299929,"first_name":"Muhammad","last_name":"Awwal Danlami","domain_name":"buk","page_name":"MuhammadAwwalDanlami","display_name":"Muhammad Awwal Danlami","profile_url":"https://buk.academia.edu/MuhammadAwwalDanlami?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/e3ccb50076611773e7ae84f865f1f0b7?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43738689 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43738689"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43738689, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43738689", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43738689 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43738689; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43738689"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43738689 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43738689"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43738689; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43738689]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43738689").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43738689").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43738689"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7466" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Development">Human Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7466" type="text/json">{"id":7466,"name":"Human Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Development?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18845" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability">Environmental Sustainability</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18845" type="text/json">{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33728" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Developments">Sustainable Developments</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33728" type="text/json">{"id":33728,"name":"Sustainable Developments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Developments?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43738689]'), work: {"id":43738689,"title":"Human Development and Environmental Protection","created_at":"2020-07-29T08:35:12.316-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43738689/Human_Development_and_Environmental_Protection?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_43738689","summary":"Human development is a concept which involves all fields of human life. It essentially involves availability of resources; how people feel about their lives; and opportunities such as proper nourishment, respect, safety and security of life and property and opportunities to participate in community life. All these cannot be separated from the environment: because environment is where we live; and development is what we all do in attempting to improve our lot within it. In this context, sustainable development includes the idea of developing without depletion. The basis for this concept is the need to integrate economic objectives with environmental protection. There is no gainsaying that human development is at a serious war with environmental sustainability. This paper appraises the linkages and 'conflict' between the quest for human development and the protection of the environment with a focus on sustainability. It is the findings of this paper that through a religious application of the concept vof sustainable development, particularly Rio Declaration through Agenda 21 document, human development canbe attained without depletion of the environment.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64048953,"asset_id":43738689,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3299929,"first_name":"Muhammad","last_name":"Awwal Danlami","domain_name":"buk","page_name":"MuhammadAwwalDanlami","display_name":"Muhammad Awwal Danlami","profile_url":"https://buk.academia.edu/MuhammadAwwalDanlami?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/e3ccb50076611773e7ae84f865f1f0b7?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7466,"name":"Human Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Development?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":33728,"name":"Sustainable Developments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Developments?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1958655,"name":"Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development_Goals_SDGs_?f_ri=25400"},{"id":2955797,"name":"Rio Declaration on Environment and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10907603" data-work_id="10907603" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10907603/Major_differences_in_WTO_and_ICSID_dispute_arbitration_and_their_implications_for_environmental_protection">Major differences in WTO and ICSID dispute arbitration and their implications for environmental protection</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10907603" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a0aec2cc94cbd15e5350aa53e0ca684f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36685632,"asset_id":10907603,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36685632/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1543455" href="https://cornell.academia.edu/HoangMinhVu">Hoang M Vu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1543455" type="text/json">{"id":1543455,"first_name":"Hoang","last_name":"Vu","domain_name":"cornell","page_name":"HoangMinhVu","display_name":"Hoang M Vu","profile_url":"https://cornell.academia.edu/HoangMinhVu?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1543455/545286/8089979/s65_vu.hoang.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10907603 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10907603"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10907603, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10907603", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_10907603 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10907603; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10907603"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10907603 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10907603"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10907603; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10907603]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10907603").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10907603").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10907603"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="756" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Economics">Environmental Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="756" type="text/json">{"id":756,"name":"Environmental Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Economics?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law">Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1307" type="text/json">{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6276" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy">International Political Economy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6276" type="text/json">{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10907603]'), work: {"id":10907603,"title":"Major differences in WTO and ICSID dispute arbitration and their implications for environmental protection","created_at":"2015-02-18T12:44:51.336-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10907603/Major_differences_in_WTO_and_ICSID_dispute_arbitration_and_their_implications_for_environmental_protection?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_10907603","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36685632,"asset_id":10907603,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1543455,"first_name":"Hoang","last_name":"Vu","domain_name":"cornell","page_name":"HoangMinhVu","display_name":"Hoang M Vu","profile_url":"https://cornell.academia.edu/HoangMinhVu?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1543455/545286/8089979/s65_vu.hoang.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":756,"name":"Environmental Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Economics?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":7560,"name":"Public International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":15112,"name":"WTO law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/WTO_law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=25400"},{"id":19287,"name":"International trade law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_trade_law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":29904,"name":"International Investment Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Investment_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":43688,"name":"International Investment Arbitration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Investment_Arbitration?f_ri=25400"},{"id":43689,"name":"WTO Dispute Settlement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/WTO_Dispute_Settlement?f_ri=25400"},{"id":232787,"name":"ICSID","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ICSID?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8770890 coauthored" data-work_id="8770890" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8770890/MAZZUOLI_Valerio_de_Oliveira_FIORENZA_F%C3%A1bio_Henrique_Rodrigues_de_Moraes_O_desaparecimento_de_Microestados_insulares_pela_eleva%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_n%C3%ADvel_do_mar_e_as_consequ%C3%AAncias_para_o_direito_internacional_contempor%C3%A2neo_In_Revista_dos_Tribunais_vol_934_2013_p_23_45">MAZZUOLI, Valerio de Oliveira; FIORENZA, Fábio Henrique Rodrigues de Moraes. O desaparecimento de Microestados insulares pela elevação do nível do mar e as consequências para o direito internacional contemporâneo. In: Revista dos Tribunais, vol. 934 (2013), p. 23-45.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">O presente ensaio aborda os prováveis efeitos que uma eventual inabitabilidade dos territórios de micro-Estados insulares – como Tuvalu e Kiribati – causada pela elevação do nível do mar, decorrente de alterações climáticas, pode ter para... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8770890" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">O presente ensaio aborda os prováveis efeitos que uma eventual inabitabilidade dos territórios de micro-Estados insulares – como Tuvalu e Kiribati – causada pela elevação do nível do mar, decorrente de alterações climáticas, pode ter para a continuidade da própria existência desses Estados e para a situação jurídica dos seus habitantes, forçados a migrar para outros Estados. Quanto ao primeiro ponto, após demonstrar a ameaça que a alteração climática representa para o território desses Estados, analisaremos algumas das alternativas das quais eles poderiam lançar mão para continuar a existir, ainda que, ao fim, o seu território se tornasse inabitável. No que concerne ao segundo ponto, será debatida a situação jurídica daqueles habitantes forçados a deixar o Estado em decorrência da inabitabilidade do território.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8770890" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f79a381f9476536336673de88b906948" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35123658,"asset_id":8770890,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35123658/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="18869389" href="https://ufmt.academia.edu/ValerioMazzuoli">Valerio Mazzuoli</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="18869389" type="text/json">{"id":18869389,"first_name":"Valerio","last_name":"Mazzuoli","domain_name":"ufmt","page_name":"ValerioMazzuoli","display_name":"Valerio Mazzuoli","profile_url":"https://ufmt.academia.edu/ValerioMazzuoli?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18869389/5245674/12575742/s65_valerio.mazzuoli.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-8770890">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-8770890"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ufmt.academia.edu/F%C3%A1bioHenriqueFiorenza">Fábio Henrique Fiorenza</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-8770890'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-8770890').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8770890 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8770890"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8770890, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8770890", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8770890 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8770890; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8770890"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8770890 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8770890"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8770890; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8770890]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8770890").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8770890").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8770890"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6232" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climatic_Changes">Climatic Changes</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6232" type="text/json">{"id":6232,"name":"Climatic Changes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climatic_Changes?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41846" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direito_Ambiental">Direito Ambiental</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="41846" type="text/json">{"id":41846,"name":"Direito Ambiental","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direito_Ambiental?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8770890]'), work: {"id":8770890,"title":"MAZZUOLI, Valerio de Oliveira; FIORENZA, Fábio Henrique Rodrigues de Moraes. O desaparecimento de Microestados insulares pela elevação do nível do mar e as consequências para o direito internacional contemporâneo. In: Revista dos Tribunais, vol. 934 (2013), p. 23-45.","created_at":"2014-10-14T02:51:38.685-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8770890/MAZZUOLI_Valerio_de_Oliveira_FIORENZA_F%C3%A1bio_Henrique_Rodrigues_de_Moraes_O_desaparecimento_de_Microestados_insulares_pela_eleva%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_n%C3%ADvel_do_mar_e_as_consequ%C3%AAncias_para_o_direito_internacional_contempor%C3%A2neo_In_Revista_dos_Tribunais_vol_934_2013_p_23_45?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_8770890","summary":"O presente ensaio aborda os prováveis efeitos que uma eventual inabitabilidade dos territórios de micro-Estados insulares – como Tuvalu e Kiribati – causada pela elevação do nível do mar, decorrente de alterações climáticas, pode ter para a continuidade da própria existência desses Estados e para a situação jurídica dos seus habitantes, forçados a migrar para outros Estados. Quanto ao primeiro ponto, após demonstrar a ameaça que a alteração climática representa para o território desses Estados, analisaremos algumas das alternativas das quais eles poderiam lançar mão para continuar a existir, ainda que, ao fim, o seu território se tornasse inabitável. No que concerne ao segundo ponto, será debatida a situação jurídica daqueles habitantes forçados a deixar o Estado em decorrência da inabitabilidade do território.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35123658,"asset_id":8770890,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":18869389,"first_name":"Valerio","last_name":"Mazzuoli","domain_name":"ufmt","page_name":"ValerioMazzuoli","display_name":"Valerio Mazzuoli","profile_url":"https://ufmt.academia.edu/ValerioMazzuoli?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18869389/5245674/12575742/s65_valerio.mazzuoli.jpg"},{"id":4919718,"first_name":"Fábio Henrique","last_name":"Fiorenza","domain_name":"ufmt","page_name":"FábioHenriqueFiorenza","display_name":"Fábio Henrique Fiorenza","profile_url":"https://ufmt.academia.edu/F%C3%A1bioHenriqueFiorenza?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4919718/2121451/2491777/s65_f_bio_henrique.fiorenza.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":6232,"name":"Climatic Changes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climatic_Changes?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":41846,"name":"Direito Ambiental","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direito_Ambiental?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":68098,"name":"Derecho Ambiental","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Derecho_Ambiental?f_ri=25400"},{"id":251398,"name":"Impactos Das Mudanças Climáticas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Impactos_Das_Mudancas_Climaticas?f_ri=25400"},{"id":354792,"name":"Aquecimento global","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquecimento_global?f_ri=25400"},{"id":510961,"name":"Direito Internacional; Direitos Humanos; Direito Ambiental","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direito_Internacional_Direitos_Humanos_Direito_Ambiental?f_ri=25400"},{"id":703152,"name":"Micro States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Micro_States?f_ri=25400"},{"id":1023834,"name":"Microestados insulares","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microestados_insulares?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42821159" data-work_id="42821159" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42821159/UK_Law_Global_Warming_and_Discontent">UK Law, Global Warming & Discontent</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">This ppt deals with environmental activism & environmental terrorism, both how it is controlled and what effect it may have on legislation.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42821159" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="55bf5b68b4f1d3f85df77920a3920ffe" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63052255,"asset_id":42821159,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63052255/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="29671820" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MurrayLeeEiland">Murray Lee Eiland</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="29671820" type="text/json">{"id":29671820,"first_name":"Murray","last_name":"Lee Eiland","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MurrayLeeEiland","display_name":"Murray Lee Eiland","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MurrayLeeEiland?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29671820/8527885/21613653/s65_murray.lee_eiland.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42821159 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42821159"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42821159, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42821159", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42821159 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42821159; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42821159"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42821159 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42821159"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42821159; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42821159]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42821159").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42821159").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42821159"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law">Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1307" type="text/json">{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12914" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Corruption">Political Corruption</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12914" type="text/json">{"id":12914,"name":"Political Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Corruption?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18845" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability">Environmental Sustainability</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="18845" type="text/json">{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42821159]'), work: {"id":42821159,"title":"UK Law, Global Warming \u0026 Discontent","created_at":"2020-04-22T07:57:12.947-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42821159/UK_Law_Global_Warming_and_Discontent?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_42821159","summary":"This ppt deals with environmental activism \u0026 environmental terrorism, both how it is controlled and what effect it may have on legislation. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63052255,"asset_id":42821159,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":29671820,"first_name":"Murray","last_name":"Lee Eiland","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MurrayLeeEiland","display_name":"Murray Lee Eiland","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MurrayLeeEiland?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29671820/8527885/21613653/s65_murray.lee_eiland.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":12914,"name":"Political Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Corruption?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":23206,"name":"Environmental Activism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Activism?f_ri=25400"},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":198313,"name":"Climate Change Activism, Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Activism_Social_Movements?f_ri=25400"},{"id":748308,"name":"Abuse of dominant position","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abuse_of_dominant_position?f_ri=25400"},{"id":904345,"name":"Police Abuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Abuse?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35116250" data-work_id="35116250" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35116250/THE_JUDICIAL_ACTIVITY_OF_THE_INTERNATIONAL_COURT_OF_JUSTICE_IN_2015_Italian_Yearbook_of_International_Law_2015_">THE JUDICIAL ACTIVITY OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE IN 2015 (Italian Yearbook of International Law 2015)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35116250" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="037715c436c98ac51b90e35920d6bd97" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54977271,"asset_id":35116250,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54977271/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4955753" href="https://unica.academia.edu/DanieleAmoroso">Daniele Amoroso</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4955753" type="text/json">{"id":4955753,"first_name":"Daniele","last_name":"Amoroso","domain_name":"unica","page_name":"DanieleAmoroso","display_name":"Daniele Amoroso","profile_url":"https://unica.academia.edu/DanieleAmoroso?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4955753/18123835/18115376/s65_daniele.amoroso.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35116250 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35116250"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35116250, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35116250", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35116250 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35116250; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35116250"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35116250 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35116250"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35116250; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35116250]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35116250").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35116250").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35116250"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10729" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Impact_Assessment">Environmental Impact Assessment</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10729" type="text/json">{"id":10729,"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Impact_Assessment?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15021" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Court_of_Justice">International Court of Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15021" type="text/json">{"id":15021,"name":"International Court of Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Court_of_Justice?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51753" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide">Genocide</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="51753" type="text/json">{"id":51753,"name":"Genocide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35116250]'), work: {"id":35116250,"title":"THE JUDICIAL ACTIVITY OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE IN 2015 (Italian Yearbook of International Law 2015)","created_at":"2017-11-11T03:42:42.233-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35116250/THE_JUDICIAL_ACTIVITY_OF_THE_INTERNATIONAL_COURT_OF_JUSTICE_IN_2015_Italian_Yearbook_of_International_Law_2015_?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_35116250","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54977271,"asset_id":35116250,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4955753,"first_name":"Daniele","last_name":"Amoroso","domain_name":"unica","page_name":"DanieleAmoroso","display_name":"Daniele Amoroso","profile_url":"https://unica.academia.edu/DanieleAmoroso?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4955753/18123835/18115376/s65_daniele.amoroso.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10729,"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Impact_Assessment?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":15021,"name":"International Court of Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Court_of_Justice?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":51753,"name":"Genocide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":820121,"name":"UN Convention on Genocide 1948","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UN_Convention_on_Genocide_1948?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9089883" data-work_id="9089883" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9089883/Conservation_of_Marine_Living_Resources_and_Fisheries_Management_in_the_Arctic_perspectives_from_non_Arctic_actors">Conservation of Marine Living Resources and Fisheries Management in the Arctic: perspectives from non-Arctic actors</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This chapter considers opportunities for Arctic states to manage and conserve biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction in the High Arctic and reviews the positions of China and the EU in relation to such potential frameworks. As the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9089883" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This chapter considers opportunities for Arctic states to manage and conserve biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction in the High Arctic and reviews the positions of China and the EU in relation to such potential frameworks.<br /><br />As the Arctic Ocean coastal states have adopted in 2014 significant steps towards the management of High Arctic marine living resources, the role of third states with regards to these development needs to be considered. Indeed, the international legal regime applicable to the High Seas provides very limited prerogatives for coastal states to restrain the rights of third states for the sake of marine conservation.<br /><br />The chapter first introduces the global legal regime applicable to biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction as well as relevant ongoing processes meant to further define this regulatory framework. The initiatives undertaken by the Arctic states to protect the Arctic marine environment are then reviewed. The chapter concludes by considering the positions on this issue of two major non-Arctic actors having expressed strong interest in the region: China and the European Union.<br /><br />This study highlights that China and EU are likely to have different positions on the conservation of marine biodiversity in the High Arctic. The Arctic states will thus need to accommodate the diverging perspectives of non-Arctic states if they decide to establish a regional arrangement to conserve high seas living resources in the Arctic.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9089883" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6996b56f779b4527c6a89190b10c708b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35386762,"asset_id":9089883,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35386762/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2585055" href="https://ulapland.academia.edu/S%C3%A9bastienDuyck">Sébastien Duyck</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2585055" type="text/json">{"id":2585055,"first_name":"Sébastien","last_name":"Duyck","domain_name":"ulapland","page_name":"SébastienDuyck","display_name":"Sébastien Duyck","profile_url":"https://ulapland.academia.edu/S%C3%A9bastienDuyck?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2585055/811693/1009547/s65_s_bastien.duyck.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9089883 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9089883"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9089883, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9089883", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9089883 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9089883; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9089883"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9089883 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9089883"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9089883; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9089883]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9089883").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9089883").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9089883"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law">Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1307" type="text/json">{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1917" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polar_Studies">Polar Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1917" type="text/json">{"id":1917,"name":"Polar Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polar_Studies?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2844" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arctic_Social_Science">Arctic Social Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2844" type="text/json">{"id":2844,"name":"Arctic Social Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arctic_Social_Science?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9089883]'), work: {"id":9089883,"title":"Conservation of Marine Living Resources and Fisheries Management in the Arctic: perspectives from non-Arctic actors","created_at":"2014-11-02T20:34:39.172-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9089883/Conservation_of_Marine_Living_Resources_and_Fisheries_Management_in_the_Arctic_perspectives_from_non_Arctic_actors?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_9089883","summary":"This chapter considers opportunities for Arctic states to manage and conserve biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction in the High Arctic and reviews the positions of China and the EU in relation to such potential frameworks.\n\nAs the Arctic Ocean coastal states have adopted in 2014 significant steps towards the management of High Arctic marine living resources, the role of third states with regards to these development needs to be considered. Indeed, the international legal regime applicable to the High Seas provides very limited prerogatives for coastal states to restrain the rights of third states for the sake of marine conservation.\n\nThe chapter first introduces the global legal regime applicable to biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction as well as relevant ongoing processes meant to further define this regulatory framework. The initiatives undertaken by the Arctic states to protect the Arctic marine environment are then reviewed. The chapter concludes by considering the positions on this issue of two major non-Arctic actors having expressed strong interest in the region: China and the European Union.\n\nThis study highlights that China and EU are likely to have different positions on the conservation of marine biodiversity in the High Arctic. The Arctic states will thus need to accommodate the diverging perspectives of non-Arctic states if they decide to establish a regional arrangement to conserve high seas living resources in the Arctic.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35386762,"asset_id":9089883,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2585055,"first_name":"Sébastien","last_name":"Duyck","domain_name":"ulapland","page_name":"SébastienDuyck","display_name":"Sébastien Duyck","profile_url":"https://ulapland.academia.edu/S%C3%A9bastienDuyck?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2585055/811693/1009547/s65_s_bastien.duyck.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1917,"name":"Polar Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polar_Studies?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2844,"name":"Arctic Social Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arctic_Social_Science?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":4925,"name":"Marine Protected Areas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Protected_Areas?f_ri=25400"},{"id":7805,"name":"Marine Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Conservation?f_ri=25400"},{"id":8869,"name":"Law of the Sea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_the_Sea?f_ri=25400"},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":26218,"name":"International Marine Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Marine_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":41407,"name":"Marine and Fisheries Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_and_Fisheries_Policy?f_ri=25400"},{"id":68049,"name":"Arctic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arctic?f_ri=25400"},{"id":72935,"name":"Arctic Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arctic_Governance?f_ri=25400"},{"id":120242,"name":"Polar law and policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polar_law_and_policy?f_ri=25400"},{"id":121698,"name":"Arctic and Antarctic politics, science policy, geopolitics of the polar regions, international relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arctic_and_Antarctic_politics_science_policy_geopolitics_of_the_polar_regions_international_relat?f_ri=25400"},{"id":536678,"name":"International Law of the Sea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law_of_the_Sea?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_77338551" data-work_id="77338551" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77338551/Rights_of_Nature_Why_it_Might_Not_Save_the_Entire_World">Rights of Nature: Why it Might Not Save the Entire World</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The advent of Rights of Nature (RoN) marks a new paradigm shift in the philosophical approach to nature. As such, the concept has generated enthusiasm amongst environmentalists and legal scholars. This is not surprising since granting... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_77338551" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The advent of Rights of Nature (RoN) marks a new paradigm shift in the philosophical approach to nature. As such, the concept has generated enthusiasm amongst environmentalists and legal scholars. This is not surprising since granting legal personhood to nature seems to present itself as a relative easy fix for the multitude of deficiencies of “modern” environmental law. However, when critically assessed, many of the underlying assumptions justifying a shift towards rights-based approaches to nature are open to challenge. In this paper, which takes a more critical stance on the topic of RoN, it is submitted that also the much-criticized modern environmental law is moving towards a recognition of the intrinsic value of nature, puts breaks on property rights, offers remediation actions for pure ecological damage and also increasingly grants environmental ngos wide access to courts. Moreover, on a second level, it is argued that RoN are not a legal revolution and that many of the probl...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/77338551" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8e282c99043fe05cb9516b526aedce64" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84740439,"asset_id":77338551,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84740439/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9120880" href="https://univ-tlse1.academia.edu/JulienB%C3%A9taille">Julien Bétaille</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9120880" type="text/json">{"id":9120880,"first_name":"Julien","last_name":"Bétaille","domain_name":"univ-tlse1","page_name":"JulienBétaille","display_name":"Julien Bétaille","profile_url":"https://univ-tlse1.academia.edu/JulienB%C3%A9taille?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/5c6ae9659264dab7c0f17326a0a9e0ec?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_77338551 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="77338551"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 77338551, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_77338551", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_77338551 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77338551; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_77338551"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_77338551 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="77338551"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77338551; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=77338551]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_77338551").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_77338551").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="77338551"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law">Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1307" type="text/json">{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13502" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Law">Animal Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13502" type="text/json">{"id":13502,"name":"Animal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20436" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_And_Regional_Planning">Urban And Regional Planning</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="20436" type="text/json">{"id":20436,"name":"Urban And Regional Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_And_Regional_Planning?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=77338551]'), work: {"id":77338551,"title":"Rights of Nature: Why it Might Not Save the Entire World","created_at":"2022-04-23T02:43:52.031-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/77338551/Rights_of_Nature_Why_it_Might_Not_Save_the_Entire_World?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_77338551","summary":"The advent of Rights of Nature (RoN) marks a new paradigm shift in the philosophical approach to nature. As such, the concept has generated enthusiasm amongst environmentalists and legal scholars. This is not surprising since granting legal personhood to nature seems to present itself as a relative easy fix for the multitude of deficiencies of “modern” environmental law. However, when critically assessed, many of the underlying assumptions justifying a shift towards rights-based approaches to nature are open to challenge. In this paper, which takes a more critical stance on the topic of RoN, it is submitted that also the much-criticized modern environmental law is moving towards a recognition of the intrinsic value of nature, puts breaks on property rights, offers remediation actions for pure ecological damage and also increasingly grants environmental ngos wide access to courts. Moreover, on a second level, it is argued that RoN are not a legal revolution and that many of the probl...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84740439,"asset_id":77338551,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9120880,"first_name":"Julien","last_name":"Bétaille","domain_name":"univ-tlse1","page_name":"JulienBétaille","display_name":"Julien Bétaille","profile_url":"https://univ-tlse1.academia.edu/JulienB%C3%A9taille?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/5c6ae9659264dab7c0f17326a0a9e0ec?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":13502,"name":"Animal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":20436,"name":"Urban And Regional Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_And_Regional_Planning?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":22266,"name":"Environmental Law and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=25400"},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":38462,"name":"Animal Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Rights?f_ri=25400"},{"id":195847,"name":"Environmental Laws","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Laws?f_ri=25400"},{"id":553444,"name":"The Rights of Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Rights_of_Nature?f_ri=25400"},{"id":985942,"name":"European Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43462112" data-work_id="43462112" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43462112/The_Energy_Community_as_a_mechanism_of_legal_transition_and_European_integration_in_the_Western_Balkans">The Energy Community as a mechanism of legal transition and European integration in the Western Balkans</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43462112" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="825665ba889c642c30fa77850bd11f11" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63769727,"asset_id":43462112,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63769727/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7772259" href="https://pkustl.academia.edu/StephenMinas">Stephen Minas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7772259" type="text/json">{"id":7772259,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Minas","domain_name":"pkustl","page_name":"StephenMinas","display_name":"Stephen Minas","profile_url":"https://pkustl.academia.edu/StephenMinas?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7772259/2766554/95852880/s65_stephen.minas.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43462112 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43462112"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43462112, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43462112", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43462112 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43462112; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43462112"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43462112 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43462112"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43462112; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43462112]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43462112").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43462112").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43462112"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1218" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_integration">European integration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1218" type="text/json">{"id":1218,"name":"European integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_integration?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3686" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Law">Energy Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3686" type="text/json">{"id":3686,"name":"Energy Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8472" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Energy_Policy">European Energy Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8472" type="text/json">{"id":8472,"name":"European Energy Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Energy_Policy?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15167" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union_Law">European Union Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15167" type="text/json">{"id":15167,"name":"European Union Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43462112]'), work: {"id":43462112,"title":"The Energy Community as a mechanism of legal transition and European integration in the Western Balkans","created_at":"2020-06-28T19:34:51.676-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43462112/The_Energy_Community_as_a_mechanism_of_legal_transition_and_European_integration_in_the_Western_Balkans?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_43462112","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63769727,"asset_id":43462112,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7772259,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Minas","domain_name":"pkustl","page_name":"StephenMinas","display_name":"Stephen Minas","profile_url":"https://pkustl.academia.edu/StephenMinas?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7772259/2766554/95852880/s65_stephen.minas.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1218,"name":"European integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_integration?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":3686,"name":"Energy Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":8472,"name":"European Energy Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Energy_Policy?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":15167,"name":"European Union Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":20224,"name":"EU Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":36850,"name":"Community Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Energy?f_ri=25400"},{"id":75906,"name":"Climate Change Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":89536,"name":"Western Balkans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_Balkans?f_ri=25400"},{"id":170682,"name":"European Union Energy Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union_Energy_Policy?f_ri=25400"},{"id":170763,"name":"EU-Western Balkans relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU-Western_Balkans_relations?f_ri=25400"},{"id":202728,"name":"Post-Communist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Communist_Studies?f_ri=25400"},{"id":205820,"name":"Legal Transplants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Transplants?f_ri=25400"},{"id":293423,"name":"Transnational law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":971048,"name":"EU Accession Negotiations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU_Accession_Negotiations?f_ri=25400"},{"id":2358447,"name":"Paris Agreement 2015","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paris_Agreement_2015?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37377075" data-work_id="37377075" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37377075/_X%C3%A2y_d%E1%BB%B1ng_m%E1%BB%99t_m%E1%BA%A1ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bi_song_ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_c%C3%A1c_khu_v%E1%BB%B1c_b%E1%BA%A3o_t%E1%BB%93n_bi%E1%BB%83n_gi%E1%BB%AFa_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_v%C3%A0_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%C3%A1p_thay_th%E1%BA%BF_cho_l%E1%BB%87nh_c%E1%BA%A5m_%C4%91%C3%A1nh_b%E1%BA%AFt_c%C3%A1_%C4%91%C6%A1n_ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_c%E1%BB%A7a_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c_tr%C3%AAn_Bi%E1%BB%83n_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_trong_%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Qu%C3%BD_ch%E1%BB%A7_bi%C3%AAn_T%C3%ACm_ki%E1%BA%BFm_gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%C3%A1p_v%C3%AC_h%C3%B2a_b%C3%ACnh_v%C3%A0_c%C3%B4ng_l%C3%BD_%E1%BB%9F_Bi%E1%BB%83n_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_NXB_Th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bi_2016_">"Xây dựng một mạng lưới song phương các khu vực bảo tồn biển giữa Việt Nam và Trung Quốc: giải pháp thay thế cho lệnh cấm đánh bắt cá đơn phương của Trung Quốc trên Biển Đông" trong Đặng Đình Quý (chủ biên), Tìm kiếm giải pháp vì hòa bình và công lý ở Biển Đông (Hà Nội: NXB Thế giới, 2016).</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37377075" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2bd92a03fac354dc5d166c6ebf957f29" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57339443,"asset_id":37377075,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57339443/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2190842" href="https://nus.academia.edu/vuhaidang">Hai Dang Vu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2190842" type="text/json">{"id":2190842,"first_name":"Hai Dang","last_name":"Vu","domain_name":"nus","page_name":"vuhaidang","display_name":"Hai Dang Vu","profile_url":"https://nus.academia.edu/vuhaidang?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2190842/703508/2370030/s65_hai_dang.vu.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37377075 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37377075"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37377075, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37377075", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37377075 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37377075; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37377075"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37377075 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37377075"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37377075; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37377075]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37377075").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37377075").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37377075"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law">Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1307" type="text/json">{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4925" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Protected_Areas">Marine Protected Areas</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4925" type="text/json">{"id":4925,"name":"Marine Protected Areas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Protected_Areas?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8869" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_the_Sea">Law of the Sea</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8869" type="text/json">{"id":8869,"name":"Law of the Sea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_the_Sea?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37377075]'), work: {"id":37377075,"title":"\"Xây dựng một mạng lưới song phương các khu vực bảo tồn biển giữa Việt Nam và Trung Quốc: giải pháp thay thế cho lệnh cấm đánh bắt cá đơn phương của Trung Quốc trên Biển Đông\" trong Đặng Đình Quý (chủ biên), Tìm kiếm giải pháp vì hòa bình và công lý ở Biển Đông (Hà Nội: NXB Thế giới, 2016).","created_at":"2018-09-10T21:56:38.885-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37377075/_X%C3%A2y_d%E1%BB%B1ng_m%E1%BB%99t_m%E1%BA%A1ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bi_song_ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_c%C3%A1c_khu_v%E1%BB%B1c_b%E1%BA%A3o_t%E1%BB%93n_bi%E1%BB%83n_gi%E1%BB%AFa_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_v%C3%A0_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%C3%A1p_thay_th%E1%BA%BF_cho_l%E1%BB%87nh_c%E1%BA%A5m_%C4%91%C3%A1nh_b%E1%BA%AFt_c%C3%A1_%C4%91%C6%A1n_ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_c%E1%BB%A7a_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c_tr%C3%AAn_Bi%E1%BB%83n_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_trong_%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Qu%C3%BD_ch%E1%BB%A7_bi%C3%AAn_T%C3%ACm_ki%E1%BA%BFm_gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%C3%A1p_v%C3%AC_h%C3%B2a_b%C3%ACnh_v%C3%A0_c%C3%B4ng_l%C3%BD_%E1%BB%9F_Bi%E1%BB%83n_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_NXB_Th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bi_2016_?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_37377075","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57339443,"asset_id":37377075,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2190842,"first_name":"Hai Dang","last_name":"Vu","domain_name":"nus","page_name":"vuhaidang","display_name":"Hai Dang Vu","profile_url":"https://nus.academia.edu/vuhaidang?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2190842/703508/2370030/s65_hai_dang.vu.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":4925,"name":"Marine Protected Areas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Protected_Areas?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":8869,"name":"Law of the Sea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_the_Sea?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":26218,"name":"International Marine Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Marine_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":82703,"name":"South China Sea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_China_Sea?f_ri=25400"},{"id":430717,"name":"The South China Sea dispute","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_South_China_Sea_dispute?f_ri=25400"},{"id":536678,"name":"International Law of the Sea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law_of_the_Sea?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12384437" data-work_id="12384437" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12384437/A_Conferencia_de_Estocolmo_e_o_pensamento_ambientalista">A Conferencia de Estocolmo e o pensamento ambientalista</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12384437" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3e3689b79df36c7fcae9d7989cd53e67" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37635407,"asset_id":12384437,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37635407/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31129273" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DarlyFerreira">Darly Ferreira</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31129273" type="text/json">{"id":31129273,"first_name":"Darly","last_name":"Ferreira","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DarlyFerreira","display_name":"Darly Ferreira","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DarlyFerreira?f_ri=25400","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12384437 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12384437"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12384437, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12384437", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12384437 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12384437; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12384437"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12384437 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12384437"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12384437; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12384437]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12384437").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12384437").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12384437"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="252767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Environment">Human Environment</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="252767" type="text/json">{"id":252767,"name":"Human Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Environment?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12384437]'), work: {"id":12384437,"title":"A Conferencia de Estocolmo e o pensamento ambientalista","created_at":"2015-05-14T10:34:27.716-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12384437/A_Conferencia_de_Estocolmo_e_o_pensamento_ambientalista?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_12384437","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37635407,"asset_id":12384437,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31129273,"first_name":"Darly","last_name":"Ferreira","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DarlyFerreira","display_name":"Darly Ferreira","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DarlyFerreira?f_ri=25400","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":252767,"name":"Human Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Environment?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49138942" data-work_id="49138942" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49138942/Morin_JF_and_B_Richard_2021_Astro_Environmentalism_Towards_a_Polycentric_Governance_of_Space_Debris_Global_Policy">Morin, JF & B. Richard (2021) "Astro-Environmentalism: Towards a Polycentric Governance of Space Debris" Global Policy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Earth's orbital space is increasingly threatened by debris. It is frequently described as a common-pool resource vulnerable to a 'tragedy of the commons' scenario. Scholars have suggested ambitious policy proposals to tackle the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49138942" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Earth's orbital space is increasingly threatened by debris. It is frequently described as a common-pool resource vulnerable to a 'tragedy of the commons' scenario. Scholars have suggested ambitious policy proposals to tackle the tragedy of space debris and assure the sustainability of the Earth's orbits. Their proposals can be classified into three categories: hierarchical regulations, economic incentives and property rights. All three categories require some form of central coordination. However, there might be an alternative approach to the problem and other potential solutions. Elinor Ostrom suggested that decentralized, polycentric systems are appropriate for governing common-pool resources. Anecdotal evidence suggests that a polycentric form of governance can encourage a more sustainable use of the Earth's orbits.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49138942" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d72919e2878a157f2af23bf47814fc80" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67529342,"asset_id":49138942,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67529342/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="810750" href="https://ulaval.academia.edu/JeanFredericMorin">Jean-Frederic Morin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="810750" type="text/json">{"id":810750,"first_name":"Jean-Frederic","last_name":"Morin","domain_name":"ulaval","page_name":"JeanFredericMorin","display_name":"Jean-Frederic Morin","profile_url":"https://ulaval.academia.edu/JeanFredericMorin?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/810750/279525/30058295/s65_jean-frederic.morin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49138942 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49138942"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49138942, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49138942", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49138942 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49138942; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49138942"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49138942 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49138942"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49138942; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49138942]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49138942").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49138942").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49138942"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11664" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Space_Law">International Space Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11664" type="text/json">{"id":11664,"name":"International Space Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Space_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18754" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Environmental_Change">Global Environmental Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18754" type="text/json">{"id":18754,"name":"Global Environmental Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Environmental_Change?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22068" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space_Policy">Space Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22068" type="text/json">{"id":22068,"name":"Space Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space_Policy?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24545" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Environmental_Governance">Global Environmental Governance</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="24545" type="text/json">{"id":24545,"name":"Global Environmental Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Environmental_Governance?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49138942]'), work: {"id":49138942,"title":"Morin, JF \u0026 B. Richard (2021) \"Astro-Environmentalism: Towards a Polycentric Governance of Space Debris\" Global Policy","created_at":"2021-06-05T17:10:37.411-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49138942/Morin_JF_and_B_Richard_2021_Astro_Environmentalism_Towards_a_Polycentric_Governance_of_Space_Debris_Global_Policy?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_49138942","summary":"The Earth's orbital space is increasingly threatened by debris. It is frequently described as a common-pool resource vulnerable to a 'tragedy of the commons' scenario. Scholars have suggested ambitious policy proposals to tackle the tragedy of space debris and assure the sustainability of the Earth's orbits. Their proposals can be classified into three categories: hierarchical regulations, economic incentives and property rights. All three categories require some form of central coordination. However, there might be an alternative approach to the problem and other potential solutions. Elinor Ostrom suggested that decentralized, polycentric systems are appropriate for governing common-pool resources. Anecdotal evidence suggests that a polycentric form of governance can encourage a more sustainable use of the Earth's orbits.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67529342,"asset_id":49138942,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":810750,"first_name":"Jean-Frederic","last_name":"Morin","domain_name":"ulaval","page_name":"JeanFredericMorin","display_name":"Jean-Frederic Morin","profile_url":"https://ulaval.academia.edu/JeanFredericMorin?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/810750/279525/30058295/s65_jean-frederic.morin.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11664,"name":"International Space Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Space_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":18754,"name":"Global Environmental Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Environmental_Change?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":22068,"name":"Space Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space_Policy?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":24545,"name":"Global Environmental Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Environmental_Governance?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":28074,"name":"International Environmental Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Politics?f_ri=25400"},{"id":46475,"name":"Space Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space_Politics?f_ri=25400"},{"id":52280,"name":"Common Good","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Good?f_ri=25400"},{"id":70663,"name":"Outer Space Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Outer_Space_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":72134,"name":"Tragedy of the Commons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tragedy_of_the_Commons?f_ri=25400"},{"id":79860,"name":"Common-pool Resource","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common-pool_Resource?f_ri=25400"},{"id":81850,"name":"Space Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":107491,"name":"Global Environmental Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Environmental_Politics?f_ri=25400"},{"id":183323,"name":"Space Debris","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Space_Debris?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35648236" data-work_id="35648236" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35648236/Exporting_CO2_for_Sub_Seabed_Storage_The_Non_Effective_Amendment_to_the_London_Dumping_Protocol_and_its_Implications">Exporting CO2 for Sub-Seabed Storage: The Non-Effective Amendment to the London Dumping Protocol and its Implications</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The vast amounts of fossil fuels available and the forecasts regarding their future utilisation can make carbon capture and storage/sequestration (CCS) an attractive option, despite the various challenges associated with the technology.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35648236" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The vast amounts of fossil fuels available and the forecasts regarding their future utilisation can make carbon capture and storage/sequestration (CCS) an attractive option, despite the various challenges associated with the technology. In order to be viable many CCS projects will have to be transboundary in the sense that CO2 will be stored in another country from where it was captured.. The most attractive, or even the only available, storage option is often offshore. However, export of CO2 for sub-seabed storage is prohibited as dumping by the 1996 London Protocol. An amendment to the protocol that enables export was adopted in 2009 but is unlikely to enter into force. The article analyses the implications of this situation and explores possible options for States that see export of CO2 for sub-seabed storage as an important policy option.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35648236" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6208f520026d7c62f44512cefa36c489" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55517734,"asset_id":35648236,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55517734/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12338613" href="https://uppsalauniversitet.academia.edu/DavidLanglet">David Langlet</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12338613" type="text/json">{"id":12338613,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Langlet","domain_name":"uppsalauniversitet","page_name":"DavidLanglet","display_name":"David Langlet","profile_url":"https://uppsalauniversitet.academia.edu/DavidLanglet?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12338613/3535976/89966362/s65_david.langlet.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35648236 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35648236"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35648236, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35648236", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35648236 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35648236; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35648236"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35648236 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35648236"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35648236; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35648236]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35648236").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35648236").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35648236"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8869" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_the_Sea">Law of the Sea</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8869" type="text/json">{"id":8869,"name":"Law of the Sea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_the_Sea?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43832" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CO2_capture_and_storage">CO2 capture and storage</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43832" type="text/json">{"id":43832,"name":"CO2 capture and storage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CO2_capture_and_storage?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="397515" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CO2_sequestration">CO2 sequestration</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="397515" type="text/json">{"id":397515,"name":"CO2 sequestration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CO2_sequestration?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35648236]'), work: {"id":35648236,"title":"Exporting CO2 for Sub-Seabed Storage: The Non-Effective Amendment to the London Dumping Protocol and its Implications","created_at":"2018-01-12T01:50:07.574-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35648236/Exporting_CO2_for_Sub_Seabed_Storage_The_Non_Effective_Amendment_to_the_London_Dumping_Protocol_and_its_Implications?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_35648236","summary":"The vast amounts of fossil fuels available and the forecasts regarding their future utilisation can make carbon capture and storage/sequestration (CCS) an attractive option, despite the various challenges associated with the technology. In order to be viable many CCS projects will have to be transboundary in the sense that CO2 will be stored in another country from where it was captured.. The most attractive, or even the only available, storage option is often offshore. However, export of CO2 for sub-seabed storage is prohibited as dumping by the 1996 London Protocol. An amendment to the protocol that enables export was adopted in 2009 but is unlikely to enter into force. The article analyses the implications of this situation and explores possible options for States that see export of CO2 for sub-seabed storage as an important policy option.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55517734,"asset_id":35648236,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12338613,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Langlet","domain_name":"uppsalauniversitet","page_name":"DavidLanglet","display_name":"David Langlet","profile_url":"https://uppsalauniversitet.academia.edu/DavidLanglet?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12338613/3535976/89966362/s65_david.langlet.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8869,"name":"Law of the Sea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_the_Sea?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":43832,"name":"CO2 capture and storage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CO2_capture_and_storage?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":397515,"name":"CO2 sequestration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CO2_sequestration?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":704593,"name":"Dumping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dumping?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27667887" data-work_id="27667887" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27667887/Animals_in_international_law">Animals in international law</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This talk is an introductory foray into the current state of the art in protection of animals in international law. The consideration of animals in international law is marked by a number of contrasts and gaps. One is that between the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27667887" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This talk is an introductory foray into the current state of the art in protection of animals in international law. The consideration of animals in international law is marked by a number of contrasts and gaps. One is that between the interest in a group and an individual: while the protection of some animal species in nature is a long-‐ standing objective of international law, the protection of individuals has so far only been emerging in international law. Distinction is made also between wild animals, farm animals and animals used in experiments. Even within these groups, not all species receive the same attention. Generally, the lack of attention devoted to rights and standards of care with regard to animals come in stark contrast with the wealth of international law that engages with rights of human beings. The ongoing boundary-‐ drawing in international law could easily be dismissed as a legal " inconsistency " but it buttresses significant injustices. Some of the legal methods to overcome them are considered in turn. First, I make a conceptual difference between animal conservation, animal protection, animal welfare and animal rights. I then proceed to discussing some key and some possible contemporary developments in international law to extend protection of animals, including individual beings. They include the emergence of intergovernmental and private standards but also the rise of the 'rights of nature' movement. This represents a radical move away from the current consideration of animals, which is for the most part based on the assumption that nature is property. The movement is particularly interesting for straddling the border of the legal. One particular challenge for the prospective global standards is the issue of compatibility of global regulation with cultural differences, as some of the recent real-‐ world cases and jurisprudence has shown.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27667887" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c82f0a9adb09aef19e8beffaa50526bf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47934657,"asset_id":27667887,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47934657/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="18042002" href="https://zrs-kp.academia.edu/JernejaPenca">Jerneja Penca</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="18042002" type="text/json">{"id":18042002,"first_name":"Jerneja","last_name":"Penca","domain_name":"zrs-kp","page_name":"JernejaPenca","display_name":"Jerneja Penca","profile_url":"https://zrs-kp.academia.edu/JernejaPenca?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18042002/9443974/115774764/s65_jerneja.penca.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27667887 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27667887"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27667887, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27667887", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_27667887 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27667887; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_27667887"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_27667887 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27667887"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27667887; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27667887]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27667887").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27667887").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27667887"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="931247" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_and_Sociology_of_Human_animal_Relations">Philosophy and Sociology of Human/animal Relations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="931247" type="text/json">{"id":931247,"name":"Philosophy and Sociology of Human/animal Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_and_Sociology_of_Human_animal_Relations?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27667887]'), work: {"id":27667887,"title":"Animals in international law","created_at":"2016-08-09T23:43:48.703-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27667887/Animals_in_international_law?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_27667887","summary":"This talk is an introductory foray into the current state of the art in protection of animals in international law. The consideration of animals in international law is marked by a number of contrasts and gaps. One is that between the interest in a group and an individual: while the protection of some animal species in nature is a long-‐ standing objective of international law, the protection of individuals has so far only been emerging in international law. Distinction is made also between wild animals, farm animals and animals used in experiments. Even within these groups, not all species receive the same attention. Generally, the lack of attention devoted to rights and standards of care with regard to animals come in stark contrast with the wealth of international law that engages with rights of human beings. The ongoing boundary-‐ drawing in international law could easily be dismissed as a legal \" inconsistency \" but it buttresses significant injustices. Some of the legal methods to overcome them are considered in turn. First, I make a conceptual difference between animal conservation, animal protection, animal welfare and animal rights. I then proceed to discussing some key and some possible contemporary developments in international law to extend protection of animals, including individual beings. They include the emergence of intergovernmental and private standards but also the rise of the 'rights of nature' movement. This represents a radical move away from the current consideration of animals, which is for the most part based on the assumption that nature is property. The movement is particularly interesting for straddling the border of the legal. One particular challenge for the prospective global standards is the issue of compatibility of global regulation with cultural differences, as some of the recent real-‐ world cases and jurisprudence has shown.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47934657,"asset_id":27667887,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":18042002,"first_name":"Jerneja","last_name":"Penca","domain_name":"zrs-kp","page_name":"JernejaPenca","display_name":"Jerneja Penca","profile_url":"https://zrs-kp.academia.edu/JernejaPenca?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18042002/9443974/115774764/s65_jerneja.penca.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":931247,"name":"Philosophy and Sociology of Human/animal Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_and_Sociology_of_Human_animal_Relations?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9280764" data-work_id="9280764" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9280764/The_Law_of_the_Sea_Convention_and_the_protection_of_the_marine_environment_in_the_Arctic_ocean_differences_with_the_Antarctic_legal_regime_and_examination_of_Art_234_LOSC">The Law of the Sea Convention and the protection of the marine environment in the Arctic ocean: differences with the Antarctic legal regime and examination of Art. 234 LOSC</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9280764" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f5274a57bffc8cb6170f2b698a4cb7d9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62306373,"asset_id":9280764,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62306373/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5387617" href="https://uit.academia.edu/PierandreaLeucci">Pierandrea Leucci</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5387617" type="text/json">{"id":5387617,"first_name":"Pierandrea","last_name":"Leucci","domain_name":"uit","page_name":"PierandreaLeucci","display_name":"Pierandrea Leucci","profile_url":"https://uit.academia.edu/PierandreaLeucci?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5387617/2364618/6383625/s65_pierandrea.leucci.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9280764 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9280764"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9280764, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9280764", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9280764 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9280764; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9280764"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9280764 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9280764"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9280764; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9280764]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9280764").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9280764").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9280764"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3836" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maritime_Law">Maritime Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3836" type="text/json">{"id":3836,"name":"Maritime Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maritime_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7560" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law">Public International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7560" type="text/json">{"id":7560,"name":"Public International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7805" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Conservation">Marine Conservation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7805" type="text/json">{"id":7805,"name":"Marine Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Conservation?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9280764]'), work: {"id":9280764,"title":"The Law of the Sea Convention and the protection of the marine environment in the Arctic ocean: differences with the Antarctic legal regime and examination of Art. 234 LOSC","created_at":"2014-11-12T19:38:06.707-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9280764/The_Law_of_the_Sea_Convention_and_the_protection_of_the_marine_environment_in_the_Arctic_ocean_differences_with_the_Antarctic_legal_regime_and_examination_of_Art_234_LOSC?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_9280764","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62306373,"asset_id":9280764,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5387617,"first_name":"Pierandrea","last_name":"Leucci","domain_name":"uit","page_name":"PierandreaLeucci","display_name":"Pierandrea Leucci","profile_url":"https://uit.academia.edu/PierandreaLeucci?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5387617/2364618/6383625/s65_pierandrea.leucci.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":3836,"name":"Maritime Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maritime_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":7560,"name":"Public International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":7805,"name":"Marine Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Conservation?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":8869,"name":"Law of the Sea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_the_Sea?f_ri=25400"},{"id":9513,"name":"MARINE POLLUTION","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MARINE_POLLUTION?f_ri=25400"},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":132688,"name":"International Law, Arctic Law, Human Rights and Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law_Arctic_Law_Human_Rights_and_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":536678,"name":"International Law of the Sea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law_of_the_Sea?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28220945" data-work_id="28220945" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28220945/A_World_Environment_Organization_Solution_or_Threat_for_Effective_International_Environmental_Governance">A World Environment Organization: Solution or Threat for Effective International Environmental Governance</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28220945" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="095df819d80fbcab97934e13a3ba9963" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48534892,"asset_id":28220945,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48534892/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="52807288" href="https://uu.academia.edu/FrankBiermann">Frank Biermann</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="52807288" type="text/json">{"id":52807288,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Biermann","domain_name":"uu","page_name":"FrankBiermann","display_name":"Frank Biermann","profile_url":"https://uu.academia.edu/FrankBiermann?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/52807288/13961332/56670215/s65_frank.biermann.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28220945 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28220945"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28220945, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28220945", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28220945 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28220945; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28220945"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28220945 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28220945"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28220945; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28220945]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28220945").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28220945").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28220945"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1166" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory">International Relations Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1166" type="text/json">{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2585" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development">International Development</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2585" type="text/json">{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28220945]'), work: {"id":28220945,"title":"A World Environment Organization: Solution or Threat for Effective International Environmental Governance","created_at":"2016-09-03T02:07:42.695-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28220945/A_World_Environment_Organization_Solution_or_Threat_for_Effective_International_Environmental_Governance?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_28220945","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48534892,"asset_id":28220945,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":52807288,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Biermann","domain_name":"uu","page_name":"FrankBiermann","display_name":"Frank Biermann","profile_url":"https://uu.academia.edu/FrankBiermann?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/52807288/13961332/56670215/s65_frank.biermann.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=25400"},{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=25400"},{"id":24545,"name":"Global Environmental Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Environmental_Governance?f_ri=25400"},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":107491,"name":"Global Environmental Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Environmental_Politics?f_ri=25400"},{"id":207695,"name":"International Environmental Law and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law_and_Policy?f_ri=25400"},{"id":226536,"name":"United Nations Environment Programme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations_Environment_Programme?f_ri=25400"},{"id":939195,"name":"Global (North/South) Environmental Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_North_South_Environmental_Politics?f_ri=25400"},{"id":964914,"name":"Global Warming/environment and Sustainable Livelihood Technologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Warming_environment_and_Sustainable_Livelihood_Technologies?f_ri=25400"},{"id":992904,"name":"United Nations Environment Organization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations_Environment_Organization?f_ri=25400"},{"id":2523087,"name":"World environment organization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_environment_organization?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43643921" data-work_id="43643921" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43643921/Environmental_Criminal_Liability_and_Enforcement_in_European_and_International_Law">Environmental Criminal Liability and Enforcement in European and International Law</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The drive for harmonisation of environmental criminal standards at both the international and European level emerges from the increasing recognition of the scale and seriousness of environmental crime, the need to strengthen mechanisms... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43643921" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The drive for harmonisation of environmental criminal standards at both the international and European level emerges from the increasing recognition of the scale and seriousness of environmental crime, the need to strengthen mechanisms of police and judicial interstate cooperation to combat crossborder crime, and the objective to ensure fair competition in a global economy and an integrated EU common market. The harmonisation of environmental criminal law requires a competent institutional framework able to convey the need for criminalisation of environmental harm while <br />not overriding national aspirations to sovereignty in criminal matters. The book Enironmental Criminal Liability and Enforcement in European and International Law assesses legal, theoretical and practical questions of harmonisation of national environmental criminal law and the mechanisms for cooperation by sovereign states under European and International Law, with a particular emphasis on legislative developments in the European Union, the Council of Europe and other international institutions, assessing the case for an extension of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over international environmental crimes.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43643921" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6536e94c28fab83299bc49490111b60a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63944460,"asset_id":43643921,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63944460/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26384026" href="https://cardiff.academia.edu/RicardoPereira">Ricardo Pereira</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26384026" type="text/json">{"id":26384026,"first_name":"Ricardo","last_name":"Pereira","domain_name":"cardiff","page_name":"RicardoPereira","display_name":"Ricardo Pereira","profile_url":"https://cardiff.academia.edu/RicardoPereira?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26384026/7302433/35696591/s65_ricardo.pereira.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43643921 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43643921"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43643921, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43643921", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43643921 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43643921; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43643921"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43643921 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43643921"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43643921; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43643921]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43643921").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43643921").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43643921"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7228" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Green_Criminology">Green Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7228" type="text/json">{"id":7228,"name":"Green Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Green_Criminology?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15167" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union_Law">European Union Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15167" type="text/json">{"id":15167,"name":"European Union Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43643921]'), work: {"id":43643921,"title":"Environmental Criminal Liability and Enforcement in European and International Law","created_at":"2020-07-17T01:42:09.762-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43643921/Environmental_Criminal_Liability_and_Enforcement_in_European_and_International_Law?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_43643921","summary":"Th\u001ee drive for harmonisation of environmental criminal standards at both the international and European level emerges from the increasing recognition of the scale and seriousness of environmental crime, the need to strengthen mechanisms of police and judicial interstate cooperation to combat crossborder crime, and the objective to ensure fair competition in a global economy and an integrated EU common market. \u001eThe harmonisation of environmental criminal law requires a competent institutional framework able to convey the need for criminalisation of environmental harm while\r\nnot overriding national aspirations to sovereignty in criminal matters. The book En\u001fironmental Criminal Liability and Enforcement in European and International Law assesses legal, theoretical and practical questions of harmonisation of national environmental criminal law and the mechanisms for cooperation by sovereign states under European and International Law, with a particular emphasis on legislative developments in the European Union, the Council of Europe and other international institutions, assessing the case for an extension of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over international environmental crimes.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63944460,"asset_id":43643921,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26384026,"first_name":"Ricardo","last_name":"Pereira","domain_name":"cardiff","page_name":"RicardoPereira","display_name":"Ricardo Pereira","profile_url":"https://cardiff.academia.edu/RicardoPereira?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26384026/7302433/35696591/s65_ricardo.pereira.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":7228,"name":"Green Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Green_Criminology?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":15167,"name":"European Union Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":27490,"name":"European Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Criminal_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":112410,"name":"Environmental Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Crime?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_77564289" data-work_id="77564289" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77564289/Taking_Climate_Justice_into_Our_Own_Hands_A_Model_Climate_Compensation_Act">Taking Climate Justice into Our Own Hands: A Model Climate Compensation Act</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This report, co-released by West Coast Environmental Law and the Vanuatu Environmental Law Association, explains how well-established principles of private international law allow the courts and governments of individual countries to take... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_77564289" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This report, co-released by West Coast Environmental Law and the Vanuatu Environmental Law Association, explains how well-established principles of private international law allow the courts and governments of individual countries to take action against fossil fuel polluters. The report also includes the first public proposal for the text of a Climate Compensation Act that clarifies the principles of liability for large-scale greenhouse gas emitters, and which could be enacted by countries around the world.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/77564289" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="324414" href="https://uva.academia.edu/MargarethaWewerinkeSingh">Margaretha Wewerinke-Singh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="324414" type="text/json">{"id":324414,"first_name":"Margaretha","last_name":"Wewerinke-Singh","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"MargarethaWewerinkeSingh","display_name":"Margaretha Wewerinke-Singh","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/MargarethaWewerinkeSingh?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/324414/135694/18631362/s65_margaretha.wewerinke-singh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_77564289 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="77564289"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 77564289, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_77564289", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_77564289 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77564289; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_77564289"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_77564289 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="77564289"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77564289; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=77564289]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_77564289").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_77564289").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="77564289"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1439" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization">Globalization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1439" type="text/json">{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=77564289]'), work: {"id":77564289,"title":"Taking Climate Justice into Our Own Hands: A Model Climate Compensation Act","created_at":"2022-04-25T06:06:41.963-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/77564289/Taking_Climate_Justice_into_Our_Own_Hands_A_Model_Climate_Compensation_Act?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_77564289","summary":"This report, co-released by West Coast Environmental Law and the Vanuatu Environmental Law Association, explains how well-established principles of private international law allow the courts and governments of individual countries to take action against fossil fuel polluters. The report also includes the first public proposal for the text of a Climate Compensation Act that clarifies the principles of liability for large-scale greenhouse gas emitters, and which could be enacted by countries around the world.","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":324414,"first_name":"Margaretha","last_name":"Wewerinke-Singh","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"MargarethaWewerinkeSingh","display_name":"Margaretha Wewerinke-Singh","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/MargarethaWewerinkeSingh?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/324414/135694/18631362/s65_margaretha.wewerinke-singh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":3707,"name":"Climate change policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_change_policy?f_ri=25400"},{"id":6580,"name":"Global Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Justice?f_ri=25400"},{"id":8868,"name":"Climate Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":16723,"name":"Climate Change Adaptation And Mitigation Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Adaptation_And_Mitigation_Strategies?f_ri=25400"},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":25445,"name":"Environmental Pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Pollution?f_ri=25400"},{"id":27074,"name":"Development and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=25400"},{"id":34855,"name":"Climate Change and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=25400"},{"id":41757,"name":"Climate ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_ethics?f_ri=25400"},{"id":44003,"name":"Climate Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Justice?f_ri=25400"},{"id":75906,"name":"Climate Change Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":410234,"name":"Climate change adaptation measures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_change_adaptation_measures?f_ri=25400"},{"id":508101,"name":"Climate Change in Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_in_Developing_Countries?f_ri=25400"},{"id":1012750,"name":"International Climate Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Climate_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":1427243,"name":"Climate Litigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Litigation?f_ri=25400"},{"id":2238844,"name":"Climate Change LItigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_LItigation?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49187276" data-work_id="49187276" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49187276/The_Use_of_Biodiversity_in_International_Law_A_Genealogy_of_Genetic_Gold">The Use of Biodiversity in International Law A Genealogy of Genetic Gold</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This book presents a legal genealogy of biodiversity – of its strategic use before and after the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 1993. This history of ‘genetic gold’ details how, with the aid of international law, the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49187276" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This book presents a legal genealogy of biodiversity – of its strategic use before and after the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 1993.<br /><br />This history of ‘genetic gold’ details how, with the aid of international law, the idea of biodiversity has been instrumentalized towards political and economic aims. A study of the strategic utility of biodiversity, rather than the utility of its protection under international law, the book’s focus is not, therefore, on the sustainable or non-sustainable use of biodiversity as a natural resource, but rather on its historical use as an intellectual resource. Although biodiversity is still not being effectively conserved, nor sustainably used, the Convention on Biological Diversity and its parent regime persists, now after several decades of operation. This book provides the comprehensive answer to the question of the convention’s continued existence.<br /><br />Drawing from environmental history, the philosophy of science, political economy and development studies, this book will be of interest to advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students in Environmental Law, International Law, Environmental Studies, and Ecology.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49187276" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6e872ec03be8f2cd4ff77b507ac58631" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67570796,"asset_id":49187276,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67570796/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="179109" href="https://kent.academia.edu/AndreasKotsakis">Andreas Kotsakis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="179109" type="text/json">{"id":179109,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Kotsakis","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AndreasKotsakis","display_name":"Andreas Kotsakis","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AndreasKotsakis?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/179109/44358/118999513/s65_andreas.kotsakis.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49187276 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49187276"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49187276, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49187276", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49187276 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49187276; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49187276"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49187276 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49187276"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49187276; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49187276]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49187276").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49187276").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49187276"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="135" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History">Intellectual History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="135" type="text/json">{"id":135,"name":"Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law">Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1307" type="text/json">{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2312" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem_Services">Ecosystem Services</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2312" type="text/json">{"id":2312,"name":"Ecosystem Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem_Services?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49187276]'), work: {"id":49187276,"title":"The Use of Biodiversity in International Law A Genealogy of Genetic Gold","created_at":"2021-06-09T08:53:42.575-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49187276/The_Use_of_Biodiversity_in_International_Law_A_Genealogy_of_Genetic_Gold?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_49187276","summary":"This book presents a legal genealogy of biodiversity – of its strategic use before and after the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 1993.\n\nThis history of ‘genetic gold’ details how, with the aid of international law, the idea of biodiversity has been instrumentalized towards political and economic aims. A study of the strategic utility of biodiversity, rather than the utility of its protection under international law, the book’s focus is not, therefore, on the sustainable or non-sustainable use of biodiversity as a natural resource, but rather on its historical use as an intellectual resource. Although biodiversity is still not being effectively conserved, nor sustainably used, the Convention on Biological Diversity and its parent regime persists, now after several decades of operation. This book provides the comprehensive answer to the question of the convention’s continued existence.\n\nDrawing from environmental history, the philosophy of science, political economy and development studies, this book will be of interest to advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students in Environmental Law, International Law, Environmental Studies, and Ecology.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67570796,"asset_id":49187276,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":179109,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Kotsakis","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AndreasKotsakis","display_name":"Andreas Kotsakis","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AndreasKotsakis?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/179109/44358/118999513/s65_andreas.kotsakis.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":135,"name":"Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2312,"name":"Ecosystem Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem_Services?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation?f_ri=25400"},{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies?f_ri=25400"},{"id":3722,"name":"Environmental History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_History?f_ri=25400"},{"id":7560,"name":"Public International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":8511,"name":"Environment and natural resources conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment_and_natural_resources_conservation?f_ri=25400"},{"id":11927,"name":"Michel Foucault","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michel_Foucault?f_ri=25400"},{"id":13908,"name":"History of International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_International_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=25400"},{"id":23112,"name":"History of International Legal Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_International_Legal_Thought?f_ri=25400"},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":28074,"name":"International Environmental Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Politics?f_ri=25400"},{"id":30361,"name":"Foucault (Research Methodology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault_Research_Methodology_?f_ri=25400"},{"id":48099,"name":"International Organisations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Organisations?f_ri=25400"},{"id":207695,"name":"International Environmental Law and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law_and_Policy?f_ri=25400"},{"id":393265,"name":"Environmental Law and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law_and_Policy-1?f_ri=25400"},{"id":515336,"name":"Sustainable Developement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Developement?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31788157" data-work_id="31788157" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31788157/The_Historical_Roots_of_the_North_South_Dynamic_in_Biodiversity_Conservation_and_its_Imprint_on_the_Convention_on_Biological_Diversity">The Historical Roots of the North-South Dynamic in Biodiversity Conservation and its Imprint on the Convention on Biological Diversity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The concept of biodiversity has been historically constituted by a series of North-South disputes over its meaning and application. The following chapter places the entry of biodiversity into international environmental law within its... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31788157" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The concept of biodiversity has been historically constituted by a series of North-South disputes over its meaning and application. The following chapter places the entry of biodiversity into international environmental law within its historical and political context and outlines the exposure and collisions with other discourses and rationalities that occurred around the adoption and early operation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). While the concept of biodiversity emerged within Northern conservation practice, the reality of the South as the holder of the remaining biodiversity reserves has forced a continued and often contentious engagement with the political economy of Southern development. The chapter identifies a troubling orientalist pattern in this engagement that repeats throughout the decades: the North always proposes first and the South is expected to reacts and adapt.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31788157" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="513beddc2c23a14c1363a2a5e11e3cf4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64118536,"asset_id":31788157,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64118536/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="179109" href="https://kent.academia.edu/AndreasKotsakis">Andreas Kotsakis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="179109" type="text/json">{"id":179109,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Kotsakis","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AndreasKotsakis","display_name":"Andreas Kotsakis","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AndreasKotsakis?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/179109/44358/118999513/s65_andreas.kotsakis.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31788157 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31788157"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31788157, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31788157", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31788157 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31788157; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31788157"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31788157 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31788157"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31788157; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31788157]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31788157").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31788157").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31788157"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3722" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_History">Environmental History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3722" type="text/json">{"id":3722,"name":"Environmental History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_History?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17825" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17825" type="text/json">{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="939195" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_North_South_Environmental_Politics">Global (North/South) Environmental Politics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="939195" type="text/json">{"id":939195,"name":"Global (North/South) Environmental Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_North_South_Environmental_Politics?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31788157]'), work: {"id":31788157,"title":"The Historical Roots of the North-South Dynamic in Biodiversity Conservation and its Imprint on the Convention on Biological Diversity","created_at":"2017-03-09T07:46:26.427-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31788157/The_Historical_Roots_of_the_North_South_Dynamic_in_Biodiversity_Conservation_and_its_Imprint_on_the_Convention_on_Biological_Diversity?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_31788157","summary":"The concept of biodiversity has been historically constituted by a series of North-South disputes over its meaning and application. The following chapter places the entry of biodiversity into international environmental law within its historical and political context and outlines the exposure and collisions with other discourses and rationalities that occurred around the adoption and early operation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). While the concept of biodiversity emerged within Northern conservation practice, the reality of the South as the holder of the remaining biodiversity reserves has forced a continued and often contentious engagement with the political economy of Southern development. The chapter identifies a troubling orientalist pattern in this engagement that repeats throughout the decades: the North always proposes first and the South is expected to reacts and adapt.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64118536,"asset_id":31788157,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":179109,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Kotsakis","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"AndreasKotsakis","display_name":"Andreas Kotsakis","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/AndreasKotsakis?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/179109/44358/118999513/s65_andreas.kotsakis.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3722,"name":"Environmental History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_History?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":939195,"name":"Global (North/South) Environmental Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_North_South_Environmental_Politics?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16641732" data-work_id="16641732" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16641732/Bridging_the_North_South_Divide_International_Environmental_Law_in_the_Anthropocene">Bridging the North-South Divide: International Environmental Law in the Anthropocene</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The failure of international law and institutions to address global environmental degradation has significant implications for law and society as the planet’s ecosystems approach irreversible tipping points. According to a recent study... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_16641732" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The failure of international law and institutions to address global environmental degradation has significant implications for law and society as the planet’s ecosystems approach irreversible tipping points. According to a recent study published in the journal Science, the global economy has transgressed four of the nine “planetary boundaries” critical to the planet’s self-regulating capacity. Climate change, deforestation, species extinction, and the runoff of phosphorus and nitrogen into regional watersheds and oceans have exceeded safe biophysical thresholds. Scientists refer to the current geologic era of human-induced environmental change as the Anthropocene.<br /><br />These environmental problems are inextricably intertwined with patterns of trade, finance, investment, and production that have created an enormous and growing economic gap between and within affluent and poor countries -- the global North and the global South. Grounded in colonialism, these North-South divisions have often paralyzed international law-making, resulting in deadlocks in environmental treaty negotiations and agreements characterized by ambiguity, lack of ambition, and inadequate compliance and enforcement mechanisms. International environmental law is a field in crisis because the problems it currently confronts are deeply embedded in the existing economic order and cannot be adequately addressed by simply tinkering on the margins.<br /><br />This article examines the North-South divide in international environmental law and offers several strategies to bridge the divide and create a more just and sustainable economic order grounded in a robust conception of environmental justice.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16641732" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="06c12977791b8dcc1100fd44bd88ba1a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39095732,"asset_id":16641732,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39095732/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="631446" href="https://luc.academia.edu/CarmenGonzalez">Carmen Gonzalez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="631446" type="text/json">{"id":631446,"first_name":"Carmen","last_name":"Gonzalez","domain_name":"luc","page_name":"CarmenGonzalez","display_name":"Carmen Gonzalez","profile_url":"https://luc.academia.edu/CarmenGonzalez?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/631446/236115/116722163/s65_carmen.gonzalez.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16641732 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16641732"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16641732, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16641732", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_16641732 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16641732; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_16641732"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_16641732 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="16641732"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16641732; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16641732]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16641732").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16641732").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16641732"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies">Development Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="977" type="text/json">{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2169" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law">Human Rights Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2169" type="text/json">{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16641732]'), work: {"id":16641732,"title":"Bridging the North-South Divide: International Environmental Law in the Anthropocene","created_at":"2015-10-10T18:01:59.391-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16641732/Bridging_the_North_South_Divide_International_Environmental_Law_in_the_Anthropocene?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_16641732","summary":"The failure of international law and institutions to address global environmental degradation has significant implications for law and society as the planet’s ecosystems approach irreversible tipping points. According to a recent study published in the journal Science, the global economy has transgressed four of the nine “planetary boundaries” critical to the planet’s self-regulating capacity. Climate change, deforestation, species extinction, and the runoff of phosphorus and nitrogen into regional watersheds and oceans have exceeded safe biophysical thresholds. Scientists refer to the current geologic era of human-induced environmental change as the Anthropocene.\n\nThese environmental problems are inextricably intertwined with patterns of trade, finance, investment, and production that have created an enormous and growing economic gap between and within affluent and poor countries -- the global North and the global South. Grounded in colonialism, these North-South divisions have often paralyzed international law-making, resulting in deadlocks in environmental treaty negotiations and agreements characterized by ambiguity, lack of ambition, and inadequate compliance and enforcement mechanisms. International environmental law is a field in crisis because the problems it currently confronts are deeply embedded in the existing economic order and cannot be adequately addressed by simply tinkering on the margins.\n\nThis article examines the North-South divide in international environmental law and offers several strategies to bridge the divide and create a more just and sustainable economic order grounded in a robust conception of environmental justice.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39095732,"asset_id":16641732,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":631446,"first_name":"Carmen","last_name":"Gonzalez","domain_name":"luc","page_name":"CarmenGonzalez","display_name":"Carmen Gonzalez","profile_url":"https://luc.academia.edu/CarmenGonzalez?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/631446/236115/116722163/s65_carmen.gonzalez.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=25400"},{"id":5321,"name":"International Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":18590,"name":"Environmental Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Justice?f_ri=25400"},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":27077,"name":"International Relations and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=25400"},{"id":28074,"name":"International Environmental Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Politics?f_ri=25400"},{"id":94232,"name":"International law, international relations, human rights law, international humanitarian law, international organisations, law and politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_law_international_relations_human_rights_law_international_humanitarian_law_inter?f_ri=25400"},{"id":149474,"name":"Anthropocene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropocene?f_ri=25400"},{"id":207695,"name":"International Environmental Law and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law_and_Policy?f_ri=25400"},{"id":209810,"name":"Environmental justice, global sustainability, Environmental Politics and Governance, Indigenous Knowledge Systems, Education for Sustainable Development, Environmental Sustainability. Global Development and Environmental Protection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_justice_global_sustainability_Environmental_Politics_and_Governance_Indigenous_Know?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_325211" data-work_id="325211" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/325211/International_Tribunal_For_The_Law_Of_The_Sea_Case_No_17_Written_Statement_of_IUCN_dated_19_August_2010">International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea (Case No. 17): Written Statement of IUCN dated 19 August 2010</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea has been asked to give an Advisory Opinion regarding the responsibility and obligations of a State that sponsors persons or entities to undertake prospecting... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_325211" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea has been asked to give an Advisory Opinion regarding the responsibility and obligations of a State that sponsors persons or entities to undertake prospecting in the International Seabed Area; the extent of a State's liability for any failure to comply with relevant obligations by the sponsored person or entity; and the necessary and appropriate measures that the State must undertake to fulfill its responsibility. <br /> <br />This submission to the Chamber discusses the State's obligations of due diligence, the relevance of state responsibility, the need to ensure that there is not a gap in liability, and a number of measures called for by the Law of the Sea Convention and other relevant international law. The statement was prepared by four members of the IUCN - Commission on Environmental Law, Oceans Specialist Group. <br /> <br />Keywords: <br />Deep Seabed, Law of the Sea, Environmental Liability, Common Heritage of Mankind</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/325211" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="da647225458f2595857994867f1177d2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":1615836,"asset_id":325211,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/1615836/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="232351" href="https://ugent.academia.edu/RobertMakgill">Robert Makgill</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="232351" type="text/json">{"id":232351,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Makgill","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"RobertMakgill","display_name":"Robert Makgill","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/RobertMakgill?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/232351/51341/18819116/s65_robert.makgill.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_325211 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="325211"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 325211, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_325211", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_325211 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 325211; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_325211"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_325211 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="325211"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 325211; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=325211]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_325211").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_325211").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="325211"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1275" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coastal_Management">Coastal Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1275" type="text/json">{"id":1275,"name":"Coastal Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coastal_Management?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law">Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1307" type="text/json">{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2891" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commons">Commons</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2891" type="text/json">{"id":2891,"name":"Commons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commons?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=325211]'), work: {"id":325211,"title":"International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea (Case No. 17): Written Statement of IUCN dated 19 August 2010","created_at":"2010-09-12T23:56:51.153-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/325211/International_Tribunal_For_The_Law_Of_The_Sea_Case_No_17_Written_Statement_of_IUCN_dated_19_August_2010?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_325211","summary":"The Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea has been asked to give an Advisory Opinion regarding the responsibility and obligations of a State that sponsors persons or entities to undertake prospecting in the International Seabed Area; the extent of a State's liability for any failure to comply with relevant obligations by the sponsored person or entity; and the necessary and appropriate measures that the State must undertake to fulfill its responsibility. \r\n\r\nThis submission to the Chamber discusses the State's obligations of due diligence, the relevance of state responsibility, the need to ensure that there is not a gap in liability, and a number of measures called for by the Law of the Sea Convention and other relevant international law. The statement was prepared by four members of the IUCN - Commission on Environmental Law, Oceans Specialist Group. \r\n\r\nKeywords: \r\nDeep Seabed, Law of the Sea, Environmental Liability, Common Heritage of Mankind","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":1615836,"asset_id":325211,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":232351,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Makgill","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"RobertMakgill","display_name":"Robert Makgill","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/RobertMakgill?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/232351/51341/18819116/s65_robert.makgill.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1275,"name":"Coastal Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coastal_Management?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2891,"name":"Commons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commons?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":7560,"name":"Public International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":8869,"name":"Law of the Sea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_the_Sea?f_ri=25400"},{"id":10729,"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Impact_Assessment?f_ri=25400"},{"id":17567,"name":"Environment \u0026 Planning Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment_and_Planning_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":18590,"name":"Environmental Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Justice?f_ri=25400"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=25400"},{"id":24008,"name":"International Water Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Water_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":26218,"name":"International Marine Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Marine_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":29301,"name":"Climate Change and coastal zones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_and_coastal_zones?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17379777" data-work_id="17379777" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17379777/Incompatibility_of_Multilateral_Treaty_Reservations_with_International_Environmental_Law">Incompatibility of Multilateral Treaty Reservations with International Environmental Law</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper looks at how the idea of reservations has developed from a guiding principle, through its codification in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), to its place in customary international law. A subsequent analysis... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17379777" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper looks at how the idea of reservations has developed from a guiding principle, through its codification in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), to its place in customary international law. A subsequent analysis of three selected international environmental treaties explores the reservation provisions to determine if those deposited contradict the object and purpose of their respective convention, with due regard given to Article 19 of the VCLT. Finally, I propose a number of reservation mechanisms that could be used or adapted in order to minimise the negative impact that any reservation to an international environment treaty may have to its effective functioning.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17379777" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="61a08b069ab91132f71607e6f2c1bb0b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39754467,"asset_id":17379777,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39754467/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="18210868" href="https://hsph-harvard.academia.edu/IainMacLeod">Iain J MacLeod</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="18210868" type="text/json">{"id":18210868,"first_name":"Iain","last_name":"MacLeod","domain_name":"hsph-harvard","page_name":"IainMacLeod","display_name":"Iain J MacLeod","profile_url":"https://hsph-harvard.academia.edu/IainMacLeod?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18210868/5093771/128995802/s65_iain.macleod.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17379777 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17379777"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17379777, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17379777", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_17379777 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17379777; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_17379777"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_17379777 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17379777"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17379777; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17379777]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17379777").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17379777").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17379777"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17379777]'), work: {"id":17379777,"title":"Incompatibility of Multilateral Treaty Reservations with International Environmental Law","created_at":"2015-10-27T17:46:43.709-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17379777/Incompatibility_of_Multilateral_Treaty_Reservations_with_International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_17379777","summary":"This paper looks at how the idea of reservations has developed from a guiding principle, through its codification in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), to its place in customary international law. A subsequent analysis of three selected international environmental treaties explores the reservation provisions to determine if those deposited contradict the object and purpose of their respective convention, with due regard given to Article 19 of the VCLT. Finally, I propose a number of reservation mechanisms that could be used or adapted in order to minimise the negative impact that any reservation to an international environment treaty may have to its effective functioning.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39754467,"asset_id":17379777,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":18210868,"first_name":"Iain","last_name":"MacLeod","domain_name":"hsph-harvard","page_name":"IainMacLeod","display_name":"Iain J MacLeod","profile_url":"https://hsph-harvard.academia.edu/IainMacLeod?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18210868/5093771/128995802/s65_iain.macleod.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22660781" data-work_id="22660781" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22660781/Statement_On_Flint_Water_Crisis_Michigan_Environmental_Justice_Coalition">Statement On Flint Water Crisis: Michigan Environmental Justice Coalition</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Flint water crisis was a preventable tragedy that has decimated an entire community. This crisis is particularly appalling because Flint is an Environmental Justice community –a community in which the majority of its residents are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22660781" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Flint water crisis was a preventable tragedy that has decimated an entire community. This crisis is particularly appalling because Flint is an Environmental Justice community –a community in which the majority of its residents are racial minorities, many of whom live below the poverty level, and bear the disproportionate burdens of environmental risks. As this vulnerable community continues to suffer, we at the Michigan Environmental Justice Coalition are reminded of the Michigan Environmental Justice Plan, and how its implementation may have helped to prevent this catastrophe from happening.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22660781" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6b167c137d055fbf1f64f587f9ff4da7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43249610,"asset_id":22660781,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43249610/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="449110" href="https://umich.academia.edu/KyleWhyte">Kyle Whyte</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="449110" type="text/json">{"id":449110,"first_name":"Kyle","last_name":"Whyte","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"KyleWhyte","display_name":"Kyle Whyte","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/KyleWhyte?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/449110/145868/11059711/s65_kyle.whyte.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22660781 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22660781"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22660781, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22660781", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22660781 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22660781; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22660781"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22660781 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22660781"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22660781; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22660781]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22660781").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22660781").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22660781"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">27</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice">Criminal Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="537" type="text/json">{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics">Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="814" type="text/json">{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law">Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1307" type="text/json">{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2142" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Access_to_Justice">Access to Justice</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2142" type="text/json">{"id":2142,"name":"Access to Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Access_to_Justice?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22660781]'), work: {"id":22660781,"title":"Statement On Flint Water Crisis: Michigan Environmental Justice Coalition","created_at":"2016-03-01T11:18:01.045-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22660781/Statement_On_Flint_Water_Crisis_Michigan_Environmental_Justice_Coalition?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_22660781","summary":"The Flint water crisis was a preventable tragedy that has decimated an entire community. This crisis is particularly appalling because Flint is an Environmental Justice community –a community in which the majority of its residents are racial minorities, many of whom live below the poverty level, and bear the disproportionate burdens of environmental risks. As this vulnerable community continues to suffer, we at the Michigan Environmental Justice Coalition are reminded of the Michigan Environmental Justice Plan, and how its implementation may have helped to prevent this catastrophe from happening.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43249610,"asset_id":22660781,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":449110,"first_name":"Kyle","last_name":"Whyte","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"KyleWhyte","display_name":"Kyle Whyte","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/KyleWhyte?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/449110/145868/11059711/s65_kyle.whyte.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2142,"name":"Access to Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Access_to_Justice?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=25400"},{"id":4523,"name":"Water quality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_quality?f_ri=25400"},{"id":4526,"name":"Water resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_resources?f_ri=25400"},{"id":5792,"name":"Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice?f_ri=25400"},{"id":6284,"name":"Water and wastewater treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_and_wastewater_treatment?f_ri=25400"},{"id":6580,"name":"Global Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Justice?f_ri=25400"},{"id":7695,"name":"Environmental Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Ethics?f_ri=25400"},{"id":9990,"name":"Water Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Treatment?f_ri=25400"},{"id":10191,"name":"Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Justice?f_ri=25400"},{"id":12859,"name":"Theories of Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_Justice?f_ri=25400"},{"id":13283,"name":"Social Justice in Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice_in_Education?f_ri=25400"},{"id":14469,"name":"Sustainable Water Resources Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Water_Resources_Management?f_ri=25400"},{"id":15155,"name":"Educational Equity and Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Equity_and_Justice?f_ri=25400"},{"id":18590,"name":"Environmental Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Justice?f_ri=25400"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=25400"},{"id":21685,"name":"Watershed Hydrology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Watershed_Hydrology?f_ri=25400"},{"id":21724,"name":"Water Pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Pollution?f_ri=25400"},{"id":22038,"name":"Environmental ethics (Philosophy) (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_ethics_Philosophy_Philosophy_?f_ri=25400"},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":29985,"name":"Environmental Justice (Sustainability)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Justice_Sustainability_?f_ri=25400"},{"id":39673,"name":"Feminism and Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminism_and_Social_Justice?f_ri=25400"},{"id":209810,"name":"Environmental justice, global sustainability, Environmental Politics and Governance, Indigenous Knowledge Systems, Education for Sustainable Development, Environmental Sustainability. Global Development and Environmental Protection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_justice_global_sustainability_Environmental_Politics_and_Governance_Indigenous_Know?f_ri=25400"},{"id":525848,"name":"Michigan History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michigan_History?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20856377" data-work_id="20856377" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20856377/Development_Without_Destruction_The_UN_and_Global_Resource_Management">Development Without Destruction: The UN and Global Resource Management</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20856377" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d33c268dca8e7ab50499ff8947dbd779" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41600264,"asset_id":20856377,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41600264/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42154001" href="https://uoguelph.academia.edu/AdamSneyd">Adam Sneyd</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42154001" type="text/json">{"id":42154001,"first_name":"Adam","last_name":"Sneyd","domain_name":"uoguelph","page_name":"AdamSneyd","display_name":"Adam Sneyd","profile_url":"https://uoguelph.academia.edu/AdamSneyd?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42154001/11381550/14942684/s65_adam.sneyd.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20856377 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20856377"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20856377, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20856377", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20856377 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20856377; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20856377"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20856377 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20856377"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20856377; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20856377]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20856377").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20856377").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20856377"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4524" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development">Sustainable Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4524" type="text/json">{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6276" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy">International Political Economy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6276" type="text/json">{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6617" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations">United Nations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6617" type="text/json">{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20856377]'), work: {"id":20856377,"title":"Development Without Destruction: The UN and Global Resource Management","created_at":"2016-01-26T17:15:36.387-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20856377/Development_Without_Destruction_The_UN_and_Global_Resource_Management?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_20856377","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41600264,"asset_id":20856377,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42154001,"first_name":"Adam","last_name":"Sneyd","domain_name":"uoguelph","page_name":"AdamSneyd","display_name":"Adam Sneyd","profile_url":"https://uoguelph.academia.edu/AdamSneyd?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42154001/11381550/14942684/s65_adam.sneyd.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42608170" data-work_id="42608170" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42608170/OS_OBJETIVOS_DO_DESENVOLVIMENTO_SUSTENT%C3%81VEL_E_A_AGRICULTURA_ORG%C3%82NICA_COMO_INSTRUMENTO_DE_EFETIVA%C3%87%C3%83O">OS OBJETIVOS DO DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL E A AGRICULTURA ORGÂNICA COMO INSTRUMENTO DE EFETIVAÇÃO</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">O presente artigo tratará da agricultura orgânica como meio de efetivação dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS’s). O trabalho está estruturado em três partes, na primeira se estudará o desenvolvimento do direito ambiental... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42608170" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">O presente artigo tratará da agricultura orgânica como meio de efetivação dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS’s).<br />O trabalho está estruturado em três partes, na primeira se estudará o<br />desenvolvimento do direito ambiental internacional; em seguida será abordada a governança global e sua evolução da Conferência Rio-92 à adoção da Agenda 2030 na Assembléia da ONU no ano de 2015 em Nova Iorque e os ODS’s.<br />Na terceira parte do artigo serão abordados conceitos trazidos pelo marco legal da agricultura orgânica no Brasil, que é a Lei n. 10.831 de 23 de dezembro de 2003, e a relação desse tipo de agricultura como importante meio de efetivação dos ODS’s, tudo isso pautado na responsabilidade socioambiental.<br />A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com a utilização do método básico, servindo-se de um apanhado bibliográfico e documental, em nível de aprendizado analítico.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42608170" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5c408d688bdfd4e332ab5be975307662" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62811934,"asset_id":42608170,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62811934/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="147081531" href="https://unisantos.academia.edu/SilmaraVeiga">Silmara Veiga</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="147081531" type="text/json">{"id":147081531,"first_name":"Silmara","last_name":"Veiga","domain_name":"unisantos","page_name":"SilmaraVeiga","display_name":"Silmara Veiga","profile_url":"https://unisantos.academia.edu/SilmaraVeiga?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/147081531/40376390/33089396/s65_silmara.veiga.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42608170 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42608170"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42608170, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42608170", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42608170 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42608170; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42608170"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42608170 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42608170"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42608170; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42608170]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42608170").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42608170").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42608170"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3528" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agroecology">Agroecology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3528" type="text/json">{"id":3528,"name":"Agroecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agroecology?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8510" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8510" type="text/json">{"id":8510,"name":"Agroforestry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agroforestry?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22266" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law_and_Human_Rights">Environmental Law and Human Rights</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22266" type="text/json">{"id":22266,"name":"Environmental Law and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42608170]'), work: {"id":42608170,"title":"OS OBJETIVOS DO DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL E A AGRICULTURA ORGÂNICA COMO INSTRUMENTO DE EFETIVAÇÃO","created_at":"2020-04-03T19:03:21.058-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42608170/OS_OBJETIVOS_DO_DESENVOLVIMENTO_SUSTENT%C3%81VEL_E_A_AGRICULTURA_ORG%C3%82NICA_COMO_INSTRUMENTO_DE_EFETIVA%C3%87%C3%83O?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_42608170","summary":"O presente artigo tratará da agricultura orgânica como meio de efetivação dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS’s).\nO trabalho está estruturado em três partes, na primeira se estudará o\ndesenvolvimento do direito ambiental internacional; em seguida será abordada a governança global e sua evolução da Conferência Rio-92 à adoção da Agenda 2030 na Assembléia da ONU no ano de 2015 em Nova Iorque e os ODS’s.\nNa terceira parte do artigo serão abordados conceitos trazidos pelo marco legal da agricultura orgânica no Brasil, que é a Lei n. 10.831 de 23 de dezembro de 2003, e a relação desse tipo de agricultura como importante meio de efetivação dos ODS’s, tudo isso pautado na responsabilidade socioambiental.\nA pesquisa foi desenvolvida com a utilização do método básico, servindo-se de um apanhado bibliográfico e documental, em nível de aprendizado analítico.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62811934,"asset_id":42608170,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":147081531,"first_name":"Silmara","last_name":"Veiga","domain_name":"unisantos","page_name":"SilmaraVeiga","display_name":"Silmara Veiga","profile_url":"https://unisantos.academia.edu/SilmaraVeiga?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/147081531/40376390/33089396/s65_silmara.veiga.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":3528,"name":"Agroecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agroecology?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":8510,"name":"Agroforestry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agroforestry?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":22266,"name":"Environmental Law and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":191849,"name":"ODS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ODS?f_ri=25400"},{"id":210157,"name":"Sistemas Agroflorestais","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sistemas_Agroflorestais?f_ri=25400"},{"id":510961,"name":"Direito Internacional; Direitos Humanos; Direito Ambiental","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direito_Internacional_Direitos_Humanos_Direito_Ambiental?f_ri=25400"},{"id":1886179,"name":"Direito Ambiental Internacional","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direito_Ambiental_Internacional?f_ri=25400"},{"id":1958655,"name":"Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development_Goals_SDGs_?f_ri=25400"},{"id":2571995,"name":"Manejo Agroflorestal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Manejo_Agroflorestal?f_ri=25400"},{"id":2941856,"name":"UN Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UN_Sustainable_Development_Goals_SDGs_?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19869685" data-work_id="19869685" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19869685/Practical_Tips_on_Evaluation_and_Assessment_of_Environmental_Pollution_Damage_in_Environmental_Litigation">Practical Tips on Evaluation and Assessment of Environmental Pollution Damage in Environmental Litigation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">There has been growing environmental awareness focused on the interactions between development actions and their environmental and human impact. This necessitates the need to protect not only the environment but also impose penal... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19869685" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">There has been growing environmental awareness focused on the interactions between development actions and their environmental and human impact. This necessitates the need to protect not only the environment but also impose penal sanctions on polluters and compensate victims of environmental damages. Compensation is meant to restore the victim of environmental damage to the same position as they would have been had he not sustained that wrong for which he is now being compensated. Though some of our extant laws provide for payment of fair and adequate compensation to pollution victims, however, assessment of the extent of damage requiring compensation is a problem. This is partly due to inaccurate assessment of the quantum of compensation by the victims. The result is meager amount paid to such victims by the courts, as the courts are left with no other choice than to force the victims to accept whatever amount that is offered by the polluter as compensation. To ameliorate the above situation, victims of environmental damages can embark on simple impact assessment activity using environmental impact assessment tools. This will aid them in having a bird’s eye view of the level of environmental damages suffered and in the end help the court to arrive at what may be regarded as fair and adequate compensation to the environmental pollution victims. This paper, therefore, sought to explore means for assessing environmental damages using the Environmental Impact<br />Assessment (EIA) methods.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19869685" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ad685d07b06a7119503e74cd057adb45" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40889608,"asset_id":19869685,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40889608/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36516184" href="https://universitynigeriansukka.academia.edu/EEEEEEmmanuelOnyeabor">Emmanuel U Onyeabor</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36516184" type="text/json">{"id":36516184,"first_name":"Emmanuel","last_name":"Onyeabor","domain_name":"universitynigeriansukka","page_name":"EEEEEEmmanuelOnyeabor","display_name":"Emmanuel U Onyeabor","profile_url":"https://universitynigeriansukka.academia.edu/EEEEEEmmanuelOnyeabor?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36516184/11081013/12424028/s65_emmanuel.onyeabor.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19869685 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19869685"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19869685, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19869685", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19869685 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19869685; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19869685"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19869685 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19869685"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19869685; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19869685]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19869685").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19869685").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19869685"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law">Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1307" type="text/json">{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10199" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Planning_Law">Planning Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10199" type="text/json">{"id":10199,"name":"Planning Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Planning_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18845" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability">Environmental Sustainability</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18845" type="text/json">{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19869685]'), work: {"id":19869685,"title":"Practical Tips on Evaluation and Assessment of Environmental Pollution Damage in Environmental Litigation","created_at":"2015-12-28T07:57:42.070-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19869685/Practical_Tips_on_Evaluation_and_Assessment_of_Environmental_Pollution_Damage_in_Environmental_Litigation?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_19869685","summary":"There has been growing environmental awareness focused on the interactions between development actions and their environmental and human impact. This necessitates the need to protect not only the environment but also impose penal sanctions on polluters and compensate victims of environmental damages. Compensation is meant to restore the victim of environmental damage to the same position as they would have been had he not sustained that wrong for which he is now being compensated. Though some of our extant laws provide for payment of fair and adequate compensation to pollution victims, however, assessment of the extent of damage requiring compensation is a problem. This is partly due to inaccurate assessment of the quantum of compensation by the victims. The result is meager amount paid to such victims by the courts, as the courts are left with no other choice than to force the victims to accept whatever amount that is offered by the polluter as compensation. To ameliorate the above situation, victims of environmental damages can embark on simple impact assessment activity using environmental impact assessment tools. This will aid them in having a bird’s eye view of the level of environmental damages suffered and in the end help the court to arrive at what may be regarded as fair and adequate compensation to the environmental pollution victims. This paper, therefore, sought to explore means for assessing environmental damages using the Environmental Impact\nAssessment (EIA) methods.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40889608,"asset_id":19869685,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36516184,"first_name":"Emmanuel","last_name":"Onyeabor","domain_name":"universitynigeriansukka","page_name":"EEEEEEmmanuelOnyeabor","display_name":"Emmanuel U Onyeabor","profile_url":"https://universitynigeriansukka.academia.edu/EEEEEEmmanuelOnyeabor?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36516184/11081013/12424028/s65_emmanuel.onyeabor.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":10199,"name":"Planning Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Planning_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1187543,"name":"International maritime law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_maritime_law?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12202748" data-work_id="12202748" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12202748/From_Abundance_to_Indeterminacy_The_Precautionary_Principle_and_Its_Two_Camps_of_Custom">From Abundance to Indeterminacy: The Precautionary Principle and Its Two Camps of Custom</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The question of what status the precautionary principle enjoys in international law has once again reared its head; most recently in the Indus Water Treaty dispute between India and Pakistan before the Permanent Court of Arbitration,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12202748" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The question of what status the precautionary principle enjoys in international law has once again reared its head; most recently in the Indus Water Treaty dispute between India and Pakistan before the Permanent Court of Arbitration, where the claim for customary status was advanced by Pakistan only to be countered by India. This paper assesses the current state of play in respect to the precautionary principle and its status in international law. The paper does this by identifying what it terms the two camps of precaution, the custom camp and the no custom camp, which find themselves on opposing sides in the debate. The paper argues that the two camps are equally guilty of misunderstanding the precautionary principle and the nature of customary international law, though for different reasons. In doing so the paper relies on the concepts of ‘precaution spotting’ and what is elsewhere termed the ‘rule v. standard’ dialectic. These two concepts help us understand the different claims advanced by the two camps and alert us to the fact that customary international law is best understood if we come to accept that there are multiple ways of identifying customary international rules.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12202748" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="82a880506e365abcd6c671fb52af97da" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37487887,"asset_id":12202748,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37487887/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4223056" href="https://newcastle.academia.edu/OleWPedersen">Ole W Pedersen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4223056" type="text/json">{"id":4223056,"first_name":"Ole","last_name":"Pedersen","domain_name":"newcastle","page_name":"OleWPedersen","display_name":"Ole W Pedersen","profile_url":"https://newcastle.academia.edu/OleWPedersen?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4223056/1664737/7758384/s65_ole.pedersen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12202748 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12202748"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12202748, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12202748", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12202748 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12202748; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12202748"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12202748 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12202748"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12202748; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12202748]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12202748").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12202748").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12202748"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12202748]'), work: {"id":12202748,"title":"From Abundance to Indeterminacy: The Precautionary Principle and Its Two Camps of Custom","created_at":"2015-05-03T04:09:24.993-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12202748/From_Abundance_to_Indeterminacy_The_Precautionary_Principle_and_Its_Two_Camps_of_Custom?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_12202748","summary":"The question of what status the precautionary principle enjoys in international law has once again reared its head; most recently in the Indus Water Treaty dispute between India and Pakistan before the Permanent Court of Arbitration, where the claim for customary status was advanced by Pakistan only to be countered by India. This paper assesses the current state of play in respect to the precautionary principle and its status in international law. The paper does this by identifying what it terms the two camps of precaution, the custom camp and the no custom camp, which find themselves on opposing sides in the debate. The paper argues that the two camps are equally guilty of misunderstanding the precautionary principle and the nature of customary international law, though for different reasons. In doing so the paper relies on the concepts of ‘precaution spotting’ and what is elsewhere termed the ‘rule v. standard’ dialectic. These two concepts help us understand the different claims advanced by the two camps and alert us to the fact that customary international law is best understood if we come to accept that there are multiple ways of identifying customary international rules.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37487887,"asset_id":12202748,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4223056,"first_name":"Ole","last_name":"Pedersen","domain_name":"newcastle","page_name":"OleWPedersen","display_name":"Ole W Pedersen","profile_url":"https://newcastle.academia.edu/OleWPedersen?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4223056/1664737/7758384/s65_ole.pedersen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3168260" data-work_id="3168260" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3168260/Are_ENGOs_in_Singapore_effective_in_raising_awareness_of_environmental_issues">Are ENGOs in Singapore effective in raising awareness of environmental issues?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3168260" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e1523d423c670c95210c5090290c1b29" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31064223,"asset_id":3168260,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31064223/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="678548" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/FilbertLam">Filbert Lam</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="678548" type="text/json">{"id":678548,"first_name":"Filbert","last_name":"Lam","domain_name":"edinburgh","page_name":"FilbertLam","display_name":"Filbert Lam","profile_url":"https://edinburgh.academia.edu/FilbertLam?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/678548/2734492/3185400/s65_filbert.lam.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3168260 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3168260"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3168260, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3168260", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3168260 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3168260; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3168260"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3168260 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3168260"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3168260; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3168260]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3168260").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3168260").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3168260"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">22</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="261" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography">Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="261" type="text/json">{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="262" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography">Human Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="262" type="text/json">{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1578" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Participatory_Research">Participatory Research</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1578" type="text/json">{"id":1578,"name":"Participatory Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Participatory_Research?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3168260]'), work: {"id":3168260,"title":"Are ENGOs in Singapore effective in raising awareness of environmental issues?","created_at":"2013-03-30T20:35:21.075-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3168260/Are_ENGOs_in_Singapore_effective_in_raising_awareness_of_environmental_issues?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_3168260","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31064223,"asset_id":3168260,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":678548,"first_name":"Filbert","last_name":"Lam","domain_name":"edinburgh","page_name":"FilbertLam","display_name":"Filbert Lam","profile_url":"https://edinburgh.academia.edu/FilbertLam?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/678548/2734492/3185400/s65_filbert.lam.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1578,"name":"Participatory Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Participatory_Research?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation?f_ri=25400"},{"id":3255,"name":"Climate Change Adaptation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Adaptation?f_ri=25400"},{"id":3707,"name":"Climate change policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_change_policy?f_ri=25400"},{"id":5976,"name":"Institutional Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_Change?f_ri=25400"},{"id":6467,"name":"Non-profit Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-profit_Management?f_ri=25400"},{"id":6656,"name":"Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-Governmental_Organizations_NGOs_?f_ri=25400"},{"id":8787,"name":"Singapore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore?f_ri=25400"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=25400"},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":38360,"name":"Food Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Security?f_ri=25400"},{"id":43017,"name":"Civil Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Society?f_ri=25400"},{"id":45405,"name":"Global Warming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Warming?f_ri=25400"},{"id":70646,"name":"Development policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_policy?f_ri=25400"},{"id":102572,"name":"Urban Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Issues?f_ri=25400"},{"id":991561,"name":"Natural Resource Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Resource_Economy?f_ri=25400"},{"id":991562,"name":"Climate Change (Agro Sociology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Agro_Sociology_?f_ri=25400"},{"id":1009430,"name":"Savannas Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Savannas_Sciences?f_ri=25400"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_669708" data-work_id="669708" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/669708/Advisory_Opinion_on_Responsibility_and_Liability_for_International_Seabed_Mining_ITLOS_Case_No_17_International_Environmental_Law_in_the_Seabed_Disputes_Chamber">Advisory Opinion on Responsibility and Liability for International Seabed Mining (ITLOS Case No. 17): International Environmental Law in the Seabed Disputes Chamber</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">On 1 February 2011, the Seabed Disputes Chamber (“the Chamber”) delivered its first Advisory Opinion. The Opinion provides useful guidance to the international community concerned with the deep seabed. First and foremost, the Chamber... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_669708" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">On 1 February 2011, the Seabed Disputes Chamber (“the Chamber”) delivered its first Advisory Opinion. The Opinion provides useful guidance to the international community concerned with the deep seabed. First and foremost, the Chamber accomplished its task to assist the ISA with independent and impartial judicial interpretation of the Convention and related instruments. States that intend to extract valuable resources now know that they must evaluate their legal codes, administrative capacity, and their judicial enforcement mechanisms to determine where they fall short of the standards that the Chamber has identified. For most states it will be necessary to introduce new laws to provide the requisite rules, regulations and procedures. Entities seeking sponsorship will likely wish to work with these governments to develop a workable regime. Other entities, such as those interested in scientific research, other economic uses, and protection of the ocean and seabed resources, will want to assist with this process to ensure that their interests are respected and that developing states are given assistance to develop appropriate laws and enforcement capacity. Finally, the limitations and gaps in the Convention’s liability scheme have now been identified and await the international legal community’s attention. <br /> <br />Number of Pages in PDF File: 13 <br /> <br />Accepted Paper Series</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/669708" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0714ad4fda1022a1862bf20dd9b8aa56" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":3716986,"asset_id":669708,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/3716986/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="232351" href="https://ugent.academia.edu/RobertMakgill">Robert Makgill</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="232351" type="text/json">{"id":232351,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Makgill","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"RobertMakgill","display_name":"Robert Makgill","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/RobertMakgill?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/232351/51341/18819116/s65_robert.makgill.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_669708 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="669708"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 669708, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_669708", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_669708 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 669708; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_669708"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_669708 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="669708"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 669708; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=669708]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_669708").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_669708").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="669708"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law">Environmental Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1307" type="text/json">{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2891" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commons">Commons</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2891" type="text/json">{"id":2891,"name":"Commons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commons?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7560" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law">Public International Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7560" type="text/json">{"id":7560,"name":"Public International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=669708]'), work: {"id":669708,"title":"Advisory Opinion on Responsibility and Liability for International Seabed Mining (ITLOS Case No. 17): International Environmental Law in the Seabed Disputes Chamber","created_at":"2011-06-14T14:12:28.180-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/669708/Advisory_Opinion_on_Responsibility_and_Liability_for_International_Seabed_Mining_ITLOS_Case_No_17_International_Environmental_Law_in_the_Seabed_Disputes_Chamber?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_669708","summary":"On 1 February 2011, the Seabed Disputes Chamber (“the Chamber”) delivered its first Advisory Opinion. The Opinion provides useful guidance to the international community concerned with the deep seabed. First and foremost, the Chamber accomplished its task to assist the ISA with independent and impartial judicial interpretation of the Convention and related instruments. States that intend to extract valuable resources now know that they must evaluate their legal codes, administrative capacity, and their judicial enforcement mechanisms to determine where they fall short of the standards that the Chamber has identified. For most states it will be necessary to introduce new laws to provide the requisite rules, regulations and procedures. Entities seeking sponsorship will likely wish to work with these governments to develop a workable regime. Other entities, such as those interested in scientific research, other economic uses, and protection of the ocean and seabed resources, will want to assist with this process to ensure that their interests are respected and that developing states are given assistance to develop appropriate laws and enforcement capacity. Finally, the limitations and gaps in the Convention’s liability scheme have now been identified and await the international legal community’s attention. \r\n\r\nNumber of Pages in PDF File: 13\r\n\r\nAccepted Paper Series","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":3716986,"asset_id":669708,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":232351,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Makgill","domain_name":"ugent","page_name":"RobertMakgill","display_name":"Robert Makgill","profile_url":"https://ugent.academia.edu/RobertMakgill?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/232351/51341/18819116/s65_robert.makgill.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":1307,"name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":2891,"name":"Commons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commons?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":7560,"name":"Public International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":8869,"name":"Law of the Sea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_the_Sea?f_ri=25400"},{"id":10729,"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Impact_Assessment?f_ri=25400"},{"id":17567,"name":"Environment \u0026 Planning Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment_and_Planning_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":18590,"name":"Environmental Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Justice?f_ri=25400"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=25400"},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"},{"id":26218,"name":"International Marine Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Marine_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41040275" data-work_id="41040275" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41040275/The_Provisional_Measures_Orders_in_International_Environmental_Disputes_A_Case_for_International_Courts_and_Tribunals">The Provisional Measures Orders in International Environmental Disputes: A Case for International Courts and Tribunals</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article examines the ways in which international courts and tribunals should uti-lise their powers to prescribe provisional measures in the context of environmental disputes. The article makes the case that the system of dispute... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41040275" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article examines the ways in which international courts and tribunals should uti-lise their powers to prescribe provisional measures in the context of environmental disputes. The article makes the case that the system of dispute resolution has the capacity to adapt to the specific needs of environmental disputes. By analysing the key features of provisional measures and extracting new judicial trends, new light is shed on two core issues: first, this article develops a theoretical framework within which provisional measures should be understood in order to achieve their aim. Second, it shows how a certain level of judicial creativity in the design of provisional measures can have implications on whether such measures can be enforced through innovative cooperation with other institutional bodies. As a result, this article argues that provisional measures can fill the gap of enforcement in international environmental law and become a pivotal instrument in environmental protection.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41040275" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="20ae3516e1794d09696c66c694bada90" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61315756,"asset_id":41040275,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61315756/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4OTU0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="129311420" href="https://exeter.academia.edu/JustineBendel">Justine Bendel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="129311420" type="text/json">{"id":129311420,"first_name":"Justine","last_name":"Bendel","domain_name":"exeter","page_name":"JustineBendel","display_name":"Justine Bendel","profile_url":"https://exeter.academia.edu/JustineBendel?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/129311420/33358483/68613320/s65_justine.bendel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41040275 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41040275"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41040275, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41040275", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41040275 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41040275; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41040275"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41040275 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41040275"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41040275; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41040275]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41040275").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41040275").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41040275"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7560" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law">Public International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7560" type="text/json">{"id":7560,"name":"Public International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15020" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Courts_And_Tribunals">International Courts And Tribunals</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15020" type="text/json">{"id":15020,"name":"International Courts And Tribunals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Courts_And_Tribunals?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law">International Environmental Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25400" type="text/json">{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41040275]'), work: {"id":41040275,"title":"The Provisional Measures Orders in International Environmental Disputes: A Case for International Courts and Tribunals","created_at":"2019-11-24T02:44:58.238-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41040275/The_Provisional_Measures_Orders_in_International_Environmental_Disputes_A_Case_for_International_Courts_and_Tribunals?f_ri=25400","dom_id":"work_41040275","summary":"This article examines the ways in which international courts and tribunals should uti-lise their powers to prescribe provisional measures in the context of environmental disputes. The article makes the case that the system of dispute resolution has the capacity to adapt to the specific needs of environmental disputes. By analysing the key features of provisional measures and extracting new judicial trends, new light is shed on two core issues: first, this article develops a theoretical framework within which provisional measures should be understood in order to achieve their aim. Second, it shows how a certain level of judicial creativity in the design of provisional measures can have implications on whether such measures can be enforced through innovative cooperation with other institutional bodies. As a result, this article argues that provisional measures can fill the gap of enforcement in international environmental law and become a pivotal instrument in environmental protection.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61315756,"asset_id":41040275,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":129311420,"first_name":"Justine","last_name":"Bendel","domain_name":"exeter","page_name":"JustineBendel","display_name":"Justine Bendel","profile_url":"https://exeter.academia.edu/JustineBendel?f_ri=25400","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/129311420/33358483/68613320/s65_justine.bendel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":7560,"name":"Public International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":15020,"name":"International Courts And Tribunals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Courts_And_Tribunals?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":25400,"name":"International Environmental Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?f_ri=25400","nofollow":false},{"id":43687,"name":"International Dispute Settlement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Dispute_Settlement?f_ri=25400"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?after=50%2C41040275" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law">Environmental Law</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="1307">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="1307">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law">Public International Law</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="7560">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="7560">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="2575">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="2575">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_the_Sea">Law of the Sea</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="8869">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="8869">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="534">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="534">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law">International Human Rights Law</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="5321">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="5321">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_trade_law">International trade law</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="19287">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="19287">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Law_and_Human_Rights">Environmental Law and Human Rights</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="22266">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="22266">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="2592">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="2592">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Policy_and_Governance">Environmental Policy and Governance</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="9787">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="9787">Following</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>(function() { var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "5d26dcffeb18b7666c71fe212615a0cd3274930ff02b488217d2b918aa1dc383", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="BAxpmzLDS+3K6UvUFOBVz7uu9WEiRQVwKV29MuupFWkYlvgvWTVJY9ksI0qyIIggVfDl8NhLncd7pgOgAOdXrQ==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Environmental_Law" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="9ity8OBOy0OCd7LX0WbcBN5wamEREo0nwK8UnkHV6yLqseNEi7jJzZGy2kl3pgHrMC568OscFZCSVKoMqpup5g==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>