CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Norwegian language - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1262edaa-5acd-4c33-8762-3283db50eca1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Norwegian_language","wgTitle":"Norwegian language","wgCurRevisionId":1254132952,"wgRevisionId":1254132952,"wgArticleId":21704,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)","CS1 Norwegian Bokmål-language sources (nb)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2020","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Norwegian Nynorsk-language sources (nn)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from September 2022","All articles needing additional references" ,"Use dmy dates from September 2024","Articles containing Norwegian-language text","Pages with Norwegian IPA","Pages with undetermined IPA","Language articles with Linguasphere code","Languages with ISO 639-2 code","Languages with ISO 639-1 code","ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles needing additional references from July 2016","Pages with plain IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from December 2022","Articles needing additional references from April 2021","Articles containing Bokmål-language text","Articles containing Nynorsk-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022","Articles to be expanded from June 2019","All articles to be expanded","Webarchive template wayback links", "Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference","Norwegian language","Fusional languages","Languages of Norway","North Germanic languages","Scandinavian culture","Stress-timed languages","Subject–verb–object languages","Tonal languages","Verb-second languages","West Scandinavian languages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Norwegian_language","wgRelevantArticleId":21704,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q9043","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Norwegian_language_map.svg/1200px-Norwegian_language_map.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="616"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Norwegian_language_map.svg/800px-Norwegian_language_map.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="411"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Norwegian_language_map.svg/640px-Norwegian_language_map.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="329"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Norwegian language - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Norwegian_language rootpage-Norwegian_language skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Norwegian+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Norwegian+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Norwegian+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Norwegian+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Roman_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Roman_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Roman alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Roman_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low_German_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_German_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Low German influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_German_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dano-Norwegian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dano-Norwegian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Dano-Norwegian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dano-Norwegian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Danish_to_Norwegian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danish_to_Norwegian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Danish to Norwegian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danish_to_Norwegian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Accent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Written_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Written language</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Written_language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Written language subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Written_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bokmål_and_Nynorsk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bokmål_and_Nynorsk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bokmål and Nynorsk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bokmål_and_Nynorsk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riksmål" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riksmål"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Riksmål</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riksmål-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Høgnorsk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Høgnorsk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Høgnorsk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Høgnorsk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Current usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genitive_of_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genitive_of_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Genitive of nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genitive_of_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attributive_adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attributive_adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Attributive adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attributive_adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definite_inflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definite_inflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.1</span> <span>Definite inflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definite_inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indefinite_inflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indefinite_inflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.2</span> <span>Indefinite inflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indefinite_inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predicative_adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predicative_adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Predicative adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predicative_adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ergative_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ergative_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Ergative verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ergative_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ordering_of_possessive_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordering_of_possessive_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Ordering of possessive pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordering_of_possessive_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Determiners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Determiners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Determiners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Determiners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particle_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particle_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Particle classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particle_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.1</span> <span>Adverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compound_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Compound words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.1</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.1.1</span> <span>Negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverbs_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbs_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.1.2</span> <span>Adverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverbs_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.1.3</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>General bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Norwegian language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 164 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">164 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Норуегэбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Норуегэбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noors" title="Noors – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Noors" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegische_Sprache" title="Norwegische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Norwegische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%96%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%8C%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="ኖርዌይኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኖርዌይኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1rukiel%C3%A2" title="Tárukielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tárukielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नार्वेजियन भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नार्वेजियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%B0isc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Norðisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Norðisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Анорвег бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Анорвег бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة النرويجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة النرويجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_noruego" title="Idioma noruego – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma noruego" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norv%C3%A8gien" title="Norvègien – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Norvègien" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruegu" title="Noruegu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Noruegu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruega%C3%B1e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BD" title="Noruegañe’ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Noruegañe’ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norve%C3%A7_dili" title="Norveç dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Norveç dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نوروژ دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نوروژ دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Norv%C3%A9gia" title="Basa Norvégia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Norvégia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="নরওয়েজীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নরওয়েজীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1-ui-g%C3%AD" title="Ná-ui-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ná-ui-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Норвег теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Норвег теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нарвежская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нарвежская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нарвэская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нарвэская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Норвежки език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Норвежки език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norve%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Norveški jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Norveški jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegeg" title="Norvegeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Norvegeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Норвеги хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Норвеги хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruec" title="Noruec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Noruec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Норвег чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Норвег чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Norwego" title="Pinulongang Norwego – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Norwego" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C5%A1tina" title="Norština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Norština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwyeg" title="Norwyeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Norwyeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_(sprog)" title="Norsk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Norsk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="النورڤيجية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="النورڤيجية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1rogiella" title="Dárogiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Dárogiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegische_Sprache" title="Norwegische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Norwegische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norra_keel" title="Norra keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Norra keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Νορβηγική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νορβηγική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Норвегэнь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Норвегэнь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_noruego" title="Idioma noruego – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma noruego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvega_lingvo" title="Norvega lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Norvega lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegiera" title="Norvegiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Norvegiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegbe" title="Norwegbe – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Norwegbe" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="زبان نروژی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان نروژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_bhasa" title="Norwegian bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Norwegian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Norskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Norskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norv%C3%A9gien" title="Norvégien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Norvégien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noarsk" title="Noarsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noarsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ioruais" title="An Ioruais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ioruais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norlynnish" title="Norlynnish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Norlynnish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirribhis" title="Nirribhis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nirribhis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_norueguesa" title="Lingua norueguesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua norueguesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%89%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="નૉર્વેજિયન ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નૉર્વેજિયન ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2-v%C3%AE-ng%C3%AE" title="Nò-vî-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nò-vî-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" title="노르웨이어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노르웨이어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Նորվեգերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նորվեգերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नॉर्वेजियाई भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नॉर्वेजियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norve%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Norveški jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Norveški jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegiana_linguo" title="Norvegiana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Norvegiana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Norwego" title="Pagsasao a Norwego – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Norwego" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Norwegia" title="Bahasa Norwegia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Norwegia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_norvegian" title="Lingua norvegian – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua norvegian" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Норвегиаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Норвегиаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norska" title="Norska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_norvegese" title="Lingua norvegese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua norvegese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נורווגית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נורווגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Nurw%C3%A8gen" title="Basa Nurwègen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Nurwègen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A1nung_Noruegu" title="Amánung Noruegu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amánung Noruegu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Норвег тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Норвег тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ნორვეგიული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნორვეგიული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%8E%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ناروییَن زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ناروییَن زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Норвег тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Норвег тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norgahek" title="Norgahek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Norgahek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinorwei" title="Kinorwei – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kinorwei" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Норвег кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Норвег кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norgava" title="Norgava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Norgava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_norw%C3%AAc%C3%AE" title="Zimanê norwêcî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê norwêcî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Норвег тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Норвег тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Norvegica" title="Lingua Norvegica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Norvegica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norv%C4%93%C4%A3u_valoda" title="Norvēģu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Norvēģu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegesch" title="Norwegesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Norwegesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norveg%C5%B3_kalba" title="Norvegų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Norvegų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_norvegeise" title="Lengua norvegeise – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua norvegeise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noors" title="Noors – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Noors" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsce_(lingua)" title="Norsce (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Norsce (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norjan_kieli" title="Norjan kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Norjan kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_nurvegesa" title="Lengua nurvegesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua nurvegesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norv%C3%A9g_nyelv" title="Norvég nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Norvég nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Норвешки јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Норвешки јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_n%C3%B4rveziana" title="Fiteny nôrveziana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny nôrveziana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="നോർവീജിയൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നോർവീജിയൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नॉर्वेजियन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नॉर्वेजियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ნორვეგიული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნორვეგიული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%89" title="نرويجى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نرويجى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="نروژی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نروژی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Norway" title="Bahasa Norway – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Norway" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯅꯣꯔꯋꯦꯖꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯣꯔꯋꯦꯖꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2%CC%A4-%C5%ADi-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Nò̤-ŭi-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nò̤-ŭi-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Норвегонь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Норвегонь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Норвеги хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Норвеги хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noors" title="Noors – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noors" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noors" title="Noors – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Noors" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नर्वेली भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नर्वेली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नर्वेजियन भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नर्वेजियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="ノルウェー語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノルウェー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Норвегийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Норвегийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norw%C3%A4isch" title="Norwäisch – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Norwäisch" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk" title="Norsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Norsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk" title="Norsk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Norsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norv%C3%A9gien" title="Norvégien – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Norvégien" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegian" title="Norvegian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Norvegian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Норвег йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Норвег йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norveg_tili" title="Norveg tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Norveg tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨਾਰਵੇਜੀਆਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਰਵੇਜੀਆਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwedji" title="Norwedji – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Norwedji" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%90%DA%98%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="ناروېژي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ناروېژي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Nowe" title="Tok Nowe – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Nowe" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norweegsche_Spraak" title="Norweegsche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Norweegsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_norweski" title="Język norweski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język norweski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_norueguesa" title="Língua norueguesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua norueguesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_norvegian%C4%83" title="Limba norvegiană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba norvegiană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_norvegiaisa" title="Lingua norvegiaisa – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua norvegiaisa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuriqi_simi" title="Nuriqi simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nuriqi simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Норьскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Норьскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Норвежский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Норвежский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Nouei" title="Faʻa Nouei – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Nouei" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_norvegesa" title="Limba norvegesa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba norvegesa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_leid" title="Norse leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Norse leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegisk" title="Norwegisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Norwegisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_norvegjeze" title="Gjuha norvegjeze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha norvegjeze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_norviggisa" title="Lingua norviggisa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua norviggisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Norwegian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3r%C4%8Dina" title="Nórčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nórčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norve%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Norveščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Norveščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwesko_godka" title="Norwesko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Norwesko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%DB%8C" title="زمانی نەرویژی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی نەرویژی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norve%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Norveški jezik – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Norveški jezik" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norve%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Norveški jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Norveški jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norjan_kieli" title="Norjan kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Norjan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norska" title="Norska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Norska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Noruwego" title="Wikang Noruwego – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Noruwego" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="நோர்வே மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நோர்வே மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Норвег теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Норвег теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษานอร์เวย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษานอร์เวย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D3%A3" title="Забони норвегӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони норвегӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norve%C3%A7%C3%A7e" title="Norveççe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Norveççe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Норвег кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Норвег кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Норвезька мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Норвезька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="نورشک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نورشک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8B%DB%90%DA%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="نورۋېگىيە تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نورۋېگىيە تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegijan_kel%27" title="Norvegijan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Norvegijan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Na_Uy" title="Tiếng Na Uy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Na Uy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norg%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Norgänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Norgänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvedjin" title="Norvedjin – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Norvedjin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noors" title="Noors – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Noors" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruwego" title="Noruwego – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Noruwego" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="挪威语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="挪威语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A9" title="נארוועגיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נארוועגיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_ar%C3%A1_N%E1%BB%8D%CC%81rw%C3%A8y" title="Èdè ará Nọ́rwèy – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè ará Nọ́rwèy" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E6%96%87" title="挪威文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="挪威文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwecki" title="Norwecki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Norwecki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4ors" title="Nôors – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Nôors" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuorvegu_kalba" title="Nuorvegu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nuorvegu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="挪威语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="挪威语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Norwegia" title="Bahasa Norwegia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Norwegia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norveci_zyvon" title="Norveci zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Norveci zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9043#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Norwegian_language" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Norwegian_language" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Norwegian_language" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&oldid=1254132952" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Norwegian_language&id=1254132952&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNorwegian_language"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNorwegian_language"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Norwegian_language&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Norwegian_language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Norwegian" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Norwegian_phrasebook" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9043" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">North Germanic language spoken in Norway</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Norwegian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Norwegian language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Norwegian+language%22">"Norwegian language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Norwegian+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Norwegian+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Norwegian+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Norwegian+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Norwegian+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Norwegian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">norsk</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="no-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">[ˈnɔʂːk]</a></span> (East, Central and North)<br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈnɔʁsk]</a></span> (West and South)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">4.32 million (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest Germanic</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">West Scandinavian</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">disputed</a></i>)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Norwegian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">Old West Norse</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">written <span title="Norwegian-language text"><span lang="no" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a></span></span> (official)</span></li> <li> •  written <span title="Norwegian-language text"><span lang="no" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l" title="Riksmål">Riksmål</a></span></span> (unofficial)</li> <li><span class="nowrap">written <span title="Norwegian-language text"><span lang="no" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a></span></span> (official)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> •  written <span title="Norwegian-language text"><span lang="no" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk" title="Høgnorsk">Høgnorsk</a></span></span> (unofficial)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian alphabet">Norwegian alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Braille">Norwegian Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Language_Council_of_Norway" title="Language Council of Norway">Language Council of Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Academy" title="Norwegian Academy">Norwegian Academy</a> (Riksmål)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ivar_Aasen-sambandet" title="Ivar Aasen-sambandet">Ivar Aasen-sambandet</a> (Høgnorsk)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=no">no</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=331">nor</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nor" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nor">nor</a></code> – inclusive code<br />Individual codes:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nob" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nob">nob</a></code> – Bokmål<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nno" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nno">nno</a></code> – Nynorsk</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/norw1258">norw1258</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>52-AAA-ba</code> to <code>-be</code>;<br /><code>52-AAA-cf</code> to <code>-cg</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwegian_language_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Norwegian_language_map.svg/320px-Norwegian_language_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Norwegian_language_map.svg/480px-Norwegian_language_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Norwegian_language_map.svg/640px-Norwegian_language_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Areas where Norwegian is spoken, including <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> (where 0.4% of the population speaks Norwegian), western <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> (<0.1% of the population), and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> (0.1% of the population) (Data: U.S. Census 2000).</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Norwegian</b> (<a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: <i lang="no">norsk</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="no-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">[ˈnɔʂːk]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/19\/Norsk_%28Language%29.ogg\/Norsk_%28Language%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Norsk (Language).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Norsk_%28Language%29.ogg/Norsk_%28Language%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Norsk_(Language).ogg" title="File:Norsk (Language).ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a> language from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a> spoken mainly in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, where it is an official language. Along with <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, Norwegian forms a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> of more or less <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> local and regional varieties; some <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a>, in particular, are very close. These <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> languages, together with <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> as well as some <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct languages</a>, constitute the North Germanic languages. Faroese and Icelandic are not mutually intelligible with Norwegian in their spoken form because continental Scandinavian has diverged from them. While the two <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> with the greatest numbers of speakers, English and German, have close similarities with Norwegian, neither is mutually intelligible with it. Norwegian is a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>, the common language of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> living in Scandinavia during the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>. </p><p>Today there are two official forms of <i>written</i> Norwegian, <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a></i></span> (Riksmål) and <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a></i></span> (Landsmål), each with its own variants. <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Bokmål</i></span> developed from the <a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a> language that replaced <a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a> as the elite language after the union of <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> in the 16th and 17th centuries and then evolved in Norway, while <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Nynorsk</i></span> was developed based upon a collective of spoken Norwegian dialects. Norwegian is one of the two official languages in Norway, along with <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric language</a> spoken by less than one percent of the population. Norwegian is one of the working languages of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Language_Convention" title="Nordic Language Convention">Nordic Language Convention</a>, citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> who speak Norwegian have the opportunity to use it when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable for any <a href="/wiki/Interpreting" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreting">interpretation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> costs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_norse,_ca_900.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/250px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/375px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/500px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption> The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_West_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old West Norse dialect</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9933; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_East_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old East Norse dialect</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff00ff; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish dialect</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#009966; color:black;"> </span> Other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>Like most of the languages in Europe, Norwegian derives from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a>. As early Indo-Europeans spread across Europe, they became isolated from each other and new languages developed. In northwest Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> evolved, further branching off into the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a>, of which Norwegian is one. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a> is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> during the first centuries AD in what is today Southern Sweden. It is the earliest stage of a characteristically North Germanic language, and the language <a href="/wiki/Attested_language" title="Attested language">attested</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a> inscriptions, the oldest form of the <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabets">runic alphabets</a>. A number of inscriptions are memorials to the dead, while others are magical in content. The oldest are carved on loose objects, while later ones are chiseled in <a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">runestones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scan-langs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scan-langs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the oldest written record of any Germanic language. </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:95%; line-height:105%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a> → </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">Old West Norse</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norwegian</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old East Norse">Old East Norse</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Around 800 AD, the script was simplified to the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a>, and inscriptions became more abundant. At the same time, the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> led to the spread of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>. Viking colonies also existed in parts of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, France (<a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>), North America, and <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan Rus">Kievan Rus</a>. In all of these places except Iceland and the Faroes, Old Norse speakers went extinct or were absorbed into the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-scan-langs_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scan-langs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Roman_alphabet">The Roman alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Roman alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 1030, Christianity came to <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, bringing with it an influx of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> borrowings and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman alphabet">Roman alphabet</a>. These new words were related to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic church">church</a> practices and ceremonies, although many other loanwords related to general culture also entered the language. </p><p>The Scandinavian languages at this time are not considered to be separate languages, although there were minor differences among what are customarily called Old Icelandic, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a>, Old Danish, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_German_influence">Low German influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Low German influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economic and political dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> between 1250 and 1450 in the main Scandinavian cities brought large <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a>–speaking populations to Norway. The influence of their language on Scandinavian is comparable with that of French on English after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scan-langs_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scan-langs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dano-Norwegian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late Middle Ages, dialects began to develop in Scandinavia because the population was rural and little travel occurred. When the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> came from Germany, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">High German</a> translation of the Bible was quickly translated into Swedish, Danish, and Icelandic. Norway entered a union with Denmark in 1397 and Danish, over time, replaced <a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a> as the language of the elite, the church, literature, and the law. When the union with Denmark ended in 1814, the <a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a> <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language"><i>koiné</i></a> had become the mother tongue of around 1% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-now_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-now-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Danish_to_Norwegian">Danish to Norwegian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Danish to Norwegian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">Norwegian language conflict</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Norwegian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Norwegian language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From the 1840s, some writers experimented with a Norwegianised Danish by incorporating words that were descriptive of Norwegian scenery and folk life, and adopting a more Norwegian syntax. <a href="/wiki/Knud_Knudsen_(linguist)" title="Knud Knudsen (linguist)">Knud Knudsen</a> proposed to change spelling and inflection in accordance with the Dano-Norwegian <i>koiné</i>, known as "cultivated everyday speech." A small adjustment in this direction was implemented in the first official reform of the Danish language in Norway in 1862 and more extensively after his death in two official reforms in 1907 and 1917. </p><p>Meanwhile, a nationalistic movement strove for the development of a new written Norwegian. <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Aasen" title="Ivar Aasen">Ivar Aasen</a>, a botanist and self-taught linguist, began his work to create a new Norwegian language at the age of 22. He traveled around the country collecting words and examples of grammar from the dialects and comparing the dialects among the different regions. He examined the development of <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, which had largely escaped the influences under which Norwegian had come. He called his work, which was published in several books from 1848 to 1873, <a href="/wiki/Landsm%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsmål">Landsmål</a>, meaning 'national language'. The name <i>Landsmål</i> is sometimes interpreted as 'rural language' or 'country language', but this was clearly not Aasen's intended meaning. </p><p>The name of the Danish language in Norway was a topic of hot dispute throughout the 19th century. Its proponents claimed that it was a language common to Norway and Denmark, and no more Danish than Norwegian. The proponents of Landsmål thought that the Danish character of the language should not be concealed. In 1899, <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a> proposed the neutral name <i><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l" title="Riksmål">Riksmål</a></i>, meaning 'national language' like <i>Landsmål</i>, and this was officially adopted along with the 1907 spelling reform. The name <i>Riksmål</i> is sometimes interpreted as 'state language', but this meaning is secondary at best. (Compare to <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish <i>rigsmål</i></a> from where the name was borrowed.) </p><p>After the personal union with Sweden was dissolved in 1905, both languages were developed further and reached what is now considered their classic forms after a reform in 1917. Riksmål was, in 1929, officially renamed <i>Bokmål</i> (literally 'book language'), and Landsmål to <i>Nynorsk</i> (literally 'new Norwegian'). A proposition to substitute Danish-Norwegian (<span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">dansk-norsk</i></span>) for <i>Bokmål</i> lost in parliament by a single vote.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Nynorsk</i>, the linguistic term for <a href="/wiki/Modern_Norwegian" title="Modern Norwegian">modern Norwegian</a>, was chosen to contrast with Danish and emphasise the historical connection to Old Norwegian. Today, this meaning is often lost, and it is commonly mistaken as a "new" Norwegian in contrast to the "real" Norwegian Bokmål. </p><p>Bokmål and Nynorsk were made closer by a reform in 1938. This was a result of a state policy to merge Nynorsk and Bokmål into a single language, to be called <i>Samnorsk</i>. A 1946 poll showed that this policy was supported by 79% of Norwegians at the time. However, opponents of the official policy still managed to create a massive protest movement against <i>Samnorsk</i> in the 1950s, fighting in particular the use of "radical" forms in Bokmål text books in schools. In the reform in 1959, the 1938 reform was partially reversed in Bokmål, but Nynorsk was changed further towards Bokmål. Since then Bokmål has reverted even further toward traditional Riksmål, while Nynorsk still adheres to the 1959 standard. Therefore, a small minority of Nynorsk enthusiasts use a more conservative standard called <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk" title="Høgnorsk">Høgnorsk</a>. The Samnorsk policy had little influence after 1960, and was officially abandoned in 2002. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian phonology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Norwegian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Norwegian language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While the sound systems of Norwegian and Swedish are similar, considerable variation exists among the dialects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Urban East Norwegian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">Palato-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The retroflex consonants only appear in East Norwegian dialects as a result of <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a>, combining <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span> with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span>. </p><p>The realization of the rhotic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span> depends on the dialect. In Eastern, Central, and Northern Norwegian dialects, it is a flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span>, whereas in Western and Southern Norway, and for some speakers also in Eastern Norway, it is uvular <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]</span>. And in the dialects of North-Western Norway, it is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span>, much like the trilled <span class="nowrap">⟨rr⟩</span> of Spanish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowel phonemes of Urban East Norwegian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>a </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>(ː)/</span> </td> <td>Open back unrounded </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ai </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑɪ̯/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>au </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æʉ̯/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>e (short) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/</span> </td> <td>open mid front unrounded </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>e (long) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æː/</span> </td> <td>close mid front unrounded </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>e (weak) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span> </td> <td>schwa (mid central unrounded) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ei </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æɪ̯/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛɪ̯/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>i (short) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>/</span> </td> <td>close front unrounded </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>i (long) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>/</span> </td> <td>close front unrounded </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>o (short) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>/</span> </td> <td>close back rounded </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>o (long) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/</span> </td> <td>close back rounded </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>oi </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔʏ̯/</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>u </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a>(ː)/</span> </td> <td>close central rounded (close front <a href="/wiki/Endolabial" class="mw-redirect" title="Endolabial">endolabial</a>) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>y (short) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a>/</span> </td> <td>close front rounded (close front <a href="/wiki/Exolabial" class="mw-redirect" title="Exolabial">exolabial</a>) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>y (long) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a>/</span> </td> <td>close front rounded (close front exolabial) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a> (short) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/</span> </td> <td>near open front unrounded, open mid front unrounded </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>æ (long) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æː/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/</span> </td> <td>near open front unrounded, close mid front unrounded </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø">ø</a> (short) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a>/</span> </td> <td>open mid front rounded </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ø (long) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a>/</span> </td> <td>close mid front rounded </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>øy </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œʏ̯/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a> (short) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/</span> </td> <td>open-mid back rounded </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>å (long) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/</span> </td> <td>close-mid back rounded </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accent">Accent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Accent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Norwegian is a <a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">pitch-accent language</a> with two distinct pitch patterns, like Swedish. They are used to differentiate two-syllable words with otherwise identical pronunciation. For example, in many East Norwegian dialects, the word <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">bønder</i></span> ('farmers') is pronounced using the simpler tone 1, while <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">bønner</i></span> ('beans' or 'prayers') uses the more complex tone 2. Though spelling differences occasionally differentiate written words, in most cases the minimal pairs are written alike, since written Norwegian has no explicit accent marks. In most eastern low-tone dialects, accent 1 uses a low flat pitch in the first syllable, while accent 2 uses a high, sharply falling pitch in the first syllable and a low pitch in the beginning of the second syllable. In both accents, these pitch movements are followed by a rise of <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonational</a> nature (phrase accent)—the size (and presence) of which signals emphasis or focus, and corresponds in function to the normal accent in languages that lack <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">lexical tone</a>, such as English. That rise culminates in the final syllable of an accentual phrase, while the utterance-final fall common in most languages is either very small or absent. </p><p>There are significant variations in pitch accent between dialects. Thus, in most of western and northern Norway (the so-called high-pitch dialects) accent 1 is falling, while accent 2 is rising in the first syllable and falling in the second syllable or somewhere around the syllable boundary. The pitch accents (as well as the peculiar phrase accent in the low-tone dialects) give the Norwegian language a "singing" quality that makes it easy to distinguish from other languages. Accent 1 generally occurs in words that were monosyllabic in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>, and accent 2 in words that were polysyllabic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Written_language">Written language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Written language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwegian_keyboard_by_Dell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Norwegian_keyboard_by_Dell.jpg/220px-Norwegian_keyboard_by_Dell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Norwegian_keyboard_by_Dell.jpg/330px-Norwegian_keyboard_by_Dell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Norwegian_keyboard_by_Dell.jpg/440px-Norwegian_keyboard_by_Dell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Norwegian keyboard with keys for Æ, Ø, and Å.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">Norwegian orthography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Norwegian alphabet">Dano-Norwegian alphabet</a></div> <p>The Norwegian alphabet has 29 letters.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="1" style="padding:0 .5em .2em; border:1px solid #999; margin:1em 0;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:large; text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø">Ø</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">Å</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:large; text-align:center;"> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>c</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>h</td> <td>i</td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>q</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>v</td> <td>w</td> <td>x</td> <td>y</td> <td>z</td> <td>æ</td> <td>ø</td> <td>å </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The letters <i>c</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>w</i>, <i>x</i> and <i>z</i> are only used in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. As loanwords are assimilated into Norwegian, their spelling might change to reflect Norwegian pronunciation and the principles of Norwegian orthography, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebra</a></i> in Norwegian is written <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">sebra</i></span>. Due to historical reasons, some otherwise Norwegian family names are also written using these letters. </p><p>Some letters may be modified by <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>: <i>é</i>, <i>è</i>, <i>ê</i>, <i>ó</i>, <i>ò</i>, and <i>ô</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nynorsk, <i>ì</i> and <i>ù</i> and <i>ỳ</i> are occasionally seen as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The diacritics are not compulsory, but may in a few cases distinguish between different meanings of the word, e.g.: <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">for</i></span> ('for/to'), <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">fór</i></span> ('went'), <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">fòr</i></span> ('furrow') and <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">fôr</i></span> ('fodder').<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loanwords may be spelled with other diacritics, most notably <i>ï, ü<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i>, <i>á</i> and <i>à</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bokmål_and_Nynorsk"><span id="Bokm.C3.A5l_and_Nynorsk"></span>Bokmål and Nynorsk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bokmål and Nynorsk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">Norwegian language conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg/180px-M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg/270px-M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg/360px-M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2105" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption>Map of the official language forms of Norwegian municipalities: red is <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a>, blue is <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a>, and gray depicts neutral areas.</figcaption></figure> <p>The two legally recognized forms of <i>written</i> Norwegian are <i><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a></i> (literally 'book tongue') and <i><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a></i> ('new Norwegian'), which are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Language_Council_of_Norway" title="Language Council of Norway">Language Council of Norway</a> (<span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Språkrådet</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other written forms without official status also exist. One, called <i><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l" title="Riksmål">Riksmål</a></i> ('national language'), is today to a large extent the same language as Bokmål though somewhat closer to the Danish language. It is regulated by the unofficial <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Academy" title="Norwegian Academy">Norwegian Academy</a>, which translates the name as 'Standard Norwegian'. The other is <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk" title="Høgnorsk">Høgnorsk</a></i> ('High Norwegian'), a more <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="Linguistic purism">purist</a> form of Nynorsk, which maintains the language in an original form as given by <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Aasen" title="Ivar Aasen">Ivar Aasen</a> and rejects most of the reforms from the 20th century; this form has limited use. </p><p>Nynorsk and Bokmål provide standards for how to write Norwegian, but not for how to speak the language. No standard of spoken Norwegian is officially sanctioned, and most <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Norwegians speak their own dialects</a> in all circumstances. Thus, unlike in many other countries, the use of any Norwegian dialect, whether it coincides with the written norms or not, is accepted as correct <i>spoken</i> Norwegian. However, in areas where <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">East Norwegian dialects</a> are used, a tendency exists to accept a de facto spoken standard for this particular regional dialect, <a href="/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian" title="Urban East Norwegian">Urban East Norwegian</a> or Standard East Norwegian (Norwegian: <i lang="no">Standard østnorsk</i>), in which the vocabulary coincides with Bokmål.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kristoffersen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristoffersen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Norway" title="Eastern Norway">Eastern Norway</a>, this spoken variation is not used. </p><p>From the 16th to the 19th centuries, Danish was the standard written language of Norway. As a result, the development of modern written Norwegian has been subject to strong controversy related to <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, rural versus urban discourse, and Norway's literary history. Historically, Bokmål is a Norwegianised variety of Danish, while Nynorsk is a language form based on Norwegian dialects and puristic opposition to Danish. The now-abandoned official policy to merge Bokmål and Nynorsk into one common language called <i>Samnorsk</i> through a series of spelling reforms has created a wide spectrum of varieties of both Bokmål and Nynorsk. The unofficial form known as <i>Riksmål</i> is considered more <a href="/wiki/Conservative_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative (language)">conservative</a> than Bokmål and is far closer to Danish while the unofficial <i>Høgnorsk</i> is more conservative than Nynorsk and is far closer to <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>. </p><p>Norwegians are educated in both Bokmål and Nynorsk. Each student gets assigned a native form based on which school they go to, whence the other form (known as <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Sidemål</i></span>) will be a mandatory school subject from elementary school through high school.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, a Norwegian whose main language form is Bokmål will study Nynorsk as a mandatory subject throughout both elementary and high school. A 2005 poll indicates that 86.3% use primarily Bokmål as their daily written language, 5.5% use both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and 7.5% use primarily Nynorsk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus, 13% are frequently <i>writing</i> Nynorsk, though the majority <i>speak</i> dialects that resemble Nynorsk more closely than Bokmål.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broadly speaking, Nynorsk writing is widespread in western Norway, though not in major urban areas, and also in the upper parts of mountain valleys in the southern and eastern parts of Norway. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Setesdal" title="Setesdal">Setesdal</a>, the western part of <a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a> county (<span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">fylke</i></span>) and several municipalities in <a href="/wiki/Hallingdal" title="Hallingdal">Hallingdal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valdres" title="Valdres">Valdres</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gudbrandsdalen" title="Gudbrandsdalen">Gudbrandsdalen</a>. It is little used elsewhere, but 30–40 years ago,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2022)">as of?</span></a></i>]</sup> it also had strongholds in many rural parts of <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a> (mid-Norway) and the southern part of northern Norway (<a href="/wiki/Nordland" title="Nordland">Nordland</a> county). Today, Nynorsk is the official language of not only four of the nineteen Norwegian counties but also various municipalities in five other counties. <a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a>, the Norwegian broadcasting corporation, broadcasts in both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and all governmental agencies are required to support both written languages. Bokmål is used in 92% of all written publications, and Nynorsk in 8% (2000).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Like some other European countries, Norway has an official "advisory board"— <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Language_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Language Council">Språkrådet</a> (Norwegian Language Council)— that determines, after approval from the Ministry of Culture, official spelling, grammar, and vocabulary for the Norwegian language. The board's work has been subject to considerable controversy throughout the years. </p><p>Both Nynorsk and Bokmål have a great variety of optional forms. The Bokmål that uses the forms that are close to Riksmål is called <i>moderate</i> or <i>conservative</i>, depending on one's viewpoint, while the Bokmål that uses the forms that are close to Nynorsk is called <i>radical</i>. Nynorsk has forms that are close to the original Landsmål and forms that are close to Bokmål. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riksmål"><span id="Riksm.C3.A5l"></span>Riksmål</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Riksmål"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l" title="Riksmål">Riksmål</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Norwegian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Norwegian language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Opponents of the spelling reforms aimed at bringing Bokmål closer to Nynorsk have retained the name Riksmål and employ spelling and grammar that predate the Samnorsk movement. Riksmål and conservative versions of Bokmål have been the <i>de facto</i> standard written language of Norway for most of the 20th century, being used by large newspapers, encyclopedias, and a significant proportion of the population of the capital Oslo, surrounding areas, and other urban areas, as well as much of the literary tradition. Since the reforms of 1981 and 2003 (effective in 2005), the official Bokmål can be adapted to be almost identical with modern Riksmål. The differences between written Riksmål and Bokmål are comparable to <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="American and British English differences">American and British English differences</a>. </p><p>Riksmål is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Academy" title="Norwegian Academy">Norwegian Academy</a>, which determines acceptable spelling, grammar, and vocabulary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Høgnorsk"><span id="H.C3.B8gnorsk"></span>Høgnorsk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Høgnorsk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk" title="Høgnorsk">Høgnorsk</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Norwegian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Norwegian language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is also an unofficial form of Nynorsk, called <i>Høgnorsk</i>, discarding the post-1917 reforms, and thus close to Ivar Aasen's original Landsmål. It is supported by <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Aasen-sambandet" title="Ivar Aasen-sambandet">Ivar Aasen-sambandet</a>, but has found no widespread use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_usage">Current usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Current usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Norwegian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Norwegian language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2010, 86.5% of the pupils in the primary and lower secondary schools in Norway receive education in Bokmål, while 13.0% receive education in Nynorsk. From the eighth grade onwards, pupils are required to learn both. Out of the 431 municipalities in Norway, 161 have declared that they wish to communicate with the central authorities in Bokmål, 116 (representing 12% of the population) in Nynorsk, while 156 are neutral. Of 4,549 state publications in 2000, 8% were in Nynorsk, and 92% in Bokmål. The large national newspapers (<span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Aftenposten" title="Aftenposten">Aftenposten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagbladet" title="Dagbladet">Dagbladet</a></i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Verdens_Gang" title="Verdens Gang"><i>VG</i></a>) are published in Bokmål or Riksmål. Some major regional newspapers (including <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Bergens_Tidende" title="Bergens Tidende">Bergens Tidende</a></i></span> and <i><a href="/wiki/Stavanger_Aftenblad" title="Stavanger Aftenblad">Stavanger Aftenblad</a></i>), many political journals, and many local newspapers use both Bokmål and Nynorsk. </p><p>A newer trend is to write in dialect for informal use. When writing an SMS, Facebook update, or fridge note, many people, especially young ones, write approximations of the way they talk rather than using Bokmål or Nynorsk.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Norwegian dialects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norske_M%C3%A5lgreiner.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Norske_M%C3%A5lgreiner.png/180px-Norske_M%C3%A5lgreiner.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Norske_M%C3%A5lgreiner.png/270px-Norske_M%C3%A5lgreiner.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Norske_M%C3%A5lgreiner.png/360px-Norske_M%C3%A5lgreiner.png 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption>The map shows the division of the Norwegian dialects within the main groups.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Norwegian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Norwegian language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is general agreement that a wide range of differences makes it difficult to estimate the number of different Norwegian dialects. Variations in grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and pronunciation cut across geographical boundaries and can create a distinct dialect at the level of farm clusters. Dialects are in some cases so dissimilar as to be unintelligible to unfamiliar listeners. Many linguists note a trend toward regionalization of dialects that diminishes the differences at such local levels;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is, however, a renewed interest in preserving dialects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk#Nouns" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk § Nouns</a></div> <p>Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> are <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> (singular/plural) and for <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definiteness</a> (indefinite/definite). In a few dialects, definite nouns are also inflected for the <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative case</a>. </p><p>Norwegian nouns belong to three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">noun classes</a> (genders): masculine, feminine and neuter. All feminine nouns can optionally be inflected using masculine noun class morphology in Bokmål due to its Danish heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison, the use of all three genders (including the feminine) is mandatory in Nynorsk.<sup id="cite_ref-Språkrådet2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Språkrådet2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All Norwegian dialects have traditionally retained all the three grammatical genders from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> to some extent.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only exceptions are the <a href="/wiki/Bergen_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen dialect">dialect of Bergen</a> and a few upper class sociolects at <a href="/wiki/East_End_and_West_End_of_Oslo" title="East End and West End of Oslo">the west end of Oslo</a> that have completely lost the feminine gender.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Marit_Westergaard" title="Marit Westergaard">Marit Westergaard</a>, approximately 80% of nouns in Norwegian are masculine.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples, nouns in Bokmål </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Definite </th> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Definite </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Masculine </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">en båt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">båten</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">båter</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">båtene</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>a boat </td> <td>the boat </td> <td>boats </td> <td>the boats </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Feminine </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">ei/en vogn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">vogna/vognen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">vogner</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">vognene</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>a wagon </td> <td>the wagon </td> <td>wagons </td> <td>the wagons </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Neuter </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">et hus</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">huset</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">hus</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">husa/husene</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>a house </td> <td>the house </td> <td>houses </td> <td>the houses </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Norwegian and other Scandinavian languages use a <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> to indicate <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definiteness</a> of a noun, unlike English which has a separate article, <i>the</i>, to indicate the same. </p><p>In general, almost all nouns in Bokmål follow these patterns<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (like the words in the examples above): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Nouns in Bokmål </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Definite </th> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Definite </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">en</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">-en</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">-er</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">-ene</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Feminine </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">ei/en</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">-a/-en</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Neuter </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">et</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">-et</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">-/-er</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">-a/-ene</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In contrast, almost all nouns in Nynorsk follow these patterns<sup id="cite_ref-Språkrådet2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Språkrådet2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the noun gender system is more pronounced than in Bokmål): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Nouns in Nynorsk </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Definite </th> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Definite </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ein</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-en</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-ar</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-ane</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Feminine </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ei</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-a</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-er</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-ene</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Neuter </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">eit</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-et</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">-a</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples, nouns in Nynorsk </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Definite </th> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Definite </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Masculine </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ein båt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">båten</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">båtar</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">båtane</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>a boat </td> <td>the boat </td> <td>boats </td> <td>the boats </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Feminine </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ei vogn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">vogna</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">vogner</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">vognene</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>a wagon </td> <td>the wagon </td> <td>wagons </td> <td>the wagons </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Neuter </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">eit hus</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">huset</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">hus</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">husa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>a house </td> <td>the house </td> <td>houses </td> <td>the houses </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is in general no way to infer what grammatical gender a specific noun has, but there are some patterns of nouns where the gender can be inferred. For instance, all nouns ending in -<i>nad</i> will be masculine in both Bokmål and Nynorsk (for instance the noun <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">jobbsøknad</i></span>, which means 'job application'). Most nouns ending in -<i>ing</i> will be feminine, like the noun <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">forventning</i></span> ('expectation'). </p><p>There are some common irregular nouns, many of which are irregular in both Bokmål and Nynorsk, like the following: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Irregular noun, fot (foot)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Definite </th> <th>Indefinite </th> <th>Definite </th></tr> <tr> <th>Bokmål </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">en fot</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">foten</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">føtter</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">føttene</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nynorsk </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ein fot</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">foten</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">føter</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">føtene</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>English </th> <td>a foot </td> <td>the foot </td> <td>feet </td> <td>the feet </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Nynorsk, even though the irregular word <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">fot</i></span> is masculine, it is inflected like a feminine word in the plural. Another word with the same irregular inflection is <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">son – søner</i></span> ('son – sons'). </p><p>In Nynorsk, nouns ending in -<i>ing</i> typically have masculine plural inflections, like the word <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">dronning</i></span> in the following table. But they are treated as feminine nouns in every other way.<sup id="cite_ref-Språkrådet2_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Språkrådet2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Nynorsk, some irregular nouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Gender </th> <th colspan="4">Nouns ending with -ing </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <th>Feminine </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ei dronning</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">dronninga</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">dronningar</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">dronningane</i></span> </td> <td>queen </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Plurals with <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(linguistics)" title="Umlaut (linguistics)">umlaut</a> (these irregularities also exist in Bokmål) </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Feminine </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ei bok</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">boka</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">b<b>ø</b>ker</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">b<b>ø</b>kene</i></span> </td> <td>book </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ei hand</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">handa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">h<b>e</b>nder</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">h<b>e</b>ndene</i></span> </td> <td>hand </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ei stong</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">stonga</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">st<b>e</b>nger</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">st<b>e</b>ngene</i></span> </td> <td>rod </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ei tå</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">tåa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">t<b>æ</b>r</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">t<b>æ</b>rne</i></span> </td> <td>toe </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Plurals with no ending (these irregularities also exist in Bokmål) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ein ting</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">tingen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ting</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">tinga</i></span> </td> <td>thing </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genitive_of_nouns">Genitive of nouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Genitive of nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> has died out in modern Norwegian and there are only some remnants of it in certain expressions: <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">til fjells</i></span> ('to the mountains'), <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">til sjøs</i></span> ('to the sea'). To show ownership, there is an <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitic</a> -<i>s</i> similar to English -<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><i>s</i>; <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Sondres flotte bil</i></span> ('Sondre's nice car', <i>Sondre</i> being a personal name). There are also reflexive possessive pronouns, <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">sin</i></span>, <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">si</i></span>, <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">sitt</i></span>, <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">sine</i></span>; <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Det er Sondre sitt</i></span> ('It is Sondre's'). In both Bokmål and modern Nynorsk, there is often a mix of both of these to mark possession, though it is more common in Nynorsk to use the reflexive pronouns; in Nynorsk use of the reflexive possessive pronouns is generally encouraged to avoid mixing the enclitic -<i>s</i> with the historical grammatical case remnants of the language. The reflexive pronouns agree in gender and number with the noun. </p><p>The enclitic -<i>s</i> in Norwegian evolved as a shorthand expression for the possessive pronouns <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">sin</i></span>, <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">si</i></span>, <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">sitt</i></span> and <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">sine</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Norwegian (with pronoun) </th> <th>Norwegian (with enclitic 's) </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Jenta sin bil</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Jentas bil</i></span> </td> <td>The girl's car </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Mannen si kone</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Mannens kone</i></span> </td> <td>The man's wife </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Gutten sitt leketøy</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Guttens leketøy</i></span> </td> <td>The boy's toy </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Kona sine barn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Konas barn</i></span> </td> <td>The wife's children </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Det er statsministeren sitt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Det er statsministerens</i></span> </td> <td>It is the prime minister's </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk#Adjectives" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk § Adjectives</a></div> <p>Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, like those of Swedish and Danish, inflect for <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definiteness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" title="Comparison (grammar)">comparison</a> (affirmative/comparative/superlative). Inflection for definiteness follows two paradigms, called "weak" and "strong", a feature shared among the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>. </p><p>The following table summarizes the inflection of adjectives in Norwegian. The indefinite affirmative inflection can vary between adjectives, but in general the paradigm illustrated below is the most common.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Inflection patterns for adjectives in Norwegian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Positive_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive (linguistics)">Affirmative</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Comparative" title="Comparative">Comparative</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Superlative" class="mw-redirect" title="Superlative">Superlative</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Indefinite</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definite</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Common </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">Neuter</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Indefinite</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definite</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Bokmål </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><i>-</i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>-t</i> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><i>-e</i> </td> <td><i>-ere</i> </td> <td><i>-est</i> </td> <td><i>-este</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nynorsk </th> <td><i>-are</i> </td> <td><i>-ast</i> </td> <td><i>-aste</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Predicate_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Predicate adjective">Predicate adjectives</a> follow only the indefinite inflection table. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Attributive_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributive adjective">attributive adjectives</a>, they are not inflected for definiteness. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Adjective forms, examples: <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">grønn</i></span>/<span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">grøn</i></span> ('green'), <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">pen</i></span> ('pretty'), <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">stjålet</i></span><i>/</i><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">stolen</i></span> ('stolen') </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Positive_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive (linguistics)">Affirmative</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Comparative" title="Comparative">Comparative</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Superlative" class="mw-redirect" title="Superlative">Superlative</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Indefinite</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definite</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Common </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">Neuter</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Indefinite</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definite</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Bokmål </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">grønn</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">grønt</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">grønne</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">grønnere</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">grønnest</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">grønneste</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nynorsk </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">grøn</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">grøne</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">grønare</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">grønast</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">grønaste</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>English </th> <td colspan="4">green </td> <td>greener </td> <td colspan="2">greenest </td></tr> <tr> <th>Bokmål </th> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">pen</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">pent</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">pene</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">penere</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">penest</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">peneste</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nynorsk </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">penare</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">penast</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">penaste</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>English </th> <td colspan="4">pretty </td> <td>prettier </td> <td colspan="2">prettiest </td></tr> <tr> <th>Bokmål </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">stjålet/stjålen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">stjålet</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">stjålne</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nynorsk </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">stolen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">stole</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">stolne</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>English </th> <td colspan="4">stolen </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In most dialects, some verb participles used as adjectives have a separate form in both definite and plural uses,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sometimes also in the masculine-feminine singular. In some Southwestern dialects, the definite adjective is also declined in gender and number with one form for feminine and plural, and one form for masculine and neuter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attributive_adjectives"><a href="/wiki/Attributive_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributive adjective">Attributive adjectives</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Attributive adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Definite_inflection">Definite inflection</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Definite inflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Norwegian, a definite noun has a suffixed definite article (cf. above) compared to English which in general uses the separate word <i>the</i> to indicate the same. However, when a definite noun is preceded by an adjective, the adjective also gets a definite inflection, shown in the inflection table above. There is also another definite marker, <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">den</i></span>, that has to agree in gender with the noun when the definite noun is accompanied by an adjective.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It comes before the adjective and has the following forms </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Determinative <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">den</i></span> (Bokmål) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Den</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Den</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Det</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">De</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples of definite affirmative inflection of adjectives (Bokmål): </p> <ul><li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Den <b>stjålne</b> bilen</i></span> ('The <i><b>stolen</b></i> car')</li> <li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Den <b>pene</b> jenta</i></span> ('The <i><b>pretty</b></i> girl')</li> <li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Det <b>grønne</b> eplet</i></span> ('The <i><b>green</b></i> apple')</li> <li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">De <b>stjålne</b> bilene</i></span> ('The <i><b>stolen</b></i> cars')</li></ul> <p>If the adjective is dropped completely, the meaning of the preceding article before the noun changes, as shown in this example. </p><p>Examples (Bokmål): </p> <ul><li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Den bilen</i></span> ('That car')</li> <li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Den jenta</i></span> ('That girl')</li> <li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Det eplet</i></span> ('That apple')</li> <li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">De bilene</i></span> ('Those cars')</li></ul> <p>Examples of definite comparative and superlative inflection of adjectives (Bokmål): </p> <ul><li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Det <b>grønnere</b> eplet</i></span> ('The <i><b>greener</b></i> apple')</li> <li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Det <b>grønneste</b> eplet</i></span> ('The <i><b>greenest</b></i> apple')</li></ul> <p>Definiteness is also signaled by using possessive pronouns or any uses of a noun in its genitive form in either Nynorsk or Bokmål: <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">mitt grønne hus</i></span> ('my green house'), <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">min grønne bil</i></span> ('my green car'), <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">mitt tilbaketrukne tannkjøtt</i></span> ('my receding gums'), <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">presidentens gamle hus</i></span> ('the president's old house').<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Indefinite_inflection">Indefinite inflection</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Indefinite inflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples (Bokmål): </p> <ul><li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">En <b>grønn</b> bil</i></span> ('A <i><b>green</b></i> car')</li> <li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Ei <b>pen</b> jente</i></span> ('A <i><b>pretty</b></i> girl')</li> <li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Et <b>grønt</b> eple</i></span> ('A <i><b>green</b></i> apple')</li> <li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Flere <b>grønne</b> biler</i></span> ('Many <i><b>green</b></i> cars')</li></ul> <p>Examples of comparative and superlative inflections in Bokmål: <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">en grønnere bil</i></span> ('a greener car'), <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">grønnest bil</i></span> ('greenest car'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Predicative_adjectives"><a href="/wiki/Adjective#Predicative_adjective" title="Adjective">Predicative adjectives</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Predicative adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is also predicative agreement of adjectives in all dialects of Norwegian and in the written languages, unlike related languages like German and Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This feature of predicative agreement is shared among the Scandinavian languages. Predicative adjectives do not inflect for definiteness unlike the attributive adjectives. </p><p>This means that nouns will have to agree with the adjective when there is a <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula verb</a> involved, like in Bokmål: <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">være</i></span> ('to be'), <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">bli</i></span> ('become'), <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">ser ut</i></span> ('looks like'), <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">kjennes</i></span> ('feels like') etc. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Adjective agreement, examples </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Norwegian (bokmål) </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Masculine</b> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Bilen var grønn</i></span> </td> <td>The car was green </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Feminine</b> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Døra er grønn</i></span> </td> <td>The door is green </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Neuter</b> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Flagget er grønt</i></span> </td> <td>The flag is green </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Plural</b> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Blåbærene blir store</i></span> </td> <td>The blueberries will be big </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk#Verb_conjugation" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk § Verb conjugation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> are not <a href="/wiki/Conjugation_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugation (grammar)">conjugated</a> for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, unlike <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and most <a href="/wiki/European_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="European Languages">European languages</a>, though a few <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Norwegian dialects</a> do conjugate for number. Norwegian verbs are conjugated according to mainly three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">grammatical moods</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a>, though the subjunctive mood has largely fallen out of use and is mainly found in a few common frozen expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The imperative is formed by removing the last vowel of the infinitive verb form, just like in the other Scandinavian languages. </p><p>Indicative verbs are conjugated for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>: <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a>, <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a>. The present and past tense also have a <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a> form for the infinitive. </p><p>There are four <a href="/wiki/Non-finite_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-finite verb">non-finite verb</a> forms: <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a> infinitive, and the two <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participles</a>: <a href="/wiki/Perfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfective">perfective</a>/past participle and <a href="/wiki/Imperfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperfective">imperfective</a>/present participle. </p><p>The participles are <a href="/wiki/Verbal_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbal adjective">verbal adjectives</a>. The imperfective participle is not declined, whereas the perfect participle is declined for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> (though not in Bokmål) and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> like strong, affirmative adjectives. The <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite</a> form of the participle is identical to the plural form. </p><p>As with other Germanic languages, Norwegian verbs can be divided into two conjugation classes; <a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">weak</a> verbs and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">strong</a> verbs. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Verb forms in Nynorsk<br /><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">leva</i></span> ('to live') and <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">finna</i></span> ('to find') </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="4"> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">Finite</a> </th> <th colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Non-finite_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-finite verb">Non-finite</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">Indicative</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">Subjunctive</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal nouns</a> </th> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Verbal_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbal adjective">Verbal adjectives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">Participles</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Imperfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperfective">Imperfective</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Perfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfective">Perfective</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Plural/Def </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Active_voice" title="Active voice">Active</a> </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">lever</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">levde</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">leve</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">lev</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">leva</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">levande</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">levd</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">levt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">levde</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">finn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">fann</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">finn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">finna</i></span> </td> <td>(har) <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">funne</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">funnen</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">funne</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">Passive</a> </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">levest</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">levdest</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">levast</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">finst</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">fanst</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">finnast</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">(har) funnest</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Verb forms in Bokmål<br /><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">å leve</i></span> ('to live') and <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">å finne</i></span> ('to find') </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="4"> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">Finite</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Non-finite_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-finite verb">Non-finite</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">Indicative</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">Subjunctive</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal nouns</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Verbal_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbal adjective">Verbal adjectives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">Participles</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Imperfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperfective">Imperfective</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Perfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfective">Perfective</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural/Def </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Active_voice" title="Active voice">Active</a> </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">lever</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">levde/levet</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">leve</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">lev</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">leve</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">levende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">levd</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">levde/levet</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">finner</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">fant</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">finn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">finne</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(har) funnet</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">funnet</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">funne</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">Passive</a> </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">leves</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">levdes</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">leves</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">fins/finnes</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">fantes</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">finnes</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(har funnes)</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ergative_verbs">Ergative verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ergative verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk#Ergative_verbs" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk § Ergative verbs</a></div> <p>There are <a href="/wiki/Ergative_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative verb">ergative verbs</a> in both Bokmål and Nynorsk,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where there are two different conjugation patterns depending on if the verb takes an object or not. In Bokmål, there are only two different conjugations for the <a href="/wiki/Preterite_Tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Preterite Tense">preterite tense</a> for the strong verbs, while Nynorsk has different conjugations for all tenses, like Swedish and a majority of Norwegian dialects. Some weak verbs are also ergative and are differentiated for all tenses in both Bokmål and Nynorsk, like <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">ligge/legge</i></span>, both of which meaning 'to lie down', but <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">ligge</i></span> does not take an object while <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">legge</i></span> requires an object. <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Legge</i></span> corresponds to the English verb 'lay', while <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">ligge</i></span> corresponds to the English verb 'lie'. There are, however, many verbs that do not have a direct translation to English verbs. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ergative verb <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">knekke</i></span> ('crack') </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Norwegian Bokmål </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Nøtta <b>knakk</b></i></span> </td> <td>The nut cracked </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Jeg <b>knekte</b> nøtta</i></span> </td> <td>I cracked the nut </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Jeg <b>ligger</b></i></span> </td> <td>I'm lying down </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Jeg <b>legger</b> det ned</i></span> </td> <td>I'll lay it down </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk#Pronouns" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk § Pronouns</a></div> <p>Norwegian personal <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> are declined according to <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>. Like English, pronouns in Bokmål and Nynorsk are the only class that has case declension. Some of the dialects that have preserved the <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> in nouns, also have a dative case instead of the accusative case in personal pronouns, while others have accusative in pronouns and dative in nouns, effectively giving these dialects three distinct cases. </p><p>In the most comprehensive Norwegian grammar, <a href="/wiki/Norsk_referansegrammatikk" title="Norsk referansegrammatikk">Norsk referansegrammatikk</a>, the categorization of personal pronouns by <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> is not regarded as inflection. Pronouns are a <a href="/wiki/Closed_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed class">closed class</a> in Norwegian. </p><p>Since December 2017, the gender-neutral pronoun <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">hen</i></span> is present in the Norwegian Academy's dictionary (<a href="/wiki/NAOB" class="mw-redirect" title="NAOB">NAOB</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2022, the Language Council of Norway (<a href="/wiki/Language_Council_of_Norway" title="Language Council of Norway">Språkrådet</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> started including <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">hen</i></span> in both Bokmål and Nynorsk Norwegian standards. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Pronouns in Bokmål </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" rowspan="3"> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">Subject form</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">Object form</a> </th> <th colspan="4">Possessive </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th rowspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Male </th> <th>Female </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="8">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">jeg</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">meg</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">min</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">mi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">mitt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">mine</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">du</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">deg</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">din</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">di</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">ditt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">dine</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">3rd person </th> <th>Male, <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animate</a> </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">han</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">ham/han</i></span> </td> <td colspan="4"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">hans</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Female, animate </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">hun</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">henne</i></span> </td> <td colspan="4"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">hennes</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Neuter, animate </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">hen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">hen</i></span> </td> <td colspan="4"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">hens</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Male/female, inanimate </th> <td colspan="2"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">den</i></span> </td> <td colspan="4"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">dens</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Neuter, inanimate </th> <td colspan="2"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">det</i></span> </td> <td colspan="4"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">dets</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reflexive </th> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">seg</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">sin</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">si</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">sitt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">sine</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Plural </th> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">vi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">oss</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">vår</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">vårt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">våre</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td colspan="2"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">dere</i></span> </td> <td colspan="4"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">deres</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th>Non-reflexive </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">de</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">dem</i></span> </td> <td colspan="4"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">deres</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reflexive </th> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">seg</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">sin</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">si</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">sitt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">sine</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Pronouns in Nynorsk </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" rowspan="3"> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">Subject form</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">Object form</a> </th> <th colspan="4">Possessive </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th rowspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Male </th> <th>Female </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">eg</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">meg</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">min</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">mi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">mitt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">mine</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">du</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">deg</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">din</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">di</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ditt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">dine</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">3rd person </th> <th>Male </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">han</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">han</i></span> </td> <td colspan="4"><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">hans</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Female </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ho</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ho</i></span> </td> <td colspan="4"><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">hennar</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Neuter, animate </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">hen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">hen</i></span> </td> <td colspan="4"><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">hens</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Neuter, inanimate </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">det</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">det</i></span> </td> <td colspan="4">(<span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">dess</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reflexive </th> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">seg</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">sin</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">si</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">sitt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">sine</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Plural </th> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">vi/me</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">oss</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">vår</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">vårt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">våre</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">de/dokker</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">dykk/dokker</i></span> </td> <td colspan="4"><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">dykkar/dokkar</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th>Non-reflexive </th> <td colspan="2"><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">dei</i></span> </td> <td colspan="4"><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">deira</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reflexive </th> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">seg</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">sin</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">si</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">sitt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">sine</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The words for 'mine', 'yours' etc. are dependent on the gender of the noun described. Like adjectives, they have to agree in gender with the noun. </p><p>Bokmål has two sets of third-person pronouns. <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Han</i></span> and <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">hun</i></span> refer to male and female individuals respectively; <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">den</i></span> and <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">det</i></span> refer to impersonal or inanimate nouns, of masculine/feminine or neutral gender respectively. In contrast, Nynorsk and most dialects use the same set of pronouns <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">han</i></span> ('he'), <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ho</i></span> ('she') and <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">det</i></span> ('it') for both personal and impersonal references, like in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>. <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Det</i></span> also has <a href="/wiki/Expletive_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Expletive pronoun">expletive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cataphora" title="Cataphora">cataphoric</a> uses like in the English examples <i><b>it</b> rains</i> and <i><b>it</b> was known by everyone <b>(that) he had travelled the world</b></i>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples in Nynorsk and Bokmål of the use of the pronoun <i>it</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nynorsk </th> <th>Bokmål </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Kor er boka mi? <b>Ho</b> er her</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Hvor er boka mi? <b>Den</b> er her</i></span> </td> <td>Where is my book? <b>It</b> is here </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Kor er bilen min? <b>Han</b> er her</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Hvor er bilen min? <b>Den</b> er her</i></span> </td> <td>Where is my car? <b>It</b> is here </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Kor er brevet mitt? <b>Det</b> er her</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Hvor er brevet mitt? <b>Det</b> er her</i></span> </td> <td>Where is my letter? <b>It</b> is here </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ordering_of_possessive_pronouns">Ordering of possessive pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ordering of possessive pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ordering of possessive pronouns is somewhat freer than in Swedish or Danish. When there is no adjective, the most common word order is the one used in the examples in the table above, where the possessive comes after the noun, while the noun is in its definite form; <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">boka mi</i></span> ('my book'). If one wishes to emphasize the owner of the noun, the possessive pronoun will usually be placed first. In Bokmål, however, due to its Danish origins, one could choose to always write the possessive first: <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">min bil</i></span> ('my car'), but this may sound very formal. Some dialects that have been very influenced by Danish also do this; some speakers in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A6rum" title="Bærum">Bærum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Oslo West">west of Oslo</a> may always use this word order. When there is an adjective describing the noun, the possessive pronoun will always come first: <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">min egen bil</i></span> ('my own car'). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Norwegian (Bokmål/Nynorsk) </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Det er <b>mi</b> bok!</i></span> </td> <td>It is <i>my</i> book! (owner emphasized) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Kona mi er vakker</i></span> </td> <td>My wife is beautiful </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Determiners">Determiners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Determiners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk#Determiners" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk § Determiners</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Closed_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed class">closed class</a> of Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Determiner_(class)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (class)">determiners</a> are declined in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> in agreement with their argument. Not all determiners are inflected. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Determiner forms<br /><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">egen</i></span> (own) in Bokmål </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">egen/eigen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">egen/eiga</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">eget/eige</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">egne/eigne</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Determiner forms<br /><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">eigen</i></span> (own) in Nynorsk </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">eigen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">eiga</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">eige</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">eigne</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Cardinal and ordinal number words in Bokmål and Nynorsk </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Cardinal numeral </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Ordinal numeral </th></tr> <tr> <th>Bokmål </th> <th>Nynorsk </th> <th>Bokmål </th> <th>Nynorsk </th></tr> <tr> <th>0 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">null</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">nulte</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">én</i></span> <small>(<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="masculine">m.</span>)</small>, <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">éi</i></span> <small>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="feminine">f.</span>)</small>, <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">ett</i></span> <small>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="neuter">n.</span>)</small> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">éin</i></span> <small>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="masculine">m.</span>)</small>, <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">éi</i></span> <small>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="feminine">f.</span>)</small>, <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">eitt</i></span> <small>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="neuter">n.</span>)</small> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">første</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">første</i></span>/<br /><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">fyrste</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td colspan="2"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">to</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">annen</i></span> <small>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="masculine">m.</span>/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="definite">def.</span>)</small>, <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">anna</i></span> <small>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="feminine">f.</span>)</small>,<br /><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">annet</i></span> <small>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="neuter">n.</span>)</small>, <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">andre</i></span> <small>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="plural">pl.</span>)</small>/<br /><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">andre</i></span> <small>(all genres/def./pl.)</small><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">annan</i></span> <small>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="masculine">m.</span>)</small>, <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">anna</i></span> <small>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="feminine">f.</span>/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="neuter">n.</span>)</small>,<br /><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">andre</i></span> <small>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="definite">def.</span>/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="plural">pl.</span>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">tre</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">tredje</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">fire</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">fjerde</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">fem</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">femte</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">seks</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">sjette</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">sju</i></span>/<br /><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">syv</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">sju</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">sjuende</i></span>/<br /><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">syvende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">sjuande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">åtte</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">åttende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">åttande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">ni</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">niende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">niande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">ti</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">tiende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">tiande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">elleve</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">ellevte</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">ellevte</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">tolv</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">tolvte</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">tolvte</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>13 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">tretten</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">trettende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">trettande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>14 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">fjorten</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">fjortende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">fjortande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>15 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">femten</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">femtende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">femtande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">seksten</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">sekstende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">sekstande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>17 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">sytten</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">syttende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">syttande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>18 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">atten</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">attende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">attande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>19 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">nitten</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">nittende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">nittande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>20 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">tjue</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">tjuende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">tjuande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>21 </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">tjueen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">tjueein</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">tjueførste</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">tjueførste</i></span>/<br /><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">tjuefyrste</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>30 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">tretti</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">trettiende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">trettiande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>40 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">førti</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">førtiende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">førtiande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>50 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">femti</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">femtiende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">femtiande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>60 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">seksti</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">sekstiende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">sekstiande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>70 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">sytti</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">syttiende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">syttiande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>80 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">åtti</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">åttiende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">åttiande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>90 </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">nitti</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">nittiende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">nittiande</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>100 </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(ett) hundre</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">(eitt) hundre</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(ett) hundrede</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">(eitt) hundrede</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1000 </th> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(ett) tusen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">(eitt) tusen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(ett) tusende</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">(eitt) tusende</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particle_classes">Particle classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Particle classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Norwegian has five <a href="/wiki/Closed_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed class">closed classes</a> without inflection, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Lexical_category" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical category">lexical categories</a> with grammatical function and a finite number of members that may not be distinguished by morphological criteria. These are <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">conjunctions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">subjunctions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adverbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverbs">adverbs</a>. The inclusion of adverbs here requires that traditional adverbs that are inflected in <a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" title="Comparison (grammar)">comparison</a> be classified as adjectives, as is sometimes done. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adverbs">Adverbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Adverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverbs</a> can be formed from <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> in Norwegian. English usually creates adverbs from adjectives by the suffix <i>-ly</i>, like the adverb <i>beautifully</i> from the adjective <i>beautiful.</i> By comparison, <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">Scandinavian languages</a> usually form adverbs from adjectives by the <a href="/wiki/Neuter_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuter (grammar)">grammatical neuter</a> singular form of the adjective. This is in general true for both Bokmål and Nynorsk. </p><p>Example (<a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a>): </p> <ul><li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Han er <b>grusom</b></i></span> ('He is <b>terrible</b>')</li> <li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Det er <b>grusomt</b></i></span> ('It is <b>terrible</b>')</li> <li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Han er <b>grusomt</b> treig</i></span> ('He is <b>terribly</b> slow')</li></ul> <p>In the third sentence, <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">grusomt</i></span> is an adverb. In the first and second sentence <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">grusomt</i></span> and <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">grusom</i></span> are adjectives and must agree in grammatical gender with the noun. </p><p>Another example is the adjective <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">vakker</i></span> ('beautiful') which exists in both Nynorsk and Bokmål and has the neuter singular form <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">vakkert</i></span>. </p><p>Example (<a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a>): </p> <ul><li><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Ho er <b>vakker</b></i></span> ('She is <b>beautiful</b>')</li> <li><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Det er <b>vakkert</b></i></span> ('It is <b>beautiful</b>')</li> <li><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Ho syng <b>vakkert</b></i></span> ('She sings <b>beautifully</b>')</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compound_words">Compound words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Compound words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound words</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">head</a>, i.e. the part determining the compound's class, is the last part. If the compound word is constructed from many different nouns, the last noun in the compound noun will determine the gender of the compound noun. Only the first part has primary stress. For instance, the compound <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">tenketank</i></span> ('think tank') has primary stress on the first syllable and is a masculine noun since the noun <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">tank</i></span> is masculine. </p><p>Compound words are written together in Norwegian, which can cause words to become very long, for example <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">sannsynlighetsmaksimeringsestimator</i></span> ('<a href="/wiki/Maximum_likelihood" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum likelihood">maximum likelihood</a> <a href="/wiki/Estimator" title="Estimator">estimator</a>') and <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">menneskerettighetsorganisasjoner</i></span> ('human rights organizations'). Other examples are the title <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">høyesterettsjustitiarius</i></span> ('Chief Justice of the Supreme Court', originally a combination of <i><a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">supreme court</a></i> and the actual title, <i><a href="/wiki/Justiciar" title="Justiciar">justiciar</a></i>) and the translation <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">En midtsommernattsdrøm</i></span> for <i>A Midsummer Night's Dream</i>. </p><p>If they are not written together, each part is naturally read with primary stress, and the meaning of the compound is lost. Examples of this in English are the difference between a green house and a greenhouse or a black board and a blackboard. </p><p>This is sometimes forgotten, occasionally with humorous results. Instead of writing, for example, <i><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">lammekoteletter</i></span></i> ('lamb chops'), people make the mistake of writing <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">lamme koteletter</i></span> ('lame', or 'paralyzed', 'chops'). The original message can even be reversed, as when <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">røykfritt</i></span> (lit. 'smoke-free', meaning no smoking) becomes <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">røyk fritt</i></span> ('smoke freely'). </p><p>Other examples include: </p> <ul><li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Terrasse dør</i></span> ('Terrace dies') instead of <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Terrassedør</i></span> ('Terrace door')</li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Tunfisk biter</i></span> ('Tuna bites', verb) instead of <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Tunfiskbiter</i></span> ('Tuna bits', noun)</li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Smult ringer</i></span> ('Lard calls', verb) instead of <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Smultringer</i></span> ('Doughnuts')</li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Tyveri sikret</i></span> ('Theft guaranteed') instead of <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Tyverisikret</i></span> ('Theft-proof')</li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Stekt kylling lever</i></span> ('Fried chicken lives', verb) instead of <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Stekt kyllinglever</i></span> ('Fried chicken liver', noun)</li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Smør brød</i></span> ('Butter bread', verb) instead of <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Smørbrød</i></span> ('Sandwich')</li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Klipp fisk</i></span> ('Cut fish', verb) instead of <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Klippfisk</i></span> ('Clipfish')</li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">På hytte taket</i></span> ('On cottage the roof') instead of <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">På hyttetaket</i></span> ('On the cottage roof')</li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Altfor Norge</i></span> ('Too Norway') instead of <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Alt for Norge</i></span> ('Everything for Norway', the <a href="/wiki/Royal_mottos_of_Norwegian_monarchs" title="Royal mottos of Norwegian monarchs">royal motto of Norway</a>)</li></ul> <p>These misunderstandings occur because most nouns can be interpreted as verbs or other types of words. Similar misunderstandings can be achieved in English too. The following are examples of phrases that both in Norwegian and English mean one thing as a compound word, and something different when regarded as separate words: </p> <ul><li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">stavekontroll</i></span> ('spellchecker') or <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">stave kontroll</i></span> ('spell checker')</li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">kokebok</i></span> ('cookbook') or <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">koke bok</i></span> ('cook book')</li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">ekte håndlagde vafler</i></span> ('real handmade waffles') or <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">ekte hånd lagde vafler</i></span> ('real hand made waffles')</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Word_order">Word order</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Norwegian syntax is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SVO</a>. The subject occupies the sentence-initial position, followed by the verb and then the object. Like many other Germanic languages, it follows the <a href="/wiki/V2_word_order" title="V2 word order">V2 rule</a>, which means that the finite verb is invariably the second element in a sentence. For example: </p> <ul><li><u><span title="Bokmål-language text"><span lang="nb" style="font-style: normal;">Jeg</span></span></u> <span title="Bokmål-language text"><span lang="nb" style="font-style: normal;"><b>spiser</b></span></span> <span title="Bokmål-language text"><span lang="nb" style="font-style: normal;">fisk</span></span> <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">i dag</i></span> ('<u>I</u> <b>eat</b> fish <i>today</i>')</li> <li><u><span title="Bokmål-language text"><span lang="nb" style="font-style: normal;">Jeg</span></span></u> <span title="Bokmål-language text"><span lang="nb" style="font-style: normal;"><b>vil</b></span></span> <span title="Bokmål-language text"><span lang="nb" style="font-style: normal;">drikke kaffe</span></span> <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">i dag</i></span> ('<u>I</u> <b>want</b> to drink coffee <i>today</i>')</li></ul> <p>Exceptions to the <a href="/wiki/V2_word_order" title="V2 word order">rule</a> are embedded clauses and question phrases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Negation">Negation</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Negation in Norwegian is expressed by the word <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">ikke</i></span>, which literally means 'not' and is placed after the finite verb. Exceptions are embedded clauses. </p> <ul><li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Hunden kom <b>ikke</b> tilbake med ballen.</i></span> ('The dog did <b>not</b> return with the ball.')</li> <li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Det var hunden som <b>ikke</b> kom tilbake.</i></span> ('It was the dog that did <b>not</b> return.')</li></ul> <p>Contractions with the negation, as is accepted in for example English (<i>cannot</i>, <i>hadn't</i>, <i>didn't</i>) are limited to dialects and colloquial speech. In this case contractions apply to the negation and the verb. Otherwise <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">ikke</i></span> is applied in similar ways as the English <i>not</i> and general <a href="/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation" title="Affirmation and negation">negation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Adverbs_2">Adverbs</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Adverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adverbs follow the verb they modify. Depending on the type of adverb, the order in which they appear in the phrase is pre-determined. Manner adverbs for example, precede temporal adverbs. Switching the order of these adverbs would not render the phrase ungrammatical, but would make it sound awkward. Compare this to the English phrase "John probably already ate dinner." Switching the adverbs' position (<i>already</i> and <i>probably</i>) to "John already probably ate dinner" is not incorrect, but sounds unnatural. For more information, see <a href="/wiki/Cartographic_syntax" title="Cartographic syntax">Cartographic syntax</a>. </p> <ul><li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Hun sang <b>rørende</b> <b>vakkert</b>.</i></span> ('She sang touchingly beautiful.')</li> <li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Hun sang <b>utrolig</b> <b>høyt</b>.</i></span> ('She sang unbelievably loud.')</li></ul> <p>The adverb may precede the verb when the focus of the sentence is shifted. If special attention should be directed on the temporal aspect of the sentence, the adverb can be fronted. Since the V2 rule requires the finite verb to syntactically occupy the second position in the clause, the verb consequently also moves in front of the subject. </p> <ul><li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">I dag</i></span> <span title="Bokmål-language text"><span lang="nb" style="font-style: normal;"><b>vil</b></span></span> <u><span title="Bokmål-language text"><span lang="nb" style="font-style: normal;">jeg</span></span></u> <span title="Bokmål-language text"><span lang="nb" style="font-style: normal;">drikke kaffe</span></span>. ('<i>Today</i>, <u>I</u> <b>want</b> to drink coffee.')</li> <li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">I dag</i></span> <span title="Bokmål-language text"><span lang="nb" style="font-style: normal;"><b>spiser</b></span></span> <u><span title="Bokmål-language text"><span lang="nb" style="font-style: normal;">jeg</span></span></u> <span title="Bokmål-language text"><span lang="nb" style="font-style: normal;">fisk</span></span>. ('<i>Today</i>, <u>I</u> <b>eat</b> fish.')</li></ul> <p>Only one adverb may precede the verb, unless it belongs to a bigger constituent, in which case it does not modify the main verb in the phrase, but is part of the constituent. </p> <ul><li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><span lang="nb" style="font-style: normal;">Hun spiste suppen</span></span> <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb"><b>raskt i går</b></i></span>. ('She ate the soup quickly yesterday.')</li> <li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb"><b>I går</b></i></span> <span title="Bokmål-language text"><span lang="nb" style="font-style: normal;">spiste</span></span> <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">hun</i></span> <span title="Bokmål-language text"><span lang="nb" style="font-style: normal;">suppen raskt</span></span>. ('Yesterday she ate the soup quickly.')</li> <li><u><span title="Bokmål-language text"><span lang="nb" style="font-style: normal;">Laget som spilte <b>best</b></span></span></u>, <span title="Bokmål-language text"><span lang="nb" style="font-style: normal;">hadde forlatt plassen.</span></span> ('The team that played the best had left the pitch.')</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Adjectives_2">Adjectives</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attributive adjectives always precede the noun that they modify. </p> <ul><li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">De <b>tre store tjukke tunge røde</b> bøkene stod i hylla.</i></span> ('The <b>three big fat heavy red</b> books stood on the shelf.')</li> <li><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Den <b>andre heldigvis lange tynne</b> nøkkelen passet.</i></span> ('The <b>other fortunately long thin</b> key fit'.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/48px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/64px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Norway portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Det_Norske_Akademi_for_Sprog_og_Litteratur" class="mw-redirect" title="Det Norske Akademi for Sprog og Litteratur">Det Norske Akademi for Sprog og Litteratur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Danish,_Norwegian_and_Swedish" title="Comparison of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish">Comparison of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noregs_M%C3%A5llag" title="Noregs Mållag">Noregs Mållag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk_Ordbok_(Nynorsk)" title="Norsk Ordbok (Nynorsk)">Norsk Ordbok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5lsforbundet" class="mw-redirect" title="Riksmålsforbundet">Riksmålsforbundet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone (linguistics)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDe_SmedtLyseGjesdalLosnegaard2012" class="citation book cs1">De Smedt, Koenraad; Lyse, Gunn Inger; Gjesdal, Anje Müller; Losnegaard, Gyri S. (2012). <i>The Norwegian Language in the Digital Age</i>. White Paper Series. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-31389-9">10.1007/978-3-642-31389-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642313882" title="Special:BookSources/9783642313882"><bdi>9783642313882</bdi></a>. <q>Norwegian is the common spoken and written language in Norway and is the native language of the vast majority of the Norwegian population (more than 90%) and has about 4,320,000 speakers at present.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Norwegian+Language+in+the+Digital+Age&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.series=White+Paper+Series&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-31389-9&rft.isbn=9783642313882&rft.aulast=De+Smedt&rft.aufirst=Koenraad&rft.au=Lyse%2C+Gunn+Inger&rft.au=Gjesdal%2C+Anje+M%C3%BCller&rft.au=Losnegaard%2C+Gyri+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2022" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/olde1239">"Older Runic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113105941/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/olde1239">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Older+Runic&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Folde1239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220234459/http://www.norden.org/avtal/utbildning/sk/sprak.asp">"Konvention mellan Sverige, Danmark, Finland, Island och Norge om nordiska medborgares rätt att använda sitt eget språk i annat nordiskt land"</a> [Convention between Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway on the right of Nordic citizens to use their own language in another Nordic country]. <i><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></i> (in Norwegian). 2 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/avtal/utbildning/sk/sprak.asp">the original</a> on 20 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Council&rft.atitle=Konvention+mellan+Sverige%2C+Danmark%2C+Finland%2C+Island+och+Norge+om+nordiska+medborgares+r%C3%A4tt+att+anv%C3%A4nda+sitt+eget+spr%C3%A5k+i+annat+nordiskt+land&rft.date=2007-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norden.org%2Favtal%2Futbildning%2Fsk%2Fsprak.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070227013320/http://www.norden.org/webb/news/news.asp?id=6777&lang=6">"20th anniversary of the Nordic Language Convention"</a>. <i>Nordic Council</i>. 22 February 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/webb/news/news.asp?id=6777&lang=6">the original</a> on 27 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Council&rft.atitle=20th+anniversary+of+the+Nordic+Language+Convention&rft.date=2007-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norden.org%2Fwebb%2Fnews%2Fnews.asp%3Fid%3D6777%26lang%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scan-langs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scan-langs_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scan-langs_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scan-langs_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaarlundHaugen1917" class="citation journal cs1">Faarlund, Jan Terje; Haugen, Einar (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Scandinavian-languages">"Scandinavian languages"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <b>99</b> (2495): 505. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917Natur..99..505T">1917Natur..99..505T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F099505a0">10.1038/099505a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3988911">3988911</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623124221/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Scandinavian-languages">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Scandinavian+languages&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2495&rft.pages=505&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3988911%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F099505a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1917Natur..99..505T&rft.aulast=Faarlund&rft.aufirst=Jan+Terje&rft.au=Haugen%2C+Einar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FScandinavian-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-now-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-now_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusby2010" class="citation web cs1">Husby, Olaf (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntnu.edu/now/intro/background-norwegian">"The Norwegian language"</a>. <i>Norwegian on the Web</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322153110/https://www.ntnu.edu/now/intro/background-norwegian">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norwegian+on+the+Web&rft.atitle=The+Norwegian+language&rft.date=2010-10&rft.aulast=Husby&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntnu.edu%2Fnow%2Fintro%2Fbackground-norwegian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.translation-services-usa.com/norwegian_danish.php">"Norwegian Translation. Danish to Norwegian"</a>. <i>www.translation-services-usa.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.translation-services-usa.com&rft.atitle=Norwegian+Translation.+Danish+to+Norwegian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.translation-services-usa.com%2Fnorwegian_danish.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorp2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torp, Arne (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakradet.no/Vi-og-vart/Publikasjoner/Spraaknytt/Arkivet/Spraaknytt_2001/Spraaknytt_2001_4/Bokstaver_og_alfabet/">"Bokstaver og alfabet"</a> [Letters and alphabet]. <i>Språknytt</i> (in Norwegian) (4): 1–4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630210752/http://www.sprakradet.no/Vi-og-vart/Publikasjoner/Spraaknytt/Arkivet/Spraaknytt_2001/Spraaknytt_2001_4/Bokstaver_og_alfabet/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spr%C3%A5knytt&rft.atitle=Bokstaver+og+alfabet&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Torp&rft.aufirst=Arne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprakradet.no%2FVi-og-vart%2FPublikasjoner%2FSpraaknytt%2FArkivet%2FSpraaknytt_2001%2FSpraaknytt_2001_4%2FBokstaver_og_alfabet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansen2023" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Johansen, Pål (22 August 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/cirkumfleks">"cirkumfleks"</a>, <i>Store norske leksikon</i> (in Norwegian), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922114946/https://snl.no/cirkumfleks">archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft.atitle=cirkumfleks&rft.date=2023-08-22&rft.aulast=Johansen&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A5l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2Fcirkumfleks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonsen2023" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Simonsen, Hanne Gram (22 August 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/aksenttegn_og_andre_diakritiske_tegn">"aksenttegn og andre diakritiske tegn"</a>, <i>Store norske leksikon</i> (in Norwegian), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202192221/https://snl.no/aksenttegn_og_andre_diakritiske_tegn">archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft.atitle=aksenttegn+og+andre+diakritiske+tegn&rft.date=2023-08-22&rft.aulast=Simonsen&rft.aufirst=Hanne+Gram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2Faksenttegn_og_andre_diakritiske_tegn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2021-05-21-42">"Lov om språk (språklova) - Lovdata"</a>. <i>lovdata.no</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830043808/https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2021-05-21-42">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lovdata.no&rft.atitle=Lov+om+spr%C3%A5k+%28spr%C3%A5klova%29+-+Lovdata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flovdata.no%2Fdokument%2FNL%2Flov%2F2021-05-21-42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVannebo2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vannebo, Kjell Ivar (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ojs.statsbiblioteket.dk/index.php/sin/article/viewFile/17027/14789">"Om begrepene språklig standard og språklig standardisering"</a> [About the terms linguistic standard and linguistic standardization]. <i>Sprog I Norden</i> (in Norwegian): 119–128. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015180751/http://ojs.statsbiblioteket.dk/index.php/sin/article/viewFile/17027/14789">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sprog+I+Norden&rft.atitle=Om+begrepene+spr%C3%A5klig+standard+og+spr%C3%A5klig+standardisering&rft.pages=119-128&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Vannebo&rft.aufirst=Kjell+Ivar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fojs.statsbiblioteket.dk%2Findex.php%2Fsin%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F17027%2F14789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kristoffersen-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kristoffersen_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristoffersen2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gjert_Kristoffersen" title="Gjert Kristoffersen">Kristoffersen, Gjert</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phonologynorwegi00kris_297"><i>The Phonology of Norwegian</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phonologynorwegi00kris_297/page/n22">6</a>–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823765-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823765-5"><bdi>978-0-19-823765-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Norwegian&rft.pages=6-11&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823765-5&rft.aulast=Kristoffersen&rft.aufirst=Gjert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphonologynorwegi00kris_297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.udir.no/kl06/NOR1-05">"Læreplan i norsk (NOR1-05)"</a>. <i>www.udir.no</i> (in Norwegian Bokmål). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714221827/https://www.udir.no/kl06/NOR1-05">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.udir.no&rft.atitle=L%C3%A6replan+i+norsk+%28NOR1-05%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.udir.no%2Fkl06%2FNOR1-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenås1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Venås, Kjell (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724185459/http://www.apollon.uio.no/vis/art/1998/1/dialekt">"Dialekt og normaltalemålet"</a> [Dialect and normal speech]. <i>Apollon</i> (in Norwegian). <b>1</b>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0803-6926">0803-6926</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apollon.uio.no/vis/art/1998/1/dialekt">the original</a> on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Apollon&rft.atitle=Dialekt+og+normaltalem%C3%A5let&rft.volume=1&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0803-6926&rft.aulast=Ven%C3%A5s&rft.aufirst=Kjell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apollon.uio.no%2Fvis%2Fart%2F1998%2F1%2Fdialekt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornai2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kornai, András (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3805564">"Digital Language Death"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (10): e77056. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...877056K">2013PLoSO...877056K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0077056">10.1371/journal.pone.0077056</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3805564">3805564</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24167559">24167559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Digital+Language+Death&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e77056&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3805564%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24167559&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0077056&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...877056K&rft.aulast=Kornai&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3805564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewey2013" class="citation news cs1">Dewey, Caitlin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/12/04/how-the-internet-is-killing-the-worlds-languages/">"How the Internet is killing the world's languages"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131235733/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/12/04/how-the-internet-is-killing-the-worlds-languages/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+the+Internet+is+killing+the+world%27s+languages&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2013%2F12%2F04%2Fhow-the-internet-is-killing-the-worlds-languages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Skjekkeland. "dialekter i Norge". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 1 February 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakradet.no/Vi-og-vart/Publikasjoner/Spraaknytt/spraknytt-22017/grammatisk-kjonn-og-variasjon-i-norsk/">"Grammatisk kjønn og variasjon i norsk"</a>. <i>Språkrådet</i> (in Norwegian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617223757/https://www.sprakradet.no/Vi-og-vart/Publikasjoner/Spraaknytt/spraknytt-22017/grammatisk-kjonn-og-variasjon-i-norsk/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft.atitle=Grammatisk+kj%C3%B8nn+og+variasjon+i+norsk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprakradet.no%2FVi-og-vart%2FPublikasjoner%2FSpraaknytt%2Fspraknytt-22017%2Fgrammatisk-kjonn-og-variasjon-i-norsk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Språkrådet2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Språkrådet2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Språkrådet2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Språkrådet2_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/hovudreglane_for_substantivboying">"Språkrådet"</a>. <i>elevrom.sprakradet.no</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714193145/http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/hovudreglane_for_substantivboying">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elevrom.sprakradet.no&rft.atitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felevrom.sprakradet.no%2Fskolen%2Fminigrammatikk%2Ftema%2Fhovudreglane_for_substantivboying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkjekkeland2018" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Skjekkeland, Martin (10 September 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snl.no/dialekter_i_Bergen">"dialekter i Bergen"</a>, <i>Store norske leksikon</i> (in Norwegian), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515020059/https://snl.no/dialekter_i_Bergen">archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft.atitle=dialekter+i+Bergen&rft.date=2018-09-10&rft.aulast=Skjekkeland&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2Fdialekter_i_Bergen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanssenKjærheimSkjekkeland2016" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hanssen, Eskil; Kjærheim, Harald; Skjekkeland, Martin (13 September 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snl.no/dialekter_og_spr%C3%A5k_i_Oslo">"dialekter og språk i Oslo"</a>, <i>Store norske leksikon</i> (in Norwegian), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715035836/https://snl.no/dialekter_og_spr%C3%A5k_i_Oslo">archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft.atitle=dialekter+og+spr%C3%A5k+i+Oslo&rft.date=2016-09-13&rft.aulast=Hanssen&rft.aufirst=Eskil&rft.au=Kj%C3%A6rheim%2C+Harald&rft.au=Skjekkeland%2C+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2Fdialekter_og_spr%25C3%25A5k_i_Oslo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaksen2019" class="citation news cs1">Isaksen, Karoline Kvellestad (11 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://partner.sciencenorway.no/cas-centre-for-advanced-study-gender-language/do-we-really-need-grammatical-gender/1576053">"Do we really need grammatical gender?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forskning.no" title="Forskning.no">Forskning.no</a></i>. The Centre for Advanced Study. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925145858/https://partner.sciencenorway.no/cas-centre-for-advanced-study-gender-language/do-we-really-need-grammatical-gender/1576053">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forskning.no&rft.atitle=Do+we+really+need+grammatical+gender%3F&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft.aulast=Isaksen&rft.aufirst=Karoline+Kvellestad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpartner.sciencenorway.no%2Fcas-centre-for-advanced-study-gender-language%2Fdo-we-really-need-grammatical-gender%2F1576053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ressurssidene.no/web/PageND.aspx?id=99149">"Bøying"</a>. <i>www.ressurssidene.no</i> (in Norwegian Bokmål)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ressurssidene.no&rft.atitle=B%C3%B8ying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ressurssidene.no%2Fweb%2FPageND.aspx%3Fid%3D99149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=fot&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&begge=+&ordbok=begge">"Bokmålsordboka | Nynorskordboka"</a>. <i>ordbok.uib.no</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714193521/https://ordbok.uib.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=fot&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&begge=+&ordbok=begge">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ordbok.uib.no&rft.atitle=Bokm%C3%A5lsordboka+%7C+Nynorskordboka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fordbok.uib.no%2Fperl%2Fordbok.cgi%3FOPP%3Dfot%26ant_bokmaal%3D5%26ant_nynorsk%3D5%26begge%3D%2B%26ordbok%3Dbegge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/samsvarsboying_adjektiv">"Språkrådet"</a>. <i>elevrom.sprakradet.no</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716004536/http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/samsvarsboying_adjektiv">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elevrom.sprakradet.no&rft.atitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felevrom.sprakradet.no%2Fskolen%2Fminigrammatikk%2Ftema%2Fsamsvarsboying_adjektiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerulfsen1977" class="citation book cs1">Berulfsen, Bjarne (1977). <i>Norwegian grammar</i> (4th ed.). Oslo: Aschehoug. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8203043123" title="Special:BookSources/978-8203043123"><bdi>978-8203043123</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4033534">4033534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norwegian+grammar&rft.place=Oslo&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Aschehoug&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4033534&rft.isbn=978-8203043123&rft.aulast=Berulfsen&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFossen" class="citation web cs1">Fossen, Christian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntnu.edu/now2/4/grammatikk/1">"1 Repetisjon"</a>. <i>www.ntnu.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714222053/https://www.ntnu.edu/now2/4/grammatikk/1">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ntnu.edu&rft.atitle=1+Repetisjon&rft.aulast=Fossen&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntnu.edu%2Fnow2%2F4%2Fgrammatikk%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/samsvarsboying_adjektiv">"Språkrådet"</a>. <i>elevrom.sprakradet.no</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716004536/http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/samsvarsboying_adjektiv">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elevrom.sprakradet.no&rft.atitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felevrom.sprakradet.no%2Fskolen%2Fminigrammatikk%2Ftema%2Fsamsvarsboying_adjektiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ressurssidene.pedit.no/web/PageND.aspx?id=99235">"Predikativ"</a>. <i>ressurssidene.pedit.no</i> (in Norwegian Bokmål). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230301002221/https://ressurssidene.pedit.no/web/PageND.aspx?id=99235">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ressurssidene.pedit.no&rft.atitle=Predikativ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fressurssidene.pedit.no%2Fweb%2FPageND.aspx%3Fid%3D99235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snl.no/modus_-_grammatikk">"modus – grammatikk"</a>, <i>Store norske leksikon</i> (in Norwegian), 20 February 2018, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526082650/https://snl.no/modus_-_grammatikk">archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft.atitle=modus+%E2%80%93+grammatikk&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2Fmodus_-_grammatikk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/parverb">"Språkrådet"</a>. <i>elevrom.sprakradet.no</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714222108/http://elevrom.sprakradet.no/skolen/minigrammatikk/tema/parverb">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elevrom.sprakradet.no&rft.atitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felevrom.sprakradet.no%2Fskolen%2Fminigrammatikk%2Ftema%2Fparverb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naob.no/ordbok/hen_2">"Det Norske Akademis ordbok"</a>. <i>naob.no</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016111829/https://naob.no/ordbok/hen_2">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=naob.no&rft.atitle=Det+Norske+Akademis+ordbok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaob.no%2Fordbok%2Fhen_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakradet.no/svardatabase/sporsmal-og-svar/hen/">"Hen"</a>. <i>Språkrådet</i> (in Norwegian Bokmål). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914194837/https://www.sprakradet.no/svardatabase/sporsmal-og-svar/hen/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft.atitle=Hen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprakradet.no%2Fsvardatabase%2Fsporsmal-og-svar%2Fhen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ordbokene.no/bm,nn/ordbokene.no">"Ordbøkene.no – Bokmålsordboka og Nynorskordboka"</a>. <i>ordbokene.no</i> (in Norwegian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008165000/https://ordbokene.no/bm,nn/ordbokene.no">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ordbokene.no&rft.atitle=Ordb%C3%B8kene.no+%E2%80%93+Bokm%C3%A5lsordboka+og+Nynorskordboka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fordbokene.no%2Fbm%2Cnn%2Fordbokene.no&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ordbokene.no/bm/107465">"andre"</a>. <i>ordbøkene.no</i> (in Norwegian Nynorsk)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ordb%C3%B8kene.no&rft.atitle=andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fordbokene.no%2Fbm%2F107465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: General bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Beito" title="Olav Beito">Olav T. Beito</a>, <i>Nynorsk grammatikk. Lyd- og ordlære</i>, Det Norske Samlaget, Oslo 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-521-2801-7" title="Special:BookSources/82-521-2801-7">82-521-2801-7</a></li> <li>Rolf Theil Endresen, Hanne Gram Simonsen, Andreas Sveen, <i>Innføring i lingvistikk</i> (2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-00-45273-5" title="Special:BookSources/82-00-45273-5">82-00-45273-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Terje_Faarlund" title="Jan Terje Faarlund">Jan Terje Faarlund</a>, Svein Lie, Kjell Ivar Vannebo, <i>Norsk referansegrammatikk</i>, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo 1997, 2002 (3rd edition), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-00-22569-0" title="Special:BookSources/82-00-22569-0">82-00-22569-0</a> (Bokmål and Nynorsk)</li> <li>Philip Holmes, Hans-Olav Enger, <i>Norwegian: A Comprehensive Grammar</i>, Routledge, Abingdon, 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-83136-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-83136-9">978-0-415-83136-9</a></li> <li>The Norwegian Language Council (1994), <i>Language usage in Norway's civil service</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakradet.no/Vi-og-vart/Om-oss/English-and-other-languages/English/language-usage-in-norways-civil-service/">in English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020080754/http://www.sprakradet.no/Vi-og-vart/Om-oss/English-and-other-languages/English/language-usage-in-norways-civil-service/">Archived</a> 20 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Torp" title="Arne Torp">Arne Torp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lars_Vik%C3%B8r" title="Lars Vikør">Lars S. Vikør</a> (1993), <i>Hovuddrag i norsk språkhistorie (3.utgåve)</i>, Gyldendal Norsk Forlag AS 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Vik%C3%B8r" title="Lars Vikør">Lars S. Vikør</a> (2015), <i>Norwegian: Bokmål vs. Nynorsk</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakradet.no/Vi-og-vart/Om-oss/English-and-other-languages/English/norwegian-bokmal-vs.-nynorsk/">on Språkrådet's website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213085435/https://www.sprakradet.no/Vi-og-vart/Om-oss/English-and-other-languages/English/norwegian-bokmal-vs.-nynorsk/">Archived</a> 13 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="no:"> Bokmål edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="nn:"> Nynorsk edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Norwegian language, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Norwegian_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Norwegian language"><i><b>Norwegian language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Norwegian_phrasebook#Q9043" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Norwegian phrasebook">Norwegian</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Norwegian_Language" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Norwegian Language">Norwegian Language</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Norwegian" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Norwegian">Norwegian</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Norwegian_Phrasebook#Q9043" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Norwegian Phrasebook">Norwegian Phrasebook</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ordbok.uib.no/">Ordboka</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909193823/http://ordbok.uib.no/">Archived</a> 9 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Online dictionary search, both Bokmål and Nynorsk.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiske1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willard_Fiske" title="Willard Fiske">Fiske, Willard</a> (1879). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Norway, Language and Literature of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Norway,_Language_and_Literature_of">"Norway, Language and Literature of" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Norway%2C+Language+and+Literature+of&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Fiske&rft.aufirst=Willard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwegian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123002525/http://www.sprakradet.no/Vi-og-vart/Om-oss/English-and-other-languages/English/Norwegian_as_a_Normal_Language">Norwegian as a Normal Language</a>, in English, at <i>Språkrådet</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sprakradet.no/sprakhjelp/Skriverad/Ordlister/Ord-og-nett/">Ordbøker og nettressurser</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216210925/https://www.sprakradet.no/sprakhjelp/Skriverad/Ordlister/Ord-og-nett/">Archived</a> 16 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – a collection of dictionaries and online resources (in Norwegian) from <i>Språkrådet</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Norwegian_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norwegian_language" title="Template:Norwegian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norwegian_language" title="Template talk:Norwegian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norwegian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norwegian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norwegian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norwegian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_and_Norwegian_alphabet" title="Danish and Norwegian alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø">Ø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">Å</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian Braille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">Norwegian language conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Written</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnorsk" title="Samnorsk">Samnorsk</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(discontinued)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Unofficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk" title="Høgnorsk">Høgnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l" title="Riksmål">Riksmål</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Spoken</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">West and south</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arendalsk" title="Arendalsk">Arendalsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandnes-m%C3%A5l" title="Sandnes-mål">Sandnesmål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavangersk" title="Stavangersk">Stavangersk</a></li> <li>etc.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%98stnorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Østnorsk">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohusm%C3%A5l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohusmål (page does not exist)">Bohusmål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudbrandsdalsm%C3%A5l" title="Gudbrandsdalsmål">Gudbrandsdalsmål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Hallingmål-Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4rna-Idrem%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Särna-Idremål">Särna-Idremål</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_egentliga_dalm%C3%A5len" class="extiw" title="sv:De egentliga dalmålen">sv</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian" title="Urban East Norwegian">Urban East Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_dialect" title="Oslo dialect">Oslo dialect</a></li> <li>etc.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herjedalsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herjedalsk (page does not exist)">Herjedalsk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4rjedalska" class="extiw" title="sv:Härjedalska">sv</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamtlandic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamtlandic dialects">Jemtlansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meldal_dialect" title="Meldal dialect">Medalsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondheimsk" title="Trondheimsk">Trondheimsk</a></li> <li>etc.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nordnorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordnorsk">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8y_dialect" title="Brønnøy dialect">Brønnøymål</a></li> <li>etc.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Non-dialectical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Norwegian" title="Modern Norwegian">Modern Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svorsk" title="Svorsk">Svorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Norwegian" title="American Norwegian">American Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">Old West Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l_and_Standard_Danish" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish">Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_exonyms" title="Norwegian exonyms">Exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_literature" title="Norwegian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_profanity" title="Norwegian profanity">Profanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kjell_(norwegian_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kjell"><img alt="Kjell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg/8px-Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg/12px-Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg/16px-Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="49" /></a></span> "<a href="/wiki/Kjell_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kjell (letter)">Kjell</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norvegia_transcription" title="Norvegia transcription">Norvegia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_Council_of_Norway" title="Language Council of Norway">Language Council of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noregs_M%C3%A5llag" title="Noregs Mållag">Noregs Mållag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Academy" title="Norwegian Academy">Norwegian Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l_Society" title="Riksmål Society">Riksmål Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Norway" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Norway" title="Template:Languages of Norway"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Norway" title="Template talk:Languages of Norway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Norway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Norway" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Languages of Norway</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" title="Lule Sámi">Lule</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandoromani" title="Scandoromani">Scandoromani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages" title="Template talk:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Norwegian_dictionaries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norwegian_dictionaries" title="Template:Norwegian dictionaries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norwegian_dictionaries" title="Template talk:Norwegian dictionaries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norwegian_dictionaries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norwegian dictionaries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norwegian_dictionaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norwegian</a> dictionaries</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Riksmål</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Det_Norske_Akademis_ordbok" title="Det Norske Akademis ordbok">Det Norske Akademis ordbok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norsk_Riksm%C3%A5lsordbok" title="Norsk Riksmålsordbok">Norsk Riksmålsordbok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norsk_ordbok_(Riksm%C3%A5l)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norsk ordbok (Riksmål)">Norsk ordbok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5lsordlisten" title="Riksmålsordlisten">Riksmålsordlisten</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Det_Norske_Akademis_ordbok" title="Det Norske Akademis ordbok">Det Norske Akademis ordbok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5lsordboka" title="Bokmålsordboka">Bokmålsordboka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norsk_ordbok_(Riksm%C3%A5l)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norsk ordbok (Riksmål)">Norsk ordbok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanums_store_rettskrivningsordbok" title="Tanums store rettskrivningsordbok">Tanums store rettskrivningsordbok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynorskordboka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nynorskordboka (page does not exist)">Nynorskordboka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norsk_Ordbok_(Nynorsk)" title="Norsk Ordbok (Nynorsk)">Norsk Ordbok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Norway_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norway_topics" title="Template:Norway topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norway_topics" title="Template talk:Norway topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norway_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norway topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norway_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdoms_of_Norway" title="Petty kingdoms of Norway">Petty kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Norway" title="Unification of Norway">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway#Norway_in_the_High_Middle_Ages_(1066–1380)" title="History of Norway">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Kingdom_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary Kingdom of Norway">Hereditary Kingdom of Norway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(1814)" title="Kingdom of Norway (1814)">Kingdom of Norway (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">End of the union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Reichskommissariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Quisling regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_government-in-exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian government-in-exile">Norwegian government-in-exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway#Postwar" title="History of Norway">1945–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway#21st_century" title="History of Norway">21st century</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway" title="Coat of arms of Norway"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="909" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Norway" title="Geography of Norway">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Norway#Climate" title="Geography of Norway">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Norway" title="Districts of Norway">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Norway" title="Extreme points of Norway">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Norway" title="List of islands of Norway">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Norway" title="List of lakes of Norway">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Norway" title="List of mammals of Norway">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Norway_by_height" title="List of mountains in Norway by height">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Norway" title="List of municipalities of Norway">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Norway" title="Protected areas of Norway">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Norway" title="List of rivers of Norway">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Norway" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Norway">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Norway" title="Politics of Norway">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Norway" title="Administrative divisions of Norway">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_budget_of_Norway" title="State budget of Norway">National budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Correctional_Service" title="Norwegian Correctional Service">Correctional Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_justice_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of justice of Norway">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Norway" title="Elections in Norway">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Norway" title="Foreign relations of Norway">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_governments" title="List of Norwegian governments">Governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_Norway" title="Incarceration in Norway">Incarceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Norway">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Armed_Forces" title="Norwegian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Service" title="Norwegian Police Service">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Norway" title="List of political parties in Norway">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Norway_ties" title="Template:Norway ties">Membership of International organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Norway" title="Energy in Norway">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fishing_in_Norway" title="Category:Fishing in Norway">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Pension_Fund_of_Norway" title="Government Pension Fund of Norway">Government Pension Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Industry_in_Norway" title="Category:Industry in Norway">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Norway" title="Category:Mining in Norway">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_industry_in_Norway" title="Category:Natural gas industry in Norway">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Krone <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norges_Bank" title="Norges Bank">National bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_paradox" title="Norwegian paradox">Norwegian paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_in_Norway" title="Category:Oil fields in Norway">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Norway" title="Renewable energy in Norway">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Stock_Exchange" title="Oslo Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Norway" title="Taxation in Norway">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Norway" title="Telecommunications in Norway">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Norway" title="Tourism in Norway">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Norway" title="Trade unions in Norway">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Norway" title="Transport in Norway">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Norway" title="Whaling in Norway">Whaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Norway" title="Category:Society of Norway">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Norway" title="Climate change in Norway">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Norway" title="Crime in Norway">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Norway" title="Demographics of Norway">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Norway" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Norway">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Norway" title="Health in Norway">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Norway" title="Immigration to Norway">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_Norway" title="Incarceration in Norway">Incarceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Norway" title="Irreligion in Norway">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">language conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Norway" title="Pensions in Norway">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Norway" title="Poverty in Norway">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Norway">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Norway" title="Culture of Norway">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Norway" title="Architecture of Norway">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_art" title="Norwegian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunad" title="Bunad"><i>Bunad</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(clothing)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway"><i>Christmas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(season)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jante" title="Law of Jante">Jante law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norwegian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_literature" title="Norwegian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Norway">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Norway" title="Prostitution in Norway">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Norway" title="Public holidays in Norway">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Norway" title="Category:Sport in Norway">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja,_vi_elsker_dette_landet" title="Ja, vi elsker dette landet">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway" title="Coat of arms of Norway">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_flags" title="List of Norwegian flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Norway" title="Flag of Norway">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottos_of_Norwegian_institutions" title="Mottos of Norwegian institutions">Mottos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Norway">Name of Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Norway" title="Outline of Norway">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norway" title="Category:Norway">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9043#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120291-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85092722">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119797174">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119797174">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568691">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="norština"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123330&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536120205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&oldid=1254132952">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&oldid=1254132952</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_language" title="Category:Norwegian language">Norwegian language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fusional_languages" title="Category:Fusional languages">Fusional languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Norway" title="Category:Languages of Norway">Languages of Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_Germanic_languages" title="Category:North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scandinavian_culture" title="Category:Scandinavian culture">Scandinavian culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stress-timed_languages" title="Category:Stress-timed languages">Stress-timed languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object_languages" title="Category:Subject–verb–object languages">Subject–verb–object languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tonal_languages" title="Category:Tonal languages">Tonal languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Verb-second_languages" title="Category:Verb-second languages">Verb-second languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Scandinavian_languages" title="Category:West Scandinavian languages">West Scandinavian languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)" title="Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)">CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l-language_sources_(nb)" title="Category:CS1 Norwegian Bokmål-language sources (nb)">CS1 Norwegian Bokmål-language sources (nb)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2020">Articles with dead external links from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian_Nynorsk-language_sources_(nn)" title="Category:CS1 Norwegian Nynorsk-language sources (nn)">CS1 Norwegian Nynorsk-language sources (nn)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2022">Articles needing additional references from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2024">Use dmy dates from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Norwegian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Norwegian-language text">Articles containing Norwegian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Norwegian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Norwegian IPA">Pages with Norwegian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_undetermined_IPA" title="Category:Pages with undetermined IPA">Pages with undetermined IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linguasphere_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linguasphere code">Language articles with Linguasphere code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_ISO_639-2_code" title="Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code">Languages with ISO 639-2 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_ISO_639-1_code" title="Category:Languages with ISO 639-1 code">Languages with ISO 639-1 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_language_articles_citing_sources_other_than_Ethnologue" title="Category:ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue">ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2016" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2016">Articles needing additional references from July 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_December_2022" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from December 2022">Vague or ambiguous time from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2021">Articles needing additional references from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Bokm%C3%A5l-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Bokmål-language text">Articles containing Bokmål-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Nynorsk-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Nynorsk-language text">Articles containing Nynorsk-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from June 2019">Articles to be expanded from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_The_American_Cyclopaedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_The_American_Cyclopaedia_with_a_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 15:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qzp9h","wgBackendResponseTime":187,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.180","walltime":"2.547","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21370,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":601722,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":30530,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":47,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":237803,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2118.708 1 -total"," 30.16% 638.915 557 Template:Lang"," 13.86% 293.728 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.70% 269.106 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 11.68% 247.478 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.16% 172.928 16 Template:Navbox"," 6.62% 140.186 6 Template:Clade"," 4.92% 104.332 1 Template:Norway_topics"," 4.81% 102.005 1 Template:Country_topics"," 4.67% 98.879 1 Template:Norwegian_language"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.223","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19762497,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","17.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","15.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","180","14.3"],["?","160","12.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","9.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","4.8"],["type","60","4.8"],["getArgs \u003CModule:Arguments:57\u003E","40","3.2"],["makeCheckSelfFunction \u003ClibraryUtil.lua:59\u003E","40","3.2"],["match","20","1.6"],["[others]","160","12.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ckrcl","timestamp":"20241122140516","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Norwegian language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norwegian_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9043","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9043","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-29T12:39:47Z","dateModified":"2024-10-29T15:39:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3c\/Norwegian_language_map.svg","headline":"North Germanic language spoken in Norway"}</script> </body> </html>