CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Linguistic purism - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"15434c72-0dd5-4610-bf14-b087eba3083c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Linguistic_purism","wgTitle":"Linguistic purism","wgCurRevisionId":1253015489,"wgRevisionId":1253015489,"wgArticleId":2142092,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2015","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing translation from Polish Wikipedia","Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2019","All articles lacking in-text citations","Use dmy dates from October 2023","Articles containing French-language text","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Italian-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from June 2017","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2020","Linguistic purism","Concepts in language policy"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Linguistic_purism","wgRelevantArticleId":2142092,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr", "pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q192227","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles": "ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/DictionaryFrenchAcademy1835.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1615"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/DictionaryFrenchAcademy1835.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1077"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/DictionaryFrenchAcademy1835.jpg/640px-DictionaryFrenchAcademy1835.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="861"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Linguistic purism - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_purism"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_purism"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Linguistic_purism rootpage-Linguistic_purism skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Linguistic+purism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Linguistic+purism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Linguistic+purism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Linguistic+purism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognate_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognate_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cognate languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cognate_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cognate languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cognate_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Forms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Based_on_the_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Based_on_the_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Based on the approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Based_on_the_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Based_on_the_goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Based_on_the_goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Based on the goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Based_on_the_goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Based_on_the_intensity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Based_on_the_intensity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Based on the intensity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Based_on_the_intensity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Based_on_linguistic_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Based_on_linguistic_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Based on linguistic level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Based_on_linguistic_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Other forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>By language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Linguistic purism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="صفائية لغوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صفائية لغوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purismu_lling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticu" title="Purismu llingüísticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Purismu llingüísticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_t%C9%99mizliyi" title="Dil təmizliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dil təmizliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Пуризм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пуризм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Моўны пурызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Моўны пурызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purisme_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)" title="Purisme (lingüística) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Purisme (lingüística)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purismus_(lingvistika)" title="Purismus (lingvistika) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Purismus (lingvistika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdeb_ieithyddol" title="Purdeb ieithyddol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Purdeb ieithyddol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprogrensning" title="Sprogrensning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sprogrensning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprachpurismus" title="Sprachpurismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sprachpurismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purism" title="Purism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Purism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purismo_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico" title="Purismo lingüístico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Purismo lingüístico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingva_purismo" title="Lingva purismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lingva purismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntzaren_garbizaletasun" title="Hizkuntzaren garbizaletasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntzaren garbizaletasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سره‌گرایی زبانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سره‌گرایی زبانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purisma" title="Purisma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Purisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purisme_(linguistique)" title="Purisme (linguistique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Purisme (linguistique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4_%EC%88%9C%EC%88%98%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="언어 순수주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="언어 순수주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="भाषा शुद्धतावाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भाषा शुद्धतावाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezi%C4%8Dni_purizam" title="Jezični purizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jezični purizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purisme_bahasa" title="Purisme bahasa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Purisme bahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Пуризм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пуризм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lhreinsun" title="Málhreinsun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málhreinsun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purismo_(linguistica)" title="Purismo (linguistica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Purismo (linguistica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90)" title="პურიზმი (ლინგვისტიკა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პურიზმი (ლინგვისტიკა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purieth_yethek" title="Purieth yethek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Purieth yethek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paqijkirina_ziman%C3%AE" title="Paqijkirina zimanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Paqijkirina zimanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Пуризм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пуризм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%ABrisms_(valodniec%C4%ABba)" title="Pūrisms (valodniecība) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pūrisms (valodniecība)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purizmas_(kalbotyra)" title="Purizmas (kalbotyra) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Purizmas (kalbotyra)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bancuvysi%27o" title="bancuvysi'o – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bancuvysi'o" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Јазично чистотништво – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јазично чистотништво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahadiovana_ny_fiteny" title="Fahadiovana ny fiteny – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahadiovana ny fiteny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemurnian_bahasa" title="Pemurnian bahasa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemurnian bahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taalpurisme" title="Taalpurisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Taalpurisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E7%B4%94%E7%B2%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="言語純粋主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="言語純粋主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5krensing" title="Språkrensing – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Språkrensing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puryzm_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Puryzm (językoznawstwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Puryzm (językoznawstwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purismo_lingu%C3%ADstico" title="Purismo linguístico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Purismo linguístico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purism_lingvistic" title="Purism lingvistic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Purism lingvistic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Пуризм (лингвистика) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пуризм (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Языковой пуризм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Языковой пуризм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purizmi_gjuh%C3%ABsor" title="Purizmi gjuhësor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Purizmi gjuhësor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezikovni_purizem" title="Jezikovni purizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jezikovni purizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Језичко чистунство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Језичко чистунство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezi%C4%8Dni_purizam" title="Jezični purizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jezični purizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5krensning" title="Språkrensning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Språkrensning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2" title="พิสุทธินิยมทางภาษา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พิสุทธินิยมทางภาษา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Сарагароии забонӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сарагароии забонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilbilimsel_Safl%C4%B1k_(Dilbilimsel_Sadelik)" title="Dilbilimsel Saflık (Dilbilimsel Sadelik) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dilbilimsel Saflık (Dilbilimsel Sadelik)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Мовний пуризм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мовний пуризм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%B4%94%E5%8C%96" title="語言純化 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="語言純化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%B4%94%E5%8C%96" title="語言純化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="語言純化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192227#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Linguistic_purism" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Linguistic_purism" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Linguistic_purism" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&oldid=1253015489" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Linguistic_purism&id=1253015489&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLinguistic_purism"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLinguistic_purism"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Linguistic_purism&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Linguistic_purism" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192227" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Preferring a language variety as purer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For English linguistic purism, see <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puryzm_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" class="extiw" title="pl:Puryzm (językoznawstwo)">the corresponding article</a> in Polish</b>.  <i><small>(December 2019)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPuryzm_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)&sl=pl&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Polish article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_Polish#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand Polish">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 308 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Polish_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from Polish Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Polish Wikipedia article at [[:pl:Puryzm (językoznawstwo)]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|pl|Puryzm (językoznawstwo)}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Linguistic_purism" title="Talk:Linguistic purism">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DictionaryFrenchAcademy1835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/DictionaryFrenchAcademy1835.jpg/250px-DictionaryFrenchAcademy1835.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/DictionaryFrenchAcademy1835.jpg/375px-DictionaryFrenchAcademy1835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/DictionaryFrenchAcademy1835.jpg/500px-DictionaryFrenchAcademy1835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a></span></span> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> is charged with maintaining the linguistic purism of the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a>. This is the first page of the 6th edition of their dictionary (1835).</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Linguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic">Linguistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">purism</a></b> or <b>linguistic <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a></b> is a concept having a dual notion with respect to <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">foreign languages</a> and with respect to the internal variants of a language (<a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>) The first meaning is the historical <a href="/wiki/Trend" class="mw-redirect" title="Trend">trend</a> of every <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> to conserve intact its lexical structure of <a href="/wiki/Word_family" title="Word family">word families</a>, in opposition to foreign influence which are considered 'impure'. The second meaning is the practice, possibly <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">prescriptive</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of determining and recognizing one linguistic <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> (dialect) as being purer or of intrinsically higher quality than other varieties. </p><p>The perceived or actual decline identified by the purists may take the form of a change of vocabulary, <a href="/wiki/Syncretism_(linguistics)" title="Syncretism (linguistics)">syncretism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical">grammatical</a> elements, or <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The unwanted similarity is often with a neighboring language the speakers of which are culturally or politically dominant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The ideal may invoke logic, clarity, or the grammar of classic languages. It is often presented as a conservative measure, as a protection of a language from the encroachment of other languages or of the conservation of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">national</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i>, but is often innovative in defining a new standard. It is sometimes part of governmental <a href="/wiki/Language_policy" title="Language policy">language policy</a> that is enforced in various ways. </p><p>The practice opposite of purism, when borrowed words displace native ones, also exists. For example, in English, the native word <i>bookstaff</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Buchstabe</i>) was replaced by the Latin word <i>letter</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, in the first meaning, linguistic purism was institutionalized in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> through <a href="/wiki/Language_academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Language academy">language academies</a> (of which the 1572 <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca" title="Accademia della Crusca">Accademia della Crusca</a></span></span> set as a model example in Europe), and their decisions often having the force of law.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Purism in Italy until the 19th century stemmed from the doctrine, developed in the 16th century mainly by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" title="Pietro Bembo">Pietro Bembo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lionardo_Salviati" title="Lionardo Salviati">Lionardo Salviati</a> and supported by dictionaries and grammars, that literary usage should imitate 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a>. This view was contested by the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, and the terms <i>purismo</i> and <i>purista</i> (first recorded 1758–9 but not used in print until 1838) were introduced to denote linguistic affectation or archaism. The 19th-century purism of Antonio Cesari and others was based both on veneration for the 14th century and on distaste for <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> and foreign borrowings, especially from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. Purism in the 20th century resisted unassimilated borrowings from French and later from <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and was at its height during the second half of the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist period</a>. The <i>neopurismo</i> promoted by <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Migliorini" title="Bruno Migliorini">Bruno Migliorini</a> from the late 1930s sought a compromise between the needs of Italian to evolve and to maintain its structures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cognate_languages">Cognate languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cognate languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abstand_and_ausbau_languages" title="Abstand and ausbau languages">Abstand and ausbau languages</a></div> <p>In one common case, two closely related languages or language varieties are in direct competition, one weaker, the other stronger. Speakers of the stronger language may characterize the weaker language as a "<a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a>" of the strong language, with the implication that it has no independent existence. In response, defenders of the other language will go to great lengths to prove that their language is equally autonomous. </p><p>In this context, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> have in the past sometimes been considered dialects of <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>, spoken in eastern Netherlands and northern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the debate is still current, as it could be considered a dialect of Dutch or German or a language of its own. An example of a related language that has only recently attained the status of an official national language is <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a>. Since linguistic science offers no scholarly definition of a dialect, and linguists regard the distinction with scepticism – see <a href="/wiki/A_language_is_a_dialect_with_an_army_and_navy" title="A language is a dialect with an army and navy">A language is a dialect with an army and navy</a> – the argument is really about subjective questions of <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a>, and at times it can invoke extreme emotions from the participants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Closely related languages often tend to mix. One way of preventing this is to use different writing systems or different <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">spelling systems</a>. </p><p>Examples of this include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> are virtually identical in all respects except that Moldovan used a <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic writing system</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Moldova" title="Independence of Moldova">independence of Moldova</a> in 1992 — though it is still in use in <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> — while Romanian uses a <a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Latin writing system</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a> are distinguished by their <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Arabic-based</a> scripts. In recent decades, the languages have drifted further apart, due to the <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation_(linguistics)" title="Sanskritisation (linguistics)">Sanskritization</a> of Hindi and the <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> of Urdu.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> literary standards differ mainly in using the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> and Latin scripts. They exhibit a high degree of mutual intelligibility as they are based on essentially the same dialect, a stylized form of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tokavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Štokavian">Neoštokavian</a> (Štokavian being the one dialect common to both Serbian and Croatian).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various scholars have devised classifications of purism. These classifications take different criteria as their starting point and are therefore partly independent of each other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Based_on_the_approach">Based on the approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Based on the approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One taxonomy of puristic orientations is due to George Thomas:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Archaizing purism</b>: This happens when a speech-community tries to revive the language of a perceived or actual golden age of literature. Examples: <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanittamil_Iyakkam" title="Tanittamil Iyakkam">Tanittamil Iyakkam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_Icelandic" title="Linguistic purism in Icelandic">Linguistic purism in Icelandic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atticism" title="Atticism">Atticism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_revival" title="Sanskrit revival">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> (puristic obsession with classical forms among speakers of Romance languages and those influenced by them during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>). See also <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Language revival</a>.</li> <li><b>Ethnographic purism</b>: This form is based on an idealization of the countryside, folk stories and dialects. Examples: <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (New Norwegian), some versions of <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic Greek</a>.</li> <li><b>Elitist purism</b>: Associated with a highly formal variety linked to an <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a>, for example the language spoken at the court.</li> <li><b>Reformist purism</b>: The main feature here is to break the bonds with the past. An example of this is the removal of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and Arabic words during <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Turkish language reform</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a> in order to break with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish language</a> influenced by Arabic and Persian. Other examples are the purist efforts in languages like <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> to break with the colonial past. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Language_policy" title="Language policy">language policies</a> may seek to decrease similarities between mutually intelligible languages for <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">ethno-political reasons</a>, as has been the case with <a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>.</li> <li><b>Playful purism</b>: Intended as a joke, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Philipp_von_Zesen" title="Philipp von Zesen">Philipp von Zesen</a>'s coinage <i>Gesichtsvorsprung lit.</i> 'facial projection' to mean 'nose'.</li> <li><b>Xenophobic purism</b>: involves the elimination or exclusion of foreign elements. Examples include <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk" title="Høgnorsk">High Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_Korean" title="Linguistic purism in Korean">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Anglish</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> writers of the 19th and 20th centuries extolled the virtues of "strong" <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Anglo-Saxon</a> words such as <i>foreword</i> over the "weak" <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> word <i>preface</i>. <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> are known for their preference for <a href="/wiki/Word_formation" title="Word formation">coining</a> words using native roots (often <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a>) over borrowing foreign words; some are more successful than others.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Based_on_the_goals">Based on the goals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Based on the goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Democratic purism</b>: Aims at safeguarding the intelligibility of (modern) concepts for a larger group of language users through enforcing their expression by the means of common, every-day words or expressions (for example, "back[ing] up" instead of "sustain[ment]")</li> <li><b>Unificatory purism</b>: Aims at better uniting the overall user group of a language by reducing certain regional or professional linguistic peculiarities which could separate varying aspects of life, or even obstruct interconnectivity, between individuals or sub-groups of different regional provenience or professional background.</li> <li><b>Defensive purism</b>: Aims at defending a language from external threats. Mostly, these are to be understood as influx of foreign ideas which a given language group (or its political system) disdains or has overthrown, or influx of foreign words or expressions which tend to substitute innate vocabulary, thus diminishing and/or endangering supra-regional or inter-generational intelligibility within a language area or between its present speakers and the literary remnants of their venerated ancestors, i. e., some kind of "classical" heritage (as e. g. Shakespeare's usage is already no more widely understood amongst many of today's English speakers <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2017)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Linguistic_purism#Dubious" title="Talk:Linguistic purism">discuss</a></i>]</sup>).</li> <li><b>Prestige purism</b>: Aims at varying prestige functions.</li> <li><b>Delimiting purism</b>: Aims at establishing some kind of separating functions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Based_on_the_intensity">Based on the intensity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Based on the intensity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Marginal purism</b>: Purism never becomes at any stage a value-feature of the speech community. On the contrary, there is a certain openness to all sources of enrichment, at the same time characterized by a lack among the language elite of intellectual digestion of foreign influxes, or by a lack of such an elite as a whole. Examples: <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>.</li> <li><b>Moderate, discontinuous purism</b>: A moderate attitude is discernible over a long period of time. Examples: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>.</li> <li><b>Trimming purism</b>: A reactive correction to a potentially dangerous trend in the development of a standard language. Examples: <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b>Evolutionary purism</b>: Purism is seen early in the development of a written language. There are no radical changes or orientation. During the standardising process, purism gains momentum after which it slows down. Examples: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>.</li> <li><b>Oscillatory purism</b>: Involves repeated swings between intense purism and a more inclusive attitude. Examples: <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>.</li> <li><b>Stable, consistent purism</b>: No interruption or fluctuation in intensity is seen. Purism is a constant value-feature of the speech community. Examples: <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>.</li> <li><b>Revolutionary purism</b>: An abrupt change from the previously mentioned patterns to another. Examples: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Based_on_linguistic_level">Based on linguistic level</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Based on linguistic level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Lexical purism</b>: directed at the lexicon, first of all against direct lexical loans, often combined with the development of loan translations (such as in <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i>hand out</i> > <i>støtteark</i> and <i>snowboard</i> > <i>snøbrett</i> or <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <i>tilifūn</i> > <i>hātif</i> and <i>kumbyūtir</i> > <i>ḥāsūb</i>.</li> <li><b>Orthographic purism</b>: directed against foreign orthographic elements (such as in Norwegian: <i>genre</i> > <i>sjanger</i>, in Spanish: <i>football</i> > <i>fútbol</i>). Note that there is also reverse orthographic purism. Some Spanish speakers prefer the English spelling "blue jean"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and object to the spelling <i>bluyín</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Morphological purism</b>: directed against foreign inflection and declension (such as the resistance to plural -s in noun endings in Scandinavian languages).</li> <li><b>Syntactic purism</b>: directed at syntactic features from other languages (such as the stylistic resistance in Nynorsk against some passive constructions and some constructions with the genitive).</li> <li><b>Phonetic purism</b>: directed at foreign phonemes and phonematical combinations (such as <i>gánster</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>champú</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Spanish). There is a reverse phonetic purism, which insists in the original pronunciation, such as pronouncing <i>gá<b>ng</b>ster</i> and <i><b>sh</b>ampú</i> in Spanish.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_forms">Other forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Regressive purism</b>: The eradication of very old loan-words. It is one of the main features of ultrapurism.</li> <li><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Ultrapurism"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Ultrapurism</span></span></b>: The extreme upper limit of purism. In this pattern, everything expressed by human speech can become a target for puristic intervention, even geographical names, proper names, etc. (The attitude – in itself "puristic" and associated with increased education and foreign language competency – opposed to the translation or adaptation of toponyms, or even personal names, is historically quite recent, as names are not considered fixed or unchanging in most cultures; and there are many exceptions even in English, especially the names of historical personages, Native Americans, and even contemporary royalty. Historically, names were part of the lexicon of a language just as every other word, and it was common to have different names associated with different language communities. See <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">exonym and endonym</a>. The longer established the tradition of a name or term, the more likely are strong differences.) Two recorded examples of this are <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_Icelandic#Ultrapurism" title="Linguistic purism in Icelandic">High Icelandic</a> (Háfrónska), and the usage of the German renaissance humanist <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Aventinus" title="Johannes Aventinus">Johann Georg <i>Turmair</i></a> who even translated the name of the ancient Roman general <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus">Fabius Cunctator</a> into <i>Zauderer Bohnenmaier</i> (i. e. literally "Laggard Bean-Mayor"). While not ultra-purism per se, <a href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching" title="Phono-semantic matching">phono-semantic matching</a> is commonly used in a number of languages, notably for translating proper names into Chinese.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_language">By language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: By language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diwan_of_Arabic_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diwan of Arabic Language (page does not exist)">Diwan of Arabic Language</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bangla</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bangla language movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euskara_garbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euskara garbia (page does not exist)">Euskara garbia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabindarren_euskara_garbia" class="extiw" title="eu:Sabindarren euskara garbia">eu</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> – <a href="/wiki/Croatian_linguistic_purism" title="Croatian linguistic purism">Croatian linguistic purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> – <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Anglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> – <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_bona_lingvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La bona lingvo (page does not exist)">La bona lingvo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_bona_lingvo" class="extiw" title="eo:La bona lingvo">eo</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism_in_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linguistic purism in German (page does not exist)">Linguistic purism in German</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Sprachpurismus" class="extiw" title="de:Deutscher Sprachpurismus">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> – <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> – <a href="/wiki/High_Icelandic" class="mw-redirect" title="High Icelandic">Háíslenska/High Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> – see <a href="/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca" title="Accademia della Crusca">Accademia della Crusca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hindi-Urdu_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi-Urdu controversy">Hindi-Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> – see <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_the_Korean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic purism in the Korean language">Linguistic purism in the Korean language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a> – see <a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" class="extiw" title="ml:പച്ചമലയാളപ്രസ്ഥാനം">Pacchamalayala Prasthanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> – Beka Melayu<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (officially known as <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipuri language">Manipuri</a>) - <a href="/wiki/Meitei_linguistic_purism_movement" title="Meitei linguistic purism movement">Meitei linguistic purism movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> – <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk" title="Høgnorsk">Høgnorsk/High Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lovers_of_the_Russian_Word" title="Lovers of the Russian Word">Lovers of the Russian Word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hela_Havula" title="Hela Havula">Hela Havula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tanittamil_Iyakkam" title="Tanittamil Iyakkam">Tanittamil Iyakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language#Hebrew_during_the_Haskalah" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Hebrew during the Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e" class="mw-redirect" title="Öztürkçe">Öztürkçe</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inkhorn_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkhorn debate">Inkhorn debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy" title="Language policy">Language policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_planning" title="Language planning">Language planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Language revitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_secessionism" title="Language secessionism">Language secessionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Linguistic prescription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_innovation" title="Lexical innovation">Lexical innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching" title="Phono-semantic matching">Phono-semantic matching</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVeisbergs2010" class="citation book cs1">Veisbergs, Andrejs (2010). "Development of the Latvian Language, Purism and Prescriptivism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lu.lv/fileadmin/user_upload/lu_portal/apgads/PDF/Humanities_18-1-SprSum2010_Gala-Drukai.pdf"><i>Linguistic Studies in Latvia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 18. University of Latvia. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Development+of+the+Latvian+Language%2C+Purism+and+Prescriptivism&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Studies+in+Latvia&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+Latvia&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Veisbergs&rft.aufirst=Andrejs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lu.lv%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Flu_portal%2Fapgads%2FPDF%2FHumanities_18-1-SprSum2010_Gala-Drukai.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+purism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1991">Thomas (1991)</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTariq_Rahman" class="citation book cs1">Tariq Rahman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/hindiurdu"><i>Tariq Rahman: From Hindi To Urdu (OUP 2010) Pakistani Print Version</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tariq+Rahman%3A+From+Hindi+To+Urdu+%28OUP+2010%29+Pakistani+Print+Version&rft.au=Tariq+Rahman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindiurdu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+purism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, pp. 75–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-475160">"CĂ"MO CREE QUE SE ESCRIBE: BLUE JEAN O BLUYĂ?N – Archivo Digital de Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo desde 1.990"</a>. eltiempo.com. 20 August 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%C4%82%22MO+CREE+QUE+SE+ESCRIBE%3A+BLUE+JEAN+O+BLUY%C4%82%3FN+%E2%80%93+Archivo+Digital+de+Noticias+de+Colombia+y+el+Mundo+desde+1.990&rft.pub=eltiempo.com&rft.date=1996-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eltiempo.com%2Farchivo%2Fdocumento%2FMAM-475160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+purism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091129200915/http://rae.es/bluy%C3%ADn">"bluyín"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rae.es/bluyín">the original</a> on 29 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=bluy%C3%ADn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frae.es%2Fbluy%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+purism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://rae.es/gánster">[1]</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2015">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es:80/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=Champ%C3%BA">"champú"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522113929/http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=Champ%C3%BA">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=champ%C3%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuscon.rae.es%3A80%2FdraeI%2FSrvltConsulta%3FTIPO_BUS%3D3%26LEMA%3DChamp%25C3%25BA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+purism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.diwanalarabia.com/Default.aspx">[2]</a>, based in Algeria. (Official site) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepatriots.asia/beka-melayu-lumpuk-ujar-dalam-pemerintahan/">Beka Melayu Lumpuk Ujar Dalam Pemerintahan</a>, The Patriots (Malay article) </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunstad" class="citation journal cs1">Brunstad, Endre. "Standard language and linguistic purism". <i>Sociolinguistica</i> (17/2003): 52–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociolinguistica&rft.atitle=Standard+language+and+linguistic+purism&rft.issue=17%2F2003&rft.pages=52-70&rft.aulast=Brunstad&rft.aufirst=Endre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+purism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorian" class="citation journal cs1">Dorian, Nancy. "Purism vs. Compromise in Language Revitalization and Language Revival". <i>Language in Society</i> (23): 479–494.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+in+Society&rft.atitle=Purism+vs.+Compromise+in+Language+Revitalization+and+Language+Revival&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=479-494&rft.aulast=Dorian&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+purism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1991" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, George (1991). <i>Linguistic Purism</i>. Studies in Language and Linguistics. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582037427" title="Special:BookSources/9780582037427"><bdi>9780582037427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Purism&rft.series=Studies+in+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780582037427&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+purism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanic-studies.org/Lexical-purism-neologisms-and-language-contact-in-Icelandic-and-Faroese.htm">Neologisms and loanwords in Icelandic and Faroese</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192227#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh89003470">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="purismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135324&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551349105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&oldid=1253015489">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&oldid=1253015489</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistic_purism" title="Category:Linguistic purism">Linguistic purism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_language_policy" title="Category:Concepts in language policy">Concepts in language policy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2015" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2015">Articles with dead external links from August 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Polish_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from Polish Wikipedia">Articles needing translation from Polish Wikipedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_August_2019" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2019">Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2023">Use dmy dates from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2007" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_June_2017" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from June 2017">Articles with disputed statements from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_April_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2020">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 October 2024, at 23:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_purism&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-hf4mf","wgBackendResponseTime":169,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.695","walltime":"0.965","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3504,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":62965,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8464,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":37084,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 870.915 1 -total"," 20.25% 176.369 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.11% 166.440 1 Template:Authority_control"," 14.82% 129.041 2 Template:Lang"," 11.26% 98.055 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.94% 95.303 2 Template:Ambox"," 10.82% 94.252 3 Template:Cite_book"," 9.77% 85.062 1 Template:Expand_Polish"," 9.09% 79.161 1 Template:Expand_language"," 6.93% 60.370 6 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.443","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24199127,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBrunstad\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorian\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTariq_Rahman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeisbergs2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand Polish\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"More footnotes\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Visible anchor\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-w2rt4","timestamp":"20241128021602","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Linguistic purism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linguistic_purism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q192227","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q192227","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-06-30T07:03:53Z","dateModified":"2024-10-23T23:35:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9e\/DictionaryFrenchAcademy1835.jpg","headline":"opposition to foreign influence on a language"}</script> </body> </html>