CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>University of Amsterdam | AIAS - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "departments", 'action': "show_works", 'controller_action': 'departments#show_works', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="w436tZnfOaeBKfnUC7tM0w-Ijpu4Dmy1z-uhph58W4r2RpNXAWJ7RXyCD35UVWXqz0rvF5pzepEHG60ohpRVgQ" /> <style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 30px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 20px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 32px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 40px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 26px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 48px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 52px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 48px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 58px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 80px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 64px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 568px)and (max-width: 1279px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 104px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 1280px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 38px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 152px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}</style><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-57f9da13cef3fd4e2a8b655342c6488eded3e557e823fe67571f2ac77acd7b6f.css" /> <meta name="description" content="Academia.edu is the platform to share, find, and explore 50 Million research papers. Join us to accelerate your research needs & academic interests." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'departments'; var $action_name = "show_works"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'd4bfd59b9e31a797a8cb048f57a97131c4046fc0'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":13938,"monthly_visitors":"143 million","monthly_visitor_count":143022054,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":143,"user_count":285780697,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1742984949000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1742984949000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-9982828ed1de4777566441c35ccf7157c55ca779141fce69380d727ebdbbb926.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-d8fd52067c3acaa82da682ddc5c3a35cf81b3885dfc5521214a99b6cfac2d5b2.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-c3ec348a4caabc4714de1b82830baa6b8edd76469e41533512340f9641f4eca8.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://uva.academia.edu/Departments/AIAS/Documents" /> </head>   <body class='c-departments a-show_works logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-xs no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft u-fs24 u-tcGrayDarkest"><span class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fw700 u-mr5x u-pr5x u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderRight1"><a href="https://uva.academia.edu/"><span class="u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarkest">University of Amsterdam</span></a></span><h1 class="u-m0x u-fw300 u-fs24 u-displayInline">AIAS</h1></div><div class="u-floatRight u-mt1x"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline"><li class="u-floatLeft u-pr5x u-mr5x u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderRight1"><a href="https://uva.academia.edu/"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i>  All Departments</span></a></li><li class="u-floatLeft active"><a href="https://uva.academia.edu/Departments/AIAS/Documents">122 Papers</a></li><li class="u-floatLeft"><a href="https://uva.academia.edu/Departments/AIAS">5 Researchers</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="u-ph0x"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3185137" data-work_id="3185137" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3185137/Flexicurity_and_HR_strategies_for_the_older_workers_A_comparative_appraisal_of_four_European_countries">Flexicurity and HR-strategies for the older workers: A comparative appraisal of four European countries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3185137" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b9d0bd6bcd131d208b4285eb3018c547" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50421917,"asset_id":3185137,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50421917/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3639527" href="https://uva.academia.edu/FrankTros">Frank Tros</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3639527" type="text/json">{"id":3639527,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Tros","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"FrankTros","display_name":"Frank Tros","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/FrankTros","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3185137 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3185137"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3185137, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3185137", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3185137 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3185137; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3185137"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3185137 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3185137"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3185137; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3185137]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3185137").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3185137").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3185138" data-work_id="3185138" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3185138/Alternatives_to_early_retirement_Flexibility_and_security_for_older_workers_in_the_Netherlands_Denmark_Germany_and_Belgium">Alternatives to early retirement? Flexibility and security for older workers in the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany and Belgium</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper reports the findings of a comparative survey on flexibility and security for older workers in the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany and Belgium. The respondents are 3458 personnel managers at the firm level (50+ employees) in four... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3185138" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper reports the findings of a comparative survey on flexibility and security for older workers in the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany and Belgium. The respondents are 3458 personnel managers at the firm level (50+ employees) in four selected branches (education, public administration, transport and iron/metal industry). In all four countries, as well as numerous other OECD countries, early retirement pathways are under reform, restructuring or even dismantlement. As the workforce is "greying", and youth cohorts entering the labour market are shrinking, there is widespread fear of inadequate labour supply in the near future. Therefore, eligibility criteria, benefit levels, duration periods etc. are restricted to avoid early labour market exit. At the same time, the European policy agenda pushes for postponing retirement, and increasing the participation and employment rates of older workers. This, however, requires a "senior-friendly" labour market, where flexibility and new forms of security for older workers are combined.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3185138" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="157aae7343fafabda06e65a9802d971b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31071904,"asset_id":3185138,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31071904/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3639527" href="https://uva.academia.edu/FrankTros">Frank Tros</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3639527" type="text/json">{"id":3639527,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Tros","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"FrankTros","display_name":"Frank Tros","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/FrankTros","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3185138 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3185138"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3185138, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3185138", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3185138 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3185138; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3185138"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3185138 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3185138"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3185138; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3185138]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3185138").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3185138").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3185139" data-work_id="3185139" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3185139/Flexicurityand_HR_policies_for_the_older_workers">Flexicurity'and HR-policies for the older workers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">This working paper deals with a research project in progress: "flexicurity and HR-policies for the older workers' by Frank Tros (Hugo Sinzheimer Instituut, University of Amsterdam) and</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3185139" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="435f85bcf16620e74fae00a47c3109ae" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31145151,"asset_id":3185139,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31145151/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3639527" href="https://uva.academia.edu/FrankTros">Frank Tros</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3639527" type="text/json">{"id":3639527,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Tros","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"FrankTros","display_name":"Frank Tros","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/FrankTros","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3185139 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3185139"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3185139, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3185139", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3185139 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3185139; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3185139"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3185139 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3185139"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3185139; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3185139]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3185139").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3185139").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3185140" data-work_id="3185140" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3185140/Dealing_with_the_flexibility_security_nexus_institutions_strategies_opportunities_and_barriers">Dealing with the “flexibility-security-nexus”: institutions, strategies, opportunities and barriers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Dealing with the " flexibility -security -nexus " ; Institutions, strategies, opportunities and barriers 2 Dealing with the "flexibiblity-security-nexus" Institutions, strategies, opportunities and barriers</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3185140" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d8cc56ddc76200cb11bb9db9c5daee9a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31071905,"asset_id":3185140,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31071905/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3639527" href="https://uva.academia.edu/FrankTros">Frank Tros</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3639527" type="text/json">{"id":3639527,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Tros","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"FrankTros","display_name":"Frank Tros","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/FrankTros","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3185140 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3185140"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3185140, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3185140", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3185140 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3185140; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3185140"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3185140 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3185140"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3185140; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3185140]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3185140").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3185140").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3185140"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3185140]'), work: {"id":3185140,"title":"Dealing with the “flexibility-security-nexus”: institutions, strategies, opportunities and barriers","created_at":"2013-04-01T19:38:58.061-07:00","owner_id":3639527,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/3185140/Dealing_with_the_flexibility_security_nexus_institutions_strategies_opportunities_and_barriers","slug":"Dealing_with_the_flexibility_security_nexus_institutions_strategies_opportunities_and_barriers","dom_id":"work_3185140","summary":"Dealing with the \" flexibility -security -nexus \" ; Institutions, strategies, opportunities and barriers 2 Dealing with the \"flexibiblity-security-nexus\" Institutions, strategies, opportunities and barriers","publication":"Powder Diffraction","publication_with_fallback":"Powder Diffraction","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31071905,"asset_id":3185140,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31071905/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31071905/115526-libre.pdf?1392133981=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDealing_with_the_flexibility_security_ne.pdf\u0026Expires=1742642947\u0026Signature=HAOBSqpsWtsazyfROt5Y8wtllVSR4JfuewploLQanwABja7TqlzIgyZxSW06sJzlJAHvD6pOecI0t3rY3w537e-lLAIdkbpSLpok23a1JFqjC1u6fJa3-rE22bcZUfQZ4dLamsqiEK10eFdJpKt1GPqTJ6oZOEK6pjpI5GnltSmYKWSgb~nLEVlmCaveT6CDh8WkKp2C4D2hxYBxJBSD~nLdTeKkMQzFi2BxI3c2SBRaE5jOjKgY34g9Zd5cmMrTQ~XNQfMN~5K~uDznHmMYk7V7fcGgG0VNTCYFk0~xVzE2UOM1rbqapBcoeLvCUfG7nsLdCRvF6lAuXBhxydJh1g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31071905/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/31071905/mini_magick20190426-26876-75x49u.png?1556294354"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":31071905,"asset_id":3185140,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31071905/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31071905/115526-libre.pdf?1392133981=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDealing_with_the_flexibility_security_ne.pdf\u0026Expires=1742642947\u0026Signature=HAOBSqpsWtsazyfROt5Y8wtllVSR4JfuewploLQanwABja7TqlzIgyZxSW06sJzlJAHvD6pOecI0t3rY3w537e-lLAIdkbpSLpok23a1JFqjC1u6fJa3-rE22bcZUfQZ4dLamsqiEK10eFdJpKt1GPqTJ6oZOEK6pjpI5GnltSmYKWSgb~nLEVlmCaveT6CDh8WkKp2C4D2hxYBxJBSD~nLdTeKkMQzFi2BxI3c2SBRaE5jOjKgY34g9Zd5cmMrTQ~XNQfMN~5K~uDznHmMYk7V7fcGgG0VNTCYFk0~xVzE2UOM1rbqapBcoeLvCUfG7nsLdCRvF6lAuXBhxydJh1g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31071905/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/31071905/mini_magick20190426-26876-75x49u.png?1556294354"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":35,"ordered_authors":[{"id":3639527,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Tros","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"FrankTros","display_name":"Frank Tros","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/FrankTros","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11222,"name":"Powder Diffraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Powder_Diffraction"}],"publication_year":2003,"publication_year_with_fallback":2003,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":28,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3185141" data-work_id="3185141" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3185141/Towards_flexicurity_in_policies_for_the_older_workers_in_EU_countries">Towards “flexicurity” in policies for the older workers in EU countries?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3185141" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="93005626bc8e6380656c317d190fa78b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31071906,"asset_id":3185141,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31071906/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3639527" href="https://uva.academia.edu/FrankTros">Frank Tros</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3639527" type="text/json">{"id":3639527,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Tros","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"FrankTros","display_name":"Frank Tros","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/FrankTros","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3185141 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3185141"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3185141, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3185141", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3185141 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3185141; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3185141"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3185141 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3185141"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3185141; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3185141]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3185141").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3185141").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3185142" data-work_id="3185142" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3185142/The_concept_of_flexicurity_a_new_approach_to_regulating_employment_and_labour_markets">The concept of 'flexicurity': a new approach to regulating employment and labour markets</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article deals with the new policy concept of 'flexicurity' in view of the emerging flexibility-security nexus currently faced by the European Union, national governments, sectors of industry, individual companies and workers. On the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3185142" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article deals with the new policy concept of 'flexicurity' in view of the emerging flexibility-security nexus currently faced by the European Union, national governments, sectors of industry, individual companies and workers. On the one hand there is a strong demand to make labour markets, employment and work organisation more flexible. At same time, an equally strong demand exists for providing security to employees -especially vulnerable groups -and for preserving social cohesion in our societies. Policy-makers, legislators, trade unions and employers' organisations have a strong need for new theory-inspired policy models and concepts that promise to reconcile these goals of enhancing both flexibility and security that at first sight seem incompatible. This article discusses the origins, conditions and potential of 'flexicurity' as policy or strategy at various levels of industrial relations. It also outlines a research agenda.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3185142" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="794b104eb2245a3a4d742cdc1e5e3a82" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31071907,"asset_id":3185142,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31071907/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3639527" href="https://uva.academia.edu/FrankTros">Frank Tros</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3639527" type="text/json">{"id":3639527,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Tros","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"FrankTros","display_name":"Frank Tros","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/FrankTros","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3185142 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3185142"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3185142, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3185142", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3185142 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3185142; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3185142"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3185142 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3185142"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3185142; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3185142]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3185142").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3185142").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3185142"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3185142]'), work: {"id":3185142,"title":"The concept of 'flexicurity': a new approach to regulating employment and labour markets","created_at":"2013-04-01T19:39:02.492-07:00","owner_id":3639527,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/3185142/The_concept_of_flexicurity_a_new_approach_to_regulating_employment_and_labour_markets","slug":"The_concept_of_flexicurity_a_new_approach_to_regulating_employment_and_labour_markets","dom_id":"work_3185142","summary":"This article deals with the new policy concept of 'flexicurity' in view of the emerging flexibility-security nexus currently faced by the European Union, national governments, sectors of industry, individual companies and workers. On the one hand there is a strong demand to make labour markets, employment and work organisation more flexible. At same time, an equally strong demand exists for providing security to employees -especially vulnerable groups -and for preserving social cohesion in our societies. Policy-makers, legislators, trade unions and employers' organisations have a strong need for new theory-inspired policy models and concepts that promise to reconcile these goals of enhancing both flexibility and security that at first sight seem incompatible. This article discusses the origins, conditions and potential of 'flexicurity' as policy or strategy at various levels of industrial relations. It also outlines a research agenda.","publication":"Transfer: European Review of labour and …","publication_with_fallback":"Transfer: European Review of labour and …","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31071907,"asset_id":3185142,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31071907/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31071907/wilthagen__tros-libre.pdf?1392166530=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_concept_of_flexicurity_a_new_approac.pdf\u0026Expires=1742032487\u0026Signature=PY2wXFOsgTKwVqLMSIpv9IMouLPw9vskEiVX5-vKRpN-~RnIyH97L0I3wkk3mnWCu33Na~hGGZBghIp~ncJMiZnxYFQtwtFlig8jy4QwBmEgqSyWZEaS4GM5Sa7AzgxHfK~eBFEJjaGWxtuofzE1QQvr7C8OhOXDfOkPW~66wilTwSHy8j5rDKnlouKeBVK0xFdYUwL0h5ejywZH28Yrmrc8d3hYBi6DubS8B6vUPwyz4kfMX~LZ63S0vuszm6J9tnCuox1RrPQCk2aiiQ1IuNWRNIO46WZFqt1utFu-J~YR9We0DHoUnvzTo9OaOICLOWhRBIVBx87dqbS191fdzA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31071907/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/31071907/mini_magick20190426-26876-9uj358.png?1556294354"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":31071907,"asset_id":3185142,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31071907/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31071907/wilthagen__tros-libre.pdf?1392166530=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_concept_of_flexicurity_a_new_approac.pdf\u0026Expires=1742032487\u0026Signature=PY2wXFOsgTKwVqLMSIpv9IMouLPw9vskEiVX5-vKRpN-~RnIyH97L0I3wkk3mnWCu33Na~hGGZBghIp~ncJMiZnxYFQtwtFlig8jy4QwBmEgqSyWZEaS4GM5Sa7AzgxHfK~eBFEJjaGWxtuofzE1QQvr7C8OhOXDfOkPW~66wilTwSHy8j5rDKnlouKeBVK0xFdYUwL0h5ejywZH28Yrmrc8d3hYBi6DubS8B6vUPwyz4kfMX~LZ63S0vuszm6J9tnCuox1RrPQCk2aiiQ1IuNWRNIO46WZFqt1utFu-J~YR9We0DHoUnvzTo9OaOICLOWhRBIVBx87dqbS191fdzA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31071907/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/31071907/mini_magick20190426-26876-9uj358.png?1556294354"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":21,"ordered_authors":[{"id":3639527,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Tros","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"FrankTros","display_name":"Frank Tros","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/FrankTros","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3357,"name":"Industrial Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_Relations"},{"id":10347,"name":"European Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union"},{"id":43202,"name":"Research Agenda","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Agenda"},{"id":60827,"name":"Social cohesion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_cohesion"},{"id":88815,"name":"Legislation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislation"},{"id":91117,"name":"Labour Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labour_Market"},{"id":124604,"name":"Labor Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_Market"},{"id":210777,"name":"Trade Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Union"}],"publication_year":2004,"publication_year_with_fallback":2004,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":143,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11551358 coauthored" data-work_id="11551358" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11551358/National_Labour_Rights_for_Women">National Labour Rights for Women</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11551358" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fcf44a295a7da59c490bc044051f8fe7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37047695,"asset_id":11551358,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37047695/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="28200575" rel="nofollow" href="https://uva.academia.edu/JannaBesamusca">Janna Besamusca</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="28200575" type="text/json">{"id":28200575,"first_name":"Janna","last_name":"Besamusca","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"JannaBesamusca","display_name":"Janna Besamusca","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/JannaBesamusca","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28200575/7974468/8932356/s65_janna.besamusca.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-11551358">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-11551358"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens">Kea Tijdens</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-11551358'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-11551358').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11551358 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11551358"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11551358, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11551358", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_11551358 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11551358; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_11551358"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_11551358 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11551358"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11551358; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11551358]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11551358").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11551358").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12459386 coauthored" data-work_id="12459386" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12459386/Gender_differences_in_academic_careers_Evidence_for_a_Dutch_university_from_personnel_data_1990_2006">Gender differences in academic careers: Evidence for a Dutch university from personnel data 1990-2006</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12459386" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e941b67dd9ee97e30bba25a691025a58" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46168558,"asset_id":12459386,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46168558/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31285725" href="https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/SandraGroeneveld">Sandra Groeneveld</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31285725" type="text/json">{"id":31285725,"first_name":"Sandra","last_name":"Groeneveld","domain_name":"leidenuniv","page_name":"SandraGroeneveld","display_name":"Sandra Groeneveld","profile_url":"https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/SandraGroeneveld","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-12459386">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-12459386"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens">Kea Tijdens</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-12459386'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-12459386').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12459386 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12459386"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12459386, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12459386", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12459386 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12459386; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12459386"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12459386 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12459386"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12459386; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12459386]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12459386").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12459386").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12459386"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="40866" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Event_history_analysis">Event history analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="40866" type="text/json">{"id":40866,"name":"Event history analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Event_history_analysis","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12459386]'), work: {"id":12459386,"title":"Gender differences in academic careers: Evidence for a Dutch university from personnel data 1990-2006","created_at":"2015-05-19T02:13:24.504-07:00","owner_id":31285725,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/12459386/Gender_differences_in_academic_careers_Evidence_for_a_Dutch_university_from_personnel_data_1990_2006","slug":"Gender_differences_in_academic_careers_Evidence_for_a_Dutch_university_from_personnel_data_1990_2006","dom_id":"work_12459386","summary":null,"publication":"Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal","publication_with_fallback":"Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46168558,"asset_id":12459386,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46168558/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46168558/Gender_differences_in_academic_careers_E20160602-31340-127k6bo-libre.pdf?1464880823=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGender_differences_in_academic_careers_E.pdf\u0026Expires=1736983362\u0026Signature=FE7~EVUEMIsYhd2xI64G8EkEKcXNqya8zAYZuo8K7nzA0jbPVLXpws59dF9HJ~HQ7aU1yzFNG4xQwakDFbpaV~1ef2YVepRs13UsHFEYRY92u~P~9sZjYEhzcY4WTAE0Z0OAPUS0aMPMVRDDDoP1GMuQ58o52EANnsviXJGSNTdmzrr6H0hfcvItBAJD2XpIkC5GSk41ZhvVH-23Gv8AT-3nPABx1DD3NdFz6GMQbmtrny8flwlhBHz7BSzg4efPDjQ-3iEbCFHfPSii0EtLEF~p-mFOUSzn2rS00AWcU6t6Ds990eA816hmGEoQHb50LhFbkKr3GgLIB07Q-wdanQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46168558/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/46168558/mini_magick20190210-31949-wu4qcb.png?1549820920"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":46168558,"asset_id":12459386,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46168558/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46168558/Gender_differences_in_academic_careers_E20160602-31340-127k6bo-libre.pdf?1464880823=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGender_differences_in_academic_careers_E.pdf\u0026Expires=1736983362\u0026Signature=FE7~EVUEMIsYhd2xI64G8EkEKcXNqya8zAYZuo8K7nzA0jbPVLXpws59dF9HJ~HQ7aU1yzFNG4xQwakDFbpaV~1ef2YVepRs13UsHFEYRY92u~P~9sZjYEhzcY4WTAE0Z0OAPUS0aMPMVRDDDoP1GMuQ58o52EANnsviXJGSNTdmzrr6H0hfcvItBAJD2XpIkC5GSk41ZhvVH-23Gv8AT-3nPABx1DD3NdFz6GMQbmtrny8flwlhBHz7BSzg4efPDjQ-3iEbCFHfPSii0EtLEF~p-mFOUSzn2rS00AWcU6t6Ds990eA816hmGEoQHb50LhFbkKr3GgLIB07Q-wdanQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46168558/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/46168558/mini_magick20190210-31949-wu4qcb.png?1549820920"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":18,"ordered_authors":[{"id":31285725,"first_name":"Sandra","last_name":"Groeneveld","domain_name":"leidenuniv","page_name":"SandraGroeneveld","display_name":"Sandra Groeneveld","profile_url":"https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/SandraGroeneveld","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":40866,"name":"Event history analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Event_history_analysis","nofollow":true},{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management"}],"publication_year":2012,"publication_year_with_fallback":2012,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":36,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12599080 coauthored" data-work_id="12599080" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12599080/Factors_in_Employees_Telecommuting_Opportunities_Preferences_and_Practices">Factors in Employees' Telecommuting Opportunities, Preferences and Practices</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The telecommuting adoption, i.e. opportunities, preferences and practices, is explained by four clusters, using a representative employee sample (N=849). Regarding organizational characteristics, more business localities have a large... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12599080" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The telecommuting adoption, i.e. opportunities, preferences and practices, is explained by four clusters, using a representative employee sample (N=849). Regarding organizational characteristics, more business localities have a large positive impact on telecommuting adoption, and modern management principles have not. Regarding job characteristics, high levels of education and IT-skills influence the telecommuting opportunity and practices positively. Regarding household characteristics, a child under the age of 4 increases the telecommuting preferences. Individual characteristics are important. When one-way commuting time excesses one hour, employees adopt telecommuting. This is also true when a quiet work place is desired. There is no effect of gender.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12599080" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4707c9526d395c8d66808cd272a36f46" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46058372,"asset_id":12599080,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46058372/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31542747" href="https://radboud.academia.edu/PascalePeters">Pascale Peters</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31542747" type="text/json">{"id":31542747,"first_name":"Pascale","last_name":"Peters","domain_name":"radboud","page_name":"PascalePeters","display_name":"Pascale Peters","profile_url":"https://radboud.academia.edu/PascalePeters","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-12599080">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-12599080"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens">Kea Tijdens</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-12599080'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-12599080').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12599080 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12599080"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12599080, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12599080", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12599080 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12599080; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12599080"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12599080 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12599080"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12599080; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12599080]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12599080").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12599080").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14833781 coauthored" data-work_id="14833781" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14833781/WEBDATANET_A_Network_on_Web_based_Data_Collection_Methodological_Challenges_Solutions_and_Implementation_Supplement_">WEBDATANET: A Network on Web-based Data Collection, Methodological Challenges, Solutions, and Implementation (Supplement)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Abstract: Do you collect data via the Internet in your research? If you do, this European network is important for you. The network collects and combines experiences and research on the methodology of online data collection. It provides... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14833781" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Abstract: Do you collect data via the Internet in your research? If you do, this European network is important for you. The network collects and combines experiences and research on the methodology of online data collection. It provides access to expertise that may be important in your research. WEBDATANET is a unique multidisciplinary European network bringing together more than 76 leading web-based data collection experts,(web) survey methodologists, psychologists, sociologists, linguists, economists, computer scientists, ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14833781" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="83bd002bc9852d0894e59e7191642a5d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43863832,"asset_id":14833781,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43863832/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33792773" href="https://ki.academia.edu/AndreasBirgeg%C3%A5rd">Andreas Birgegård</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33792773" type="text/json">{"id":33792773,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Birgegård","domain_name":"ki","page_name":"AndreasBirgegård","display_name":"Andreas Birgegård","profile_url":"https://ki.academia.edu/AndreasBirgeg%C3%A5rd","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-14833781">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-14833781"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens">Kea Tijdens</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://idc-ac.academia.edu/GuyDoron">Guy Doron</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-14833781'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-14833781').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14833781 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14833781"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14833781, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14833781", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14833781 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14833781; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14833781"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14833781 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14833781"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14833781; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14833781]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14833781").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14833781").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14833781"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2927" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internet_science">Internet science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2927" type="text/json">{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="634784" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internet_Science-1">Internet Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="634784" type="text/json">{"id":2927,"name":"Internet science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internet_science","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14833781]'), work: {"id":14833781,"title":"WEBDATANET: A Network on Web-based Data Collection, Methodological Challenges, Solutions, and Implementation (Supplement)","created_at":"2015-08-10T13:57:32.662-07:00","owner_id":33792773,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/14833781/WEBDATANET_A_Network_on_Web_based_Data_Collection_Methodological_Challenges_Solutions_and_Implementation_Supplement_","slug":"WEBDATANET_A_Network_on_Web_based_Data_Collection_Methodological_Challenges_Solutions_and_Implementation_Supplement_","dom_id":"work_14833781","summary":"Abstract: Do you collect data via the Internet in your research? If you do, this European network is important for you. The network collects and combines experiences and research on the methodology of online data collection. It provides access to expertise that may be important in your research. WEBDATANET is a unique multidisciplinary European network bringing together more than 76 leading web-based data collection experts,(web) survey methodologists, psychologists, sociologists, linguists, economists, computer scientists, ...","publication":"International Journal of Internet Science","publication_with_fallback":"International Journal of Internet Science","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43863832,"asset_id":14833781,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43863832/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43863832/Webdatanet_A_network_on_web-based_data_c20160318-19987-13aw0gv-libre.pdf?1458320618=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWEBDATANET_A_Network_on_Web_based_Data_C.pdf\u0026Expires=1742988549\u0026Signature=dc2WzM0PDgRUSj0h~qgIJgCjY9pK83xyYxQ-KhsR1qvkg-rf3-DjecjRrXbRHW8~MMMBQd6CwnYcy4g1jOmZsYUYMgHbZL8W6O2~ikFTJj5WdNRQi7qYqNTE-CvtzVerCIxl7iWEvs-IoAAWlRPupjunMZvEVCSl7MYxzbMgcubW~bb8~Dh~z1uH6a0Js6HnNb7S2dIRO3eOnQyuEWJVVU9Be~wF4gKgFVDMoKjY3ci3L1StoewAmw1R9uNlbXUOEhFJtA1cdVaup3uncWk9m3YMG0SVtChMCfA2HszUnFRm~H2A8UqrrhVcVBJdmSwKdAW-7z4OQUo-djjl7kfgPg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43863832/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43863832/mini_magick20190215-13278-4cxncb.png?1550250521"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":43863832,"asset_id":14833781,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43863832/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43863832/Webdatanet_A_network_on_web-based_data_c20160318-19987-13aw0gv-libre.pdf?1458320618=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWEBDATANET_A_Network_on_Web_based_Data_C.pdf\u0026Expires=1742988549\u0026Signature=dc2WzM0PDgRUSj0h~qgIJgCjY9pK83xyYxQ-KhsR1qvkg-rf3-DjecjRrXbRHW8~MMMBQd6CwnYcy4g1jOmZsYUYMgHbZL8W6O2~ikFTJj5WdNRQi7qYqNTE-CvtzVerCIxl7iWEvs-IoAAWlRPupjunMZvEVCSl7MYxzbMgcubW~bb8~Dh~z1uH6a0Js6HnNb7S2dIRO3eOnQyuEWJVVU9Be~wF4gKgFVDMoKjY3ci3L1StoewAmw1R9uNlbXUOEhFJtA1cdVaup3uncWk9m3YMG0SVtChMCfA2HszUnFRm~H2A8UqrrhVcVBJdmSwKdAW-7z4OQUo-djjl7kfgPg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43863832/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43863832/mini_magick20190215-13278-4cxncb.png?1550250521"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":12,"ordered_authors":[{"id":33792773,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Birgegård","domain_name":"ki","page_name":"AndreasBirgegård","display_name":"Andreas Birgegård","profile_url":"https://ki.academia.edu/AndreasBirgeg%C3%A5rd","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"},{"id":2623767,"first_name":"Guy","last_name":"Doron","domain_name":"idc-ac","page_name":"GuyDoron","display_name":"Guy Doron","profile_url":"https://idc-ac.academia.edu/GuyDoron","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology","nofollow":true},{"id":2927,"name":"Internet science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internet_science","nofollow":true},{"id":634784,"name":"Internet Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internet_Science-1"}],"publication_year":2012,"publication_year_with_fallback":2012,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":9,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15615875 coauthored" data-work_id="15615875" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15615875/WP_107_Codebook_and_explanatory_note_on_the_EurOccupations_dataset_about_the_job_content_of_150_occupations">WP 107 - Codebook and explanatory note on the EurOccupations dataset about the job content of 150 occupations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Occupation is the key unit in matching vacancies and job seekers, and it is used for occupational choice and for career consultancy. Occupation is also a key variable in social research, particularly that which relates to the labour... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15615875" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Occupation is the key unit in matching vacancies and job seekers, and it is used for occupational choice and for career consultancy. Occupation is also a key variable in social research, particularly that which relates to the labour market, transitions from school to work, social stratification, gender wage gaps, occupational structures and skill requirements. Despite the fact that occupation is</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15615875" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2ab8c04b60a886a7d63050ae8f9dd480" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43031926,"asset_id":15615875,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43031926/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34858319" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ERuijter">E. Ruijter</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34858319" type="text/json">{"id":34858319,"first_name":"E.","last_name":"Ruijter","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ERuijter","display_name":"E. Ruijter","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ERuijter","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-15615875">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-15615875"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens">Kea Tijdens</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/RuijterJ">J. Ruijter</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-15615875'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-15615875').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15615875 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15615875"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15615875, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15615875", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15615875 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15615875; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15615875"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15615875 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15615875"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15615875; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15615875]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15615875").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15615875").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15615875"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="86015" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Wage_Gap">Gender Wage Gap</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="86015" type="text/json">{"id":8577,"name":"Social Stratification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Stratification","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="763308" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Choice">Occupational Choice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="763308" type="text/json">{"id":40867,"name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Kingdom","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1166101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Web_Survey">Web Survey</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1166101" type="text/json">{"id":86015,"name":"Gender Wage Gap","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Wage_Gap","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15615875]'), work: {"id":15615875,"title":"WP 107 - Codebook and explanatory note on the EurOccupations dataset about the job content of 150 occupations","created_at":"2015-09-11T14:35:55.306-07:00","owner_id":34784877,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/15615875/WP_107_Codebook_and_explanatory_note_on_the_EurOccupations_dataset_about_the_job_content_of_150_occupations","slug":"WP_107_Codebook_and_explanatory_note_on_the_EurOccupations_dataset_about_the_job_content_of_150_occupations","dom_id":"work_15615875","summary":"Occupation is the key unit in matching vacancies and job seekers, and it is used for occupational choice and for career consultancy. Occupation is also a key variable in social research, particularly that which relates to the labour market, transitions from school to work, social stratification, gender wage gaps, occupational structures and skill requirements. Despite the fact that occupation is","publication":"ACM Journal of Experimental Algorithms","publication_with_fallback":"ACM Journal of Experimental Algorithms","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43031926,"asset_id":15615875,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43031926/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43031926/358440-libre.pdf?1456365286=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWP_107_Codebook_and_explanatory_note_on.pdf\u0026Expires=1742988549\u0026Signature=KIpPtzYxzTajdPt~HHt0-Uea5h99mqsIP5unPrJAEQ4v6KbrSG7xv~K1kWECGmCqZwzV~q-fC~rHFkWPYs-g~gM-eaJgbn7bGU8e~wyH6LXedL3WqD95XlAh10KU5QBcrlw~GXXQELEnj1oyNQKGf2wEqH2oVBC1W0ZXh1pUBqnrv9yJocwM6nhj-lGd~mw5RpOPQcIfHH5iOaEwr3c9-4CqKi2Jt2T-mcyaBDJgduyw~jbDpBwpVBm3X15ndbyqAIMwc8Nak8~JICARrJEdbzJgfadTMYLFWjKA0x4Ou4QzAVpV7nMq5sfOOrPAs27xNP8jSoUkWHi1t1OTB88jNg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43031926/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43031926/mini_magick20190216-13084-1ur85bs.png?1550368417"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":43031926,"asset_id":15615875,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43031926/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43031926/358440-libre.pdf?1456365286=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWP_107_Codebook_and_explanatory_note_on.pdf\u0026Expires=1742988549\u0026Signature=KIpPtzYxzTajdPt~HHt0-Uea5h99mqsIP5unPrJAEQ4v6KbrSG7xv~K1kWECGmCqZwzV~q-fC~rHFkWPYs-g~gM-eaJgbn7bGU8e~wyH6LXedL3WqD95XlAh10KU5QBcrlw~GXXQELEnj1oyNQKGf2wEqH2oVBC1W0ZXh1pUBqnrv9yJocwM6nhj-lGd~mw5RpOPQcIfHH5iOaEwr3c9-4CqKi2Jt2T-mcyaBDJgduyw~jbDpBwpVBm3X15ndbyqAIMwc8Nak8~JICARrJEdbzJgfadTMYLFWjKA0x4Ou4QzAVpV7nMq5sfOOrPAs27xNP8jSoUkWHi1t1OTB88jNg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43031926/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43031926/mini_magick20190216-13084-1ur85bs.png?1550368417"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":63,"ordered_authors":[{"id":34858319,"first_name":"E.","last_name":"Ruijter","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ERuijter","display_name":"E. Ruijter","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ERuijter","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"},{"id":34857886,"first_name":"J.","last_name":"Ruijter","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RuijterJ","display_name":"J. Ruijter","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RuijterJ","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8577,"name":"Social Stratification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Stratification","nofollow":true},{"id":40867,"name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Kingdom","nofollow":true},{"id":86015,"name":"Gender Wage Gap","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Wage_Gap","nofollow":true},{"id":91117,"name":"Labour Market","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labour_Market"},{"id":153168,"name":"Data Collection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Collection"},{"id":763308,"name":"Occupational Choice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Choice"},{"id":1166101,"name":"Web Survey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Web_Survey"},{"id":1355250,"name":"Member States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Member_States"}],"publication_year":2011,"publication_year_with_fallback":2011,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":88,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15615876" data-work_id="15615876" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15615876/Comercio_minorista_de_los_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos_Salarios_bajos_y_moderaci%C3%B3n_salarial">Comercio minorista de los Países Bajos. Salarios bajos y moderación salarial</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15615876" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e9259a5e06e96bc35e11d2da07bbc7f9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43031937,"asset_id":15615876,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43031937/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34784877" href="https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens">Kea Tijdens</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34784877" type="text/json">{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15615876 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15615876"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15615876, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15615876", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15615876 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15615876; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15615876"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15615876 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15615876"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15615876; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15615876]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15615876").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15615876").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15615876"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15615876]'), work: {"id":15615876,"title":"Comercio minorista de los Países Bajos. Salarios bajos y moderación salarial","created_at":"2015-09-11T14:35:55.389-07:00","owner_id":34784877,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/15615876/Comercio_minorista_de_los_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos_Salarios_bajos_y_moderaci%C3%B3n_salarial","slug":"Comercio_minorista_de_los_Países_Bajos_Salarios_bajos_y_moderación_salarial","dom_id":"work_15615876","summary":null,"publication":"Revista Internacional …","publication_with_fallback":"Revista Internacional …","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43031937,"asset_id":15615876,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43031937/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43031937/Comercio_minorista_de_los_Pases_Bajos._S20160224-895-adfi8e-libre.pdf?1456365279=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DComercio_minorista_de_los_Paises_Bajos_S.pdf\u0026Expires=1742642948\u0026Signature=aJI~tdHqKH1pnDsraUhqk7INphbaQ9uqGAJJmuJIkKVjo0lNRFAt3MJJB2IdsoNrBoCo~-7Kd7UCd2AAky~p5SQsiabKIqhNz4Rj7xvpPRiCGhFG6o1hI~92RupJEus3mkBH4Kcz3o35SLI2TokdF3n1CqHqxxV3rrwP5Y6mhxQiIJcKW~Y~tVLrIUTqQInWE5VaEclizmtnfwlX0fYts8MuahStVInjuIM0C43kRrlkfNkSgrW3w4bRFKhgx7Zo4PHjQzA3oDehTn7V5I6ktNDDlqYwDE3zHn0V~tMxo7bP0bEAaw-6gZQjNORJPcD~8OHLONWvV6VZbKHVPaYEuQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43031937/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43031937/mini_magick20190216-13078-10wp72j.png?1550368404"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":43031937,"asset_id":15615876,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43031937/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43031937/Comercio_minorista_de_los_Pases_Bajos._S20160224-895-adfi8e-libre.pdf?1456365279=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DComercio_minorista_de_los_Paises_Bajos_S.pdf\u0026Expires=1742642948\u0026Signature=aJI~tdHqKH1pnDsraUhqk7INphbaQ9uqGAJJmuJIkKVjo0lNRFAt3MJJB2IdsoNrBoCo~-7Kd7UCd2AAky~p5SQsiabKIqhNz4Rj7xvpPRiCGhFG6o1hI~92RupJEus3mkBH4Kcz3o35SLI2TokdF3n1CqHqxxV3rrwP5Y6mhxQiIJcKW~Y~tVLrIUTqQInWE5VaEclizmtnfwlX0fYts8MuahStVInjuIM0C43kRrlkfNkSgrW3w4bRFKhgx7Zo4PHjQzA3oDehTn7V5I6ktNDDlqYwDE3zHn0V~tMxo7bP0bEAaw-6gZQjNORJPcD~8OHLONWvV6VZbKHVPaYEuQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43031937/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43031937/mini_magick20190216-13078-10wp72j.png?1550368404"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":18,"ordered_authors":[{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law","nofollow":true},{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management"}],"publication_year":2009,"publication_year_with_fallback":2009,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":15,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15615877" data-work_id="15615877" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15615877/Gender_differences_in_academic_careers_Evidence_for_a_Dutch_university_from_personnel_data_1990_2006">Gender differences in academic careers: Evidence for a Dutch university from personnel data 1990-2006</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15615877" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f2d30f4636b22c83aee32a37a4fd8e4b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43031912,"asset_id":15615877,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43031912/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34784877" href="https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens">Kea Tijdens</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34784877" type="text/json">{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15615877 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15615877"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15615877, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15615877", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15615877 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15615877; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15615877"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15615877 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15615877"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15615877; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15615877]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15615877").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15615877").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15615877"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="40866" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Event_history_analysis">Event history analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="40866" type="text/json">{"id":40866,"name":"Event history analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Event_history_analysis","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15615877]'), work: {"id":15615877,"title":"Gender differences in academic careers: Evidence for a Dutch university from personnel data 1990-2006","created_at":"2015-09-11T14:35:55.472-07:00","owner_id":34784877,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/15615877/Gender_differences_in_academic_careers_Evidence_for_a_Dutch_university_from_personnel_data_1990_2006","slug":"Gender_differences_in_academic_careers_Evidence_for_a_Dutch_university_from_personnel_data_1990_2006","dom_id":"work_15615877","summary":null,"publication":"Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal","publication_with_fallback":"Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43031912,"asset_id":15615877,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43031912/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43031912/Gender_differences_in_academic_careers_E20160224-31012-1be68jm-libre.pdf?1456365281=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGender_differences_in_academic_careers_E.pdf\u0026Expires=1742642948\u0026Signature=NOeBxtQsxLdfw1hDeAhGqX7ujAhYIHG~GDHx65VqeH6~9HlwdoOYw1eyB4Ph~HA98kMcPI2pD1KLVK3ZIFccri9IQ91Lj5sxZOp9XqvaKT2uKwCgqUGh8~2k64mv95h15mR3RmRI6vdfcGRiI7-WU0eqHn7k6Va-uO3xEl96~ZIEeiErvXBPqiQuxWVEFBnsD6Ls1uj1M0M~pPhCTWSZzMlgS22MqD8AWNCJ1~58LULsHCfe-buIA93M87GRrM8BhTs6P67WOKzPz1DKsVlqu~vXwwCcLY57gmcyJFfXvo4LUUi8niNlqU2EzsbLFjlH9ve8ZxQNbB12V15r0NUrxg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43031912/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43031912/mini_magick20190216-2301-pxn5f5.png?1550368425"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":43031912,"asset_id":15615877,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43031912/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43031912/Gender_differences_in_academic_careers_E20160224-31012-1be68jm-libre.pdf?1456365281=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGender_differences_in_academic_careers_E.pdf\u0026Expires=1742642948\u0026Signature=NOeBxtQsxLdfw1hDeAhGqX7ujAhYIHG~GDHx65VqeH6~9HlwdoOYw1eyB4Ph~HA98kMcPI2pD1KLVK3ZIFccri9IQ91Lj5sxZOp9XqvaKT2uKwCgqUGh8~2k64mv95h15mR3RmRI6vdfcGRiI7-WU0eqHn7k6Va-uO3xEl96~ZIEeiErvXBPqiQuxWVEFBnsD6Ls1uj1M0M~pPhCTWSZzMlgS22MqD8AWNCJ1~58LULsHCfe-buIA93M87GRrM8BhTs6P67WOKzPz1DKsVlqu~vXwwCcLY57gmcyJFfXvo4LUUi8niNlqU2EzsbLFjlH9ve8ZxQNbB12V15r0NUrxg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43031912/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43031912/mini_magick20190216-2301-pxn5f5.png?1550368425"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":18,"ordered_authors":[{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":40866,"name":"Event history analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Event_history_analysis","nofollow":true},{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management"}],"publication_year":2012,"publication_year_with_fallback":2012,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":17,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15615879" data-work_id="15615879" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15615879/Lemploi_dans_le_commerce_de_d%C3%A9tail_aux_Pays_Bas_bas_salaires_et_mod%C3%A9ration_salariale">L'emploi dans le commerce de détail aux Pays-Bas: bas salaires et modération salariale</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Aux Pays-Bas, depuis les années quatre-vingt, la modération salariale est au coeur du modèle de gouvernance socio-économique. L'emploi à bas salaire a fortement augmenté. Les bas salaires sont contenus par une baisse des salaires minima.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15615879" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="04daa437a78ef132732cfeb838d8322b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43031908,"asset_id":15615879,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43031908/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34784877" href="https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens">Kea Tijdens</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34784877" type="text/json">{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15615879 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15615879"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15615879, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15615879", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15615879 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15615879; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15615879"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15615879 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15615879"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15615879; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15615879]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15615879").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15615879").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15615879"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15615879]'), work: {"id":15615879,"title":"L'emploi dans le commerce de détail aux Pays-Bas: bas salaires et modération salariale","created_at":"2015-09-11T14:35:55.646-07:00","owner_id":34784877,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/15615879/Lemploi_dans_le_commerce_de_d%C3%A9tail_aux_Pays_Bas_bas_salaires_et_mod%C3%A9ration_salariale","slug":"Lemploi_dans_le_commerce_de_détail_aux_Pays_Bas_bas_salaires_et_modération_salariale","dom_id":"work_15615879","summary":"Aux Pays-Bas, depuis les années quatre-vingt, la modération salariale est au coeur du modèle de gouvernance socio-économique. L'emploi à bas salaire a fortement augmenté. Les bas salaires sont contenus par une baisse des salaires minima.","publication":"Revue internationale du Travail","publication_with_fallback":"Revue internationale du Travail","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43031908,"asset_id":15615879,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43031908/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43031908/j.1564-9121.2009.00071.x-libre.pdf20160224-31017-incjz?1456365283=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLemploi_dans_le_commerce_de_detail_aux_P.pdf\u0026Expires=1742642948\u0026Signature=aukcgaQ9v-lhCE56nfRvWeJHcwNX69LX3EYAYa~R~oDBtTGK294GYfAsr353qqopsnSudMHh~2DV7~OXQ27EhThoNiK7cJGE18UFlJqCG6qRZgNnmBc3YKdiJmQUP4mB8eNJN9XxJZxG-dCgZIMVQeVzzNP13VKdyq3agHmhrb2laNPxELozdAWhtqV2wRFb3eRJUSf7E~mFLHNUToSgya~lBnnN9kveCRB53JKtsSj99dqKh-~MfKBk6zaSawIQccnRxT8V7D70dtMEw8Jvm~XqxnM~jLOAA3XJqVnPu0nhiAw38FE2W0xzMtQHYYTSIqeqKOy13YEr3cYg92mj3Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43031908/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43031908/mini_magick20190216-13081-1vuly6l.png?1550368407"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":43031908,"asset_id":15615879,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43031908/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43031908/j.1564-9121.2009.00071.x-libre.pdf20160224-31017-incjz?1456365283=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLemploi_dans_le_commerce_de_detail_aux_P.pdf\u0026Expires=1742642948\u0026Signature=aukcgaQ9v-lhCE56nfRvWeJHcwNX69LX3EYAYa~R~oDBtTGK294GYfAsr353qqopsnSudMHh~2DV7~OXQ27EhThoNiK7cJGE18UFlJqCG6qRZgNnmBc3YKdiJmQUP4mB8eNJN9XxJZxG-dCgZIMVQeVzzNP13VKdyq3agHmhrb2laNPxELozdAWhtqV2wRFb3eRJUSf7E~mFLHNUToSgya~lBnnN9kveCRB53JKtsSj99dqKh-~MfKBk6zaSawIQccnRxT8V7D70dtMEw8Jvm~XqxnM~jLOAA3XJqVnPu0nhiAw38FE2W0xzMtQHYYTSIqeqKOy13YEr3cYg92mj3Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43031908/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43031908/mini_magick20190216-13081-1vuly6l.png?1550368407"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":31,"ordered_authors":[{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law","nofollow":true},{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management"}],"publication_year":2009,"publication_year_with_fallback":2009,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":17,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15615881" data-work_id="15615881" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15615881/WP_DSE_belloni_brugiavini_meschi_tijdens_24_14">WP DSE belloni brugiavini meschi tijdens 24 14</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article studies the potential measurement errors when coding occupational data. The quality of occupational data is important but often neglected. We recoded open-ended questions on occupation for last and current job in the Dutch... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15615881" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article studies the potential measurement errors when coding occupational data. The quality of occupational data is important but often neglected. We recoded open-ended questions on occupation for last and current job in the Dutch SHARE data, using the CASCOT ex-post coding software. The disagreement rate, defined as the percentage of observations coded differently in SHARE and CASCOT, is high even when compared at ISCO 1-digit level (33.7% for last job and 40% for current job). This finding is striking, considering our conservative approach to exclude vague and incomplete answers. The level of miscoding should thus be considered as a lower bound of the "true" miscoding. This highlights the complexity of occupational coding and suggests that measurement error due to miscoding should be taken into account when making statistical analysis or writing econometric models. We tested whether the measurement error is random or correlated to individual or job-related characteristics, and we found that the measurement error is indeed more evident in ISCO-88 groups 1 and 3 and is more pronounced for higher educated individuals and males. These groups may be sorted in occupations that are intrinsically more difficult to be classified, or education and gender may affect the way people describe their jobs.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15615881" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="32e6888c4f81d94b02edeadcbcc39cf6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41195264,"asset_id":15615881,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41195264/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34784877" href="https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens">Kea Tijdens</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34784877" type="text/json">{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15615881 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15615881"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15615881, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15615881", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15615881 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15615881; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15615881"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15615881 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15615881"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15615881; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15615881]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15615881").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15615881").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15615882 coauthored" data-work_id="15615882" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15615882/Health_workforce_remuneration_comparing_wage_levels_ranking_and_dispersion_of_16_occupational_groups_in_20_countries">Health workforce remuneration: comparing wage levels, ranking, and dispersion of 16 occupational groups in 20 countries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Background: This article represents the first attempt to explore remuneration in Human Resources for Health (HRH), comparing wage levels, ranking and dispersion of 16 HRH occupational groups in 20 countries (Argentina,</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15615882" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6eeae59a9eb0c7619b48c2a1140470e2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43031958,"asset_id":15615882,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43031958/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34784877" href="https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens">Kea Tijdens</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34784877" type="text/json">{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-15615882">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-15615882"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uva.academia.edu/DanieldeVries">Daniel H . de Vries</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-15615882'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-15615882').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15615882 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15615882"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15615882, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15615882", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15615882 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15615882; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15615882"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15615882 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15615882"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15615882; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15615882]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15615882").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15615882").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15615882"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="588" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing">Nursing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="588" type="text/json">{"id":588,"name":"Nursing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="73167" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Resources_for_Health">Human Resources for Health</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="73167" type="text/json">{"id":73167,"name":"Human Resources for Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Resources_for_Health","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15615882]'), work: {"id":15615882,"title":"Health workforce remuneration: comparing wage levels, ranking, and dispersion of 16 occupational groups in 20 countries","created_at":"2015-09-11T14:35:56.243-07:00","owner_id":34784877,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/15615882/Health_workforce_remuneration_comparing_wage_levels_ranking_and_dispersion_of_16_occupational_groups_in_20_countries","slug":"Health_workforce_remuneration_comparing_wage_levels_ranking_and_dispersion_of_16_occupational_groups_in_20_countries","dom_id":"work_15615882","summary":"Background: This article represents the first attempt to explore remuneration in Human Resources for Health (HRH), comparing wage levels, ranking and dispersion of 16 HRH occupational groups in 20 countries (Argentina,","publication":"Human resources for health","publication_with_fallback":"Human resources for health","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43031958,"asset_id":15615882,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43031958/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43031958/Health_workforce_remuneration_comparing_20160224-20785-1uw5942-libre.pdf?1456365276=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHealth_workforce_remuneration_comparing.pdf\u0026Expires=1739254036\u0026Signature=AhiXzeSaXZiJVJSC~HPWji16-uJUAxwb1V~wdOsmBq--~tHglf4ldtaZZs9pACMg5gIeclJuiGQ6PzQ-v5ei~I7uLkADC7GwT3OwhYbBwIWCAxNHI3bfEzBCr9D26SdczNkaxLpH8WHQYel5wPnbNiBzF4-Je8rUOQIKi6gveG9eZGmfW8qm0aV8~Pl4igxyeSBTVaFZACQqJ66wE34lk3xy1Lcr-Y4oslotEwLGPozV6ZrL5g9~8-84f7lwIJvSr7C~matpRm7PB~ZUGz5tdbE-P1dfZL-BhERfG-qwFsvDs1D97bR6Cugxmnfya1VuYAd1zenUwh8bi4Pb9QfEfg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43031958/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43031958/mini_magick20190216-13014-7hs44k.png?1550368417"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":43031958,"asset_id":15615882,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43031958/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43031958/Health_workforce_remuneration_comparing_20160224-20785-1uw5942-libre.pdf?1456365276=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHealth_workforce_remuneration_comparing.pdf\u0026Expires=1739254036\u0026Signature=AhiXzeSaXZiJVJSC~HPWji16-uJUAxwb1V~wdOsmBq--~tHglf4ldtaZZs9pACMg5gIeclJuiGQ6PzQ-v5ei~I7uLkADC7GwT3OwhYbBwIWCAxNHI3bfEzBCr9D26SdczNkaxLpH8WHQYel5wPnbNiBzF4-Je8rUOQIKi6gveG9eZGmfW8qm0aV8~Pl4igxyeSBTVaFZACQqJ66wE34lk3xy1Lcr-Y4oslotEwLGPozV6ZrL5g9~8-84f7lwIJvSr7C~matpRm7PB~ZUGz5tdbE-P1dfZL-BhERfG-qwFsvDs1D97bR6Cugxmnfya1VuYAd1zenUwh8bi4Pb9QfEfg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43031958/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43031958/mini_magick20190216-13014-7hs44k.png?1550368417"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":15,"ordered_authors":[{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"},{"id":140810791,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"de Vries","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"DanieldeVries","display_name":"Daniel H . de Vries","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/DanieldeVries","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/140810791/38000063/31951593/s65_daniel.de_vries.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":588,"name":"Nursing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing","nofollow":true},{"id":73167,"name":"Human Resources for Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Resources_for_Health","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2013,"publication_year_with_fallback":2013,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":38,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15615883" data-work_id="15615883" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15615883/The_determinants_of_ICT_competencies_among_employees">The determinants of ICT competencies among employees</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study aims to explain employees’ adaptability to information and communications technology (ICT), using a representative sample of 713 employees in the Netherlands. The willingness to acquire ICT competencies and the mastery of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15615883" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study aims to explain employees’ adaptability to information and communications technology (ICT), using a representative sample of 713 employees in the Netherlands. The willingness to acquire ICT competencies and the mastery of equipment and software are primarily affected by intensity of ICT use, an informated ICT strategy of the organisation and an intensive personnel policy.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15615883" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="536097f9a1589e78daa7609ceca31c2d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43031910,"asset_id":15615883,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43031910/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34784877" href="https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens">Kea Tijdens</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34784877" type="text/json">{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15615883 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15615883"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15615883, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15615883", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15615883 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15615883; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15615883"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15615883 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15615883"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15615883; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15615883]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15615883").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15615883").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15615883"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15615883]'), work: {"id":15615883,"title":"The determinants of ICT competencies among employees","created_at":"2015-09-11T14:35:56.325-07:00","owner_id":34784877,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/15615883/The_determinants_of_ICT_competencies_among_employees","slug":"The_determinants_of_ICT_competencies_among_employees","dom_id":"work_15615883","summary":"This study aims to explain employees’ adaptability to information and communications technology (ICT), using a representative sample of 713 employees in the Netherlands. The willingness to acquire ICT competencies and the mastery of equipment and software are primarily affected by intensity of ICT use, an informated ICT strategy of the organisation and an intensive personnel policy.","publication":"PLOS Biology","publication_with_fallback":"PLOS Biology","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43031910,"asset_id":15615883,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43031910/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43031910/The_Determinants_of_ICT_Competencies_amo20160224-23081-1lemr8l-libre.pdf?1456365281=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_determinants_of_ICT_competencies_amo.pdf\u0026Expires=1742642949\u0026Signature=g-bVXsu7efE5jba4ELRY0iW~OsgJqZsXymSPlNr1~FuZFs9r1WgKtuX-AWku5wjFCuWGZwTllDPYuq15-EhGsFth~S5aEP59BeRiKjXHBJcoOlMGJEUkPhKmmVs3EV2YGtOMmzVPr8yq4rCE7c9SKgMUxLWEIsd9vvFXQk453mDCoOC6YBFP31PzdDnh30of4mz1yt6BPzN9Bm0vfvRKklOUQq81LW~jXjk5NEd3M3Szp~-FLjBsdikVEGfDGerfOBrxpoB5uN57Y~nkd-JK8uLZ-LESIY3GPDHPZTJbo8kjxQ672FPsLmdBpdccejdiVLRA3jxmGCqWnlzO~4QGZA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43031910/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43031910/mini_magick20190216-29123-1q26xc.png?1550368419"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":43031910,"asset_id":15615883,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43031910/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43031910/The_Determinants_of_ICT_Competencies_amo20160224-23081-1lemr8l-libre.pdf?1456365281=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_determinants_of_ICT_competencies_amo.pdf\u0026Expires=1742642949\u0026Signature=g-bVXsu7efE5jba4ELRY0iW~OsgJqZsXymSPlNr1~FuZFs9r1WgKtuX-AWku5wjFCuWGZwTllDPYuq15-EhGsFth~S5aEP59BeRiKjXHBJcoOlMGJEUkPhKmmVs3EV2YGtOMmzVPr8yq4rCE7c9SKgMUxLWEIsd9vvFXQk453mDCoOC6YBFP31PzdDnh30of4mz1yt6BPzN9Bm0vfvRKklOUQq81LW~jXjk5NEd3M3Szp~-FLjBsdikVEGfDGerfOBrxpoB5uN57Y~nkd-JK8uLZ-LESIY3GPDHPZTJbo8kjxQ672FPsLmdBpdccejdiVLRA3jxmGCqWnlzO~4QGZA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43031910/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43031910/mini_magick20190216-29123-1q26xc.png?1550368419"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":14,"ordered_authors":[{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":18814,"name":"Information and Communication technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_and_Communication_technology-1"},{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management"}],"publication_year":2005,"publication_year_with_fallback":2005,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":174,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15615884" data-work_id="15615884" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15615884/WP_85_Multinationals_versus_domestic_firms_Wages_working_hours_and_industrial_relations">WP 85 - Multinationals versus domestic firms: Wages, working hours and industrial relations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This Working Paper aims to present and discuss recent evidence on the effect of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on wages, working conditions and industrial relations. It presents a. an overview of the available literature on the effects... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15615884" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This Working Paper aims to present and discuss recent evidence on the effect of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on wages, working conditions and industrial relations. It presents a. an overview of the available literature on the effects of FDI on wages, particularly in developed countries; b. the outcomes of own research comparing wages, working conditions and workplace industrial relations in</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15615884" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="86478f2dfc2191aa59e399616b8a4c4d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38740507,"asset_id":15615884,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38740507/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34784877" href="https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens">Kea Tijdens</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34784877" type="text/json">{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15615884 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15615884"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15615884, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15615884", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15615884 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15615884; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15615884"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15615884 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15615884"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15615884; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15615884]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15615884").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15615884").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15615884"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="50892" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Call_Centre">Call Centre</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="50892" type="text/json">{"id":2435,"name":"Fluid Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluid_Mechanics","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="202338" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collective_Bargaining">Collective Bargaining</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="202338" type="text/json">{"id":3357,"name":"Industrial Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_Relations","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1166101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Web_Survey">Web Survey</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1166101" type="text/json">{"id":8759,"name":"Foreign Direct Investment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Direct_Investment","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15615884]'), work: {"id":15615884,"title":"WP 85 - Multinationals versus domestic firms: Wages, working hours and industrial relations","created_at":"2015-09-11T14:35:56.446-07:00","owner_id":34784877,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/15615884/WP_85_Multinationals_versus_domestic_firms_Wages_working_hours_and_industrial_relations","slug":"WP_85_Multinationals_versus_domestic_firms_Wages_working_hours_and_industrial_relations","dom_id":"work_15615884","summary":"This Working Paper aims to present and discuss recent evidence on the effect of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on wages, working conditions and industrial relations. It presents a. an overview of the available literature on the effects of FDI on wages, particularly in developed countries; b. the outcomes of own research comparing wages, working conditions and workplace industrial relations in","publication":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38740507,"asset_id":15615884,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38740507/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38740507/WP85-Tijdens_Klaveren-libre.pdf?1442007724=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWP_85_Multinationals_versus_domestic_fir.pdf\u0026Expires=1741746052\u0026Signature=Ei2IpSzUNyZlEKCEiGdCtIOH80tldHV3FLO9Mfh~34F1PDi4ulWJZkhVDt33AwEK7DT91--eA0lk0irPwTnjx6od1tp80qa1avElsF7AqeGi7XvQltkoEDaMIlXoA8DcgNtpifz4RL6pA8wRacPo0IvVsc2K7YzLk6l8Y~Jx9sOeJJuHRVL-4Oko9dwvvc4STdYFJqSbG~ouLv3pPiqvW7q4WJicxQC12XVC~5c6eqlgYLmcKPs5M0lQtw2SkDTDi~husCVqlipr8iNM84X22O9MzAKtcLYAqdinsLmEfARp1cyfKDS7hami6lSXhtzwhu1zaoMey0ThYrh1QFXi4A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38740507/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/38740507/mini_magick20190224-6867-7ygpnc.png?1551010472"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":38740507,"asset_id":15615884,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38740507/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38740507/WP85-Tijdens_Klaveren-libre.pdf?1442007724=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWP_85_Multinationals_versus_domestic_fir.pdf\u0026Expires=1741746052\u0026Signature=Ei2IpSzUNyZlEKCEiGdCtIOH80tldHV3FLO9Mfh~34F1PDi4ulWJZkhVDt33AwEK7DT91--eA0lk0irPwTnjx6od1tp80qa1avElsF7AqeGi7XvQltkoEDaMIlXoA8DcgNtpifz4RL6pA8wRacPo0IvVsc2K7YzLk6l8Y~Jx9sOeJJuHRVL-4Oko9dwvvc4STdYFJqSbG~ouLv3pPiqvW7q4WJicxQC12XVC~5c6eqlgYLmcKPs5M0lQtw2SkDTDi~husCVqlipr8iNM84X22O9MzAKtcLYAqdinsLmEfARp1cyfKDS7hami6lSXhtzwhu1zaoMey0ThYrh1QFXi4A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38740507/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/38740507/mini_magick20190224-6867-7ygpnc.png?1551010472"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":94,"ordered_authors":[{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2435,"name":"Fluid Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluid_Mechanics","nofollow":true},{"id":3357,"name":"Industrial Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_Relations","nofollow":true},{"id":8759,"name":"Foreign Direct Investment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Direct_Investment","nofollow":true},{"id":18814,"name":"Information and Communication technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_and_Communication_technology-1"},{"id":40867,"name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Kingdom"},{"id":50892,"name":"Call Centre","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Call_Centre"},{"id":59923,"name":"European Commission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Commission"},{"id":70854,"name":"Developing Country","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Country"},{"id":84206,"name":"Working Conditions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Conditions"},{"id":93952,"name":"Multinational Enterprise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multinational_Enterprise"},{"id":202338,"name":"Collective Bargaining","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collective_Bargaining"},{"id":210777,"name":"Trade Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Union"},{"id":1166101,"name":"Web Survey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Web_Survey"},{"id":1331085,"name":"Working Hours","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Hours"},{"id":1355250,"name":"Member States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Member_States"}],"publication_year":2011,"publication_year_with_fallback":2011,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":149,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18133279 coauthored" data-work_id="18133279" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18133279/A_Spanish_Continuous_Volunteer_Web_Survey_Sample_Bias_Weighting_and_Efficiency">A Spanish Continuous Volunteer Web Survey: Sample Bias, Weighting and Efficiency</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Using micro data from a continuous volunteer web survey (CVWS), the WageIndicator (WI), this paper firstly analyses the type of bias that such a survey method produces. Secondly, following a «model-based» approach, two alternative data... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18133279" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Using micro data from a continuous volunteer web survey (CVWS), the WageIndicator (WI), this paper firstly analyses the type of bias that such a survey method produces. Secondly, following a «model-based» approach, two alternative data weighting methodologies are ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18133279" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b5e5b80006c9d673ae46f08d1e487f7d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39892765,"asset_id":18133279,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39892765/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34784877" href="https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens">Kea Tijdens</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34784877" type="text/json">{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-18133279">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-18133279"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://usal.academia.edu/RafaelMu%C3%B1ozdeBustilloLlorente">Rafael Muñoz de Bustillo Llorente</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-18133279'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-18133279').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18133279 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18133279"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18133279, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18133279", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18133279 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18133279; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18133279"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18133279 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18133279"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18133279; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18133279]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18133279").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18133279").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18133279"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18133279]'), work: {"id":18133279,"title":"A Spanish Continuous Volunteer Web Survey: Sample Bias, Weighting and Efficiency","created_at":"2015-11-11T00:37:21.735-08:00","owner_id":34784877,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/18133279/A_Spanish_Continuous_Volunteer_Web_Survey_Sample_Bias_Weighting_and_Efficiency","slug":"A_Spanish_Continuous_Volunteer_Web_Survey_Sample_Bias_Weighting_and_Efficiency","dom_id":"work_18133279","summary":"Using micro data from a continuous volunteer web survey (CVWS), the WageIndicator (WI), this paper firstly analyses the type of bias that such a survey method produces. Secondly, following a «model-based» approach, two alternative data weighting methodologies are ...","publication":"Revista Española de …","publication_with_fallback":"Revista Española de …","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39892765,"asset_id":18133279,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39892765/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/39892765/A_Spanish_Continuous_Volunteer_Web_Surve20151111-16379-14mmxo0-libre.pdf?1447231204=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Spanish_Continuous_Volunteer_Web_Surve.pdf\u0026Expires=1734913612\u0026Signature=HATsG2ejiBPi5gaGiTdlmI8jSFJ6CS-p3crxWE8Z6G~eGGKGS0ewfinzwbkWhR3uTE1dnzPIxWrIm~7JkH5DAxcvtd8JFut1w2pG3ctb6wpm7uOd98hlZHG9DsXdiIxPXJDUzncieb61nx9IBxfqOP0smODYXjCM2NY3~-LaqRURSA8AiAruWQLDaJ5rPLQglMM8Oju3z9LhyGdWUUkzg3lTlOUBy2Vsmxm9~7QRf7nAcsY67MUF4iC2CPWuMfNsIElC-YSHgZxYxPooiLoLoernTgbfh3kpZUF2-5jFF7LBlPSTJzziLVy60~wnM3tl7-KWyir5QXP7xy5y~PxcCw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39892765/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/39892765/mini_magick20190222-12668-1llcrsq.png?1550841414"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":39892765,"asset_id":18133279,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39892765/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/39892765/A_Spanish_Continuous_Volunteer_Web_Surve20151111-16379-14mmxo0-libre.pdf?1447231204=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Spanish_Continuous_Volunteer_Web_Surve.pdf\u0026Expires=1734913612\u0026Signature=HATsG2ejiBPi5gaGiTdlmI8jSFJ6CS-p3crxWE8Z6G~eGGKGS0ewfinzwbkWhR3uTE1dnzPIxWrIm~7JkH5DAxcvtd8JFut1w2pG3ctb6wpm7uOd98hlZHG9DsXdiIxPXJDUzncieb61nx9IBxfqOP0smODYXjCM2NY3~-LaqRURSA8AiAruWQLDaJ5rPLQglMM8Oju3z9LhyGdWUUkzg3lTlOUBy2Vsmxm9~7QRf7nAcsY67MUF4iC2CPWuMfNsIElC-YSHgZxYxPooiLoLoernTgbfh3kpZUF2-5jFF7LBlPSTJzziLVy60~wnM3tl7-KWyir5QXP7xy5y~PxcCw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39892765/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/39892765/mini_magick20190222-12668-1llcrsq.png?1550841414"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":22,"ordered_authors":[{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"},{"id":32256258,"first_name":"Rafael Muñoz de Bustillo","last_name":"Llorente","domain_name":"usal","page_name":"RafaelMuñozdeBustilloLlorente","display_name":"Rafael Muñoz de Bustillo Llorente","profile_url":"https://usal.academia.edu/RafaelMu%C3%B1ozdeBustilloLlorente","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1109588,"name":"Reis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reis"}],"publication_year":2010,"publication_year_with_fallback":2010,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":30,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18133280" data-work_id="18133280" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18133280/Comparing_different_weighting_procedures_for_volunteer_web_surveys_lessons_to_be_learned_from_German_and_Dutch_WageIndicator_data">Comparing different weighting procedures for volunteer web surveys: lessons to be learned from German and Dutch WageIndicator data</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The strengths and weaknesses of web surveys have been widely described in the literature. Of particular interest is the question to which degree the obtained results can be generalised for the whole population? To deal with this problem... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18133280" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The strengths and weaknesses of web surveys have been widely described in the literature. Of particular interest is the question to which degree the obtained results can be generalised for the whole population? To deal with this problem weighting adjustments, like post-...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18133280" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="564c22426c8469c44d243f54271f85be" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39892741,"asset_id":18133280,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39892741/download_file?st=MTc0Mjk4NDk0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34784877" href="https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens">Kea Tijdens</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34784877" type="text/json">{"id":34784877,"first_name":"Kea","last_name":"Tijdens","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"KeaTijdens","display_name":"Kea Tijdens","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/KeaTijdens","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34784877/15524205/16124750/s65_kea.tijdens.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18133280 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18133280"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18133280, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18133280", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18133280 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18133280; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18133280"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18133280 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18133280"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18133280; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18133280]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18133280").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18133280").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination "> <li class="page active"> <a href="/Departments/AIAS/Documents">1</a> </li> <li class="page"> <a rel="next" href="/Departments/AIAS/Documents?page=2">2</a> </li> <li class="page"> <a href="/Departments/AIAS/Documents?page=3">3</a> </li> <li class="page"> <a href="/Departments/AIAS/Documents?page=4">4</a> </li> <li class="page gap disabled"><a href="#" onclick="return false;">…</a></li> <li class="page"> <a href="/Departments/AIAS/Documents?page=7">7</a> </li> <li class="next_page"> <a rel="next" href="/Departments/AIAS/Documents?page=2">Next &rsaquo;</a> </li> <li class="last next"> <a href="/Departments/AIAS/Documents?page=7">Last »</a> </li> </ul> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "6d16977bc5dfaa7c92776310c5600ee72f31346f560bac3cfc955c92f36baf0c", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="jaUhAaL-Ld82RX_nkOXrgk2KyQynjDKTI_vXExf9S3S4bkjjOkNvPcvuiU3PC8K7jUiogIXxJLfrC9udjxVFfw" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://uva.academia.edu/Departments/AIAS/Documents" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="YYwT5YG27A0D8SSi8ZpqVZVXsnubX2fRVziNYo5ZvH9UR3oHGQuu7_5a0giudENsVZXT97kicfWfyIHsFrGydA" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style=""><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style=""><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>