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href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945–1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1945–1989</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945–1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1989–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1989–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>1989–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1989–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location_and_topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_and_topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Location and topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_and_topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cityscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urbanism_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanism_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Urbanism and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanism_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cemeteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cemeteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cemeteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cemeteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immigrant_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigrant_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Immigrant population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigrant_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Municipal_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Municipal government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Warsaw_Stock_Exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warsaw_Stock_Exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Warsaw Stock Exchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warsaw_Stock_Exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Media and film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music_and_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Music and theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_art_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_art_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Museums and art galleries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_art_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine_and_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine_and_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Cuisine and food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine_and_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warsaw_Mermaid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warsaw_Mermaid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Warsaw Mermaid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warsaw_Mermaid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Famous people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Twin towns and sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partnership_and_friendship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partnership_and_friendship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Partnership and friendship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partnership_and_friendship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Warsaw</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 237 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-237" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">237 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawa" title="Warsawa – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Warsawa" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8D" title="Варшавэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Варшавэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8D" title="Варшавэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Варшавэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warskou" title="Warskou – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Warskou" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warschau" title="Warschau – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Warschau" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B6%E1%8B%8D" title="ዋርሶው – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዋርሶው" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88" title="وارسو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وارسو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovia" title="Varsovia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Varsovia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%98%DC%90%DC%AA%DC%A3%DC%98" title="ܘܐܪܣܘ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܘܐܪܣܘ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%A1" title="Վարշաւա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վարշաւա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C8%99ava" title="Varșava – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Varșava" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovie" title="Varsovie – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Varsovie" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovia" title="Varsovia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Varsovia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varys%C3%B3via" title="Varysóvia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Varysóvia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovia" title="Varsovia – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Varsovia" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%9Fava" title="Varşava – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Varşava" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%88" title="ورشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ورشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawa" title="Warsawa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Warsawa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6" title="ওয়ারশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়ারশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warschau" title="Warschau – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Warschau" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཝར་སོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཝར་སོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%A1ava" title="Varšava – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Varšava" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovia" title="Varsovia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Varsovia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vars%C3%B2via" title="Varsòvia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Varsòvia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%A1ava" title="Varšava – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Varšava" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsavia" title="Varsavia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Varsavia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88" title="وارسو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="وارسو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woarschau" title="Woarschau – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Woarschau" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warschau" title="Warschau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Warschau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3igoh%C3%AD" title="Tóigohí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tóigohí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%C5%A1awa" title="Waršawa – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Waršawa" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varssavi" title="Varssavi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Varssavi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βαρσοβία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαρσοβία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vars%C3%A0via" title="Varsàvia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Varsàvia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Варшава ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Варшава ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovia" title="Varsovia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Varsovia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovio" title="Varsovio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Varsovio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovia" title="Varsovia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Varsovia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovia" title="Varsovia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Varsovia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%88" title="ورشو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ورشو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovie" title="Varsovie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Varsovie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsjau" title="Warsjau – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Warsjau" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsavie" title="Varsavie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Varsavie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1rs%C3%A1" title="Vársá – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vársá" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%9Fava" title="Varşava – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Varşava" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovia" title="Varsovia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Varsovia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%83%A4%EB%B0%94" title="바르샤바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바르샤바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wosaa" title="Wosaa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wosaa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1" title="Վարշավա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վարշավա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89" title="वारसॉ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वारसॉ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%C5%A1awa" title="Waršawa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Waršawa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%A1ava" title="Varšava – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Varšava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawa" title="Warsawa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Warsawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovia" title="Varsovia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Varsovia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uasaavaaq" title="Uasaavaaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uasaavaaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%C3%A6" title="Варшавæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Варшавæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWarshawa" title="IWarshawa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IWarshawa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsj%C3%A1" title="Varsjá – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Varsjá" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsavia" title="Varsavia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Varsavia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%94" title="ורשה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ורשה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warschau" title="Warschau – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Warschau" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farsoovii" title="Farsoovii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Farsoovii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE" title="ವಾರ್ಸಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾರ್ಸಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ვარშავა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვარშავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovie" title="Varsovie – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Varsovie" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warshawa" title="Warshawa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Warshawa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasovi" title="Vasovi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vasovi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%C5%9Fova" title="Warşova – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Warşova" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovia" title="Varsovia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Varsovia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%A1ova" title="Varšova – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Varšova" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovia" title="Varsovia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Varsovia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%A1ava" title="Varšava – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Varšava" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warschau" title="Warschau – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Warschau" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%A1uva" title="Varšuva – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Varšuva" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsavvia" title="Varsavvia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Varsavvia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warschau" title="Warschau – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Warschau" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%A1avu" title="Varšavu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Varšavu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsavia" title="Varsavia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Varsavia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vars%C3%B3" title="Varsó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Varsó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89" title="वारसॉ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="वारसॉ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vars%C3%B4via" title="Varsôvia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Varsôvia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B8" title="വാഴ്‌സ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാഴ്‌സ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsavja" title="Varsavja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Varsavja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waharo" title="Waharo – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Waharo" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="वॉर्सा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वॉर्सा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ვარშავა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვარშავა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88" title="وارسو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وارسو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%88" title="ورشو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ورشو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Варшав – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Варшав" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဝါဆောမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝါဆောမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wosawa" title="Wosawa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Wosawa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warschau" title="Warschau – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Warschau" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsjau" title="Warsjau – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Warsjau" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%83" title="वार्सः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वार्सः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AF" title="ワルシャワ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワルシャワ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsavia" title="Varsavia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Varsavia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warschau" title="Warschau – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Warschau" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worsaaw" title="Worsaaw – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Worsaaw" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovie" title="Varsovie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Varsovie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsava" title="Varsava – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Varsava" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vars%C3%B2via" title="Varsòvia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Varsòvia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8" title="ୱାରସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ୱାରସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varshava" title="Varshava – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Varshava" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵਾਰਸਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਾਰਸਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="وارسا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وارسا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovia" title="Varsovia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Varsovia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="وارسا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وارسا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaa" title="Warsaa – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Warsaa" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovie" title="Varsovie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Varsovie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsavia" title="Varsavia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Varsavia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woso" title="Woso – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Woso" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warschau" title="Warschau – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Warschau" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vars%C3%B3via" title="Varsóvia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Varsóvia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varshava" title="Varshava – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Varshava" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%9Fava" title="Varşava – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Varşava" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patava" title="Patava – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Patava" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia" title="Varșovia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Varșovia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovia" title="Varsovia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Varsovia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="वार्सा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वार्सा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vars%C3%A0via" title="Varsàvia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Varsàvia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warschau" title="Warschau – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Warschau" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varshava" title="Varshava – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Varshava" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsavia" title="Varsavia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Varsavia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="وارسا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وارسا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%A1ava" title="Varšava – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Varšava" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%A1ava" title="Varšava – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Varšava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%86" title="وارشۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وارشۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%A1ava" title="Varšava – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Varšava" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawa" title="Warsawa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Warsawa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsova" title="Varsova – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Varsova" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsovia" title="Varsovia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Varsovia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE" title="வார்சாவா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வார்சாவா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa%E1%B9%9Bsu" title="Waṛsu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Waṛsu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE" title="వార్సా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వార్సా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vars%C3%B3via" title="Varsóvia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Varsóvia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD" title="วอร์ซอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วอร์ซอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%8D" title="ዋርሳው – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ዋርሳው" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uoasoa" title="Uoasoa – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Uoasoa" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%9Fova" title="Varşova – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Varşova" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%C5%9Fawa" title="Warşawa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Warşawa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Варшава – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Варшава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="وارسا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وارسا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warshawa" title="Warshawa – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Warshawa" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vars%C3%A0via" title="Varsàvia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Varsàvia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%A1av" title="Varšav – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Varšav" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" title="Warszawa – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Warszawa" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varssavi" title="Varssavi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Varssavi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E6%B2%99" title="華沙 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="華沙" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warschau" title="Warschau – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Warschau" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsovya" title="Warsovya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Warsovya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99" title="华沙 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="华沙" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%A2" title="ווארשע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווארשע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Warsaw" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E6%B2%99" title="華沙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="華沙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%C5%9Fowa" title="Warşowa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Warşowa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warschau" title="Warschau – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Warschau" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%A1ova" title="Varšova – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Varšova" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99" title="华沙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="华沙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warso" title="Warso – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Warso" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%A1ava" title="Varšava – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Varšava" 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Warsaw&params=52_13_48_N_21_00_40_E_region:PL_type:city(1,800,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°13′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">21°00′40″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.23000°N 21.01111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.23000; 21.01111</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and largest city of Poland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Warsaw (disambiguation)">Warsaw (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warszawa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Warszawa (disambiguation)">Warszawa (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warschau_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Warschau (disambiguation)">Warschau (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/City_of_Warsaw_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="City of Warsaw (disambiguation)">City of Warsaw (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city and county in Masovian Voivodeship, Poland</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Warsaw</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="pl"><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Warszawa</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_with_powiat_rights" title="City with powiat rights">county</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Capital City of Warsaw<br /><span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">miasto stołeczne Warszawa</i></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleja_Niepdleglosci_Warsaw_2022_aerial_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Warsaw business district from Novotel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aleja_Niepdleglosci_Warsaw_2022_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg/268px-Aleja_Niepdleglosci_Warsaw_2022_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aleja_Niepdleglosci_Warsaw_2022_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg/402px-Aleja_Niepdleglosci_Warsaw_2022_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aleja_Niepdleglosci_Warsaw_2022_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg/536px-Aleja_Niepdleglosci_Warsaw_2022_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="1086" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Downtown,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown, Warsaw">Downtown</a> district</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2017-05-27_Plac_Zamkowy_w_Warszawie_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Royal Castle and Sigismund's Column" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2017-05-27_Plac_Zamkowy_w_Warszawie_1.jpg/132px-2017-05-27_Plac_Zamkowy_w_Warszawie_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2017-05-27_Plac_Zamkowy_w_Warszawie_1.jpg/198px-2017-05-27_Plac_Zamkowy_w_Warszawie_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2017-05-27_Plac_Zamkowy_w_Warszawie_1.jpg/264px-2017-05-27_Plac_Zamkowy_w_Warszawie_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigismund%27s_Column" title="Sigismund's Column">Sigismund's Column</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa,_ul._Nowy_%C5%9Awiat_72-74_20170517_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Staszic Palace and Nicolaus Copernicus Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Warszawa%2C_ul._Nowy_%C5%9Awiat_72-74_20170517_004.jpg/132px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Nowy_%C5%9Awiat_72-74_20170517_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Warszawa%2C_ul._Nowy_%C5%9Awiat_72-74_20170517_004.jpg/198px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Nowy_%C5%9Awiat_72-74_20170517_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Warszawa%2C_ul._Nowy_%C5%9Awiat_72-74_20170517_004.jpg/264px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Nowy_%C5%9Awiat_72-74_20170517_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5996" data-file-height="4003" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Monument,_Warsaw" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Warsaw">Nicolaus Copernicus Monument</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_na_Wodzie,%C5%81azienki_Kr%C3%B3lewskie,Warszawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Łazienki Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pa%C5%82ac_na_Wodzie%2C%C5%81azienki_Kr%C3%B3lewskie%2CWarszawa.jpg/132px-Pa%C5%82ac_na_Wodzie%2C%C5%81azienki_Kr%C3%B3lewskie%2CWarszawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pa%C5%82ac_na_Wodzie%2C%C5%81azienki_Kr%C3%B3lewskie%2CWarszawa.jpg/198px-Pa%C5%82ac_na_Wodzie%2C%C5%81azienki_Kr%C3%B3lewskie%2CWarszawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pa%C5%82ac_na_Wodzie%2C%C5%81azienki_Kr%C3%B3lewskie%2CWarszawa.jpg/264px-Pa%C5%82ac_na_Wodzie%2C%C5%81azienki_Kr%C3%B3lewskie%2CWarszawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/%C5%81azienki_Park" title="Łazienki Park">Łazienki Park</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa,_Rynek_Starego_Miasta_42-34_20170518_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Main Market Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Warszawa%2C_Rynek_Starego_Miasta_42-34_20170518_001.jpg/132px-Warszawa%2C_Rynek_Starego_Miasta_42-34_20170518_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Warszawa%2C_Rynek_Starego_Miasta_42-34_20170518_001.jpg/198px-Warszawa%2C_Rynek_Starego_Miasta_42-34_20170518_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Warszawa%2C_Rynek_Starego_Miasta_42-34_20170518_001.jpg/264px-Warszawa%2C_Rynek_Starego_Miasta_42-34_20170518_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5996" data-file-height="4003" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Market_Place,_Warsaw" title="Old Town Market Place, Warsaw">Main Market Square</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wilanów Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace.jpg/268px-Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace.jpg/402px-Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace.jpg/536px-Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace" title="Wilanów Palace">Wilanów Palace</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Warsaw.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Warsaw"><img alt="Flag of Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Warsaw.svg/100px-Flag_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Warsaw.svg/150px-Flag_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Warsaw.svg/200px-Flag_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Warsaw" title="Flag of Warsaw">Flag</a></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Warszawa_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Warsaw"><img alt="Coat of arms of Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/70px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/105px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/140px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1247" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Warsaw" title="Coat of arms of Warsaw">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_logo_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Warsaw"><img alt="Official logo of Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Warsaw_logo_2022.svg/50px-Warsaw_logo_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Warsaw_logo_2022.svg/75px-Warsaw_logo_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Warsaw_logo_2022.svg/100px-Warsaw_logo_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">Brandmark</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i>Phoenix City</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i>Semper invicta</i><span class="nowrap">  </span><small>(<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> "Ever invincible")</small></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1222442370">.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container>label:first-of-type{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container a.mw-kartographer-container.floatright,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container a.mw-kartographer-container.floatleft,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container div.mw-kartographer-container.tright,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container div.mw-kartographer-container.tleft{padding:0 0 0 0;margin:0 0 0 0}</style><div class="switcher-container mapframe-multi-container center"><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="280" data-zoom="9" data-lat="52.23" data-lon="21.0111" data-overlays="["_491e5141cb3fc99351bf34c8bd64cd50f4917056"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/9/52.23/21.0111/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,52.23,21.0111,280x280.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Warsaw&revid=1258680543&groups=_491e5141cb3fc99351bf34c8bd64cd50f4917056" width="280" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,52.23,21.0111,280x280@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Warsaw&revid=1258680543&groups=_491e5141cb3fc99351bf34c8bd64cd50f4917056 2x" alt="Map" /></a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show Warsaw</span></div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="280" data-zoom="6" data-lat="52.2428" data-lon="21.0017" data-overlays="["_5216c4d1e14b8e3ece58f9f0325db3010aec318d"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/6/52.2428/21.0017/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,52.2428,21.0017,280x280.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Warsaw&revid=1258680543&groups=_5216c4d1e14b8e3ece58f9f0325db3010aec318d" width="280" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,52.2428,21.0017,280x280@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Warsaw&revid=1258680543&groups=_5216c4d1e14b8e3ece58f9f0325db3010aec318d 2x" alt="Map" /></a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show Masovian Voivodeship</span></div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="280" data-zoom="5" data-lat="52" data-lon="19" data-overlays="["_bba1d7af74454ffe19ba1fc8338e99028a9ee892"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/5/52/19/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,52,19,280x280.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Warsaw&revid=1258680543&groups=_bba1d7af74454ffe19ba1fc8338e99028a9ee892" width="280" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,52,19,280x280@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Warsaw&revid=1258680543&groups=_bba1d7af74454ffe19ba1fc8338e99028a9ee892 2x" alt="Map" /></a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show Poland</span></div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="280" data-zoom="3" data-lat="48.690959" data-lon="9.14062" data-overlays="["_3bdbcb69243f8011eb00fbb08d9169298bce23bb"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/3/48.690959/9.14062/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,48.690959,9.14062,280x280.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Warsaw&revid=1258680543&groups=_3bdbcb69243f8011eb00fbb08d9169298bce23bb" width="280" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,48.690959,9.14062,280x280@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Warsaw&revid=1258680543&groups=_3bdbcb69243f8011eb00fbb08d9169298bce23bb 2x" alt="Map" /></a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show Europe</span></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Warsaw&params=52_13_48_N_21_00_40_E_region:PL_type:city(1,800,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°13′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">21°00′40″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.23000°N 21.01111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.23000; 21.01111</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Voivodeships_of_Poland" title="Voivodeships of Poland">Voivodeship</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Masovian Voivodeship">Masovian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Powiat" title="Powiat">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>City county</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">13th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City rights</th><td class="infobox-data">1323</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_local_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Seat of local government">City Hall</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Ministry_of_Revenues_and_Treasury" title="Palace of the Ministry of Revenues and Treasury">Commission Palace</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dzielnica" title="Dzielnica">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Districts_and_neighbourhoods_of_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts and neighbourhoods of Warsaw">18 districts</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_City_Council" title="Warsaw City Council">Warsaw City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_city_mayors_of_Warsaw" title="List of city mayors of Warsaw">City mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Trzaskowski" title="Rafał Trzaskowski">Rafał Trzaskowski</a> (<a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic Platform (Poland)">PO</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm of Poland</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_I_(parliamentary_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw I (parliamentary constituency)">20 members</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">EP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Warsaw (European Parliament constituency)">Warsaw constituency</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_with_powiat_rights" title="City with powiat rights">county</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">517.24 km<sup>2</sup> (199.71 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">546.00 km<sup>2</sup> (210.81 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,100.43 km<sup>2</sup> (2,355.39 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">78–116 m (328 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2024)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_with_powiat_rights" title="City with powiat rights">county</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1,862,402 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">1st</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-GUS_-_Bank_Danych_Lokalnych_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUS_-_Bank_Danych_Lokalnych-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">1st in Poland</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits">7th in European Union</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,601/km<sup>2</sup> (9,330/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,028,000<sup id="cite_ref-Demographia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demographia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,714/km<sup>2</sup> (9,620/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,269,510<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">509.1/km<sup>2</sup> (1,319/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Varsovian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_metropolitan_area" title="Warsaw metropolitan area">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_with_powiat_rights" title="City with powiat rights">county</a></th><td class="infobox-data">€77.957 billion (2021)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro</th><td class="infobox-data">€114.436 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">00-001 to 04-999</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+48 22</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/City_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="City budget">City budget</a></th><td class="infobox-data">zł 24.368 billion <br />(€5.4 billion)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">International airports</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Chopin_Airport" title="Warsaw Chopin Airport">Chopin</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association_airport_code" class="mw-redirect" title="International Air Transport Association airport code">WAW</a>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Modlin_Airport" title="Warsaw Modlin Airport">Modlin</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association_airport_code" class="mw-redirect" title="International Air Transport Association airport code">WMI</a>) (not in Warsaw)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Metro" title="Warsaw Metro">Metro</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.um.warszawa.pl">warszawa.pl</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Old Town">Historic Centre of Warsaw</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">ii, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1980 <small>(4th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/30">30</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">UNESCO region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">Europe</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="45" data-mwtitle="Hejnal_Warszawski.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Hejnal_Warszawski.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Hejnal_Warszawski.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/Hejnal_Warszawski.ogg/Hejnal_Warszawski.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Varsovian Trumpet Call</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Warsaw</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Capital City of Warsaw</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">largest city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. The metropolis stands on the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">River Vistula</a> in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at 1.86 million residents within a <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_metropolitan_area" title="Warsaw metropolitan area">greater metropolitan area</a> of 3.27 million residents, which makes Warsaw the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits">7th most-populous city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GUS_-_Bank_Danych_Lokalnych_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUS_-_Bank_Danych_Lokalnych-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city area measures 517 km<sup>2</sup> (200 sq mi) and comprises <a href="/wiki/Districts_and_neighbourhoods_of_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts and neighbourhoods of Warsaw">18 districts</a>, while the metropolitan area covers 6,100 km<sup>2</sup> (2,355 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-goeuro2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goeuro2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warsaw is classified as an <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network#Alpha_2" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">alpha</a> <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a major cultural, political and economic hub, and the country's seat of government. It is also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Masovian Voivodeship">Masovian Voivodeship</a>. </p><p>Warsaw traces its origins to a small fishing town in <a href="/wiki/Masovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovia">Masovia</a>. The city rose to prominence in the late 16th century, when <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund III">Sigismund III</a> decided to move the Polish capital and his royal court from <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>. Warsaw served as the de facto capital of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> until 1795, and subsequently as the seat of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>. The 19th century and its <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> brought a demographic boom, which made it one of the largest and most densely populated cities in Europe. Known then for its elegant architecture and boulevards, Warsaw was <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">bombed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Warsaw_(1939)" title="Siege of Warsaw (1939)">besieged</a> at the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-coat_of_arms_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coat_of_arms-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Czerkawski_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Czerkawski-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the historic city was destroyed and its diverse population decimated by the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Ghetto Uprising</a> in 1943, the general <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> in 1944, and <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Warsaw" title="Destruction of Warsaw">systematic razing</a>. </p><p>Warsaw is served by two international airports, the busiest being <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Chopin_Airport" title="Warsaw Chopin Airport">Warsaw Chopin</a>, as well as the smaller <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Modlin_Airport" title="Warsaw Modlin Airport">Warsaw Modlin</a>, intended for low-cost carriers. Major public transport services operating in the city include the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Metro" title="Warsaw Metro">Warsaw Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bus_transport_in_Warsaw" title="Bus transport in Warsaw">buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szybka_Kolej_Miejska_(Warsaw)" title="Szybka Kolej Miejska (Warsaw)">commuter rail service</a> and an extensive <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Warsaw" title="Trams in Warsaw">tram network</a>. The city is a significant economic centre for the region, with the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Stock_Exchange" title="Warsaw Stock Exchange">Warsaw Stock Exchange</a> being the largest in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the base for <a href="/wiki/Frontex" title="Frontex">Frontex</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">European Union agency</a> for external border security, and <a href="/wiki/ODIHR" class="mw-redirect" title="ODIHR">ODIHR</a>, one of the principal institutions of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a>. Warsaw has one of Europe's highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Warsaw" title="List of tallest buildings in Warsaw">concentrations of skyscrapers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Varso" title="Varso">Varso Place</a> is the tallest building in the European Union. </p><p>The city's primary educational and cultural institutions comprise the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Technology" title="Warsaw University of Technology">Warsaw University of Technology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SGH_Warsaw_School_of_Economics" title="SGH Warsaw School of Economics">SGH Warsaw School of Economics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chopin_University_of_Music" title="Chopin University of Music">Chopin University of Music</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polish Academy of Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_National_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra">National Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Warsaw">National Museum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Warsaw" title="Grand Theatre, Warsaw">Warsaw Grand Theatre</a>, the largest of its kind in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Warsaw" title="Old Town, Warsaw">Old Town</a>, which represents a variety of European architectural styles, was listed as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other landmarks include the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund%27s_Column" title="Sigismund's Column">Sigismund's Column</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace" title="Wilanów Palace">Wilanów Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palace_on_the_Isle" title="Palace on the Isle">Palace on the Isle</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Archcathedral,_Warsaw" title="St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw">St. John's Archcathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Market_Place,_Warsaw" title="Old Town Market Place, Warsaw">Main Market Square</a>, and numerous churches and mansions along the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Route,_Warsaw" title="Royal Route, Warsaw">Royal Route</a>. Warsaw is a green capital, with around a quarter of the city's area occupied by parks.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eastern_europe_capital_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eastern_europe_capital-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In sports, the city is home to <a href="/wiki/Legia_Warsaw" title="Legia Warsaw">Legia Warsaw</a> football club and hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Marathon" title="Warsaw Marathon">Warsaw Marathon</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy_and_names">Toponymy and names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy and names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Warsaw's name in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a> is <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Warszawa</i></span>. Other previous spellings of the name may have included: <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Warszewa</i></span>, <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Warszowa</i></span>, <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Worszewa</i></span> or <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Werszewa</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact origin and meaning of the name is uncertain and has not been fully determined.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, Warszawa was the name of a small fishing settlement on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> river. One hypothesis states that <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Warszawa</i></span> means "belonging to Warsz", <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Warsz</i></span> being a shortened form of the masculine <a href="/wiki/Old_Polish" title="Old Polish">Old Polish</a> name Warcisław, which etymologically is linked with <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rymut_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rymut-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the ending -awa is unusual for a large city; the names of Polish cities derived from personal names usually end in -ów/owo/ew/ewo (e.g. Piotrków, Adamów). </p><p><a href="/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">Folk etymology</a> attributes the city name to <a href="/wiki/Wars_and_Sawa" title="Wars and Sawa">Wars and Sawa</a>. There are several versions of the legend with their appearance. According to one version, Sawa was a mermaid living in the Vistula with whom fisherman Wars fell in love.<sup id="cite_ref-warsaw-legend_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warsaw-legend-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-syrenka_historia_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syrenka_historia-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official city name in full is <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">miasto stołeczne Warszawa</i></span> ("The Capital City of Warsaw").<sup id="cite_ref-prawo_lex_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prawo_lex-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A native or resident of Warsaw is known as a <i>Varsovian</i> – in Polish <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">warszawiak</i></span>, <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">warszawianin</i></span> (male), <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">warszawianka</i></span> (female), <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">warszawiacy</i></span>, and <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">warszawianie</i></span> (plural). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the name of Warsaw in various languages, see <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Warsaw" class="extiw" title="wikt:Warsaw">wikt:Warsaw</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Warsaw" title="History of Warsaw">History of Warsaw</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Warsaw" title="Timeline of Warsaw">Timeline of Warsaw</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1300–1800"><span id="1300.E2.80.931800"></span>1300–1800</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1300–1800"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hogenberg_View_of_Warsaw_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hogenberg_View_of_Warsaw_%28detail%29.jpg/220px-Hogenberg_View_of_Warsaw_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hogenberg_View_of_Warsaw_%28detail%29.jpg/330px-Hogenberg_View_of_Warsaw_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hogenberg_View_of_Warsaw_%28detail%29.jpg/440px-Hogenberg_View_of_Warsaw_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>A paper engraving of 16th-century Warsaw showing <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Archcathedral_(Warsaw)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Archcathedral (Warsaw)">St. John's Archcathedral</a> to the right. The church was founded in 1390, and is one of the city's ancient and most important landmarks.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B3dno" title="Bródno">Bródno</a> (9th/10th century) and <a href="/wiki/Ujazd%C3%B3w_Castle" title="Ujazdów Castle">Jazdów</a> (12th/13th century).<sup id="cite_ref-history_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new fortified settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called "Warszowa". The Prince of <a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock" title="Płock">Płock</a>, Bolesław II of Masovia, established the modern-day city in about 1300 and the first historical document attesting to the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Castellan" title="Castellan">castellany</a> dates to 1313.<sup id="cite_ref-views_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-views-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the completion of <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Archcathedral,_Warsaw" title="St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw">St John's Cathedral</a> in 1390, Warsaw became one of the seats of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Masovia" title="Duke of Masovia">Dukes of Masovia</a> and was officially made capital of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Masovia" title="Duchy of Masovia">Masovian Duchy</a> in 1413.<sup id="cite_ref-history_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy then predominantly rested on craftsmanship or trade, and the town housed approximately 4,500 people at the time. </p><p>During the 15th century, the population migrated and spread beyond the northern city wall into a newly formed self-governing precinct called <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_New_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw New Town">New Town</a>. The existing older settlement became eventually known as the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Old Town">Old Town</a>. Both possessed their own town charter and independent councils. The aim of establishing a separate district was to accommodate new incomers or "undesirables" who were not permitted to settle in Old Town, particularly <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social and financial disparities between the classes in the two precincts led to a minor revolt in 1525.<sup id="cite_ref-views_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-views-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the sudden death of <a href="/wiki/Janusz_III_of_Masovia" title="Janusz III of Masovia">Janusz III</a> and the extinction of the local ducal line, Masovia was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> in 1526.<sup id="cite_ref-history_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bona_Sforza" title="Bona Sforza">Bona Sforza</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund I of Poland">Sigismund I of Poland</a>, was widely accused of poisoning the duke to uphold Polish rule over Warsaw.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of a <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejm of the Republic of Poland">General Sejm</a> and held that privilege permanently from 1569.<sup id="cite_ref-history_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's rising importance encouraged the construction of a new set of defenses, including the landmark <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Barbican" title="Warsaw Barbican">Barbican</a>. Renowned <a href="/wiki/Italian_architecture" title="Italian architecture">Italian architects</a> were brought to Warsaw to reshape the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a>, the streets and the marketplace, resulting in the Old Town's early Italianate appearance. In 1573, the city gave its name to the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Confederation" title="Warsaw Confederation">Warsaw Confederation</a> which formally established religious freedom in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. Due to its central location between the capitals of the Commonwealth's two component parts, Poland and Lithuania, which were <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> respectively, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Polish Crown</a> when <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a> transferred his royal court in 1596.<sup id="cite_ref-history_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the subsequent years the town significantly expanded to the south and westwards. Several private independent districts (<i><a href="/wiki/Jurydyka" title="Jurydyka">jurydyka</a></i>) were the property of aristocrats and the gentry, which they ruled by their own laws. Between 1655 and 1658 the city was besieged and pillaged by the Swedish, <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvanian</a> forces.<sup id="cite_ref-history_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ascheron_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ascheron-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conduct of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> (1700–1721) also forced Warsaw to pay heavy tributes to the invading armies.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bellotto_New_Town_Market_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bellotto_New_Town_Market_Square.jpg/220px-Bellotto_New_Town_Market_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bellotto_New_Town_Market_Square.jpg/330px-Bellotto_New_Town_Market_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bellotto_New_Town_Market_Square.jpg/440px-Bellotto_New_Town_Market_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2333" data-file-height="1831" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_New_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw New Town">Warsaw New Town</a> in 1778. Painted by <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bellotto" title="Bernardo Bellotto">Bernardo Bellotto</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III</a> was a time of great development for Warsaw, which turned into an early-capitalist city. The <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxon</a> monarchs employed many German architects, sculptors and engineers, who rebuilt the city in a style similar to <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>. The year 1727 marked the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Garden" title="Saxon Garden">Saxon Garden</a> in Warsaw, the first publicly accessible park.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Za%C5%82uski_Library" title="Załuski Library">Załuski Library</a>, the first Polish public library and the largest at the time, was founded in 1747.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_II_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanisław II Augustus">Stanisław II Augustus</a>, who remodelled the interior of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a>, also made Warsaw a centre of culture and the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-Rozek_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rozek-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He extended the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Baths_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Baths Park">Royal Baths Park</a> and ordered the construction or refurbishment of numerous palaces, mansions and richly-decorated tenements. This earned Warsaw the nickname <i>Paris of the North</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Golna_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golna-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warsaw remained the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> until 1795 when it was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> in the third and final <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partition of Poland</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it subsequently became the capital of the province of <a href="/wiki/South_Prussia" title="South Prussia">South Prussia</a>. During this time, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII of France</a> spent his exile in Warsaw under the pseudonym <i>Comte de Lille</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1800–1939"><span id="1800.E2.80.931939"></span>1800–1939</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1800–1939"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filtry_Warszawskie_przy_ul._Koszykowej_81_w_Warszawie,_Hala_Filtr%C3%B3w_Powolnych.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Filtry_Warszawskie_przy_ul._Koszykowej_81_w_Warszawie%2C_Hala_Filtr%C3%B3w_Powolnych.jpg/220px-Filtry_Warszawskie_przy_ul._Koszykowej_81_w_Warszawie%2C_Hala_Filtr%C3%B3w_Powolnych.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Filtry_Warszawskie_przy_ul._Koszykowej_81_w_Warszawie%2C_Hala_Filtr%C3%B3w_Powolnych.jpg/330px-Filtry_Warszawskie_przy_ul._Koszykowej_81_w_Warszawie%2C_Hala_Filtr%C3%B3w_Powolnych.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Filtry_Warszawskie_przy_ul._Koszykowej_81_w_Warszawie%2C_Hala_Filtr%C3%B3w_Powolnych.jpg/440px-Filtry_Warszawskie_przy_ul._Koszykowej_81_w_Warszawie%2C_Hala_Filtr%C3%B3w_Powolnych.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Water_Filters" title="Warsaw Water Filters">Water Filters</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/William_Lindley" title="William Lindley">William Lindley</a> and finished in 1886</figcaption></figure> <p>Warsaw was made the capital of a newly created <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_client_states" title="List of French client states">French client state</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>, after a portion of Poland's territory was liberated from Prussia, Russia and Austria by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon</a> in 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-history_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Napoleon's defeat and exile, the 1815 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> assigned Warsaw to <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> within the easternmost sector (or partition) under a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816. </p><p>With the violation of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland">Polish constitution</a>, the 1830 <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> broke out against foreign influence. The Polish-Russian war of 1831 ended in the uprising's defeat and in the curtailment of Congress Poland's autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-history_30-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 February 1861, a Warsaw crowd protesting against Russian control over Congress Poland was fired upon by Russian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Naliwajek_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naliwajek-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-obrien_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obrien-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five people were killed. The Underground <a href="/wiki/Polish_National_Government_(January_Uprising)" title="Polish National Government (January Uprising)">Polish National Government</a> resided in Warsaw during the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> in 1863–64.<sup id="cite_ref-obrien_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obrien-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa._Ul._Marszalkowska._191-_(67220595)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Warszawa._Ul._Marszalkowska._191-_%2867220595%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/230px-Warszawa._Ul._Marszalkowska._191-_%2867220595%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Warszawa._Ul._Marszalkowska._191-_%2867220595%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/345px-Warszawa._Ul._Marszalkowska._191-_%2867220595%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Warszawa._Ul._Marszalkowska._191-_%2867220595%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/460px-Warszawa._Ul._Marszalkowska._191-_%2867220595%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5182" data-file-height="3280" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Marsza%C5%82kowska_Street,_Warsaw" title="Marszałkowska Street, Warsaw">Marszałkowska Street</a> as it appeared ca 1912</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa,_Filharmonia._ante_1906_(12981792)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Warszawa%2C_Filharmonia._ante_1906_%2812981792%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/230px-Warszawa%2C_Filharmonia._ante_1906_%2812981792%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Warszawa%2C_Filharmonia._ante_1906_%2812981792%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/345px-Warszawa%2C_Filharmonia._ante_1906_%2812981792%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Warszawa%2C_Filharmonia._ante_1906_%2812981792%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/460px-Warszawa%2C_Filharmonia._ante_1906_%2812981792%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3238" data-file-height="1843" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/National_Philharmonic_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Philharmonic in Warsaw">Warsaw National Philharmonic</a> before 1906</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Warsaw flourished throughout the 19th century under Mayor <a href="/wiki/Sokrates_Starynkiewicz" title="Sokrates Starynkiewicz">Sokrates Starynkiewicz</a> (1875–92), who was appointed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a>. Under Starynkiewicz Warsaw saw its first water and sewer systems designed and built by the English engineer <a href="/wiki/William_Lindley" title="William Lindley">William Lindley</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/William_Heerlein_Lindley" title="William Heerlein Lindley">William Heerlein Lindley</a>, as well as the expansion and modernisation of trams, street lighting, and gas infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-history_30-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1850 and 1882, the population grew by 134% to 383,000 as a result of rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. Many migrated from surrounding rural Masovian towns and villages to the city for employment opportunities. The western borough of <a href="/wiki/Wola" title="Wola">Wola</a> was transformed from an agricultural periphery occupied mostly by small farms and windmills (mills being the namesake of Wola's central neighbourhood <a href="/wiki/M%C5%82yn%C3%B3w,_Warsaw" title="Młynów, Warsaw">Młynów</a>) to an industrial and manufacturing centre.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgical</a>, textile and glassware factories were commonplace, with chimneys dominating the westernmost skyline.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, Warsaw's population was subjected to income segmentation. Gentrification of inner suburbs forced poorer residents to move across the river into <a href="/wiki/Praga" title="Praga">Praga</a> or <a href="/wiki/Powi%C5%9Ble,_Warsaw" title="Powiśle, Warsaw">Powiśle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solec,_Warsaw" title="Solec, Warsaw">Solec</a> districts, similar to the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Docklands" title="London Docklands">London Docklands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poorer religious and ethnic minorities, such as the Jews, settled in the crowded parts of northern Warsaw, in <a href="/wiki/Muran%C3%B3w" title="Muranów">Muranów</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Empire Census">Imperial Census</a> of 1897 recorded 626,000 people living in Warsaw, making it the third-largest city of the Empire after <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> and Moscow as well as the largest city in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grand architectural complexes and structures were also erected in the city centre, including the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Philharmonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Philharmonic">Warsaw Philharmonic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holiest_Saviour" title="Church of the Holiest Saviour">Church of the Holiest Saviour</a> and tenements along <a href="/wiki/Marsza%C5%82kowska_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Marszałkowska Street">Marszałkowska Street</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulica_Marsza%C5%82kowska_r%C3%B3g_Kredytowej_w_Warszawie_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ulica_Marsza%C5%82kowska_r%C3%B3g_Kredytowej_w_Warszawie_1908.jpg/230px-Ulica_Marsza%C5%82kowska_r%C3%B3g_Kredytowej_w_Warszawie_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ulica_Marsza%C5%82kowska_r%C3%B3g_Kredytowej_w_Warszawie_1908.jpg/345px-Ulica_Marsza%C5%82kowska_r%C3%B3g_Kredytowej_w_Warszawie_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ulica_Marsza%C5%82kowska_r%C3%B3g_Kredytowej_w_Warszawie_1908.jpg/460px-Ulica_Marsza%C5%82kowska_r%C3%B3g_Kredytowej_w_Warszawie_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boguslaw_Herse_Fashion_House" title="Boguslaw Herse Fashion House">Boguslaw Herse Fashion House</a>, a renowned department store during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interbellum period</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Warsaw was occupied by Germany from 4 August 1915 until November 1918. The <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a> concluded that defeated Germany is to withdraw from all foreign areas, which included Warsaw.<sup id="cite_ref-Wandycz_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wandycz-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany did so, and underground leader <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> returned to Warsaw on the same day which marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, the first truly sovereign Polish state after 1795. In the course of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921), the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">Battle of Warsaw</a> was fought on the eastern outskirts of the city. Poland successfully defended the capital, stopped the brunt of the Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and temporarily halted the "<a href="/wiki/Export_of_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Export of revolution">export of the communist revolution</a>" to other parts of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Zamoyski_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamoyski-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interwar period (1918–1939) was a time of major development in the city's infrastructure. New <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist</a> housing estates were built in <a href="/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w" title="Mokotów">Mokotów</a> to de-clutter the densely populated inner suburbs. In 1921, Warsaw's total area was estimated at only 124.7 km<sup>2</sup> with 1 million inhabitants–over 8,000 people/km<sup>2</sup> made Warsaw more densely populated than contemporary London.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arednicowy_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Średnicowy Bridge">Średnicowy Bridge</a> was constructed for railway (1921–1931), connecting both parts of the city across the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>. <a href="/wiki/Warszawa_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_railway_station" title="Warszawa Główna railway station">Warszawa Główna railway station</a> (1932–1939) was not completed due to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Starzy%C5%84ski" title="Stefan Starzyński">Stefan Starzyński</a> was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Warsaw">Mayor of Warsaw</a> between 1934 and 1939. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:228px;max-width:228px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg/226px-Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg/339px-Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg/452px-Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2908" data-file-height="1673" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ruins of Old Town.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruiny_getta_warszawskiego_w_drugiej_po%C5%82owie_lat_40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ruiny_getta_warszawskiego_w_drugiej_po%C5%82owie_lat_40.jpg/198px-Ruiny_getta_warszawskiego_w_drugiej_po%C5%82owie_lat_40.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ruiny_getta_warszawskiego_w_drugiej_po%C5%82owie_lat_40.jpg/297px-Ruiny_getta_warszawskiego_w_drugiej_po%C5%82owie_lat_40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ruiny_getta_warszawskiego_w_drugiej_po%C5%82owie_lat_40.jpg/396px-Ruiny_getta_warszawskiego_w_drugiej_po%C5%82owie_lat_40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1120" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ruins of Northern District.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">After the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Warsaw" title="Destruction of Warsaw">destruction of Warsaw</a> over 85% of the buildings lay in ruins, including the <a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Warsaw" title="Old Town, Warsaw">Old Town</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-last_glimpse_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-last_glimpse-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>After the German <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a> on 1 September 1939 started the Second World War, Warsaw <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Warsaw_(1939)" title="Siege of Warsaw (1939)">was defended</a> until 27 September. Central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a>, a German <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> colonial administration. All higher education institutions were immediately closed and Warsaw's entire Jewish population – several hundred thousand, some 30% of the city – were herded into the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1942, the Jews of the Warsaw Ghetto began to be deported en masse to the <a href="/wiki/Aktion_Reinhard" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktion Reinhard">Aktion Reinhard</a> extermination camps, particularly <a href="/wiki/Treblinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Treblinka">Treblinka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city would become the centre of urban resistance to Nazi rule in occupied Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the order came to annihilate the ghetto as part of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>" on 19 April 1943, Jewish fighters launched the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ghettouprising_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghettouprising-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered, the ghetto held out for almost a month.<sup id="cite_ref-ghettouprising_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghettouprising-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the fighting ended, almost all survivors were massacred, with only a few managing to escape or hide.<sup id="cite_ref-ghettouprising_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghettouprising-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aish_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aish-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Powstanie_Warszawskie_film_Joachmiczyk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Powstanie_Warszawskie_film_Joachmiczyk.jpg/190px-Powstanie_Warszawskie_film_Joachmiczyk.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Powstanie_Warszawskie_film_Joachmiczyk.jpg/285px-Powstanie_Warszawskie_film_Joachmiczyk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Powstanie_Warszawskie_film_Joachmiczyk.jpg/380px-Powstanie_Warszawskie_film_Joachmiczyk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> took place in 1944. The <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Polish Home Army</a> attempted to liberate Warsaw from the Germans before the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By July 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> was deep into Polish territory and pursuing the Nazis toward Warsaw.<sup id="cite_ref-uprising_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uprising-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> in London gave orders to the underground <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Home Army (AK)</a> to try to seize control of Warsaw before the Red Army arrived. Thus, on 1 August 1944, as the Red Army was nearing the city, the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw uprising">Warsaw uprising</a> began.<sup id="cite_ref-uprising_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uprising-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The armed struggle, planned to last 48 hours, was partially successful, however, it went on for 63 days. Eventually, the Home Army fighters and civilians assisting them were forced to capitulate.<sup id="cite_ref-uprising_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uprising-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were transported to <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">PoW</a> camps in Germany, while the entire civilian population was expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-uprising_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uprising-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polish civilian deaths are estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Borkiewicz_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borkiewicz-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler, ignoring the agreed terms of the capitulation, ordered the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Warsaw" title="Destruction of Warsaw">entire city to be razed to the ground</a> and the library and museum collections taken to Germany or burned.<sup id="cite_ref-uprising_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uprising-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monuments and government buildings were blown up by special German troops known as <i>Verbrennungs- und Vernichtungskommando</i> ("Burning and Destruction Detachments").<sup id="cite_ref-uprising_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uprising-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 85% of the city was destroyed, including the historic Old Town and the Royal Castle.<sup id="cite_ref-warsawuprising_com_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warsawuprising_com-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 January 1945 – after the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula–Oder Offensive">Vistula–Oder Offensive</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> – Soviet troops and Polish troops of the <a href="/wiki/First_Polish_Army_(1944-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Polish Army (1944-1945)">First Polish Army</a> entered the ruins of Warsaw, and liberated Warsaw's suburbs from German occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-Adamczyk_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adamczyk-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was swiftly freed by the Soviet Army, which rapidly advanced towards <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, as German forces regrouped at a more westward position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945–1989"><span id="1945.E2.80.931989"></span>1945–1989</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1945–1989"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Aleksandra_w_Warszawie_przed_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Aleksandra_w_Warszawie_przed_1939.jpg/200px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Aleksandra_w_Warszawie_przed_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Aleksandra_w_Warszawie_przed_1939.jpg/300px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Aleksandra_w_Warszawie_przed_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Aleksandra_w_Warszawie_przed_1939.jpg/400px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Aleksandra_w_Warszawie_przed_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="2047" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Aleksandra_w_Warszawie_2022a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Aleksandra_w_Warszawie_2022a.jpg/200px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Aleksandra_w_Warszawie_2022a.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Aleksandra_w_Warszawie_2022a.jpg/300px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Aleksandra_w_Warszawie_2022a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Aleksandra_w_Warszawie_2022a.jpg/400px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Aleksandra_w_Warszawie_2022a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6516" data-file-height="4628" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/St._Alexander%27s_Church,_Warsaw" title="St. Alexander's Church, Warsaw">St. Alexander's Church</a> at <a href="/wiki/Three_Crosses_Square" title="Three Crosses Square">Three Crosses Square</a> before the war and today - many monuments were rebuilt in a changed form</div></div></div></div> <p>In 1945, after the bombings, revolts, fighting, and demolition had ended, most of Warsaw lay in ruins. The area of the former ghetto was razed to the ground, with only a sea of rubble remaining. The immense destruction prompted a temporary transfer of the new government and its officials to <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, which became the transitional seat of power. Nevertheless, Warsaw officially resumed its role as the capital of Poland and the country's centre of political and economic life. </p><p>After World War II, the "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign was initiated and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in Warsaw to address the major housing shortage. <a href="/wiki/Plattenbau" class="mw-redirect" title="Plattenbau">Plattenbau</a>-styled apartment buildings were seen as a solution to avoid Warsaw's former density problem and to create more green spaces. Some of the buildings from the 19th century that had survived in a reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless demolished in the 1950s and 1960s, like the <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stanis%C5%82aw_Kronenberg" title="Leopold Stanisław Kronenberg">Kronenberg Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie,_Warsaw" title="Śródmieście, Warsaw">Śródmieście</a> (central) region's urban system was completely reshaped; former cobblestone streets were <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalted</a> and significantly widened for traffic use. Many notable streets such as Gęsia, Nalewki and Wielka disappeared as a result of these changes and some were split in half due to the construction of <a href="/wiki/Parade_Square" title="Parade Square">Plac Defilad</a> (Parade Square), one of the largest of its kind in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the central district was also designated for future skyscrapers. The 237-metre <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_and_Science,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw">Palace of Culture and Science</a> resembling New York's <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a> was built as a gift from the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warsaw's urban landscape is one of modern and contemporary architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite wartime destruction and post-war remodelling, many of the historic streets, buildings, and churches were restored to their original form. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa_Centrum_1981_(SIK_03-035777Z).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Warszawa_Centrum_1981_%28SIK_03-035777Z%29.jpg/220px-Warszawa_Centrum_1981_%28SIK_03-035777Z%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Warszawa_Centrum_1981_%28SIK_03-035777Z%29.jpg/330px-Warszawa_Centrum_1981_%28SIK_03-035777Z%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Warszawa_Centrum_1981_%28SIK_03-035777Z%29.jpg/440px-Warszawa_Centrum_1981_%28SIK_03-035777Z%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2059" /></a><figcaption>Warsaw in 1981; the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_and_Science" title="Palace of Culture and Science">Palace of Culture and Science</a> is visible in the background.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a>'s visits to his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">"Solidarity" movement</a> and encouraged the growing <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> fervor there.<sup id="cite_ref-destination_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-destination-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, less than a year after becoming pope, John Paul celebrated Mass in <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82sudski_Square" title="Piłsudski Square">Victory Square</a> in Warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to "renew the face" of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-destination_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-destination-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These words were meaningful for Varsovians and Poles who understood them as the incentive for liberal-democratic reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-destination_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-destination-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1989–present"><span id="1989.E2.80.93present"></span>1989–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1989–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1995, the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Metro" title="Warsaw Metro">Warsaw Metro</a> opened with a single line.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second line was opened in March 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 September 2022, three new Warsaw metro stations were opened, increasing the number of Warsaw Metro stations to 36 and its length to 38.3 kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2023, Warsaw's mayor, <a href="/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Trzaskowski" title="Rafał Trzaskowski">Rafał Trzaskowski</a>, announced plans to more than double the size of the city's metro system by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the entry of Poland into the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Warsaw is experiencing the large economic boom.<sup id="cite_ref-polandtrade_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polandtrade-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opening fixture of <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012" title="UEFA Euro 2012">UEFA Euro 2012</a> took place in Warsaw<sup id="cite_ref-poland2012_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poland2012-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the city also hosted the <a href="/wiki/2013_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference">2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/2016_Warsaw_summit" title="2016 Warsaw summit">2016 NATO Summit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of August 2022, Warsaw had received around 180,000 refugees from Ukraine, because of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. The amount means a tenth of the Polish capital's population of 1.8 million — the second-largest single group of Ukrainian refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location_and_topography">Location and topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Location and topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_by_Sentinel-2,_2020-06-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Warsaw_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-06-01.jpg/220px-Warsaw_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-06-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Warsaw_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-06-01.jpg/330px-Warsaw_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-06-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Warsaw_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-06-01.jpg/440px-Warsaw_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-06-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="3736" /></a><figcaption>Warsaw, as seen from the ESA Sentinel-2</figcaption></figure> <p>Warsaw lies in east-central Poland about 300 km (190 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> and about 260 km (160 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, 523 km (325 mi) east of Berlin, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city straddles the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> River. It is located in the heartland of the <a href="/wiki/Masovian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovian Plain">Masovian Plain</a>, and its average elevation is 100 m (330 ft) above sea level. The highest point on the left side of the city lies at a height of 115.7 m (380 ft) ("Redutowa" bus depot, district of Wola), on the right side – 122.1 m (401 ft) ("Groszówka" estate, district of Wesoła, by the eastern border). The lowest point lies at a height 75.6 m (248 ft) (at the right bank of the Vistula, by the eastern border of Warsaw). There are some hills (mostly artificial) located within the confines of the city – e.g. Warsaw Uprising Hill (121 m (397 ft)) and Szczęśliwice hill (138 m (453 ft) – the highest point of Warsaw in general). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plac_Grzybowski_noc%C4%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Plac_Grzybowski_noc%C4%85.jpg/220px-Plac_Grzybowski_noc%C4%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Plac_Grzybowski_noc%C4%85.jpg/330px-Plac_Grzybowski_noc%C4%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Plac_Grzybowski_noc%C4%85.jpg/440px-Plac_Grzybowski_noc%C4%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Grzybowski_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Grzybowski Square">Grzybowski Square</a> in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie,_Warsaw" title="Śródmieście, Warsaw">central district of Warsaw</a>. The city is located on the mostly flat <a href="/wiki/Masovian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovian Plain">Masovian Plain</a>, but the city centre is at a higher elevation than the suburbs.</figcaption></figure> <p>Warsaw is located on two main geomorphologic formations: the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces. The Vistula River is the specific axis of Warsaw, which divides the city into two parts, left and right. The left one is situated both on the <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraine</a> plateau (10 to 25 m (33 to 82 ft) above Vistula level) and on the Vistula terraces (max. 6.5 m (21 ft) above Vistula level). The significant element of the relief, in this part of Warsaw, is the edge of moraine plateau called Warsaw Escarpment. It is 20 to 25 m (66 to 82 ft) high in the Old Town and Central district and about 10 m (33 ft) in the north and south of Warsaw. It goes through the city and plays an important role as a landmark. </p><p>The plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups of <a href="/wiki/Clay_pit" title="Clay pit">clay pits</a>. The pattern of the Vistula terraces is asymmetrical. The left side consists mainly of two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces and the lowest one is the floodplain terrace. The contemporary flooded terrace still has visible valleys and ground <a href="/wiki/Depression_(geology)" title="Depression (geology)">depressions</a> with water systems coming from the old Vistula – riverbed. They consist of still quite natural streams and lakes as well as the pattern of drainage ditches. The right side of Warsaw has a different pattern of geomorphological forms. There are several levels of the Vistula plain terraces (flooded as well as formerly flooded), and only a small part is a not-so-visible moraine escarpment. <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">Aeolian</a> sand with a number of dunes parted by <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace. These are mainly forested areas (<a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">pine forest</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesie%C5%84_w_%C5%82azienkach_kr%C3%B3lewskich_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Jesie%C5%84_w_%C5%82azienkach_kr%C3%B3lewskich_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Jesie%C5%84_w_%C5%82azienkach_kr%C3%B3lewskich_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Jesie%C5%84_w_%C5%82azienkach_kr%C3%B3lewskich_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Jesie%C5%84_w_%C5%82azienkach_kr%C3%B3lewskich_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Jesie%C5%84_w_%C5%82azienkach_kr%C3%B3lewskich_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Jesie%C5%84_w_%C5%82azienkach_kr%C3%B3lewskich_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Autumn in Warsaw's <a href="/wiki/%C5%81azienki_Park" title="Łazienki Park">Royal Baths</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Warsaw experiences an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Cfb)</i> or <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Dfb)</i> climate, depending on the isotherm used;<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the city used to be humid continental regardless of isotherm prior to the recent effect of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and the city's <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noaa_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, by the genetic climate classification of <a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Oko%C5%82owicz" title="Wincenty Okołowicz">Wincenty Okołowicz</a>, it has a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> "fusion" climate, with both oceanic and continental features.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city has cold, sometimes snowy, cloudy winters, and warm, relatively sunny but frequently stormy summers. Spring and autumn can be unpredictable, highly prone to sudden weather changes; however, temperatures are usually mild, especially around May and September.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The daily average temperature ranges between −1.5 °C (29 °F) in January and 19.7 °C (67.5 °F) in July and the mean year temperature is 9.0 °C (48.2 °F). Temperatures may reach 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer, although the effects of hot weather are usually offset by relatively low dew points and large diurnal temperature differences. Warsaw is Europe's sixth driest major city (driest in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>), with yearly rainfall averaging 550 mm (22 in), the wettest month being July.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Warsaw (<a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Chopin_Airport" title="Warsaw Chopin Airport">WAW</a>), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3<br />(95.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9<br />(96.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5<br />(94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.0<br />(98.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6<br />(47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0<br />(89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.7<br />(92.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5<br />(29.3) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4<br />(31.3) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0<br />(24.8) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.5<br />(4.1) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.9<br />(8.8) </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.2<br />(17.2) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.4<br />(20.5) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.7<br />(10.9) </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−17.8<br />(0.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30.7<br />(−23.3) </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−27.6<br />(−17.7) </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.6<br />(−8.7) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.9<br />(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.1<br />(26.4) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.6<br />(14.7) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.0<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.8<br />(−12.6) </td> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−30.7<br />(−23.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D0FFD0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(1.22) </td> <td style="background: #CEFFCE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(1.17) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(1.14) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1<br />(1.38) </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.5<br />(2.19) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.9<br />(2.52) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.2<br />(3.24) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.6<br />(2.39) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.4<br />(1.98) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.2<br />(1.58) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0<br />(1.42) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(1.42) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">549.8<br />(21.65) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4<br />(2.5) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.6<br />(2.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #3737FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.20 </td> <td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.44 </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.83 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.97 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.93 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.53 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.53 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.37 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.87 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.27 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.10 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.03 </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">155.07 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.3 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.5 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.7 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">68.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000BE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000DC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000FB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000F8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000F4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000D0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000BE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000AB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000B2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000D4; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">77.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3<br />(27) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3<br />(27) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1<br />(30) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(46) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(52) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14<br />(57) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(50) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6<br />(43) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5<br />(41) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #515151; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.6 </td> <td style="background: #858585; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.5 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139.4 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210.1 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">272.4 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">288.8 </td> <td style="background: #EDED08; color:#000000;" class="notheme">295.4 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">280.2 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">193.1 </td> <td style="background: #B7B758; color:#000000;" class="notheme">122.6 </td> <td style="background: #5F5F5F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.6 </td> <td style="background: #3D3D3D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">33.6 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,998.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<sup id="cite_ref-IMGWtavg_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWtavg-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWtmin_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWtmin-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWtmax_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWtmax-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWprecip_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWprecip-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWprecipdays_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWprecipdays-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWsnowdepth_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWsnowdepth-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWsnowdays_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWsnowdays-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWsun_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWsun-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)<sup id="cite_ref-recordhigh_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recordhigh-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-recordlow_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recordlow-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-relativehumidity_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relativehumidity-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather Atlas (UV),<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985-2015)<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Warsaw-Bielany, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9<br />(91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2<br />(97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9<br />(98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0<br />(100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3<br />(93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.0<br />(100.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3<br />(82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.2<br />(93.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9<br />(46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(32.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.3<br />(6.3) </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.3<br />(11.7) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.9<br />(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9<br />(28.6) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.1<br />(22.8) </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.4<br />(13.3) </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−16.8<br />(1.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #5050FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−27.9<br />(−18.2) </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.0<br />(−18.4) </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.1<br />(−0.6) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5<br />(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.3<br />(29.7) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.3<br />(17.1) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.9<br />(3.4) </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.8<br />(−12.6) </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−28.0<br />(−18.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(1.40) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(1.35) </td> <td style="background: #CCFFCC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2<br />(1.35) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8<br />(1.45) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.1<br />(2.29) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.8<br />(2.67) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.5<br />(3.21) </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.3<br />(2.49) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.9<br />(2.00) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.6<br />(1.68) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.8<br />(1.61) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.7<br />(1.64) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">587.9<br />(23.15) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #3737FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.2 </td> <td style="background: #3E3EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.2 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.3 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.7 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.1 </td> <td style="background: #3D3DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.7 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">162.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000C2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000DC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000CD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000B3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000B3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000D8; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">76.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: meteomodel.pl<sup id="cite_ref-Meteomodel2_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meteomodel2-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Warsaw </th></tr> <tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>Mean daily daylight hours </th> <td style="background:#E2E200;color:#000000;">8.0 </td> <td style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;">10.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;">14.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF77;color:#000000;">16.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF88;color:#000000;">17.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF77;color:#000000;">16.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;">15.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;">13.0 </td> <td style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;">11.0 </td> <td style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;">9.0 </td> <td style="background:#E2E200;color:#000000;">8.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF3A;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">12.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="14" style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;">Source: Weather Atlas (sunshine data)<sup id="cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div style="width: 80%;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanism_and_architecture">Urbanism and architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Urbanism and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Warsaw" title="Architecture of Warsaw">Architecture of Warsaw</a></div> <p>Warsaw's long and eclectic history left a noticeable mark on its architecture and urban form. Unlike most Polish cities, Warsaw's cityscape is mostly <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">contemporary</a> – modern glass buildings are towering above older historical edifices which is a common feature of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> metropolises. Warsaw is among the European cities with the highest number of skyscrapers and is home to <a href="/wiki/Varso" title="Varso">European Union's tallest building</a>. Skyscrapers are mostly centered around the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie,_Warsaw" title="Śródmieście, Warsaw">Śródmieście</a> district, with many located in the commercial district of <a href="/wiki/Wola" title="Wola">Wola</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Concentric_zone_model" title="Concentric zone model">concentric zone pattern</a> emerged within the last decades; the majority of Warsaw's residents live outside the commercial city centre and commute by <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw metro">metro</a>, bus or tram.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tenement" title="Tenement">Tenements</a> and apartments in the central neighbourhoods are often reserved for commercial activity or temporary (tourist, student) accommodation. The nearest residential zones are predominantly located on the outskirts of the inner borough, in <a href="/wiki/Ochota" title="Ochota">Ochota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w" title="Mokotów">Mokotów</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBoliborz" title="Żoliborz">Żoliborz</a> or along the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Powi%C5%9Ble,_Warsaw" title="Powiśle, Warsaw">Powiśle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:284px;max-width:284px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_the_Main_Building_of_the_Warsaw_University_of_Technology,_Poland,_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Interior_of_the_Main_Building_of_the_Warsaw_University_of_Technology%2C_Poland%2C_04.jpg/280px-Interior_of_the_Main_Building_of_the_Warsaw_University_of_Technology%2C_Poland%2C_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Interior_of_the_Main_Building_of_the_Warsaw_University_of_Technology%2C_Poland%2C_04.jpg/420px-Interior_of_the_Main_Building_of_the_Warsaw_University_of_Technology%2C_Poland%2C_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Interior_of_the_Main_Building_of_the_Warsaw_University_of_Technology%2C_Poland%2C_04.jpg/560px-Interior_of_the_Main_Building_of_the_Warsaw_University_of_Technology%2C_Poland%2C_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3638" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interiors_of_Z%C5%82ote_Tarasy,_Warsaw,_Poland,_2019,_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Interiors_of_Z%C5%82ote_Tarasy%2C_Warsaw%2C_Poland%2C_2019%2C_04.jpg/280px-Interiors_of_Z%C5%82ote_Tarasy%2C_Warsaw%2C_Poland%2C_2019%2C_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Interiors_of_Z%C5%82ote_Tarasy%2C_Warsaw%2C_Poland%2C_2019%2C_04.jpg/420px-Interiors_of_Z%C5%82ote_Tarasy%2C_Warsaw%2C_Poland%2C_2019%2C_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Interiors_of_Z%C5%82ote_Tarasy%2C_Warsaw%2C_Poland%2C_2019%2C_04.jpg/560px-Interiors_of_Z%C5%82ote_Tarasy%2C_Warsaw%2C_Poland%2C_2019%2C_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3232" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Old and new–<a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Technology" title="Warsaw University of Technology">Warsaw Polytechnic</a> courtyard (above) and <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82ote_Tarasy" title="Złote Tarasy">Złote Tarasy</a> mall (below)</div></div></div></div> <p>A seat of <a href="/wiki/Polish_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish monarchs">Polish monarchs</a> since the end of the 16th century, Warsaw remained a small city with only privately owned palaces, mansions, villas and several streets of townhouses. These displayed a richness of color and architectonic details. The finest German, Italian and Dutch architects were employed, among them <a href="/wiki/Tylman_van_Gameren" title="Tylman van Gameren">Tylman van Gameren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Schl%C3%BCter" title="Andreas Schlüter">Andreas Schlüter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Fontana" title="Jakub Fontana">Jakub Fontana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Marconi" title="Enrico Marconi">Enrico Marconi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The buildings situated in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Old Town">Warsaw Old Town</a> represent nearly every European architectural style and <a href="/wiki/List_of_time_periods" title="List of time periods">historical period</a>. Warsaw has excellent examples of architecture from the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> periods, all of which are located within walking distance of the centre. This architectural richness has led to Warsaw being described by some commentators as a "<a href="/wiki/Paris_of_the_East_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris of the East (disambiguation)">Paris of the East</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">burgher</a> houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Cathedral,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Cathedral, Warsaw">St John's Cathedral</a> (1390), a typical example of the so-called Masovian <a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">Brick Gothic</a> style; <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Visitation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary,_Warsaw" title="Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Warsaw">St Mary's Church</a> (1411); the Burbach <a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">townhouse</a> (14th century);<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gunpowder Tower (after 1379); and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a>'s <i>Curia Maior</i> (1407–1410). The most notable examples of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a> in the city are the house of the Baryczko merchant family (1562), a building called "The Negro" (early 17th century), and Salwator tenement (1632), all situated on the <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Market_Place,_Warsaw" title="Old Town Market Place, Warsaw">Old Market Place</a>. The most interesting examples of <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerist</a> architecture are the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a> (1596–1619) and the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Church,_Warsaw" title="Jesuit Church, Warsaw">Jesuit Church</a> (1609–1626). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_Bristol,_Warszawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hotel_Bristol%2C_Warszawa.jpg/170px-Hotel_Bristol%2C_Warszawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hotel_Bristol%2C_Warszawa.jpg/255px-Hotel_Bristol%2C_Warszawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hotel_Bristol%2C_Warszawa.jpg/340px-Hotel_Bristol%2C_Warszawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Bristol,_Warsaw" title="Hotel Bristol, Warsaw">Hotel Bristol</a> is a unique example of Warsaw's architectural heritage, combining <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Renaissance">Neo-Renaissance</a> designs.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a> arrived in Warsaw at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries with the artists from the court circle of King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a> (the early Warsaw Baroque is referred to as Vasa Baroque). Among the first structures of the early Baroque, the most important are <a href="/wiki/St._Hyacinth%27s_Church,_Warsaw" title="St. Hyacinth's Church, Warsaw">St. Hyacinth's Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigismund%27s_Column" title="Sigismund's Column">Sigismund's Column</a>, the first secular monument in the form of a column in modern history.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, part of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a> was rebuilt in this style, the <a href="/wiki/Ujazd%C3%B3w_Castle" title="Ujazdów Castle">Ujazdów Castle</a> and numerous Baroque palaces on the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> escarpment were constructed. In the architecture of Catholic churches, the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> type became a novelty, exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Anthony_of_Padua,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Warsaw">Church of St. Anthony of Padua</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Church,_Warsaw" title="Carmelite Church, Warsaw">Carmelite Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Church,_Warsaw" title="Holy Cross Church, Warsaw">Holy Cross Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-barok_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barok-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warsaw Baroque from the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries was characterized by building facades with a predominance of vertical elements close to the wall and numerous <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">ornaments</a>. The most important architect working in Warsaw at that time was <a href="/wiki/Tylman_van_Gameren" title="Tylman van Gameren">Tylman van Gameren</a>. His projects include the <a href="/wiki/Krasi%C5%84ski_Palace" title="Krasiński Palace">Krasiński Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Four_Winds" title="Palace of the Four Winds">Palace of the Four Winds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostrogski_Palace" title="Ostrogski Palace">Ostrogski Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czapski_Palace" title="Czapski Palace">Czapski Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BChl_Palace,_Warsaw" title="Brühl Palace, Warsaw">Brühl Palace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Kazimierz_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Kazimierz Church">St. Kazimierz Church</a>. The most significant Baroque building of this period is the <a href="/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace" title="Wilanów Palace">Wilanów Palace</a>, built on the order of King <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-barok_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barok-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The late Baroque era was the epoch of the <a href="/wiki/Personal_union_of_Poland_and_Saxony" title="Personal union of Poland and Saxony">Saxon Kings</a> (1697–1763). During this time, three major spatial projects were realized: the 880-meter Piaseczyński Canal on the axis of <a href="/wiki/Ujazd%C3%B3w_Castle" title="Ujazdów Castle">Ujazdów Castle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ujazd%C3%B3w_Avenue,_Warsaw" title="Ujazdów Avenue, Warsaw">Ujazdów Calvary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Axis" title="Saxon Axis">Saxon Axis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Visitationist_Church" title="Visitationist Church">Visitationist Church</a> also dates from this period.<sup id="cite_ref-barok_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barok-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa,_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Anny,_ch%C3%B3r_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Warszawa%2C_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Anny%2C_ch%C3%B3r_HDR.jpg/170px-Warszawa%2C_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Anny%2C_ch%C3%B3r_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Warszawa%2C_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Anny%2C_ch%C3%B3r_HDR.jpg/255px-Warszawa%2C_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Anny%2C_ch%C3%B3r_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Warszawa%2C_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Anny%2C_ch%C3%B3r_HDR.jpg/340px-Warszawa%2C_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Anny%2C_ch%C3%B3r_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5925" data-file-height="7000" /></a><figcaption>Baroque organ at <a href="/wiki/St._Anne%27s_Church,_Warsaw" title="St. Anne's Church, Warsaw">St. Anne's Church</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical architecture</a> began to be the main style in the capital's architecture in Warsaw in the second half of the 18th century thanks to King <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a>. It can be described by the simplicity of the geometrical forms teamed with a great inspiration from the Roman period. The best-known architect who worked in Warsaw at the time was <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Merlini" title="Domenico Merlini">Domenico Merlini</a>, who designed the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81azienki_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Łazienki Palace">Palace on the Isle</a>. Other significant buildings from this period include <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3likarnia" title="Królikarnia">Królikarnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Warsaw" title="Holy Trinity Church, Warsaw">Holy Trinity Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Anne%27s_Church,_Warsaw" title="St. Anne's Church, Warsaw">St. Anne's Church, Warsaw</a>. </p><p>Also in the first half of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassicism</a> dominated the architecture of Warsaw. Old buildings were rebuilt and new ones were built in this style. The neoclassical revival affected all aspects of architecture; the most notable examples are the <a href="/wiki/Great_Theatre,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Theatre, Warsaw">Great Theater</a>, buildings located at <a href="/wiki/Plac_Bankowy,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Plac Bankowy, Warsaw">Bank Square</a>, headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Society_of_Friends_of_Learning" title="Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning">Warsaw Society of Friends of Sciences</a> (<a href="/wiki/Staszic_Palace" title="Staszic Palace">Staszic Palace</a>), <a href="/wiki/St._Alexander%27s_Church,_Warsaw" title="St. Alexander's Church, Warsaw">St. Alexander's Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Belweder" title="Belweder">Belweder</a>. Many classicist tenement houses were built on Senatorska Street and along <a href="/wiki/New_World_Street,_Warsaw" title="New World Street, Warsaw">Nowy Świat Street</a>. After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Citadel" title="Warsaw Citadel">Warsaw Citadel</a> was constructed in the north of the city, and the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Palace" title="Saxon Palace">Saxon Palace</a> underwent a complete reconstruction, where the central body of the building was demolished and replaced by a monumental 11-bay <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:121px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamienica_Wolfa_Krongolda_w_Warszawie_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kamienica_Wolfa_Krongolda_w_Warszawie_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/122px-Kamienica_Wolfa_Krongolda_w_Warszawie_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kamienica_Wolfa_Krongolda_w_Warszawie_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/183px-Kamienica_Wolfa_Krongolda_w_Warszawie_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kamienica_Wolfa_Krongolda_w_Warszawie_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/244px-Kamienica_Wolfa_Krongolda_w_Warszawie_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4771" data-file-height="4767" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:121px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gmach_Stowarzyszenia_Technik%C3%B3w_w_Warszawie_2021_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gmach_Stowarzyszenia_Technik%C3%B3w_w_Warszawie_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/162px-Gmach_Stowarzyszenia_Technik%C3%B3w_w_Warszawie_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gmach_Stowarzyszenia_Technik%C3%B3w_w_Warszawie_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/243px-Gmach_Stowarzyszenia_Technik%C3%B3w_w_Warszawie_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gmach_Stowarzyszenia_Technik%C3%B3w_w_Warszawie_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/324px-Gmach_Stowarzyszenia_Technik%C3%B3w_w_Warszawie_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4590" data-file-height="3440" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plac_Unii_Lubelskiej_widok_w_kierunku_wylotu_Bagateli_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Plac_Unii_Lubelskiej_widok_w_kierunku_wylotu_Bagateli_%28cropped%29.jpg/145px-Plac_Unii_Lubelskiej_widok_w_kierunku_wylotu_Bagateli_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Plac_Unii_Lubelskiej_widok_w_kierunku_wylotu_Bagateli_%28cropped%29.jpg/218px-Plac_Unii_Lubelskiej_widok_w_kierunku_wylotu_Bagateli_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Plac_Unii_Lubelskiej_widok_w_kierunku_wylotu_Bagateli_%28cropped%29.jpg/290px-Plac_Unii_Lubelskiej_widok_w_kierunku_wylotu_Bagateli_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5381" data-file-height="4036" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamienica_Wilhelma_Rakmana_w_Warszawie_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kamienica_Wilhelma_Rakmana_w_Warszawie_2022.jpg/139px-Kamienica_Wilhelma_Rakmana_w_Warszawie_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kamienica_Wilhelma_Rakmana_w_Warszawie_2022.jpg/209px-Kamienica_Wilhelma_Rakmana_w_Warszawie_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kamienica_Wilhelma_Rakmana_w_Warszawie_2022.jpg/278px-Kamienica_Wilhelma_Rakmana_w_Warszawie_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6164" data-file-height="4836" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Multi-story tenement houses made up the majority of Warsaw's buildings at the end of the 19th century. Clockwise from upper left: Krongold Tenement House, Technicians' Association Building, Rakman Tenement House, tenement houses at Union of Lublin Square.</div></div></div></div> <p>In the mid-19th century, the industrial revolution reached Warsaw, leading to the mass use of iron as a building material. In 1845, the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw%E2%80%93Vienna_railway" title="Warsaw–Vienna railway">Warsaw-Vienna Railway Station</a> was opened. Another important aspect of the developing city was ensuring access to water and sewage disposal. The first modern Warsaw water supply system was launched in 1855, designed by one of the most outstanding architects of that period – <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Marconi" title="Enrico Marconi">Enrico Marconi</a>, who designed also <a href="/wiki/All_Saints_Church,_Warsaw" title="All Saints Church, Warsaw">All Saints Church</a>. The dynamic development of the railway became a factor that enabled equally dynamic development of Warsaw's industry. Among the establishments built at that time were the <a href="/wiki/E._Wedel" title="E. Wedel">Wedel factory</a> and the extensive <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Gasworks_Museum" title="Warsaw Gasworks Museum">Municipal Gasworks complex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prudential_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Prudential_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg/170px-Prudential_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Prudential_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg/255px-Prudential_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Prudential_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg/340px-Prudential_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3564" data-file-height="5908" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prudential_House" title="Prudential House">Prudential House</a>, built between 1931 and 1933 in the <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> style, was the first <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscraper</a> in Poland and the second tallest building in Europe at the time of its completion.<sup id="cite_ref-prudential_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prudential-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the architecture of the 1920s, national historicism and other historical forms were dominant. <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> forms also appeared, and towards the end of the decade, avant-garde functionalism emerged. The creation of urban plans for the capital of Poland can be traced back to 1916, when, after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">retreat of the Russians</a> from Warsaw and the beginnings of the German occupation, the territories of the surrounding municipalities were annexed to the city. Even before Poland regained its independence, parallel to the creation of the administration of the future state, the first urban visions were emerging. These included, among others, the construction of a representative government district in the southern part of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie,_Warsaw" title="Śródmieście, Warsaw">Śródmieście</a>. However, major changes in urban planning and the architectural landscape of the city only began in the mid-1920s. The forming state structures needed headquarters, leading to the construction of many monumental public buildings, including the <a href="/wiki/Sejm_and_Senate_Complex" title="Sejm and Senate Complex">buildings of the Sejm and the Senate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_and_Public_Education_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education (Poland)">Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Infrastructure_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Infrastructure (Poland)">Ministry of Public Works</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_National_Museum" title="Warsaw National Museum">National Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Museum_of_the_State_Geological_Institute" title="Geological Museum of the State Geological Institute">State Geological Institute</a>, the State Agricultural Bank, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_Gospodarstwa_Krajowego" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego">Domestic Economy Bank</a>, the directorate of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_State_Railways" title="Polish State Railways">Polish State Railways</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Office_(Poland)" title="Supreme Audit Office (Poland)">Supreme Audit Office</a>, and the campus of the <a href="/wiki/SGH_Warsaw_School_of_Economics" title="SGH Warsaw School of Economics">Warsaw School of Economics</a>. New districts were also established in <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBoliborz" title="Żoliborz">Żoliborz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ochota" title="Ochota">Ochota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w" title="Mokotów">Mokotów</a>, often designed around a central square with radiating streets (<a href="/wiki/Narutowicz_Square" title="Narutowicz Square">Narutowicz Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Square" title="Wilson Square">Wilson Square</a>). Examples of new large urban projects are the Staszic and <a href="/wiki/Kolonia_Lubeckiego" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolonia Lubeckiego">Lubecki colonies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ochota" title="Ochota">Ochota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20s_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20s-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ufficio_Primo,_Wsp%C3%B3lna_Street,_Warsaw,_Poland,_2019,_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ufficio_Primo%2C_Wsp%C3%B3lna_Street%2C_Warsaw%2C_Poland%2C_2019%2C_07.jpg/170px-Ufficio_Primo%2C_Wsp%C3%B3lna_Street%2C_Warsaw%2C_Poland%2C_2019%2C_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ufficio_Primo%2C_Wsp%C3%B3lna_Street%2C_Warsaw%2C_Poland%2C_2019%2C_07.jpg/255px-Ufficio_Primo%2C_Wsp%C3%B3lna_Street%2C_Warsaw%2C_Poland%2C_2019%2C_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ufficio_Primo%2C_Wsp%C3%B3lna_Street%2C_Warsaw%2C_Poland%2C_2019%2C_07.jpg/340px-Ufficio_Primo%2C_Wsp%C3%B3lna_Street%2C_Warsaw%2C_Poland%2C_2019%2C_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2865" data-file-height="3820" /></a><figcaption>The Government Presidium of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> from 1952 is an example of eclectic <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Exceptional examples of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> architecture of the later periods were not restored by the <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> authorities after the war or were remodelled into a socialist realist style (like <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Philharmonic_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra">Warsaw Philharmonic</a> edifice originally inspired by <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>). Despite that, the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Technology" title="Warsaw University of Technology">Warsaw University of Technology</a> (Polytechnic) building.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the most interesting of the late 19th-century architecture. Some 19th-century industrial and brick workhouse buildings in the Praga district were restored, though many have been poorly maintained or demolished.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable examples of post-war architecture include the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_and_Science,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw">Palace of Culture and Science</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">soc-realist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a> skyscraper based on the <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a> in New York. The <a href="/wiki/Plac_Konstytucji" class="mw-redirect" title="Plac Konstytucji">Constitution Square</a> with its monumental <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a> architecture (MDM estate) was modelled on the grand squares of Paris, London, Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italianate <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_order" title="Tuscan order">tuscan-styled</a> colonnades based on those at <a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Repubblica,_Rome" title="Piazza della Repubblica, Rome">Piazza della Repubblica in Rome</a> were also erected on <a href="/wiki/Plac_Zbawiciela" class="mw-redirect" title="Plac Zbawiciela">Saviour Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary architecture</a> in Warsaw is represented by the Metropolitan Office Building at <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82sudski_Square" title="Piłsudski Square">Pilsudski Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varso" title="Varso">Varso</a> tower, both by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_(architect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster (architect)">Norman Foster</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Metropolitan_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metropolitan-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw University Library">Warsaw University Library</a> (BUW) by Marek Budzyński and Zbigniew Badowski, featuring a garden on its roof and view of the Vistula River, <a href="/wiki/Rondo_1" title="Rondo 1">Rondo 1</a> office building by <a href="/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Skidmore, Owings & Merrill">Skidmore, Owings & Merrill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82ota_44" title="Złota 44">Złota 44</a> residential skyscraper by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Libeskind" title="Daniel Libeskind">Daniel Libeskind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the History of Polish Jews">Museum of the History of Polish Jews</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Mahlam%C3%A4ki" title="Rainer Mahlamäki">Rainer Mahlamäki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82ote_Tarasy" title="Złote Tarasy">Golden Terraces</a>, consisting of seven overlapping domes retail and business centre. Jointly with Moscow, Istanbul, Frankfurt, London, Paris and Rotterdam, Warsaw is one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-scraper_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scraper-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Town_Market_Square_in_Warsaw_20180816-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Old_Town_Market_Square_in_Warsaw_20180816-2.jpg/220px-Old_Town_Market_Square_in_Warsaw_20180816-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Old_Town_Market_Square_in_Warsaw_20180816-2.jpg/330px-Old_Town_Market_Square_in_Warsaw_20180816-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Old_Town_Market_Square_in_Warsaw_20180816-2.jpg/440px-Old_Town_Market_Square_in_Warsaw_20180816-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Market_Place,_Warsaw" title="Old Town Market Place, Warsaw">Main Market Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Old Town">Old Town</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> <table style="float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; width: 285px; background: #B5B5B5;">Map of Warsaw Old Town</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Town_in_Warsaw_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Old_Town_in_Warsaw_map.png/280px-Old_Town_in_Warsaw_map.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Old_Town_in_Warsaw_map.png/420px-Old_Town_in_Warsaw_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Old_Town_in_Warsaw_map.png/560px-Old_Town_in_Warsaw_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption><div><ol><li>Stone stairs</li><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Warsaw" title="Museum of Warsaw">Museum of Warsaw</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Barbican" title="Warsaw Barbican">Barbican</a></li><li>Defensive walls</li><li>Salwator tenement</li><li>Museum of Leather Crafts</li><li>St. Anne's tenement</li><li>Fukier tenement</li><li>Museum of Literature</li><li>Museum of Artistic and Precision Crafts</li><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Visitation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary,_Warsaw" title="Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Warsaw">St. Mary's Church</a></li><li>Gothic Bridge</li><li>Pelican house</li><li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Cathedral,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Cathedral, Warsaw">St. John's Cathedral</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Church,_Warsaw" title="Jesuit Church, Warsaw">Jesuit Church</a></li><li>Canonicity</li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Copper-Roof_Palace" title="Copper-Roof Palace">Copper-Roof Palace</a></li><li>East – West Route tunnel</li><li>Dung Hill</li><li>Warsaw Mermaid statue</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund%27s_Column" title="Sigismund's Column">Sigismund's Column</a></li></ol></div></figcaption></figure></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although contemporary Warsaw is a fairly young city compared to other European capitals, it has numerous <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attractions</a> and architectural monuments dating back centuries. Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Old Town">Warsaw Old Town</a> area, reconstructed after World War II, each borough has something to offer. Among the most notable landmarks of the Old Town are the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund%27s_Column" title="Sigismund's Column">Sigismund's Column</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Market_Place,_Warsaw" title="Old Town Market Place, Warsaw">Market Square</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Barbican" title="Warsaw Barbican">Barbican</a>. </p><p>Further south is the so-called <a href="/wiki/Royal_Route,_Warsaw" title="Royal Route, Warsaw">Royal Route</a>, with many historical churches, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicist</a> palaces, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Warsaw" title="Presidential Palace, Warsaw">Presidential Palace</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a> campus. The former royal residence of King <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace" title="Wilanów Palace">Wilanów</a> is notable for its Baroque architecture and eloquent palatial garden.<sup id="cite_ref-wilanow-palac_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilanow-palac-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_noc%C4%85_w_Warszawie_widok_od_strony_ogrod%C3%B3w_kr%C3%B3lewskich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_noc%C4%85_w_Warszawie_widok_od_strony_ogrod%C3%B3w_kr%C3%B3lewskich.jpg/220px-Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_noc%C4%85_w_Warszawie_widok_od_strony_ogrod%C3%B3w_kr%C3%B3lewskich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_noc%C4%85_w_Warszawie_widok_od_strony_ogrod%C3%B3w_kr%C3%B3lewskich.jpg/330px-Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_noc%C4%85_w_Warszawie_widok_od_strony_ogrod%C3%B3w_kr%C3%B3lewskich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_noc%C4%85_w_Warszawie_widok_od_strony_ogrod%C3%B3w_kr%C3%B3lewskich.jpg/440px-Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_noc%C4%85_w_Warszawie_widok_od_strony_ogrod%C3%B3w_kr%C3%B3lewskich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="4642" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle's</a> <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">baroque</a> façade</figcaption></figure> <p>In many places in the city the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">history</a> resonates down through time.<sup id="cite_ref-judaica_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judaica-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them the most notable are the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theatre,_Warsaw" title="Jewish Theatre, Warsaw">Jewish theater</a>, the <a href="/wiki/No%C5%BCyk_Synagogue" title="Nożyk Synagogue">Nożyk Synagogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korczak" title="Janusz Korczak">Janusz Korczak</a>'s Orphanage and the picturesque Próżna Street.<sup id="cite_ref-judaica_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judaica-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tragic pages of Warsaw's history are commemorated in places such as the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Ghetto_Heroes" title="Monument to the Ghetto Heroes">Monument to the Ghetto Heroes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Umschlagplatz_(Warsaw_Ghetto)" class="mw-redirect" title="Umschlagplatz (Warsaw Ghetto)">Umschlagplatz</a>, fragments of the ghetto wall on Sienna Street and a mound in memory of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">Jewish Combat Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-judaica_122-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judaica-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many places commemorate the heroic history of Warsaw such as <a href="/wiki/Pawiak" title="Pawiak">Pawiak</a>, a German <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> prison now occupied by a <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">Mausoleum</a> of Memory of <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyrdom</a> and a museum. The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Citadel" title="Warsaw Citadel">Warsaw Citadel</a>, a 19th-century fortification built after the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a>, was a place of martyrdom for the Poles. Another important monument, the statue of <a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82y_Powstaniec" class="mw-redirect" title="Mały Powstaniec">Little Insurrectionist</a> located at the ramparts of the Old Town, commemorates the children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising, while the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising_Monument" title="Warsaw Uprising Monument">Warsaw Uprising Monument</a> by Wincenty Kućma was erected in memory of the largest insurrection of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-heroic_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heroic-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Montagu_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montagu-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Warsaw there are many places connected with the life and work of <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a> who was born near the city in <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBelazowa_Wola" title="Żelazowa Wola">Żelazowa Wola</a>. The heart of the Polish composer is sealed inside Warsaw's <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Church,_Warsaw" title="Holy Cross Church, Warsaw">Holy Cross Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holy_Cross_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holy_Cross-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the summer time the <a href="/wiki/Chopin_Statue,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopin Statue, Warsaw">Chopin Statue</a> in Łazienki Park is a place where pianists give concerts to the park audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Chopin_Monument_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chopin_Monument-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also many references to <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>, her work and her family can be found in Warsaw; Curie's birthplace at the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_New_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw New Town">Warsaw New Town</a>, the working places where she did her first scientific works<sup id="cite_ref-aip1_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aip1-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Curie_Institute_(Warsaw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curie Institute (Warsaw)">Radium Institute</a> at Wawelska Street for the research and the treatment of which she founded in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-aip2_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aip2-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_Square_(9632847640).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Castle Square with the Royal Castle and Sigismund's Column"><img alt="Castle Square with the Royal Castle and Sigismund's Column" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Castle_Square_%289632847640%29.jpg/271px-Castle_Square_%289632847640%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Castle_Square_%289632847640%29.jpg/407px-Castle_Square_%289632847640%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Castle_Square_%289632847640%29.jpg/542px-Castle_Square_%289632847640%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Castle_Square,_Warsaw" title="Castle Square, Warsaw">Castle Square</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigismund%27s_Column" title="Sigismund's Column">Sigismund's Column</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bazylika_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego_Krzy%C5%BCa_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inside Holy Cross Church there is an epitaph with Chopin's heart"><img alt="Inside Holy Cross Church there is an epitaph with Chopin's heart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bazylika_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego_Krzy%C5%BCa_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg/188px-Bazylika_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego_Krzy%C5%BCa_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bazylika_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego_Krzy%C5%BCa_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg/282px-Bazylika_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego_Krzy%C5%BCa_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bazylika_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego_Krzy%C5%BCa_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg/376px-Bazylika_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego_Krzy%C5%BCa_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3892" data-file-height="3728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inside <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Church,_Warsaw" title="Holy Cross Church, Warsaw">Holy Cross Church</a> there is an epitaph with <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin's</a> heart </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pokarmelicki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carmelite Church has an original 18th-century façade."><img alt="Carmelite Church has an original 18th-century façade." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Warszawa_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pokarmelicki.jpg/255px-Warszawa_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pokarmelicki.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Warszawa_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pokarmelicki.jpg/382px-Warszawa_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pokarmelicki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Warszawa_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pokarmelicki.jpg/509px-Warszawa_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pokarmelicki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2762" data-file-height="1954" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Church,_Warsaw" title="Carmelite Church, Warsaw">Carmelite Church</a> has an original 18th-century façade.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2017-05-27_Pa%C5%82ac_Krasi%C5%84skich_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krasiński Palace, a branch of the National Library"><img alt="Krasiński Palace, a branch of the National Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/2017-05-27_Pa%C5%82ac_Krasi%C5%84skich_2.jpg/270px-2017-05-27_Pa%C5%82ac_Krasi%C5%84skich_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/2017-05-27_Pa%C5%82ac_Krasi%C5%84skich_2.jpg/405px-2017-05-27_Pa%C5%82ac_Krasi%C5%84skich_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/2017-05-27_Pa%C5%82ac_Krasi%C5%84skich_2.jpg/540px-2017-05-27_Pa%C5%82ac_Krasi%C5%84skich_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Krasi%C5%84ski_Palace" title="Krasiński Palace">Krasiński Palace</a>, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Poland" title="National Library of Poland">National Library</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Akademicki_%C5%9Bw._Anny.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Anne's Church"><img alt="St. Anne's Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Akademicki_%C5%9Bw._Anny.jpg/273px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Akademicki_%C5%9Bw._Anny.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Akademicki_%C5%9Bw._Anny.jpg/410px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Akademicki_%C5%9Bw._Anny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Akademicki_%C5%9Bw._Anny.jpg/546px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Akademicki_%C5%9Bw._Anny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4594" data-file-height="3028" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Anne%27s_Church,_Warsaw" title="St. Anne's Church, Warsaw">St. Anne's Church</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa,_ul._Kanonia_26,_24,_22,_20,_18,_16,_14_20170518_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canon Square (Kanonia) with the narrowest townhouse in Europe"><img alt="Canon Square (Kanonia) with the narrowest townhouse in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Warszawa%2C_ul._Kanonia_26%2C_24%2C_22%2C_20%2C_18%2C_16%2C_14_20170518_001.jpg/270px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Kanonia_26%2C_24%2C_22%2C_20%2C_18%2C_16%2C_14_20170518_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Warszawa%2C_ul._Kanonia_26%2C_24%2C_22%2C_20%2C_18%2C_16%2C_14_20170518_001.jpg/405px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Kanonia_26%2C_24%2C_22%2C_20%2C_18%2C_16%2C_14_20170518_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Warszawa%2C_ul._Kanonia_26%2C_24%2C_22%2C_20%2C_18%2C_16%2C_14_20170518_001.jpg/540px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Kanonia_26%2C_24%2C_22%2C_20%2C_18%2C_16%2C_14_20170518_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Canon Square (<i>Kanonia</i>) with the narrowest townhouse in Europe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa,_Rynek_Nowego_Miasta_2_20170516_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Kazimierz Church at New Town Market Square"><img alt="St. Kazimierz Church at New Town Market Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Warszawa%2C_Rynek_Nowego_Miasta_2_20170516_001.jpg/270px-Warszawa%2C_Rynek_Nowego_Miasta_2_20170516_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Warszawa%2C_Rynek_Nowego_Miasta_2_20170516_001.jpg/405px-Warszawa%2C_Rynek_Nowego_Miasta_2_20170516_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Warszawa%2C_Rynek_Nowego_Miasta_2_20170516_001.jpg/539px-Warszawa%2C_Rynek_Nowego_Miasta_2_20170516_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5996" data-file-height="4003" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Kazimierz_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Kazimierz Church">St. Kazimierz Church</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_Town_Market_Place,_Warsaw" title="New Town Market Place, Warsaw">New Town Market Square</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulica_Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krakowskie Przedmieście"><img alt="Krakowskie Przedmieście" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ulica_Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg/268px-Ulica_Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ulica_Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg/402px-Ulica_Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ulica_Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg/536px-Ulica_Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7205" data-file-height="4845" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie" title="Krakowskie Przedmieście">Krakowskie Przedmieście</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_Staszica_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Staszic Palace, the seat of the Polish Academy of Sciences"><img alt="Staszic Palace, the seat of the Polish Academy of Sciences" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pa%C5%82ac_Staszica_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg/263px-Pa%C5%82ac_Staszica_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pa%C5%82ac_Staszica_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg/395px-Pa%C5%82ac_Staszica_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pa%C5%82ac_Staszica_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg/526px-Pa%C5%82ac_Staszica_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6900" data-file-height="4724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Staszic_Palace" title="Staszic Palace">Staszic Palace</a>, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polish Academy of Sciences</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbakan_w_Warszawie_-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barbican, a remaining relic of historic fortifications"><img alt="Barbican, a remaining relic of historic fortifications" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Barbakan_w_Warszawie_-_03.jpg/270px-Barbakan_w_Warszawie_-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Barbakan_w_Warszawie_-_03.jpg/405px-Barbakan_w_Warszawie_-_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Barbakan_w_Warszawie_-_03.jpg/540px-Barbakan_w_Warszawie_-_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3417" data-file-height="2278" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Barbican" title="Warsaw Barbican">Barbican</a>, a remaining relic of historic fortifications</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_Kazimierzowski_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Casimir Palace housed the Warsaw Lyceum whose alumni included Frédéric Chopin"><img alt="Casimir Palace housed the Warsaw Lyceum whose alumni included Frédéric Chopin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pa%C5%82ac_Kazimierzowski_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg/251px-Pa%C5%82ac_Kazimierzowski_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pa%C5%82ac_Kazimierzowski_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg/376px-Pa%C5%82ac_Kazimierzowski_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pa%C5%82ac_Kazimierzowski_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg/501px-Pa%C5%82ac_Kazimierzowski_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4771" data-file-height="3428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Palace" title="Casimir Palace">Casimir Palace</a> housed the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Lyceum" title="Warsaw Lyceum">Warsaw Lyceum</a> whose alumni included <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilan%C3%B3w_JJT16_7968_%E2%80%94_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wilanów Palace, once a royal residence"><img alt="Wilanów Palace, once a royal residence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Wilan%C3%B3w_JJT16_7968_%E2%80%94_1.jpg/320px-Wilan%C3%B3w_JJT16_7968_%E2%80%94_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Wilan%C3%B3w_JJT16_7968_%E2%80%94_1.jpg/480px-Wilan%C3%B3w_JJT16_7968_%E2%80%94_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Wilan%C3%B3w_JJT16_7968_%E2%80%94_1.jpg/640px-Wilan%C3%B3w_JJT16_7968_%E2%80%94_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace" title="Wilanów Palace">Wilanów Palace</a>, once a royal residence</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 203.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_Jab%C5%82onowskich_w_Warszawie_2020a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jabłonowski Palace, former city hall"><img alt="Jabłonowski Palace, former city hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pa%C5%82ac_Jab%C5%82onowskich_w_Warszawie_2020a.jpg/305px-Pa%C5%82ac_Jab%C5%82onowskich_w_Warszawie_2020a.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pa%C5%82ac_Jab%C5%82onowskich_w_Warszawie_2020a.jpg/457px-Pa%C5%82ac_Jab%C5%82onowskich_w_Warszawie_2020a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pa%C5%82ac_Jab%C5%82onowskich_w_Warszawie_2020a.jpg/609px-Pa%C5%82ac_Jab%C5%82onowskich_w_Warszawie_2020a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5920" data-file-height="3499" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jab%C5%82onowski_Palace" title="Jabłonowski Palace">Jabłonowski Palace</a>, former city hall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamek_Ujazdowski1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ujazdów Castle"><img alt="Ujazdów Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zamek_Ujazdowski1.jpg/320px-Zamek_Ujazdowski1.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zamek_Ujazdowski1.jpg/480px-Zamek_Ujazdowski1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zamek_Ujazdowski1.jpg/640px-Zamek_Ujazdowski1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ujazd%C3%B3w_Castle" title="Ujazdów Castle">Ujazdów Castle</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cemeteries">Cemeteries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cemeteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Bw._Karola_Boromeusza_na_tle_%C5%9Br%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcia_Warszawy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Bw._Karola_Boromeusza_na_tle_%C5%9Br%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcia_Warszawy.jpg/220px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Bw._Karola_Boromeusza_na_tle_%C5%9Br%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcia_Warszawy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Bw._Karola_Boromeusza_na_tle_%C5%9Br%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcia_Warszawy.jpg/330px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Bw._Karola_Boromeusza_na_tle_%C5%9Br%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcia_Warszawy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Bw._Karola_Boromeusza_na_tle_%C5%9Br%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcia_Warszawy.jpg/440px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Bw._Karola_Boromeusza_na_tle_%C5%9Br%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcia_Warszawy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="3880" /></a><figcaption>Church of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Saint Charles Borromeo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pow%C4%85zki_Cemetery" title="Powązki Cemetery">Stare Powązki</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> in Warsaw is <a href="/wiki/Pow%C4%85zki_Cemetery" title="Powązki Cemetery">Stare Powązki</a>, established in 1790. It is one of Poland's national necropolises.<sup id="cite_ref-cmentarze_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmentarze-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cemetery covers an area of 43 ha. On the day of consecration of the Powązki Cemetery, the foundation stone was laid for the construction of the church of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Saint Charles Borromeo</a>, designed by the royal architect <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Merlini" title="Domenico Merlini">Domenico Merlini</a>. Catacombs were intended to be a prestigious resting place intended mainly for the nobles, such as <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Jerzy_Poniatowski" title="Michał Jerzy Poniatowski">Michał Poniatowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Hugo Kołłątaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kazimierz_Ogi%C5%84ski" title="Michał Kazimierz Ogiński">Michał Kazimierz Ogiński</a>. Over a million people are buried at Stare Powązki. In the Avenue of Merit there are the graves of insurgents and soldiers, independence activists, writers, poets, scientists, artists and thinkers.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearby <a href="/wiki/Pow%C4%85zki_Military_Cemetery" title="Powązki Military Cemetery">Powązki Military Cemetery</a> was established in 1912 for soldiers stationed in Warsaw. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the cemetery became a burial place for people associated with the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> - politicians, officials and military personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-cmentarze_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmentarze-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The complex of non-Roman Catholic cemeteries consists of <a href="/wiki/Evangelical%E2%80%93Augsburg_Cemetery,_Warsaw" title="Evangelical–Augsburg Cemetery, Warsaw">Evangelical–Augsburg Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Cemetery,_Warsaw" title="Evangelical Reformed Cemetery, Warsaw">Evangelical Reformed Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Cemetery,_Warsaw" title="Jewish Cemetery, Warsaw">Jewish Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Cemetery,_Warsaw" title="Orthodox Cemetery, Warsaw">Orthodox Cemetery</a> and Muslim Tatar Cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-cmentarze_129-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmentarze-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other significant Warsaw necropolises are: <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B3dno_Cemetery" title="Bródno Cemetery">Bródno Cemetery</a> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Insurgents_Cemetery" title="Warsaw Insurgents Cemetery">Warsaw Insurgents Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCew_Old_Cemetery" title="Służew Old Cemetery">Służew Old Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCew_New_Cemetery" title="Służew New Cemetery">Służew New Cemetery</a>. There are two large municipal cemeteries in the city – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Communal_Cemetery" title="Northern Communal Cemetery">Northern Communal Cemetery</a> and Southern Communal Cemetery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city's symbol is the <a href="/wiki/Mermaid_of_Warsaw" title="Mermaid of Warsaw">mermaid</a> placed in the capital's coat of arms. There are three mermaid monuments in Warsaw: one on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>, the second on the <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Market_Place,_Warsaw" title="Old Town Market Place, Warsaw">Old Town Square</a>, and the third in <a href="/wiki/Praga-Po%C5%82udnie" title="Praga-Południe">Praga-Południe</a>. The oldest monument in Warsaw is the <a href="/wiki/Sigismund%27s_Column" title="Sigismund's Column">Sigismund's Column</a>. It was built in 1644 according to the design of the Italians: Augustine Locci and Constantin Tencall. The King of Poland <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a> stands on a 22-meter high tower, holding a cross and a sword in his hand. The monument was destroyed and rebuilt many times.<sup id="cite_ref-pomniki_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pomniki-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland-00739_-_MORNING_TIME_-_Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(30407658083).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Poland-00739_-_MORNING_TIME_-_Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_%2830407658083%29.jpg/220px-Poland-00739_-_MORNING_TIME_-_Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_%2830407658083%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Poland-00739_-_MORNING_TIME_-_Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_%2830407658083%29.jpg/330px-Poland-00739_-_MORNING_TIME_-_Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_%2830407658083%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Poland-00739_-_MORNING_TIME_-_Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_%2830407658083%29.jpg/440px-Poland-00739_-_MORNING_TIME_-_Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_%2830407658083%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6069" data-file-height="4105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier,_Warsaw" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a>, once part of the <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnade</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Palace" title="Saxon Palace">Saxon Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many monuments commemorate heroic and tragic moments in the history of Poland and Warsaw. <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier,_Warsaw" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw">The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82sudski_Square" title="Piłsudski Square">Piłsudski Square</a> was built on the initiative of General <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a> in the arcades of the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Palace" title="Saxon Palace">Saxon Palace</a>. In 1925, the ashes of the unknown soldier who died during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemberg_(1918)" title="Battle of Lemberg (1918)">defense of Lviv</a> were placed under the colonnade, then urns with soil from 24 battlefields were buried here. Among the monuments related to the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> are <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Heroes_of_Warsaw" title="Monument to the Heroes of Warsaw">Nike Monument</a> that commemorates the heroes of Warsaw from 1939 to 1945, <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Polish_Underground_State_and_Home_Army" title="Monument to the Polish Underground State and Home Army">Monument to the Polish Underground State and Home Army</a>, Monument to the <a href="/wiki/Little_Insurrectionist" title="Little Insurrectionist">Little Insurrectionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising_Monument" title="Warsaw Uprising Monument">Warsaw Uprising Monument</a> in front of the Supreme Court building at <a href="/wiki/Krasi%C5%84ski_Square" title="Krasiński Square">Krasiński Square</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Ghetto_Heroes" title="Monument to the Ghetto Heroes">Monument to the Ghetto Heroes</a> commemorates the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, a <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_Monument,_Warsaw" title="Frédéric Chopin Monument, Warsaw">Frédéric Chopin's monument</a> was constructed in the Royal <a href="/wiki/%C5%81azienki_Park" title="Łazienki Park">Łazienki Park</a>. Every summer at its foot classical music concerts featuring world-famous pianists take place. Other important monuments are: <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Monument,_Warsaw" title="Adam Mickiewicz Monument, Warsaw">Adam Mickiewicz Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Monument,_Warsaw" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko Monument, Warsaw">Tadeusz Kościuszko Monument</a>, Marie Curie Monument, <a href="/wiki/Prince_J%C3%B3zef_Antoni_Poniatowski_Monument,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski Monument, Warsaw">Prince Józef Poniatowski Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Monument,_Warsaw" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Warsaw">Nicolaus Copernicus Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Starzy%C5%84ski_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Starzyński Monument">Stefan Starzyński Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_Monument,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Józef Piłsudski Monument, Warsaw">Józef Piłsudski Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korczak_Monument,_Warsaw" title="Janusz Korczak Monument, Warsaw">Janusz Korczak Monument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pomniki_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pomniki-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Green space covers almost a quarter of Warsaw's total area.<sup id="cite_ref-warsaw_tour_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warsaw_tour-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These range from small neighborhood parks and green spaces along streets or in courtyards, to tree-lined avenues, large historic parks, nature conservation areas and urban forests at the fringe of the city. There are as many as 82 parks in the city;<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the oldest ones were once part of representative palaces and include the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Garden" title="Saxon Garden">Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krasi%C5%84ski_Palace" title="Krasiński Palace">Krasiński</a> Gardens, <a href="/wiki/%C5%81azienki_Park" title="Łazienki Park">Łazienki Park</a> (Royal Baths Park) and <a href="/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace" title="Wilanów Palace">Wilanów Palace</a> Parkland. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_on_the_Water,_%C5%81azienki_Park,_Warsaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Palace_on_the_Water%2C_%C5%81azienki_Park%2C_Warsaw.jpg/220px-Palace_on_the_Water%2C_%C5%81azienki_Park%2C_Warsaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Palace_on_the_Water%2C_%C5%81azienki_Park%2C_Warsaw.jpg/330px-Palace_on_the_Water%2C_%C5%81azienki_Park%2C_Warsaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Palace_on_the_Water%2C_%C5%81azienki_Park%2C_Warsaw.jpg/440px-Palace_on_the_Water%2C_%C5%81azienki_Park%2C_Warsaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1509" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C5%81azienki_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Łazienki Palace">Łazienki Palace</a>, also referred to as the <i>Palace on the Isle</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The Saxon Garden, covering an area of 15.5 ha, formally served as a royal garden to the now nonexistent <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Palace" title="Saxon Palace">Saxon Palace</a>. In 1727, it was made into one of the world's first public parks and later remodelled in the forest-like <a href="/wiki/English_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="English Garden">English style</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier,_Warsaw" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a> is situated at the east end of the park near the central fountain, on <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82sudski_Square" title="Piłsudski Square">Piłsudski Square</a>. With its benches, flower carpets and a central pond, the Krasiński Palace Garden was once a notable strolling destination for most Varsovians. The Łazienki Park covers an area of 76 ha and its unique character and history is reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">landscape architecture</a> (pavilions, sculptures, bridges, water cascades) and vegetation (domestic and foreign species of trees and shrubs). The presence of <a href="/wiki/Indian_peafowl" title="Indian peafowl">peacocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">pheasants</a> and squirrels at Łazienki attracts tourists and locals. The Wilanów Palace Parkland on the outskirts of Warsaw traces it history to the second half of the 17th century and covers an area of 43 ha. Its <a href="/wiki/Garden_%C3%A0_la_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden à la française">French-styled alleys</a> corresponds to the ancient, Baroque forms of the palace. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Most_Siekierkowski_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Most_Siekierkowski_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg/220px-Most_Siekierkowski_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Most_Siekierkowski_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg/330px-Most_Siekierkowski_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Most_Siekierkowski_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg/440px-Most_Siekierkowski_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3436" data-file-height="2577" /></a><figcaption>A characteristic <a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">riparian zone</a> (riverside forest) in the upper reaches of the Warsaw Vistula, near <a href="/wiki/Siekierki_Bridge" title="Siekierki Bridge">Siekierki Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Botanical Garden and the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw University Library">University Library</a> rooftop garden host an extensive collection of rare domestic and foreign plants, while a <a href="/wiki/Palm_house" title="Palm house">palm house</a> in the New Orangery displays plants of subtropics from all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w_Field" title="Mokotów Field">Mokotów Field</a> (once a racetrack), <a href="/wiki/Ujazd%C3%B3w_Park" title="Ujazdów Park">Ujazdów Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skaryszewski_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaryszewski Park">Skaryszewski Park</a> are also located within the city borders. The oldest <a href="/wiki/Praga_Park" title="Praga Park">park in the Praga</a> borough was established between 1865 and 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flora of Warsaw may be considered very rich in species on city standards. This is mainly due to the location of Warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions comprising substantial proportions of close-to-wilderness areas (natural forests, wetlands along the Vistula) as well as <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">meadows</a> and forests. The nearby <a href="/wiki/Kampinos_Forest" title="Kampinos Forest">Kampinos Nature Reserve</a> is the last remaining part of the Masovian <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">Primeval Forest</a> and is protected by law.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kabaty_Woods" title="Kabaty Woods">Kabaty Woods</a> are by the southern city border and are visited by the residents of southern boroughs such as <a href="/wiki/Ursyn%C3%B3w" title="Ursynów">Ursynów</a>. There are 13 natural reserves in the vicinity and just 15 kilometres (9 miles) from Warsaw, the environment features a perfectly preserved <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> with a habitat of animals like the <a href="/wiki/European_otter" class="mw-redirect" title="European otter">otter</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_beaver" class="mw-redirect" title="European beaver">beavers</a> and hundreds of bird species.<sup id="cite_ref-Kayaking_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kayaking-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also several lakes in Warsaw – mainly the <a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">oxbow lakes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Czerniak%C3%B3w" title="Czerniaków">Czerniaków</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamionek" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamionek">Kamionek</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Zoo" title="Warsaw Zoo">Warsaw Zoo</a> covers an area of 40 hectares (99 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-zoo_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zoo-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are about 5,000 animals representing nearly 500 species.<sup id="cite_ref-zoo_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zoo-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although officially created in 1928,<sup id="cite_ref-zoo_139-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zoo-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it traces back its roots to 17th century private menageries, often open to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Zoo_Revue_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Zoo_Revue-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palac_Lazienki,Warszawa,Polska,UE._-_panoramio_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frédéric Chopin's monument in Łazienki Park"><img alt="Frédéric Chopin's monument in Łazienki Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Palac_Lazienki%2CWarszawa%2CPolska%2CUE._-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/276px-Palac_Lazienki%2CWarszawa%2CPolska%2CUE._-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Palac_Lazienki%2CWarszawa%2CPolska%2CUE._-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/413px-Palac_Lazienki%2CWarszawa%2CPolska%2CUE._-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Palac_Lazienki%2CWarszawa%2CPolska%2CUE._-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/551px-Palac_Lazienki%2CWarszawa%2CPolska%2CUE._-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5910" data-file-height="3862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_Monument,_Warsaw" title="Frédéric Chopin Monument, Warsaw">Frédéric Chopin's monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81azienki_Park" title="Łazienki Park">Łazienki Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa-Ogr%C3%B3d_Saski_fontanna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saxon Garden with the central fountain"><img alt="Saxon Garden with the central fountain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Warszawa-Ogr%C3%B3d_Saski_fontanna.jpg/271px-Warszawa-Ogr%C3%B3d_Saski_fontanna.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Warszawa-Ogr%C3%B3d_Saski_fontanna.jpg/406px-Warszawa-Ogr%C3%B3d_Saski_fontanna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Warszawa-Ogr%C3%B3d_Saski_fontanna.jpg/542px-Warszawa-Ogr%C3%B3d_Saski_fontanna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Garden" title="Saxon Garden">Saxon Garden</a> with the central fountain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ogr%C3%B3d_BUW_w_Warszawie_2019b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance to botanical garden located on the roof of University Library"><img alt="Entrance to botanical garden located on the roof of University Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ogr%C3%B3d_BUW_w_Warszawie_2019b.jpg/279px-Ogr%C3%B3d_BUW_w_Warszawie_2019b.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ogr%C3%B3d_BUW_w_Warszawie_2019b.jpg/418px-Ogr%C3%B3d_BUW_w_Warszawie_2019b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ogr%C3%B3d_BUW_w_Warszawie_2019b.jpg/558px-Ogr%C3%B3d_BUW_w_Warszawie_2019b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7179" data-file-height="4637" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance to <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> located on the roof of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw_Library" title="University of Warsaw Library">University Library</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Squirrel_by_mareckr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A red squirrel in one of Warsaw's parks"><img alt="A red squirrel in one of Warsaw's parks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Squirrel_by_mareckr.jpg/269px-Squirrel_by_mareckr.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Squirrel_by_mareckr.jpg/404px-Squirrel_by_mareckr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Squirrel_by_mareckr.jpg/538px-Squirrel_by_mareckr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Red_squirrel" title="Red squirrel">red squirrel</a> in one of Warsaw's parks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Warszawa_Pole_Mokotowskie,_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mokotów Field"><img alt="Mokotów Field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2019_Warszawa_Pole_Mokotowskie%2C_11.jpg/240px-2019_Warszawa_Pole_Mokotowskie%2C_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2019_Warszawa_Pole_Mokotowskie%2C_11.jpg/360px-2019_Warszawa_Pole_Mokotowskie%2C_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2019_Warszawa_Pole_Mokotowskie%2C_11.jpg/480px-2019_Warszawa_Pole_Mokotowskie%2C_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4487" data-file-height="3368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w_Field" title="Mokotów Field">Mokotów Field</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ogr%C3%B3d_Krasi%C5%84skich_w_Warszawie_BK.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Krasiński Garden"><img alt="Krasiński Garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ogr%C3%B3d_Krasi%C5%84skich_w_Warszawie_BK.JPG/270px-Ogr%C3%B3d_Krasi%C5%84skich_w_Warszawie_BK.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ogr%C3%B3d_Krasi%C5%84skich_w_Warszawie_BK.JPG/405px-Ogr%C3%B3d_Krasi%C5%84skich_w_Warszawie_BK.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ogr%C3%B3d_Krasi%C5%84skich_w_Warszawie_BK.JPG/540px-Ogr%C3%B3d_Krasi%C5%84skich_w_Warszawie_BK.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Krasiński Garden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa,_Park_Skaryszewski_z_g%C3%B3ry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skaryszew Park in Kamionek"><img alt="Skaryszew Park in Kamionek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Warszawa%2C_Park_Skaryszewski_z_g%C3%B3ry.jpg/301px-Warszawa%2C_Park_Skaryszewski_z_g%C3%B3ry.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Warszawa%2C_Park_Skaryszewski_z_g%C3%B3ry.jpg/452px-Warszawa%2C_Park_Skaryszewski_z_g%C3%B3ry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Warszawa%2C_Park_Skaryszewski_z_g%C3%B3ry.jpg/602px-Warszawa%2C_Park_Skaryszewski_z_g%C3%B3ry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3589" data-file-height="2146" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Skaryszew_Park" title="Skaryszew Park">Skaryszew Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kamionek,_Warsaw" title="Kamionek, Warsaw">Kamionek</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rezerwat_Olszynka_Grochowska,_Kana%C5%82_Kaw%C4%99czy%C5%84ski,_olchy,_Warszawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olszynka Grochowska Nature Reserve"><img alt="Olszynka Grochowska Nature Reserve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Rezerwat_Olszynka_Grochowska%2C_Kana%C5%82_Kaw%C4%99czy%C5%84ski%2C_olchy%2C_Warszawa.jpg/270px-Rezerwat_Olszynka_Grochowska%2C_Kana%C5%82_Kaw%C4%99czy%C5%84ski%2C_olchy%2C_Warszawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Rezerwat_Olszynka_Grochowska%2C_Kana%C5%82_Kaw%C4%99czy%C5%84ski%2C_olchy%2C_Warszawa.jpg/405px-Rezerwat_Olszynka_Grochowska%2C_Kana%C5%82_Kaw%C4%99czy%C5%84ski%2C_olchy%2C_Warszawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Rezerwat_Olszynka_Grochowska%2C_Kana%C5%82_Kaw%C4%99czy%C5%84ski%2C_olchy%2C_Warszawa.jpg/540px-Rezerwat_Olszynka_Grochowska%2C_Kana%C5%82_Kaw%C4%99czy%C5%84ski%2C_olchy%2C_Warszawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Olszynka Grochowska Nature Reserve</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kana%C5%82_Sobieskiego,_rezerwat_przyrody_Morysin,_Wilan%C3%B3w,_Warszawa_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morysin Nature Reserve"><img alt="Morysin Nature Reserve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kana%C5%82_Sobieskiego%2C_rezerwat_przyrody_Morysin%2C_Wilan%C3%B3w%2C_Warszawa_10.jpg/270px-Kana%C5%82_Sobieskiego%2C_rezerwat_przyrody_Morysin%2C_Wilan%C3%B3w%2C_Warszawa_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kana%C5%82_Sobieskiego%2C_rezerwat_przyrody_Morysin%2C_Wilan%C3%B3w%2C_Warszawa_10.jpg/405px-Kana%C5%82_Sobieskiego%2C_rezerwat_przyrody_Morysin%2C_Wilan%C3%B3w%2C_Warszawa_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kana%C5%82_Sobieskiego%2C_rezerwat_przyrody_Morysin%2C_Wilan%C3%B3w%2C_Warszawa_10.jpg/540px-Kana%C5%82_Sobieskiego%2C_rezerwat_przyrody_Morysin%2C_Wilan%C3%B3w%2C_Warszawa_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Morysin Nature Reserve</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Warsaw_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Warsaw_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Warsaw_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Warsaw_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Warsaw_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Warsaw_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3189" data-file-height="2585" /></a><figcaption>Warsaw population pyramid in 2021</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics">Demographically</a>, Warsaw was the most diverse city in Poland, with significant numbers of foreign-born residents.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the Polish majority, there was a large and thriving Jewish minority. According to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Empire Census">Imperial Census of 1897</a>, out of the total population of 638,000, Jews constituted 219,000 (equivalent to 34%).<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the Second World War, Warsaw hosted the world's second largest Jewish population after <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> – approximately 30 percent of the city's total population in the late 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, 833,500 out of 1,178,914 people declared <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> as their mother tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-Brockhaus_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockhaus-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also a notable <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Poland">German community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethnic composition of contemporary Warsaw is incomparable to the diversity that existed for nearly 300 years.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the modern-day population growth is based on internal migration and urbanisation. In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Polish_census" title="2021 Polish census">2021 census</a>, 98.78% of Warsaw residents identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a>, 0.46% as <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a>, 0.31% as <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusian</a> and 0.21% as <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1700</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">30,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1792</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">120,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+300.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1800</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">63,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−47.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1830</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">139,700</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+120.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1850</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">163,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+17.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1882</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">383,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+134.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">711,988</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+85.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1909</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">764,054</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1925</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,003,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+31.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1933</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,178,914</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+17.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,300,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1945</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">422,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−67.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">803,888</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+90.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,139,189</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+41.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,314,892</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+15.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1978</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,555,406</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1988</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,655,272</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,689,201</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,700,612</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,860,281</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">source<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Foreign residents (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nationality</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Ukraine"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></span></td> <td>102,634 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Belarus"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></span></td> <td>41,834 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Vietnam"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></span></td> <td>7,773 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></span></td> <td>7,438 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></span></td> <td>6,032 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Turkey"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></span></td> <td>4,179 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Georgia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></span></td> <td>3,867 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="China"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></span></td> <td>4,037 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></span></td> <td>2,088 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></span></td> <td>1,891 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1939, approximately 1,300,000 people resided in Warsaw;<sup id="cite_ref-Tihran_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tihran-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by 1945 the population had dropped to 420,000. During the first years after the war, the population growth rate was high and the city soon began to suffer from the lack of flats and dwellings to house new incomers. The first remedial measure was the enlargement of Warsaw's total area (1951) – however the city authorities were still forced to introduce limitations; only the spouses and children of permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance (renowned specialists, artists, engineers) were permitted to stay. This negatively affected the image of an average Warsaw citizen, who was perceived as more privileged than those migrating from rural areas, towns or other cities. While all restrictions on residency registration were scrapped in 1990, the negative opinion of Varsovians in some form continues to this day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_metropolitan_area" title="Warsaw metropolitan area">Warsaw metropolitan area</a> is an example of the development of a strongly polarized region. The capital, along with its immediate surroundings, concentrates over half of the demographic potential of the <a href="/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Masovian Voivodeship">Masovian Voivodeship</a>, 2/3 of residents with higher education, and 3/4 of larger economic entities employing more than 50 workers. Current demographic development trends are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-demografia_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demografia-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>a clear increase in the number of residents after the <a href="/wiki/1989_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1989 Polish parliamentary election">1989 transformations</a>, from 1.6 to about 2.0 million inhabitants (including unregistered population), mainly due to positive migration balance.</li> <li>the highest <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> attractiveness in the country for many decades, causing a strong drain of people in the mobile age (18–44 years), including a relatively more frequent influx of women, resulting in high <a href="/wiki/Feminization" title="Feminization">feminization</a></li> <li>processes of internal deconcentration of population, consisting of centrifugal migration direction (from central districts to external ones, from external districts to <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban areas</a>). Between 1989 and 2017, 213 thousand registered people moved from Warsaw to the suburbs, and in the opposite direction it was only 110 thousand.</li> <li>a clear aging of the population: at the end of 2017, people aged 60 and over constituted 27.2% of the registered population, and those aged 70 and over – 13.5%, while for example in 2002, it was respectively 21.5 and 11.5%</li></ul> <p>In the coming years, an increase in the city's population is predicted, with migration being the main factor determining the state and structure of Warsaw's population, including mainly internal (national) and external (foreign) influx. Changes in the population are not uniform for the entire Warsaw and in the division into districts, the predicted demographic changes will have a varied course. A decrease in population is forecasted in some central districts (<a href="/wiki/Praga-P%C3%B3%C5%82noc" title="Praga-Północ">Praga-Północ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie,_Warsaw" title="Śródmieście, Warsaw">Śródmieście</a>) and an increase in other districts.<sup id="cite_ref-demografia_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demografia-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigrant_population">Immigrant population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Immigrant population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, it was estimated that 40,000 people living in Warsaw were foreign-born. Of those, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Poland" title="Ukrainians in Poland">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> were the most prominent groups.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia's aggression against Ukraine</a>, over 1.1 million refugees from Ukraine passed through Warsaw, and at the beginning of March 2022, approximately 40,000 people applied for help every day. According to official data, over 104,000 of Ukrainian citizens who arrived in the first days after the outbreak of the war still reside in the city, including 17,000 young people and children attending urban educational institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the immigrant population has increased significantly to about 340,000.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Places_of_worship_in_Warsaw" title="Places of worship in Warsaw">Places of worship in Warsaw</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 41.789897502735px; border-left-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:White"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:14.401078255225px 98.957611860265px 0 0; border-top-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:13.156435909228px 99.130763106951px 0 0; border-top-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:12.53332335643px 99.211470131448px 0 0; border-top-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:10.036171485121px 99.49510169813px 0 0; border-top-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:6.2790519529313px 99.802672842827px 0 0; border-top-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Warsaw (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> (51%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (0.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (0.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> Other Christian (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> Other (0.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> Undeclared (29%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Not_religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Not religious">Irreligion</a> (19%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Throughout its existence, Warsaw had been a multi-cultural and multi-religious city.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek Orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 <a href="/wiki/Mariavite_Church" title="Mariavite Church">Mariavites</a> (0.4%).<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> in 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Warsaw" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Warsaw">archdiocese of Warsaw</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Warszawa-Praga" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Warszawa-Praga">Diocese of Warsaw-Praga</a> are the two ecclesiastical districts active in the city which serve the large <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> population of 1.4 million.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Diocese_of_Warsaw" title="Lutheran Diocese of Warsaw">Lutheran Diocese of Warsaw</a> is one of six in Poland; its main house of worship is the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Warsaw" title="Holy Trinity Church, Warsaw">Holy Trinity Church</a> from 1782, one of Warsaw's most important and historic landmarks. The <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Parish,_Warsaw" title="Evangelical Reformed Parish, Warsaw">Evangelical Reformed Parish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a>) is leading the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Reformed_Church" title="Polish Reformed Church">Polish Reformed Church</a>. The main tserkva of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a> is Praga's <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Mary_Magdalene,_Warsaw" title="Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene, Warsaw">Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene</a> from 1869. The Jewish Commune of Warsaw (<i>Gmina Wyznaniowa Żydowska</i>) is one of eight in the country; Chief Rabbi of Poland <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schudrich" title="Michael Schudrich">Michael Schudrich</a> resides in the city. There are also 3 active <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>, one of which is the pre-war <a href="/wiki/No%C5%BCyk_Synagogue" title="Nożyk Synagogue">Nożyk Synagogue</a> designated for <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jews</a>. An Islamic Cultural Centre in <a href="/wiki/Ochota" title="Ochota">Ochota</a> and a small <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w" title="Wilanów">Wilanów</a> serve the Muslims. </p><p>There are several <a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines to the Virgin Mary">Marian shrines</a> in the city, including: <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Church,_Warsaw" title="Jesuit Church, Warsaw">sanctuary of the Gracious Mother of God</a> with her image crowned in 1651 in the presence of <a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">King John Casimir</a>. Another patron of the city is <a href="/wiki/Ladislas_of_Gielni%C3%B3w" title="Ladislas of Gielniów">Blessed Władysław of Gielniów</a>, bernardine from the <a href="/wiki/St._Anne%27s_Church,_Warsaw" title="St. Anne's Church, Warsaw">St. Anne's Church</a>. The greatest cult is that of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bobola" title="Andrew Bobola">St. Andrew Bobola</a>, patron of the metropolis of Warsaw, whose <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> are in the sanctuary of St. Andrew Bobola in <a href="/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w" title="Mokotów">Mokotów</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Important places of worship</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Bw._Floriana,_Warszawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Florian's Cathedral"><img alt="St. Florian's Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Bw._Floriana%2C_Warszawa.jpg/140px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Bw._Floriana%2C_Warszawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Bw._Floriana%2C_Warszawa.jpg/210px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Bw._Floriana%2C_Warszawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Bw._Floriana%2C_Warszawa.jpg/280px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Bw._Floriana%2C_Warszawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3766" data-file-height="4833" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Florian%27s_Cathedral" title="St. Florian's Cathedral">St. Florian's Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa,_ul._%C5%9Awi%C4%99toja%C5%84ska_8_20170516_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archcathedral of St. John"><img alt="Archcathedral of St. John" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Warszawa%2C_ul._%C5%9Awi%C4%99toja%C5%84ska_8_20170516_003.jpg/120px-Warszawa%2C_ul._%C5%9Awi%C4%99toja%C5%84ska_8_20170516_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Warszawa%2C_ul._%C5%9Awi%C4%99toja%C5%84ska_8_20170516_003.jpg/180px-Warszawa%2C_ul._%C5%9Awi%C4%99toja%C5%84ska_8_20170516_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Warszawa%2C_ul._%C5%9Awi%C4%99toja%C5%84ska_8_20170516_003.jpg/240px-Warszawa%2C_ul._%C5%9Awi%C4%99toja%C5%84ska_8_20170516_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4003" data-file-height="5996" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Archcathedral_Basilica_of_St._John_the_Baptist_(Warsaw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archcathedral Basilica of St. John the Baptist (Warsaw)">Archcathedral of St. John</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa_katedra_ordynariatu_polowego_wp.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Field Cathedral of the Polish Army"><img alt="Field Cathedral of the Polish Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Warszawa_katedra_ordynariatu_polowego_wp.JPG/141px-Warszawa_katedra_ordynariatu_polowego_wp.JPG" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Warszawa_katedra_ordynariatu_polowego_wp.JPG/211px-Warszawa_katedra_ordynariatu_polowego_wp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Warszawa_katedra_ordynariatu_polowego_wp.JPG/281px-Warszawa_katedra_ordynariatu_polowego_wp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2948" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Field_Cathedral_of_the_Polish_Army" title="Field Cathedral of the Polish Army">Field Cathedral of the Polish Army</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sob%C3%B3r_metropolitalny_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_R%C3%B3wnej_Aposto%C5%82om_Marii_Magdaleny_w_Warszawie_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orthodox Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene"><img alt="Orthodox Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sob%C3%B3r_metropolitalny_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_R%C3%B3wnej_Aposto%C5%82om_Marii_Magdaleny_w_Warszawie_2016.jpg/136px-Sob%C3%B3r_metropolitalny_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_R%C3%B3wnej_Aposto%C5%82om_Marii_Magdaleny_w_Warszawie_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sob%C3%B3r_metropolitalny_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_R%C3%B3wnej_Aposto%C5%82om_Marii_Magdaleny_w_Warszawie_2016.jpg/205px-Sob%C3%B3r_metropolitalny_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_R%C3%B3wnej_Aposto%C5%82om_Marii_Magdaleny_w_Warszawie_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sob%C3%B3r_metropolitalny_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_R%C3%B3wnej_Aposto%C5%82om_Marii_Magdaleny_w_Warszawie_2016.jpg/273px-Sob%C3%B3r_metropolitalny_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_R%C3%B3wnej_Aposto%C5%82om_Marii_Magdaleny_w_Warszawie_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4253" data-file-height="5610" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Mary_Magdalene,_Warsaw" title="Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene, Warsaw">Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ewangelicko-augsburski_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Tr%C3%B3jcy_w_Warszawie_2019a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lutheran Holy Trinity Church"><img alt="Lutheran Holy Trinity Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ewangelicko-augsburski_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Tr%C3%B3jcy_w_Warszawie_2019a.jpg/141px-Ewangelicko-augsburski_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Tr%C3%B3jcy_w_Warszawie_2019a.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ewangelicko-augsburski_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Tr%C3%B3jcy_w_Warszawie_2019a.jpg/211px-Ewangelicko-augsburski_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Tr%C3%B3jcy_w_Warszawie_2019a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ewangelicko-augsburski_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Tr%C3%B3jcy_w_Warszawie_2019a.jpg/282px-Ewangelicko-augsburski_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Tr%C3%B3jcy_w_Warszawie_2019a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3178" data-file-height="4062" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Warsaw" title="Holy Trinity Church, Warsaw">Holy Trinity Church</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 69.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 67.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20190803_112927_No%C5%BCyk_Synagogue_in_Warsaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nożyk Synagogue"><img alt="Nożyk Synagogue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/20190803_112927_No%C5%BCyk_Synagogue_in_Warsaw.jpg/101px-20190803_112927_No%C5%BCyk_Synagogue_in_Warsaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/20190803_112927_No%C5%BCyk_Synagogue_in_Warsaw.jpg/152px-20190803_112927_No%C5%BCyk_Synagogue_in_Warsaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/20190803_112927_No%C5%BCyk_Synagogue_in_Warsaw.jpg/202px-20190803_112927_No%C5%BCyk_Synagogue_in_Warsaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/No%C5%BCyk_Synagogue" title="Nożyk Synagogue">Nożyk Synagogue</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 77.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 75.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszego_Zbawiciela_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of the Holiest Saviour"><img alt="Church of the Holiest Saviour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszego_Zbawiciela_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg/113px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszego_Zbawiciela_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszego_Zbawiciela_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg/170px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszego_Zbawiciela_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszego_Zbawiciela_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg/226px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszego_Zbawiciela_w_Warszawie_2019c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4140" data-file-height="6578" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holiest_Saviour" title="Church of the Holiest Saviour">Church of the Holiest Saviour</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Franciszka_Serafickiego_w_Warszawie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Francis' Church in New Town"><img alt="St. Francis' Church in New Town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Franciszka_Serafickiego_w_Warszawie.jpg/161px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Franciszka_Serafickiego_w_Warszawie.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Franciszka_Serafickiego_w_Warszawie.jpg/242px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Franciszka_Serafickiego_w_Warszawie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Franciszka_Serafickiego_w_Warszawie.jpg/322px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Franciszka_Serafickiego_w_Warszawie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2682" data-file-height="2994" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Francis,_Warsaw" title="Church of St. Francis, Warsaw">St. Francis' Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_New_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw New Town">New Town</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C5%82odziejowski_Palace,_Warsaw,_Poland,_2022,_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/M%C5%82odziejowski_Palace%2C_Warsaw%2C_Poland%2C_2022%2C_01.jpg/200px-M%C5%82odziejowski_Palace%2C_Warsaw%2C_Poland%2C_2022%2C_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/M%C5%82odziejowski_Palace%2C_Warsaw%2C_Poland%2C_2022%2C_01.jpg/300px-M%C5%82odziejowski_Palace%2C_Warsaw%2C_Poland%2C_2022%2C_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/M%C5%82odziejowski_Palace%2C_Warsaw%2C_Poland%2C_2022%2C_01.jpg/400px-M%C5%82odziejowski_Palace%2C_Warsaw%2C_Poland%2C_2022%2C_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2916" data-file-height="3890" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C5%82odziejowski_Palace" title="Młodziejowski Palace">Młodziejowski Palace</a>, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Democratic_Institutions_and_Human_Rights" title="Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights">Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As the capital of Poland, Warsaw is the political centre of the country. Almost all central government institutions are located there, including the <a href="/wiki/Chancellery_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland">Chancellery of the President</a>, both houses of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland" title="Parliament of Poland">Polish Parliament</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> called <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> called <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate (Poland)">Senate</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Chancellery_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Chancellery of the Prime Minister of Poland">Chancellery of the Prime Minister</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Tribunal_(Poland)" title="Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)">Constitutional Tribunal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Poland" title="Supreme Court of Poland">Supreme Court</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Administrative_Court_of_Poland" title="Supreme Administrative Court of Poland">Supreme Administrative Court</a>. Warsaw is also host to many major international organizations, including <a href="/wiki/Frontex" title="Frontex">Frontex</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Democratic_Institutions_and_Human_Rights" title="Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights">Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights</a> (the oldest and principal institution of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city is represented in the parliament by 20 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">members of Sejm</a> (out of 460) and 4 <a href="/wiki/Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Senator">senators</a> (out of 100). In addition, Warsaw together with its metropolitan area elects 6 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEPs</a> (Members of the European Parliament) out of 705. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_government">Municipal government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Municipal government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_City_Council" title="Warsaw City Council">Warsaw City Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_city_mayors_of_Warsaw" title="List of city mayors of Warsaw">List of city mayors of Warsaw</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_Komisji_Rz%C4%85dowej_Przychod%C3%B3w_i_Skarbu_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pa%C5%82ac_Komisji_Rz%C4%85dowej_Przychod%C3%B3w_i_Skarbu_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg/220px-Pa%C5%82ac_Komisji_Rz%C4%85dowej_Przychod%C3%B3w_i_Skarbu_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pa%C5%82ac_Komisji_Rz%C4%85dowej_Przychod%C3%B3w_i_Skarbu_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg/330px-Pa%C5%82ac_Komisji_Rz%C4%85dowej_Przychod%C3%B3w_i_Skarbu_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pa%C5%82ac_Komisji_Rz%C4%85dowej_Przychod%C3%B3w_i_Skarbu_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg/440px-Pa%C5%82ac_Komisji_Rz%C4%85dowej_Przychod%C3%B3w_i_Skarbu_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6322" data-file-height="3429" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Poland" title="Neoclassical architecture in Poland">Neoclassical</a> Commission Palace, the house of the city's government</figcaption></figure> <p>The first city mayor of Warsaw was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695–1696).<sup id="cite_ref-Petrozolin_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrozolin-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The municipal self-government existed in Warsaw until World War II and was restored in 1990 (during the communist times, the National City Council – <i>Miejska Rada Narodowa</i> – governed in Warsaw). Since 1990, the structure of city government has been modified several times.<sup id="cite_ref-admin_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admin-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1975 and 1990 the Warsaw city mayors simultaneously led the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Voivodeship_(1975-1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Voivodeship (1975-1998)">Warsaw Voivodeship</a>. In the years 1990–1994, the city mayor of Warsaw was elected by the <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-djordjevic_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-djordjevic-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, a controversial reform was introduced, transforming the city in the years of 1994–1999 into a loose municipal union of several gminas, dominated by one of them, the gmina Centrum encompassing the entire inner city. During this period, the mayor of gmina Centrum who was elected by its council was automatically designated as the city mayor of Warsaw, in spite of representing only a fraction of the population of the city. The city was becoming increasingly unmanageable, especially after the administrative reform of Poland in 1999 which further complicated the local government structure of Warsaw. In 2002, the new <i>Warsaw Act</i> of the Polish parliament restored Warsaw as a single urban gmina with the status of a city with powiat rights, led by a unified local government. At the same time, a significant reform was implemented in all Polish municipal governments, introducing direct elections of the wójt/town mayor/city mayor in all Polish gminas.<sup id="cite_ref-djordjevic_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-djordjevic-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first city mayor of Warsaw elected according to these rules was <a href="/wiki/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Lech Kaczyński">Lech Kaczyński</a>, who however resigned ahead of term when he was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President of Polish Republic</a> in 2005. </p><p>Warsaw has thereafter remained an <a href="/wiki/Urban_gmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban gmina">urban gmina</a> with the status of a <a href="/wiki/City_with_powiat_rights" title="City with powiat rights">city with powiat rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-admin_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admin-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislative power</a> in Warsaw is vested in a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_City_Council" title="Warsaw City Council">Warsaw City Council</a> (<i>Rada Miasta</i>), which comprises 60 members.<sup id="cite_ref-admin_169-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admin-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Council members are elected directly every five years (since <a href="/wiki/2018_Polish_local_elections" title="2018 Polish local elections">2018 election</a>). Like most legislative bodies, the city council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government.<sup id="cite_ref-admin_169-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admin-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city mayor exercises the executive power in the city, being the superior of all unelected municipal- or county-level officials and other employees and supervising all subsidiary entities of the city. The incumbent <a href="/wiki/List_of_city_mayors_of_Warsaw" title="List of city mayors of Warsaw">city mayor of Warsaw</a> is <a href="/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Trzaskowski" title="Rafał Trzaskowski">Rafał Trzaskowski</a>. </p><p>The <i>Warsaw Act</i> imposes a mandatory division into 18 auxiliary units called <i>dzielnica</i> (district) on the city. In spite of remaining an integral part of the city as an entity, the districts have a degree of autonomy legally guaranteed through a form of an own local self-government exercising some powers devolved by law from the city. They have the duty to assist the city mayor and the City Council in their tasks, such as supervising some municipal companies, city-owned property or schools. Each of the 18 city districts has an own council (<i>rada dzielnicy</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-admin_169-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admin-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which elects an executive board (<i>zarząd dzielnicy</i>) headed by a district mayor (<i>burmistrz dzielnicy</i>), the latter elected by the council among several candidates nominated by the city mayor of Warsaw among the council's members. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Headquarters of Polish government agencies in Warsaw</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_Prezydencki_w_Warszawie_korpus_g%C5%82%C3%B3wny_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Presidential Palace, official seat of the President"><img alt="The Presidential Palace, official seat of the President" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pa%C5%82ac_Prezydencki_w_Warszawie_korpus_g%C5%82%C3%B3wny_2019.jpg/297px-Pa%C5%82ac_Prezydencki_w_Warszawie_korpus_g%C5%82%C3%B3wny_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pa%C5%82ac_Prezydencki_w_Warszawie_korpus_g%C5%82%C3%B3wny_2019.jpg/445px-Pa%C5%82ac_Prezydencki_w_Warszawie_korpus_g%C5%82%C3%B3wny_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pa%C5%82ac_Prezydencki_w_Warszawie_korpus_g%C5%82%C3%B3wny_2019.jpg/593px-Pa%C5%82ac_Prezydencki_w_Warszawie_korpus_g%C5%82%C3%B3wny_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5586" data-file-height="3393" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Warsaw" title="Presidential Palace, Warsaw">Presidential Palace</a>, official seat of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belweder_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Belweder Palace, residential seat of the President"><img alt="Belweder Palace, residential seat of the President" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Belweder_%282%29.JPG/294px-Belweder_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="196" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Belweder_%282%29.JPG/440px-Belweder_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Belweder_%282%29.JPG/587px-Belweder_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="1826" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Belweder_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Belweder Palace">Belweder Palace</a>, residential seat of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 267.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gmach_Kancelarii_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_kwiecie%C5%84_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chancellery of the Prime Minister"><img alt="Chancellery of the Prime Minister" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gmach_Kancelarii_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_kwiecie%C5%84_2017.jpg/398px-Gmach_Kancelarii_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_kwiecie%C5%84_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gmach_Kancelarii_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_kwiecie%C5%84_2017.jpg/597px-Gmach_Kancelarii_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_kwiecie%C5%84_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gmach_Kancelarii_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_kwiecie%C5%84_2017.jpg/796px-Gmach_Kancelarii_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_kwiecie%C5%84_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5715" data-file-height="2586" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chancellery_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Chancellery of the Prime Minister of Poland">Chancellery of the Prime Minister</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sejm_RP.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poland's bicameral parliament, the Sejm and the Senate"><img alt="Poland's bicameral parliament, the Sejm and the Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sejm_RP.jpg/240px-Sejm_RP.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sejm_RP.jpg/360px-Sejm_RP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sejm_RP.jpg/480px-Sejm_RP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland" title="Parliament of Poland">Poland's bicameral parliament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Senate</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa_9471.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Supreme Court of Poland"><img alt="Supreme Court of Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Warszawa_9471.jpg/250px-Warszawa_9471.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Warszawa_9471.jpg/374px-Warszawa_9471.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Warszawa_9471.jpg/499px-Warszawa_9471.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="1717" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Poland" title="Supreme Court of Poland">Supreme Court of Poland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naczelny_S%C4%85d_Administracyjny_w_Warszawie_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Supreme Administrative Court"><img alt="Supreme Administrative Court" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Naczelny_S%C4%85d_Administracyjny_w_Warszawie_2020.jpg/251px-Naczelny_S%C4%85d_Administracyjny_w_Warszawie_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Naczelny_S%C4%85d_Administracyjny_w_Warszawie_2020.jpg/376px-Naczelny_S%C4%85d_Administracyjny_w_Warszawie_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Naczelny_S%C4%85d_Administracyjny_w_Warszawie_2020.jpg/502px-Naczelny_S%C4%85d_Administracyjny_w_Warszawie_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5387" data-file-height="3866" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Administrative_Court_of_Poland" title="Supreme Administrative Court of Poland">Supreme Administrative Court</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_Ministra_Skarbu_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The seat of the administration of the Masovian Voivodeship"><img alt="The seat of the administration of the Masovian Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pa%C5%82ac_Ministra_Skarbu_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg/334px-Pa%C5%82ac_Ministra_Skarbu_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pa%C5%82ac_Ministra_Skarbu_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg/501px-Pa%C5%82ac_Ministra_Skarbu_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pa%C5%82ac_Ministra_Skarbu_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg/667px-Pa%C5%82ac_Ministra_Skarbu_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6222" data-file-height="3358" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The seat of the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Masovian Voivodeship">Masovian Voivodeship</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_Mostowskich_w_Warszawie_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mostowski Palace, the seat of Warsaw's police headquarters"><img alt="Mostowski Palace, the seat of Warsaw's police headquarters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pa%C5%82ac_Mostowskich_w_Warszawie_05.JPG/282px-Pa%C5%82ac_Mostowskich_w_Warszawie_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="188" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pa%C5%82ac_Mostowskich_w_Warszawie_05.JPG/423px-Pa%C5%82ac_Mostowskich_w_Warszawie_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pa%C5%82ac_Mostowskich_w_Warszawie_05.JPG/564px-Pa%C5%82ac_Mostowskich_w_Warszawie_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4346" data-file-height="2774" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mostowski_Palace" title="Mostowski Palace">Mostowski Palace</a>, the seat of Warsaw's police headquarters</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa,_ul._Miodowa_15_20170518_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The main gate of the Ministry of Health"><img alt="The main gate of the Ministry of Health" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Warszawa%2C_ul._Miodowa_15_20170518_002.jpg/270px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Miodowa_15_20170518_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Warszawa%2C_ul._Miodowa_15_20170518_002.jpg/405px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Miodowa_15_20170518_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Warszawa%2C_ul._Miodowa_15_20170518_002.jpg/539px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Miodowa_15_20170518_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5996" data-file-height="4003" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The main gate of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Health (Poland)">Ministry of Health</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministerstwo_Rolnictwa_i_Rozwoju_Wsi_Wspolna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ministry of Agriculture"><img alt="Ministry of Agriculture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ministerstwo_Rolnictwa_i_Rozwoju_Wsi_Wspolna.jpg/320px-Ministerstwo_Rolnictwa_i_Rozwoju_Wsi_Wspolna.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ministerstwo_Rolnictwa_i_Rozwoju_Wsi_Wspolna.jpg/480px-Ministerstwo_Rolnictwa_i_Rozwoju_Wsi_Wspolna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ministerstwo_Rolnictwa_i_Rozwoju_Wsi_Wspolna.jpg/640px-Ministerstwo_Rolnictwa_i_Rozwoju_Wsi_Wspolna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5504" data-file-height="3096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Poland)">Ministry of Agriculture</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gmach_Ministerstwa_Finans%C3%B3w_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ministry of Finance"><img alt="Ministry of Finance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gmach_Ministerstwa_Finans%C3%B3w_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg/300px-Gmach_Ministerstwa_Finans%C3%B3w_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gmach_Ministerstwa_Finans%C3%B3w_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg/450px-Gmach_Ministerstwa_Finans%C3%B3w_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gmach_Ministerstwa_Finans%C3%B3w_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg/600px-Gmach_Ministerstwa_Finans%C3%B3w_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5792" data-file-height="3477" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Finance (Poland)">Ministry of Finance</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 274px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 272px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_Potockich_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gates of Ministry of Culture and National Heritage housed in Potocki Palace"><img alt="Gates of Ministry of Culture and National Heritage housed in Potocki Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pa%C5%82ac_Potockich_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg/408px-Pa%C5%82ac_Potockich_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pa%C5%82ac_Potockich_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg/612px-Pa%C5%82ac_Potockich_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pa%C5%82ac_Potockich_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg/816px-Pa%C5%82ac_Potockich_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6722" data-file-height="2969" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gates of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_National_Heritage_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Poland)">Ministry of Culture and National Heritage</a> housed in <a href="/wiki/Potocki_Palace,_Warsaw" title="Potocki Palace, Warsaw">Potocki Palace</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>District</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Area </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w" title="Mokotów">Mokotów</a></td> <td align="right">225,496</td> <td>35.42 km<sup>2</sup> (13.68 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Praga_Po%C5%82udnie" class="mw-redirect" title="Praga Południe">Praga Południe</a></td> <td align="right">186,623</td> <td>22.38 km<sup>2</sup> (8.64 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82o%C5%82%C4%99ka" title="Białołęka">Białołęka</a></td> <td align="right">154,596</td> <td>73.00 km<sup>2</sup> (28.19 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ursyn%C3%B3w" title="Ursynów">Ursynów</a></td> <td align="right">151,345</td> <td>43.79 km<sup>2</sup> (16.91 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wola" title="Wola">Wola</a></td> <td align="right">150,977</td> <td>19.26 km<sup>2</sup> (7.44 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bielany" title="Bielany">Bielany</a></td> <td align="right">132,803</td> <td>32.34 km<sup>2</sup> (12.49 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bemowo" title="Bemowo">Bemowo</a></td> <td align="right">128,995</td> <td>24.95 km<sup>2</sup> (9.63 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Targ%C3%B3wek" title="Targówek">Targówek</a></td> <td align="right">123,957</td> <td>24.33 km<sup>2</sup> (9.39 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie,_Warsaw" title="Śródmieście, Warsaw">Śródmieście</a></td> <td align="right">101,030</td> <td>15.57 km<sup>2</sup> (6.01 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wawer" title="Wawer">Wawer</a></td> <td align="right">86,854</td> <td>79.71 km<sup>2</sup> (30.78 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ochota" title="Ochota">Ochota</a></td> <td align="right">80,587</td> <td>9.72 km<sup>2</sup> (3.75 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ursus,_Warsaw" title="Ursus, Warsaw">Ursus</a></td> <td align="right">67,814</td> <td>9.35 km<sup>2</sup> (3.61 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Praga_P%C3%B3%C5%82noc" class="mw-redirect" title="Praga Północ">Praga Północ</a></td> <td align="right">60,387</td> <td>11.31 km<sup>2</sup> (4.37 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBoliborz" title="Żoliborz">Żoliborz</a></td> <td align="right">58,724</td> <td>8.47 km<sup>2</sup> (3.27 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w" title="Wilanów">Wilanów</a></td> <td align="right">51,603</td> <td>36.73 km<sup>2</sup> (14.18 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82ochy" title="Włochy">Włochy</a></td> <td align="right">49,332</td> <td>28.63 km<sup>2</sup> (11.05 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Weso%C5%82a" title="Wesoła">Wesoła</a></td> <td align="right">26,454</td> <td>22.94 km<sup>2</sup> (8.86 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rembert%C3%B3w" title="Rembertów">Rembertów</a></td> <td align="right">24,768</td> <td>19.30 km<sup>2</sup> (7.45 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b></td> <td align="right">1,862,345<sup id="cite_ref-raport_o_stanie_miasta_2022_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raport_o_stanie_miasta_2022-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>521.81 km<sup>2</sup> (201.47 sq mi) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="position: relative; font-size:85%"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa_outline_with_districts_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Warszawa_outline_with_districts_v2.svg/450px-Warszawa_outline_with_districts_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="449" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Warszawa_outline_with_districts_v2.svg/675px-Warszawa_outline_with_districts_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Warszawa_outline_with_districts_v2.svg/900px-Warszawa_outline_with_districts_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1063" /></a></span> </p> <div style="position:absolute; left:149px; top:62px"><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82o%C5%82%C4%99ka" title="Białołęka">Białołęka</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:84px; top:122px"><a href="/wiki/Bielany" title="Bielany">Bielany</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:59px; top:187px"><a href="/wiki/Bemowo" title="Bemowo">Bemowo</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:131px; top:157px"><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBoliborz" title="Żoliborz">Żoliborz</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:171px; top:175px"><a href="/wiki/Praga-P%C3%B3%C5%82noc" title="Praga-Północ">Praga-Północ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:206px; top:142px"><a href="/wiki/Targ%C3%B3wek" title="Targówek">Targówek</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:161px; top:215px"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie,_Warsaw" title="Śródmieście, Warsaw">Śródmieście</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:121px; top:215px"><a href="/wiki/Wola" title="Wola">Wola</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:121px; top:255px"><a href="/wiki/Ochota" title="Ochota">Ochota</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:104px; top:292px"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82ochy" title="Włochy">Włochy</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:277px"><a href="/wiki/Ursus,_Warsaw" title="Ursus, Warsaw">Ursus</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:194px; top:282px"><a href="/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w" title="Mokotów">Mokotów</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:314px; top:282px"><a href="/wiki/Wawer" title="Wawer">Wawer</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:221px; top:205px"><a href="/wiki/Praga-Po%C5%82udnie" title="Praga-Południe">Praga-Południe</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:291px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Rembert%C3%B3w" title="Rembertów">Rembertów</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:381px; top:222px"><a href="/wiki/Weso%C5%82a" title="Wesoła">Wesoła</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:181px; top:372px"><a href="/wiki/Ursyn%C3%B3w" title="Ursynów">Ursynów</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:249px; top:347px"><a href="/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w" title="Wilanów">Wilanów</a></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>As a result, Warsaw has thereafter continued as an <a href="/wiki/Urban_gmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban gmina">urban gmina</a> holding status of a <a href="/wiki/City_with_powiat_rights" title="City with powiat rights">city with powiat rights</a>, divided into 18 districts (<i>dzielnica</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> auxiliary municipal units established within the city as an entity as its integral parts, though with some limited powers devolved from the city to their own local self-governments.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the districts is customarily subdivided into several neighbourhoods lacking any meaningful legal or administrative powers. The central district of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie,_Warsaw" title="Śródmieście, Warsaw">Śródmieście</a> includes the two founding neighbourhoods of the city, called the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Old Town">Old Town</a> (<i>Stare Miasto</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_New_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw New Town">New Town</a> (<i>Nowe Miasto</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Districts of Warsaw</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plac_Konstytucji_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Śródmieście, the central district of Warsaw, houses the most important state and municipal institutions and most tourist attractions."><img alt="Śródmieście, the central district of Warsaw, houses the most important state and municipal institutions and most tourist attractions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Plac_Konstytucji_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg/240px-Plac_Konstytucji_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Plac_Konstytucji_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg/360px-Plac_Konstytucji_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Plac_Konstytucji_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg/480px-Plac_Konstytucji_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3615" data-file-height="2711" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie,_Warsaw" title="Śródmieście, Warsaw">Śródmieście</a>, the central district of Warsaw, houses the most important state and municipal institutions and most tourist attractions.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fabryka_Norblina_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wola, once an industrial district, is now becoming the business center of the capital.[173] The photo shows the revitalized Norblin Factory."><img alt="Wola, once an industrial district, is now becoming the business center of the capital.[173] The photo shows the revitalized Norblin Factory." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Fabryka_Norblina_2022.jpg/300px-Fabryka_Norblina_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Fabryka_Norblina_2022.jpg/450px-Fabryka_Norblina_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Fabryka_Norblina_2022.jpg/600px-Fabryka_Norblina_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7052" data-file-height="4236" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wola" title="Wola">Wola</a>, once an industrial district, is now becoming the business center of the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The photo shows the revitalized Norblin Factory.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fieldorfa_Street_Wasaw_aerial_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Praga-Południe, the most densely populated district of Warsaw (8,839 people/km2), is composed mainly of apartment blocks built during the times of the Polish People's Republic.[174]"><img alt="Praga-Południe, the most densely populated district of Warsaw (8,839 people/km2), is composed mainly of apartment blocks built during the times of the Polish People's Republic.[174]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fieldorfa_Street_Wasaw_aerial_2023.jpg/240px-Fieldorfa_Street_Wasaw_aerial_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fieldorfa_Street_Wasaw_aerial_2023.jpg/360px-Fieldorfa_Street_Wasaw_aerial_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fieldorfa_Street_Wasaw_aerial_2023.jpg/480px-Fieldorfa_Street_Wasaw_aerial_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3937" data-file-height="2953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Praga-Po%C5%82udnie" title="Praga-Południe">Praga-Południe</a>, the most densely populated district of Warsaw (8,839 people/km<sup>2</sup>), is composed mainly of apartment blocks built during the times of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GUS_2022_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUS_2022-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plac_Narutowicza_Warsaw_2023_skyline_aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ochota, a residential district that developed most intensively in the interwar period.[175] The photo shows Narutowicz Square, the central point of the district."><img alt="Ochota, a residential district that developed most intensively in the interwar period.[175] The photo shows Narutowicz Square, the central point of the district." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Plac_Narutowicza_Warsaw_2023_skyline_aerial.jpg/240px-Plac_Narutowicza_Warsaw_2023_skyline_aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Plac_Narutowicza_Warsaw_2023_skyline_aerial.jpg/360px-Plac_Narutowicza_Warsaw_2023_skyline_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Plac_Narutowicza_Warsaw_2023_skyline_aerial.jpg/480px-Plac_Narutowicza_Warsaw_2023_skyline_aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3967" data-file-height="2975" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ochota" title="Ochota">Ochota</a>, a residential district that developed most intensively in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The photo shows <a href="/wiki/Narutowicz_Square" title="Narutowicz Square">Narutowicz Square</a>, the central point of the district.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleja_Rzeczypospolitej_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wilanów, the district with the highest rate of natural increase (7.2/1000 inhabitants).[174]"><img alt="Wilanów, the district with the highest rate of natural increase (7.2/1000 inhabitants).[174]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Aleja_Rzeczypospolitej_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg/240px-Aleja_Rzeczypospolitej_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Aleja_Rzeczypospolitej_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg/360px-Aleja_Rzeczypospolitej_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Aleja_Rzeczypospolitej_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg/480px-Aleja_Rzeczypospolitej_Warsaw_2022_aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w" title="Wilanów">Wilanów</a>, the district with the highest <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_natural_increase" title="Rate of natural increase">rate of natural increase</a> (7.2/1000 inhabitants).<sup id="cite_ref-GUS_2022_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUS_2022-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Economy of Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hala_Koszyki_22_pa%C5%BAdziernika_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hala_Koszyki_22_pa%C5%BAdziernika_2016.jpg/220px-Hala_Koszyki_22_pa%C5%BAdziernika_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hala_Koszyki_22_pa%C5%BAdziernika_2016.jpg/330px-Hala_Koszyki_22_pa%C5%BAdziernika_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hala_Koszyki_22_pa%C5%BAdziernika_2016.jpg/440px-Hala_Koszyki_22_pa%C5%BAdziernika_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7246" data-file-height="4836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hala_Koszyki" class="mw-redirect" title="Hala Koszyki">Hala Koszyki</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Market_hall" title="Market hall">market hall</a> from the early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Warsaw is the leading economic and financial hub of the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a>. In 2021, the city's gross metropolitan product (GDP) was estimated at €100 billion, which places Warsaw <a href="/wiki/List_of_EU_metropolitan_areas_by_GDP" title="List of EU metropolitan areas by GDP">20th</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan areas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> with largest GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warsaw generates almost 1/5 of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Polish GDP</a> and the country's national income.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, Warsaw was classified as a <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a>, because Warsaw is a major global city that links economic regions into the world economy.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warsaw's city centre (<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie,_Warsaw" title="Śródmieście, Warsaw">Śródmieście</a>) and commercial <a href="/wiki/Wola" title="Wola">Wola</a> district are home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. Warsaw's ever-growing business community has been noticed globally, regionally, and nationally. In 2019 Warsaw was one of the top destinations for foreign investors in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:218px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Varso_Tower_Warsaw_22(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Varso_Tower_Warsaw_22%28cropped%29.jpg/123px-Varso_Tower_Warsaw_22%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Varso_Tower_Warsaw_22%28cropped%29.jpg/185px-Varso_Tower_Warsaw_22%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Varso_Tower_Warsaw_22%28cropped%29.jpg/246px-Varso_Tower_Warsaw_22%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2104" data-file-height="3740" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:218px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Spire_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Warsaw_Spire_2019.jpg/121px-Warsaw_Spire_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Warsaw_Spire_2019.jpg/182px-Warsaw_Spire_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Warsaw_Spire_2019.jpg/242px-Warsaw_Spire_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="6225" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Varso" title="Varso">Varso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Spire" title="Warsaw Spire">Warsaw Spire</a> are the skyscrapers with the largest office space</div></div></div></div> <p>The average monthly gross salary in the enterprise sector in the last quarter of 2022 amounted to 8,104 <a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">PLN</a> and was 404 <a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">PLN</a> higher than the average in the <a href="/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Masovian Voivodeship">Masovian Voivodeship</a> and as much as 1,450 <a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">PLN</a> higher than in Poland. The highest gross salary was received by employees working in the information and communication section (11,701.47 <a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">PLN</a>). There are 525,475 registered business entities in Warsaw, most of them in the districts of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie,_Warsaw" title="Śródmieście, Warsaw">Śródmieście</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w" title="Mokotów">Mokotów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wola" title="Wola">Wola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Praga-Po%C5%82udnie" title="Praga-Południe">Praga-Południe</a>, 1.1 million people work in the enterprise sector. Warsaw has a well-developed office base, the office space is 6.27 million m2. The largest office buildings are <a href="/wiki/Varso" title="Varso">Varso</a> (63,800 m<sup>2</sup>), <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Spire" title="Warsaw Spire">Warsaw Spire</a> (60 000 m<sup>2</sup>), Forest Tower (51,500 m<sup>2</sup>) and P180 (32,000 m<sup>2</sup>), the largest projects under construction are <a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_(Warsaw)" title="The Bridge (Warsaw)">The Bridge</a> (47,000 m<sup>2</sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Skyliner_(Warsaw)" title="Skyliner (Warsaw)">Skyliner II</a> (38,000 m<sup>2</sup>). The space resources of shopping centers in the Warsaw agglomeration in amount to over 1.7 million m<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-turystyka_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turystyka-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2019 Warsaw's unemployment rate was 1.3%, the lowest in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shopping and <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> is an important component of Warsaw's economy. The retail streets in Warsaw are <a href="/wiki/New_World_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Street">New World Street</a> (<i>Nowy Świat</i>) along with <a href="/wiki/Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie" title="Krakowskie Przedmieście">Krakowskie Przedmieście</a>. These streets and their neighboring areas host many luxury stores and popular restaurants. However, most retailers choose to operate in the central shopping centres and <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">malls</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82ote_Tarasy" title="Złote Tarasy">Złote Tarasy-Golden Terraces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galeria_Mokot%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Galeria Mokotów">Galeria Mokotów</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westfield_Arkadia" title="Westfield Arkadia">Westfield Arkadia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Luxury_goods" title="Luxury goods">Luxury goods</a> as well as designer labels can be found in the Vitkac Department Store and around <a href="/wiki/Frascati,_Warsaw" title="Frascati, Warsaw">Frascati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warsaw_Stock_Exchange">Warsaw Stock Exchange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Warsaw Stock Exchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Stock_Exchange" title="Warsaw Stock Exchange">Warsaw Stock Exchange</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw8gh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Warsaw8gh.jpg/220px-Warsaw8gh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Warsaw8gh.jpg/330px-Warsaw8gh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Warsaw8gh.jpg/440px-Warsaw8gh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Warsaw Stock Exchange is the largest in Central Europe.</figcaption></figure> <p>Warsaw's first <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a> was established in 1817 and continued trading until World War II. It was re-established in April 1991, following the end of a communist <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> and the reintroduction of a <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free-market economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stock_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stock-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Stock_Exchange" title="Warsaw Stock Exchange">Warsaw Stock Exchange</a> (WSE) is, according to many indicators,<sup id="cite_ref-CEE_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEE-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest market in the region, with 433 companies listed and total capitalisation of 1 trillion <a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">PLN</a> as of 26 November 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1991 until 2000, the stock exchange was, ironically, located in the building previously used as the headquarters of the communist <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> (PZPR).<sup id="cite_ref-Tourism_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourism-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:175px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elektrownia_Powi%C5%9Ble.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Powiśle Power Plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Elektrownia_Powi%C5%9Ble.jpg/117px-Elektrownia_Powi%C5%9Ble.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Elektrownia_Powi%C5%9Ble.jpg/176px-Elektrownia_Powi%C5%9Ble.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Elektrownia_Powi%C5%9Ble.jpg/234px-Elektrownia_Powi%C5%9Ble.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2524" data-file-height="3786" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:175px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koneser_Warszawska_Wytw%C3%B3rnia_W%C3%B3dek,_Poland,_2019,_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Praga Koneser Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Koneser_Warszawska_Wytw%C3%B3rnia_W%C3%B3dek%2C_Poland%2C_2019%2C_31.jpg/127px-Koneser_Warszawska_Wytw%C3%B3rnia_W%C3%B3dek%2C_Poland%2C_2019%2C_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Koneser_Warszawska_Wytw%C3%B3rnia_W%C3%B3dek%2C_Poland%2C_2019%2C_31.jpg/191px-Koneser_Warszawska_Wytw%C3%B3rnia_W%C3%B3dek%2C_Poland%2C_2019%2C_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Koneser_Warszawska_Wytw%C3%B3rnia_W%C3%B3dek%2C_Poland%2C_2019%2C_31.jpg/254px-Koneser_Warszawska_Wytw%C3%B3rnia_W%C3%B3dek%2C_Poland%2C_2019%2C_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2124" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Examples of revitalized industrial facilities: Powiśle Power Plant (left) and <a href="/wiki/Praga_Koneser_Center" title="Praga Koneser Center">Praga Koneser Center</a> within the former <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Vodka_Factory_%22Koneser%22" title="Warsaw Vodka Factory "Koneser"">Warsaw Vodka Factory</a> (right)</div></div></div></div> <p>The most prominent industries and industrial sectors include high-tech, electrotechnical, chemical, cosmetic, construction, food processing, printing, <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, machinery and clothing. The majority of production plants and facilities are concentrated within the WOP Warsaw Industrial Precinct (<i>Warszawski Okręg Przemysłowy</i>) which is situated around the city's peripheral localities such as <a href="/wiki/Praga" title="Praga">Praga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w" title="Pruszków">Pruszków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sochaczew" title="Sochaczew">Sochaczew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piaseczno" title="Piaseczno">Piaseczno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marki" title="Marki">Marki</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%BByrard%C3%B3w" title="Żyrardów">Żyrardów</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warsaw has developed a particularly strong <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail market</a>/sector, representing around 13% of the total retail stock in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following World War II, the authorities decided that the city will be transformed into a major centre for <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> and manufacturing. As a result, numerous large factories and production facilities were built in and around the city. Among the largest were <i>Huta Warszawa</i> <a href="/wiki/Steel_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel works">steel works</a>, now <a href="/wiki/ArcelorMittal" title="ArcelorMittal">arcelor</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Ursus_SA" title="Ursus SA">Ursus SA</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fabryka_Samochod%C3%B3w_Osobowych" title="Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych">Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych</a> (FSO) car factory. The now-defunct FSO, established in 1951, was once Warsaw's most successful corporation. Notable vehicles assembled there over the decades include the <a href="/wiki/FSO_Warszawa" title="FSO Warszawa">FSO Warszawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/FSO_Syrena" title="FSO Syrena">FSO Syrena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polski_Fiat_125p" title="Polski Fiat 125p">Polski Fiat 125p</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FSO_Polonez" title="FSO Polonez">FSO Polonez</a>. In 1995, the factory was purchased by the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> car manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Daewoo" title="Daewoo">Daewoo</a>, which assembled its models in Warsaw for the European market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_Europejski_w_Raffles_Warszawie_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hotel_Europejski_w_Raffles_Warszawie_2019.jpg/218px-Hotel_Europejski_w_Raffles_Warszawie_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hotel_Europejski_w_Raffles_Warszawie_2019.jpg/327px-Hotel_Europejski_w_Raffles_Warszawie_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hotel_Europejski_w_Raffles_Warszawie_2019.jpg/436px-Hotel_Europejski_w_Raffles_Warszawie_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6482" data-file-height="4554" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Europejski" title="Hotel Europejski">Hotel Europejski</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:171px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polonia_Palace_Hotel_fasada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Polonia_Palace_Hotel_fasada.jpg/218px-Polonia_Palace_Hotel_fasada.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Polonia_Palace_Hotel_fasada.jpg/327px-Polonia_Palace_Hotel_fasada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Polonia_Palace_Hotel_fasada.jpg/436px-Polonia_Palace_Hotel_fasada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1390" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Polonia_Palace" title="Hotel Polonia Palace">Hotel Polonia Palace</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The estimated number of tourist arrivals to Warsaw in 2022 was over 9 million. Most tourists came from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (347,000), <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (321,000), the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (206,000) and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (145,000). Additionally, Warsaw was visited by 5.8 million one-day tourists, giving a total of over 14.8 million tourists in 2022. The above data does not include <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian citizens</a> who came to Warsaw in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. The accommodation base consists of 1,010 hotels offering over 56,000 beds. The estimated contribution of the tourism economy to Warsaw's <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> is 12.9 billion PLN, and the tourism industry employs 87,703 people.<sup id="cite_ref-turystyka_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turystyka-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>144,220 people used Warsaw Tourist Lines in 2022 - almost 14,000 more than previous year. In the summer, Warsaw residents and tourists could use ferries across the Vistula, a ship to Serock, bus and tram lines operated with historic rolling stock, and a narrow-gauge railway. The most popular attraction among tourists was the <a href="/wiki/Palace_on_the_Isle" title="Palace on the Isle">Royal Łazienki Museum</a>, which was visited by 5,265,110 tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-turystyka_182-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turystyka-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warsaw is an important center for conferences and congresses. The Warsaw Convention Bureau collected information on 9,000 events in 2022, which gathered a total of 1,240,467 participants in Warsaw.<sup id="cite_ref-turystyka_182-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turystyka-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_film">Media and film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Media and film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_Warsaw" title="List of films set in Warsaw">List of films set in Warsaw</a></div> <p>Warsaw is the media centre of Poland, and the location of the main headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Telewizja_Polska" title="Telewizja Polska">TVP</a> and other numerous local and national TV and <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio stations</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Polskie_Radio" title="Polskie Radio">Polskie Radio</a> (Polish Radio), <a href="/wiki/TVN_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="TVN (Poland)">TVN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polsat" title="Polsat">Polsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/TV4_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV4 (Poland)">TV4</a>, <a href="/wiki/TV_Puls" title="TV Puls">TV Puls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal+ Poland">Canal+ Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyfra%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyfra+">Cyfra+</a> and <a href="/wiki/MTV_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Poland">MTV Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-broadbandtvnews_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broadbandtvnews-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warsaw also has a sizable movie and television industry. The city houses several movie companies and <a href="/wiki/Movie_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie studio">studios</a>. </p><p>Since May 1661 the first Polish newspaper, the <i><a href="/wiki/Merkuriusz_Polski_Ordynaryjny" title="Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny">Polish Ordinary Mercury</a></i>, was printed in Warsaw. The city is also the printing capital of Poland with a wide variety of domestic and foreign periodicals expressing diverse views, and domestic newspapers are extremely competitive. <i><a href="/wiki/Rzeczpospolita_(newspaper)" title="Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)">Rzeczpospolita</a></i>, <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza" title="Gazeta Wyborcza">Gazeta Wyborcza</a></i></span> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dziennik_Polska-Europa-%C5%9Awiat" title="Dziennik Polska-Europa-Świat">Dziennik Polska-Europa-Świat</a></i>, Poland's large nationwide daily newspapers,<sup id="cite_ref-instytut_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-instytut-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have their headquarters in Warsaw. </p><p>Since World War II, Warsaw has been the most important centre of film production in Poland. Among the movie companies are TOR, Czołówka, Zebra and <a href="/wiki/KADR_(studio)" title="KADR (studio)">Kadr</a> which is behind several international movie productions.<sup id="cite_ref-pisf_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pisf-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city itself has featured in numerous movies, both Polish and foreign, for example: <a href="/wiki/Kana%C5%82_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanał (film)"><i>Kanał</i></a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Korczak_(film)" title="Korczak (film)">Korczak</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Decalogue_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Decalogue (film)">The Decalogue</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski" title="Krzysztof Kieślowski">Krzysztof Kieślowski</a>, also including <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Oscar</a> winner <a href="/wiki/The_Pianist_(2002_film)" title="The Pianist (2002 film)"><i>The Pianist</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polański</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thepianistmovie_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thepianistmovie-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also home to the National Film Archive, which, since 1955, has been collecting and preserving Polish film culture.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Warsaw" title="Education in Warsaw">Education in Warsaw</a></div> <table style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; width: 325px; background: #B5B5B5;">Higher education in Warsaw</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p>   <b>Name and year established</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Technology" title="Warsaw University of Technology">Warsaw University of Technology</a> (1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_School_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw School of Economics">Warsaw School of Economics</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Life_Sciences" title="Warsaw University of Life Sciences">Warsaw University of Life Sciences</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Stefan_Wyszy%C5%84ski_University_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw">Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_University_of_Warsaw" title="Medical University of Warsaw">Medical University of Warsaw</a> (1809/1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw">Academy of Fine Arts</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Zelwerowicz_National_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art" title="Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art">National Academy of Dramatic Art</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_University_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defence University in Warsaw">Academy of National Defence</a> (1947/1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_University_of_Technology_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Military University of Technology in Warsaw">Military University of Technology</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_University_of_Physical_Education_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw">University of Physical Education in Warsaw</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_University_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Fryderyk Chopin University of Music">Fryderyk Chopin University of Music</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozminski_University" title="Kozminski University">Kozminski University</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Social_Sciences_and_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Social Sciences and Humanities">University of Social Sciences and Humanities</a> (1996)</li></ul></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Warsaw holds some of the finest institutions of higher education in Poland. It is home to four major universities and over 62 smaller schools of higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-gus_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gus-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall number of students of all grades of education in Warsaw is almost 500,000 (29.2% of the city population; 2002). The number of university students is over 280,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Studia_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Studia-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the reputable universities are public, but in recent years there has also been an upsurge in the number of private universities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brama_Uniwersytetu_Warszawskiego.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Brama_Uniwersytetu_Warszawskiego.jpg/220px-Brama_Uniwersytetu_Warszawskiego.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Brama_Uniwersytetu_Warszawskiego.jpg/330px-Brama_Uniwersytetu_Warszawskiego.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Brama_Uniwersytetu_Warszawskiego.jpg/440px-Brama_Uniwersytetu_Warszawskiego.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4358" data-file-height="2903" /></a><figcaption>The main gate of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a> was established in 1816, when the partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most influential Polish academic center, in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uw_edu_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uw_edu-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university is the largest in the country, and often regarded as one of the most prestigious, with international recognition in mathematics and science.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Technology" title="Warsaw University of Technology">Warsaw University of Technology</a> is the second academic school of technology in the country, and one of the largest in <a href="/wiki/East-Central_Europe" title="East-Central Europe">East-Central Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-onelab_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onelab-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other institutions for higher education include the <a href="/wiki/Medical_University_of_Warsaw" title="Medical University of Warsaw">Medical University of Warsaw</a>, the largest medical school in Poland and one of the most prestigious; the <a href="/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">National Defence</a> University, the highest military academic institution in Poland; the <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_University_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Fryderyk Chopin University of Music">Fryderyk Chopin University of Music</a>, the oldest and largest music school in Poland and one of the largest in Europe;<sup id="cite_ref-infochopin_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infochopin-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_School_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw School of Economics">Warsaw School of Economics</a>, the oldest and most renowned economic university in the country;<sup id="cite_ref-sgh_waw_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgh_waw-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Life_Sciences" title="Warsaw University of Life Sciences">Warsaw University of Life Sciences</a>, the largest agricultural university, founded in 1818;<sup id="cite_ref-sggw_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sggw-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Social_Sciences_and_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Social Sciences and Humanities">University of Social Sciences and Humanities</a>, the first private secular university in the country. </p><p>Warsaw has numerous libraries, many of which contain vast collections of historic documents. The most important library in terms of historic document collections is the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Poland" title="National Library of Poland">National Library of Poland</a>. The library holds 8.2 million volumes in its collection.<sup id="cite_ref-bn_org_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bn_org-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formed in 1928,<sup id="cite_ref-fyifrance_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fyifrance-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it sees itself as a successor to the <a href="/wiki/Za%C5%82uski_Library" title="Załuski Library">Załuski Library</a>, the biggest in Poland and one of the first and biggest libraries in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-fyifrance_208-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fyifrance-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-utoronto_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utoronto-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important library – the University Library, founded in 1816,<sup id="cite_ref-buw_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buw-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is home to over two million items.<sup id="cite_ref-Zbiory_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zbiory-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building was designed by architects Marek Budzyński and Zbigniew Badowski and opened on 15 December 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is surrounded by green. The University Library garden, designed by Irena Bajerska, was opened on 12 June 2002. It is one of the largest roof gardens in Europe with an area of more than 10,000 m<sup>2</sup> (110,000 sq ft), and plants covering 5,111 m<sup>2</sup> (55,010 sq ft).<sup id="cite_ref-garden_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garden-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the university garden it is open to the public every day.<sup id="cite_ref-garden_213-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garden-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Higher education institutions in Warsaw</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gmach_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Politechniki_Warszawskiej_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warsaw University of Technology main building"><img alt="Warsaw University of Technology main building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gmach_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Politechniki_Warszawskiej_2018.jpg/250px-Gmach_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Politechniki_Warszawskiej_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gmach_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Politechniki_Warszawskiej_2018.jpg/375px-Gmach_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Politechniki_Warszawskiej_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gmach_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Politechniki_Warszawskiej_2018.jpg/500px-Gmach_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Politechniki_Warszawskiej_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Technology" title="Warsaw University of Technology">Warsaw University of Technology</a> main building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_Czapskich_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Academy of Fine Arts"><img alt="Academy of Fine Arts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pa%C5%82ac_Czapskich_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg/280px-Pa%C5%82ac_Czapskich_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pa%C5%82ac_Czapskich_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg/420px-Pa%C5%82ac_Czapskich_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pa%C5%82ac_Czapskich_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg/560px-Pa%C5%82ac_Czapskich_w_Warszawie_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4856" data-file-height="3122" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Warsaw" title="Academy of Fine Arts, Warsaw">Academy of Fine Arts</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akademia_Sztuki_Wojennej.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="War Studies Academy"><img alt="War Studies Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Akademia_Sztuki_Wojennej.jpg/320px-Akademia_Sztuki_Wojennej.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Akademia_Sztuki_Wojennej.jpg/480px-Akademia_Sztuki_Wojennej.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Akademia_Sztuki_Wojennej.jpg/640px-Akademia_Sztuki_Wojennej.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="844" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/War_Studies_Academy" title="War Studies Academy">War Studies Academy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 231.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 229.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteka_Uniwersytecka_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warsaw University Library"><img alt="Warsaw University Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Biblioteka_Uniwersytecka_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg/344px-Biblioteka_Uniwersytecka_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Biblioteka_Uniwersytecka_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg/515px-Biblioteka_Uniwersytecka_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Biblioteka_Uniwersytecka_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg/687px-Biblioteka_Uniwersytecka_w_Warszawie_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6143" data-file-height="3221" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw University Library">Warsaw University Library</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akademia_Teatralna_im._Aleksandra_Zelwerowicza_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Academy of Dramatic Art"><img alt="National Academy of Dramatic Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Akademia_Teatralna_im._Aleksandra_Zelwerowicza_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg/207px-Akademia_Teatralna_im._Aleksandra_Zelwerowicza_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Akademia_Teatralna_im._Aleksandra_Zelwerowicza_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg/311px-Akademia_Teatralna_im._Aleksandra_Zelwerowicza_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Akademia_Teatralna_im._Aleksandra_Zelwerowicza_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg/415px-Akademia_Teatralna_im._Aleksandra_Zelwerowicza_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4610" data-file-height="4004" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Zelwerowicz_National_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art" title="Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art">National Academy of Dramatic Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SGH_Warsaw_2023_aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warsaw School of Economics Campus"><img alt="Warsaw School of Economics Campus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SGH_Warsaw_2023_aerial.jpg/320px-SGH_Warsaw_2023_aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SGH_Warsaw_2023_aerial.jpg/481px-SGH_Warsaw_2023_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SGH_Warsaw_2023_aerial.jpg/641px-SGH_Warsaw_2023_aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3795" data-file-height="2134" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_School_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw School of Economics">Warsaw School of Economics</a> Campus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Budynek_%C5%82azienek_Teodozji_Majewskiej_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Faculty of Journalism, University of Warsaw"><img alt="Faculty of Journalism, University of Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Budynek_%C5%82azienek_Teodozji_Majewskiej_2020.jpg/300px-Budynek_%C5%82azienek_Teodozji_Majewskiej_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Budynek_%C5%82azienek_Teodozji_Majewskiej_2020.jpg/450px-Budynek_%C5%82azienek_Teodozji_Majewskiej_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Budynek_%C5%82azienek_Teodozji_Majewskiej_2020.jpg/599px-Budynek_%C5%82azienek_Teodozji_Majewskiej_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3341" data-file-height="2008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Faculty of Journalism, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Warsaw" title="Transport in Warsaw">Transport in Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_in_Warsaw" title="Infrastructure in Warsaw">Infrastructure in Warsaw</a></div> <p>Warsaw is a considerable transport hub linking <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a>, Central and Eastern Europe. The city has a good <a href="/wiki/Bus_transport_in_Warsaw" title="Bus transport in Warsaw">network of buses</a> and a continuously expanding perpendicular <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw metro">metro</a> running north to south and east to west. The <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Warsaw" title="Trams in Warsaw">tram system</a> is one of the biggest in Europe, with a total length of 133 km (83 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-ZTM_2022_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZTM_2022-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of increased foreign investment, economic growth and EU funding, the city has undertaken the construction of new roads, <a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">flyovers</a> and bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeziorski_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeziorski-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supervising body is the City Roads Authority (ZDM – <i>Zarząd Dróg Miejskich</i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Warszawa_S8_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/POL_Warszawa_S8_05.jpg/220px-POL_Warszawa_S8_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/POL_Warszawa_S8_05.jpg/330px-POL_Warszawa_S8_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/POL_Warszawa_S8_05.jpg/440px-POL_Warszawa_S8_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>S8 in Warsaw</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Most_Poniatowskiego_noc%C4%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Most_Poniatowskiego_noc%C4%85.jpg/220px-Most_Poniatowskiego_noc%C4%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Most_Poniatowskiego_noc%C4%85.jpg/330px-Most_Poniatowskiego_noc%C4%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Most_Poniatowskiego_noc%C4%85.jpg/440px-Most_Poniatowskiego_noc%C4%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4210" data-file-height="2807" /></a><figcaption>There are 11 bridges over the Vistula within the city. In the photo, <a href="/wiki/Poniatowski_Bridge" title="Poniatowski Bridge">Poniatowski Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyski_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Świętokrzyski Bridge">Świętokrzyski Bridge</a> in the distance</figcaption></figure> <p>The table presents statistics on public transport in Warsaw.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZTM_2022_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZTM_2022-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="background:gold; color:navy;">System </th> <th scope="col" style="background:gold; color:navy;">Stations / Lines / Net length </th> <th scope="col" style="background:gold; color:navy;">Annual ridership </th> <th scope="col" style="background:gold; color:navy;">Operator / Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Metro" title="Warsaw Metro">Metro</a> </th> <td>39 / 2 / 41 km (25 mi) </td> <td>199,974,995 <small>(2023)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Public_Transport_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Public Transport Authority">ZTM</a> / Underground rail system </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Warsaw" title="Trams in Warsaw">Trams</a> </th> <td>538 / 24 / 133 km (83 mi) </td> <td>248,903,710 <small>(2023)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Public_Transport_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Public Transport Authority">ZTM</a> / Lines marked with one- or dwo-digit number </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport_in_Warsaw" title="Bus transport in Warsaw">Bus</a> </th> <td>3227 / 301 / 3,024 km (1,879 mi) </td> <td>452,220,927 <small>(2023)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Public_Transport_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Public Transport Authority">ZTM</a> / Extensive services in all boroughs / 41 Night lines / Lines marked with three-digit number </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fast_Urban_Railway_(Warsaw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast Urban Railway (Warsaw)">Fast Urban Railway</a> </th> <td>198 / 9 / 116 km (72 mi) </td> <td>15,161,224 <small>(2023)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Public_Transport_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Public Transport Authority">ZTM</a> / Overground <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> rail system </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Masovian_Railways" title="Masovian Railways">Koleje Mazowieckie</a> </th> <td>45 stations within the city </td> <td><small>36,018,918 (2023)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Masovian_Railways" title="Masovian Railways">KM</a> / Regional carrier / Within the city limits a common ticket with other means of public transport / Number of passengers using stations located in Warsaw </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Commuter_Railway" title="Warsaw Commuter Railway">Commuter Railway</a> </th> <td>2 / 28 / 33 km (21 mi) </td> <td>3,516,550 <small>(2023)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Commuter_Railway" title="Warsaw Commuter Railway">WKD</a> / Operates on a separate railway line </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Warsaw lacks a complete <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring road</a> system and most traffic goes directly through the city centre, leading to the eleventh highest level of congestion in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Warsaw ring road has been planned to consist of four <a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressways of Poland">express roads</a>: <a href="/wiki/Expressway_S2_(Poland)" title="Expressway S2 (Poland)">S2</a> (south), <a href="/wiki/Expressway_S8_(Poland)" title="Expressway S8 (Poland)">S8</a> (north-west) and <a href="/wiki/Expressway_S17_(Poland)" title="Expressway S17 (Poland)">S17</a> (east). S8, S2 and a small 3 km section of S17 are open. Additionally, the S2 and S8 have a <a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">concurrency</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Expressway_S7_(Poland)" title="Expressway S7 (Poland)">S7</a> and the S2 has a short concurrency with the S8. A second ring road consisting of the <a href="/wiki/A50_autostrada_(Poland)" title="A50 autostrada (Poland)">A50 motorway</a> (south) and <a href="/wiki/Expressway_S50_(Poland)" title="Expressway S50 (Poland)">S50 expressway</a> (north) is also planned but it is unknown when construction will start. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/A2_autostrada_(Poland)" title="A2 autostrada (Poland)">A2 motorway</a> opened in June 2012, stretches west from Warsaw and is a direct motorway connection with Łódź, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> and ultimately with Berlin. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotnisko_Chopina_w_Warszawie_2018b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lotnisko_Chopina_w_Warszawie_2018b.jpg/220px-Lotnisko_Chopina_w_Warszawie_2018b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lotnisko_Chopina_w_Warszawie_2018b.jpg/330px-Lotnisko_Chopina_w_Warszawie_2018b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lotnisko_Chopina_w_Warszawie_2018b.jpg/440px-Lotnisko_Chopina_w_Warszawie_2018b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6664" data-file-height="3856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Chopin_Airport" title="Warsaw Chopin Airport">Warsaw Chopin Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city has three <a href="/wiki/International_airports" class="mw-redirect" title="International airports">international airports</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Chopin_Airport" title="Warsaw Chopin Airport">Warsaw Chopin Airport</a>, located just 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the city centre, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Radom_Airport" title="Warsaw Radom Airport">Warsaw-Radom Airport</a>, located just 90 kilometres (56 mi) south of Warsaw, which serves mainly low-cost and charter operations and finally <a href="/wiki/Modlin_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Modlin Airport">Warsaw-Modlin Airport</a>, located 35 kilometres (22 mi) to the north, opened in July 2012. With around 100 international and domestic flights a day and with 7,440,056 passengers served in 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has also been called "the most important and largest airport in Central Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public transport also extends to <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> <a href="/wiki/Warszawska_Kolej_Dojazdowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa">Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa</a> line, urban railway <a href="/wiki/Szybka_Kolej_Miejska_(Warsaw)" title="Szybka Kolej Miejska (Warsaw)">Szybka Kolej Miejska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">regional rail</a> <a href="/wiki/Koleje_Mazowieckie" class="mw-redirect" title="Koleje Mazowieckie">Koleje Mazowieckie</a> (Mazovian Railways),<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_sharing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle sharing system">bicycle sharing systems</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veturilo" title="Veturilo">Veturilo</a>). The buses, trams, urban railway and Metro are managed by the <a href="/wiki/Zarz%C4%85d_Transportu_Miejskiego_w_Warszawie" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego w Warszawie">Public Transport Authority</a> and are collectively known as Warsaw Public Transport. </p><p>Long distance and intercity trains are operated by <a href="/wiki/Polish_State_Railways" title="Polish State Railways">Polish State Railways</a> (PKP). There are also some suburban bus lines run by private operators.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bus_transport_in_Warsaw" title="Bus transport in Warsaw">Bus</a> service covers the entire city, with approximately 256 routes totalling above 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi), and with some 1,700 vehicles. </p><p>The first section of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Metro" title="Warsaw Metro">Warsaw Metro</a> was opened in 1995 initially with a total of 11 stations.<sup id="cite_ref-metro_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metro-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, it has 39 stations running a distance of approximately 41 km (25 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main railway station is <a href="/wiki/Warszawa_Centralna_railway_station" title="Warszawa Centralna railway station">Warszawa Centralna</a> serving both domestic traffic to almost every major city in Poland, and international connections. There are also five other major railway stations and a number of smaller suburban stations. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Public transport in Warsaw</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C12_Nowy_%C5%9Awiat-Uniwersytet_-_peron,_Otwarcie_M2,_2015-03-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metro Line 2, Nowy Świat-Uniwersytet station"><img alt="Metro Line 2, Nowy Świat-Uniwersytet station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/C12_Nowy_%C5%9Awiat-Uniwersytet_-_peron%2C_Otwarcie_M2%2C_2015-03-08.jpg/270px-C12_Nowy_%C5%9Awiat-Uniwersytet_-_peron%2C_Otwarcie_M2%2C_2015-03-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/C12_Nowy_%C5%9Awiat-Uniwersytet_-_peron%2C_Otwarcie_M2%2C_2015-03-08.jpg/405px-C12_Nowy_%C5%9Awiat-Uniwersytet_-_peron%2C_Otwarcie_M2%2C_2015-03-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/C12_Nowy_%C5%9Awiat-Uniwersytet_-_peron%2C_Otwarcie_M2%2C_2015-03-08.jpg/540px-C12_Nowy_%C5%9Awiat-Uniwersytet_-_peron%2C_Otwarcie_M2%2C_2015-03-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Metro" title="Warsaw Metro">Metro Line 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowy_%C5%9Awiat-Uniwersytet_metro_station" title="Nowy Świat-Uniwersytet metro station">Nowy Świat-Uniwersytet station</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MANLion%27sCityCNG_7204.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bus"><img alt="Bus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/MANLion%27sCityCNG_7204.jpg/270px-MANLion%27sCityCNG_7204.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/MANLion%27sCityCNG_7204.jpg/404px-MANLion%27sCityCNG_7204.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/MANLion%27sCityCNG_7204.jpg/539px-MANLion%27sCityCNG_7204.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport_in_Warsaw" title="Bus transport in Warsaw">Bus</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pesa_128N_%22Jazz-Duo%22,_-3607,_Tramwaje_Warszawskie_(32852697973).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tram car"><img alt="Tram car" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pesa_128N_%22Jazz-Duo%22%2C_-3607%2C_Tramwaje_Warszawskie_%2832852697973%29.jpg/240px-Pesa_128N_%22Jazz-Duo%22%2C_-3607%2C_Tramwaje_Warszawskie_%2832852697973%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pesa_128N_%22Jazz-Duo%22%2C_-3607%2C_Tramwaje_Warszawskie_%2832852697973%29.jpg/360px-Pesa_128N_%22Jazz-Duo%22%2C_-3607%2C_Tramwaje_Warszawskie_%2832852697973%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pesa_128N_%22Jazz-Duo%22%2C_-3607%2C_Tramwaje_Warszawskie_%2832852697973%29.jpg/480px-Pesa_128N_%22Jazz-Duo%22%2C_-3607%2C_Tramwaje_Warszawskie_%2832852697973%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Warsaw" title="Trams in Warsaw">Tram car</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ED250-010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pendolino high-speed trains at Warszawa Centralna"><img alt="Pendolino high-speed trains at Warszawa Centralna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ED250-010.jpg/270px-ED250-010.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ED250-010.jpg/405px-ED250-010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ED250-010.jpg/540px-ED250-010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pendolino" title="Pendolino">Pendolino</a> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed trains</a> at <a href="/wiki/Warszawa_Centralna" class="mw-redirect" title="Warszawa Centralna">Warszawa Centralna</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:27WE-007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fast Urban Railway at Chopin Airport station"><img alt="Fast Urban Railway at Chopin Airport station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/27WE-007.jpg/270px-27WE-007.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/27WE-007.jpg/405px-27WE-007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/27WE-007.jpg/540px-27WE-007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fast_Urban_Railway_(Warsaw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast Urban Railway (Warsaw)">Fast Urban Railway</a> at <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Chopin_Airport_railway_station" title="Warsaw Chopin Airport railway station">Chopin Airport</a> station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PESA_Sundeck_%26_Bombardier,_Koleje_Mazowieckie_(26575134031).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Koleje Mazowieckie trains at Warszawa Wschodnia"><img alt="Koleje Mazowieckie trains at Warszawa Wschodnia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PESA_Sundeck_%26_Bombardier%2C_Koleje_Mazowieckie_%2826575134031%29.jpg/240px-PESA_Sundeck_%26_Bombardier%2C_Koleje_Mazowieckie_%2826575134031%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PESA_Sundeck_%26_Bombardier%2C_Koleje_Mazowieckie_%2826575134031%29.jpg/360px-PESA_Sundeck_%26_Bombardier%2C_Koleje_Mazowieckie_%2826575134031%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PESA_Sundeck_%26_Bombardier%2C_Koleje_Mazowieckie_%2826575134031%29.jpg/480px-PESA_Sundeck_%26_Bombardier%2C_Koleje_Mazowieckie_%2826575134031%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Masovian_Railways" title="Masovian Railways">Koleje Mazowieckie</a> trains at <a href="/wiki/Warszawa_Wschodnia_railway_station" title="Warszawa Wschodnia railway station">Warszawa Wschodnia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stacja_Veturilo_Kopernika-Obo%C5%BAna_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Veturilo bicycle rack at Oboźna Street"><img alt="Veturilo bicycle rack at Oboźna Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Stacja_Veturilo_Kopernika-Obo%C5%BAna_2023.jpg/271px-Stacja_Veturilo_Kopernika-Obo%C5%BAna_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Stacja_Veturilo_Kopernika-Obo%C5%BAna_2023.jpg/406px-Stacja_Veturilo_Kopernika-Obo%C5%BAna_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Stacja_Veturilo_Kopernika-Obo%C5%BAna_2023.jpg/541px-Stacja_Veturilo_Kopernika-Obo%C5%BAna_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7060" data-file-height="4700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Veturilo" title="Veturilo">Veturilo</a> bicycle rack at Oboźna Street</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C12_N_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance to the metro station"><img alt="Entrance to the metro station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/C12_N_18.jpg/270px-C12_N_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/C12_N_18.jpg/405px-C12_N_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/C12_N_18.jpg/540px-C12_N_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Entrance to the metro station</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_theatre">Music and theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Music and theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa,_ul._Senatorska_21,_25_20170516_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Warszawa%2C_ul._Senatorska_21%2C_25_20170516_001.jpg/220px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Senatorska_21%2C_25_20170516_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Warszawa%2C_ul._Senatorska_21%2C_25_20170516_001.jpg/330px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Senatorska_21%2C_25_20170516_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Warszawa%2C_ul._Senatorska_21%2C_25_20170516_001.jpg/440px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Senatorska_21%2C_25_20170516_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5996" data-file-height="4003" /></a><figcaption>The edifice of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Warsaw" title="Grand Theatre, Warsaw">Grand Theatre</a> in Warsaw. It is one of the largest theatres in Europe, featuring one of the biggest stages in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thanks to numerous musical venues, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Theatre,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Theatre, Warsaw"><i>Teatr Wielki</i>, the Polish National Opera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_opera" title="Chamber opera">Chamber Opera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Philharmonic_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra">National Philharmonic Hall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre,_Warsaw" title="National Theatre, Warsaw">National Theatre</a>, as well as the Roma and Buffo music theatres and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Hall_(Warsaw)" title="Congress Hall (Warsaw)">Congress Hall</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_and_Science,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw">Palace of Culture and Science</a>, Warsaw hosts many events and festivals. Among the events worth particular attention are: the <a href="/wiki/International_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_Piano_Competition" class="mw-redirect" title="International Frédéric Chopin Piano Competition">International Frédéric Chopin Piano Competition</a>, the International Contemporary Music Festival <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Autumn" title="Warsaw Autumn">Warsaw Autumn</a>, the Jazz Jamboree, Warsaw Summer Jazz Days, the International <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Stanisław Moniuszko</a> Vocal Competition, the Mozart Festival, and the Festival of Old Music.<sup id="cite_ref-salter_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salter-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warsaw is also considered one of the European hubs of underground electronic music with a very attractive house and techno music scene.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warsaw is home to over 30 major theatres spread throughout the city, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre,_Warsaw" title="National Theatre, Warsaw">National Theatre</a> (founded in 1765) and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Warsaw" title="Grand Theatre, Warsaw">Grand Theatre</a> (established 1778).<sup id="cite_ref-teatrwielki1_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teatrwielki1-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filharmonia_Narodowa_wej%C5%9Bcie_g%C5%82%C3%B3wne_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Filharmonia_Narodowa_wej%C5%9Bcie_g%C5%82%C3%B3wne_2020.jpg/220px-Filharmonia_Narodowa_wej%C5%9Bcie_g%C5%82%C3%B3wne_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Filharmonia_Narodowa_wej%C5%9Bcie_g%C5%82%C3%B3wne_2020.jpg/330px-Filharmonia_Narodowa_wej%C5%9Bcie_g%C5%82%C3%B3wne_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Filharmonia_Narodowa_wej%C5%9Bcie_g%C5%82%C3%B3wne_2020.jpg/440px-Filharmonia_Narodowa_wej%C5%9Bcie_g%C5%82%C3%B3wne_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3821" data-file-height="3003" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Philharmonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Philharmonic">Warsaw Philharmonic</a> is a venue for the <a href="/wiki/International_Chopin_Piano_Competition" title="International Chopin Piano Competition">International Chopin Piano Competition</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Warsaw also attracts many young and off-stream directors and performers who add to the city's theatrical culture. Their productions may be viewed mostly in smaller theatres and <i>Houses of Culture</i> (<i>Domy Kultury</i>), mostly outside <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie,_Warsaw" title="Śródmieście, Warsaw">Śródmieście</a></i> (Central Warsaw). Warsaw hosts the International Theatrical Meetings. </p><p>From 1833 to the outbreak of World War II, Plac Teatralny <i>(<a href="/wiki/Theatre_Square_(Warsaw)" title="Theatre Square (Warsaw)">Theatre Square</a>)</i> was the country's cultural hub and home to the various theatres.<sup id="cite_ref-teatrwielki_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teatrwielki-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plac Teatralny and its environs was the venue for numerous parades, celebrations of state holidays, carnival balls and concerts. </p><p>The main building housed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Theatre,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Theatre, Warsaw">Great Theatre</a> from 1833 to 1834, the Rozmaitości Theatre from 1836 to 1924 and then the National Theatre, the Reduta Theatre from 1919 to 1924, and from 1928 to 1939 – the Nowy Theatre, which staged productions of contemporary poetical drama, including those directed by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Schiller" title="Leon Schiller">Leon Schiller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-teatrwielki_227-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teatrwielki-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearby, in Ogród Saski (the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Garden" title="Saxon Garden">Saxon Garden</a>), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-Letni_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letni-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">inter-war period</a>, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Schiller" title="Leon Schiller">Leon Schiller</a>'s musical theatre Melodram. The <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Bogus%C5%82awski" title="Wojciech Bogusławski">Wojciech Bogusławski</a> Theatre (1922–26) was the best example of "Polish monumental theatre". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts – the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department.<sup id="cite_ref-teatrwielki_227-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teatrwielki-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_art_galleries">Museums and art galleries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Museums and art galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; width: 325px; background: #B5B5B5;">Museums in Warsaw</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Warsaw">National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zach%C4%99ta" class="mw-redirect" title="Zachęta">Zachęta</a> National Gallery of Art</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Uprising Museum">Warsaw Uprising Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Science_Centre" title="Copernicus Science Centre">Copernicus Science Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Evolution_of_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Museum of Evolution of Polish Academy of Sciences">Museum of Evolution of Polish Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Earth_of_the_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Museum of the Earth of the Polish Academy of Sciences">Museum of the Earth of the Polish Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujazd%C3%B3w_Castle#Centre_for_Contemporary_Art" title="Ujazdów Castle">Centre for Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art,_Warsaw" title="Museum of Modern Art, Warsaw">Museum of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Army_Museum" title="Polish Army Museum">Museum of the Polish Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_Museum" title="Fryderyk Chopin Museum">Fryderyk Chopin Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Warsaw" title="Museum of Warsaw">Museum of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Polish_History" title="Museum of Polish History">Museum of Polish History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Independence" title="Museum of Independence">Museum of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_the_Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the History of the Polish Jews">Museum of the History of the Polish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Sport_and_Tourism" title="Museum of Sport and Tourism">Museum of Sport and Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legia_Warsaw_Museum" title="Legia Warsaw Museum">Legia Warsaw Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Communism,_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Communism, Poland">Museum of Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Caricature,_Warsaw" title="Museum of Caricature, Warsaw">Museum of Caricature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Museum" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum</a></li></ul></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table><p>There are over 60 museums and galleries in Warsaw which are accessible to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the positions are the world's first <a href="/wiki/Poster_Museum,_Wilan%C3%B3w" title="Poster Museum, Wilanów">Museum of Posters</a> boasting one of the largest collections of art <a href="/wiki/Poster" title="Poster">posters</a> in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-postermuseum_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postermuseum-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/POLIN_Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews" title="POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews">Museum of the History of Polish Jews</a>. Among the most prestigious ones are the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Warsaw">National Museum</a> with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity until the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection,<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army_Museum" title="Polish Army Museum">Museum of the Polish Army</a> whose set portrays the history of arms. </p><p>The collections of <a href="/wiki/%C5%81azienki_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Łazienki Palace">Łazienki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace" title="Wilanów Palace">Wilanów</a> palaces focus on the paintings of the "old masters", as do those of the Royal Castle which displays the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Lanckoro%C5%84ski#Lanckoroński_Collection" title="Palais Lanckoroński">Lanckoroński Collection</a> including two paintings by Rembrandt.<sup id="cite_ref-Wetering_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wetering-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Palace in <a href="/wiki/Natolin_Palace_and_Park_Complex" title="Natolin Palace and Park Complex">Natolin</a>, a former rural residence of Duke <a href="/wiki/Czartoryski_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Czartoryski family">Czartoryski</a>, is another venue with its interiors and park accessible to tourists. </p><p>The famous <a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Science_Centre" title="Copernicus Science Centre">Copernicus Science Centre</a> is an interactive science museum containing over 450 exhibits, enabling visitors to carry out experiments and discover the laws of science for themselves. Warsaw does not have a natural history museum. Yet, it hosts small museums of <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Evolution_of_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Museum of Evolution of Polish Academy of Sciences">Evolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Earth_of_the_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Museum of the Earth of the Polish Academy of Sciences">the Earth</a>, which play a similar role. </p><p>Holding Poland's largest private collection of art, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_John_Paul_II_Collection" title="Museum of John Paul II Collection">Carroll Porczyński Collection Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> displays works from such varied artists as <a href="/wiki/Paris_Bordone" title="Paris Bordone">Paris Bordone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_van_Haarlem" title="Cornelis van Haarlem">Cornelis van Haarlem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Ribera">José de Ribera</a>, <a href="/wiki/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau" title="William-Adolphe Bouguereau">William-Adolphe Bouguereau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a><sup id="cite_ref-muzeummalarstwa_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muzeummalarstwa-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with some copies of masterpieces of European painting. </p><p>A fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">history of Poland</a> can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Rising_Museum" title="Warsaw Rising Museum">Warsaw Uprising Museum</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Katy%C5%84_Museum" title="Katyń Museum">Katyń Museum</a> which preserves the memory of that crime.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre, the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Fotoplastikon" title="Warsaw Fotoplastikon">Warsaw Fotoplastikon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Independence" title="Museum of Independence">Museum of Independence</a> preserves patriotic and political objects connected with Poland's struggles for independence. Dating back to 1936 the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Warsaw" title="Museum of Warsaw">Warsaw Historical Museum</a> contains 60 rooms which host a permanent exhibition of the history of Warsaw from its origins until today. </p><p>The 17th century Royal <a href="/wiki/Ujazd%C3%B3w_Castle" title="Ujazdów Castle">Ujazdów Castle</a> houses the Centre for Contemporary Art, with some permanent and temporary exhibitions, concerts, shows and creative workshops. The Centre realizes about 500 projects a year. The <a href="/wiki/Zach%C4%99ta" class="mw-redirect" title="Zachęta">Zachęta</a> National Gallery of Art, the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw, with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century organises exhibitions of <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a> by Polish and <a href="/wiki/International_Artists" title="International Artists">International Artists</a> and promotes art in many other ways. Since 2011, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Gallery_Weekend" title="Warsaw Gallery Weekend">Warsaw Gallery Weekend</a> is held on the last weekend of September. </p><p>28 September 2023 the opening of the new building of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Polish_History" title="Museum of Polish History">Museum of Polish History</a> located at the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Citadel" title="Warsaw Citadel">Warsaw Citadel</a> took place. </p><p>The city also possesses some oddities such as the <a href="/wiki/Neon_Museum,_Warsaw" title="Neon Museum, Warsaw">Neon Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Caricature,_Warsaw" title="Museum of Caricature, Warsaw">Museum of Caricature</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Exhibitions_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exhibitions-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_John_Paul_II_and_Primate_Wyszy%C5%84ski" title="Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński">Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Legia_Warsaw_Museum" title="Legia Warsaw Museum">Legia Warsaw Museum</a>, and a Motorisation Museum in <a href="/wiki/Otr%C4%99busy" title="Otrębusy">Otrębusy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-motoryzacji_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motoryzacji-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Museums in Warsaw</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zach%C4%99ta_-_budynek.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zachęta National Gallery of Art"><img alt="Zachęta National Gallery of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Zach%C4%99ta_-_budynek.jpg/339px-Zach%C4%99ta_-_budynek.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Zach%C4%99ta_-_budynek.jpg/509px-Zach%C4%99ta_-_budynek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Zach%C4%99ta_-_budynek.jpg/678px-Zach%C4%99ta_-_budynek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5095" data-file-height="2706" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zach%C4%99ta_National_Gallery_of_Art" title="Zachęta National Gallery of Art">Zachęta National Gallery of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muzeum_Powstania_Warszawskiego_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warsaw Rising Museum"><img alt="Warsaw Rising Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Muzeum_Powstania_Warszawskiego_2023.jpg/259px-Muzeum_Powstania_Warszawskiego_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Muzeum_Powstania_Warszawskiego_2023.jpg/389px-Muzeum_Powstania_Warszawskiego_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Muzeum_Powstania_Warszawskiego_2023.jpg/518px-Muzeum_Powstania_Warszawskiego_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6800" data-file-height="4724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Rising_Museum" title="Warsaw Rising Museum">Warsaw Rising Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muzeum_Narodowe_w_Warszawie_-_panoramio_-_Mister_No.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warsaw National Museum"><img alt="Warsaw National Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Muzeum_Narodowe_w_Warszawie_-_panoramio_-_Mister_No.jpg/240px-Muzeum_Narodowe_w_Warszawie_-_panoramio_-_Mister_No.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Muzeum_Narodowe_w_Warszawie_-_panoramio_-_Mister_No.jpg/360px-Muzeum_Narodowe_w_Warszawie_-_panoramio_-_Mister_No.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Muzeum_Narodowe_w_Warszawie_-_panoramio_-_Mister_No.jpg/480px-Muzeum_Narodowe_w_Warszawie_-_panoramio_-_Mister_No.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_National_Museum" title="Warsaw National Museum">Warsaw National Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MHP_(drone_view)_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Museum of Polish History"><img alt="Museum of Polish History" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/MHP_%28drone_view%29_%283%29.jpg/270px-MHP_%28drone_view%29_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/MHP_%28drone_view%29_%283%29.jpg/405px-MHP_%28drone_view%29_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/MHP_%28drone_view%29_%283%29.jpg/540px-MHP_%28drone_view%29_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1666" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Polish_History" title="Museum of Polish History">Museum of Polish History</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Warszawa_flagi_Ukrainy_i_Polski,_Muzeum_Polin,_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews opened in 2013"><img alt="POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews opened in 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/2022_Warszawa_flagi_Ukrainy_i_Polski%2C_Muzeum_Polin%2C_5.jpg/274px-2022_Warszawa_flagi_Ukrainy_i_Polski%2C_Muzeum_Polin%2C_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/2022_Warszawa_flagi_Ukrainy_i_Polski%2C_Muzeum_Polin%2C_5.jpg/411px-2022_Warszawa_flagi_Ukrainy_i_Polski%2C_Muzeum_Polin%2C_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/2022_Warszawa_flagi_Ukrainy_i_Polski%2C_Muzeum_Polin%2C_5.jpg/548px-2022_Warszawa_flagi_Ukrainy_i_Polski%2C_Muzeum_Polin%2C_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5334" data-file-height="3505" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/POLIN_Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews" title="POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews">POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews</a> opened in 2013</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamek_Ostrogskich_w_Warszawie_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 17th-century Ostrogski Castle houses the Chopin Museum."><img alt="The 17th-century Ostrogski Castle houses the Chopin Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zamek_Ostrogskich_w_Warszawie_2022.jpg/246px-Zamek_Ostrogskich_w_Warszawie_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zamek_Ostrogskich_w_Warszawie_2022.jpg/369px-Zamek_Ostrogskich_w_Warszawie_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zamek_Ostrogskich_w_Warszawie_2022.jpg/492px-Zamek_Ostrogskich_w_Warszawie_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5628" data-file-height="4120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Ostrogski_Palace" title="Ostrogski Palace">Ostrogski Castle</a> houses the <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_Museum" title="Fryderyk Chopin Museum">Chopin Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamienica_%C5%81yszkiewicza_w_Warszawie_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marie Curie Museum, housed in the tenement house where she was born"><img alt="Marie Curie Museum, housed in the tenement house where she was born" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kamienica_%C5%81yszkiewicza_w_Warszawie_2020.jpg/262px-Kamienica_%C5%81yszkiewicza_w_Warszawie_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kamienica_%C5%81yszkiewicza_w_Warszawie_2020.jpg/393px-Kamienica_%C5%81yszkiewicza_w_Warszawie_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kamienica_%C5%81yszkiewicza_w_Warszawie_2020.jpg/525px-Kamienica_%C5%81yszkiewicza_w_Warszawie_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4457" data-file-height="3060" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Museum" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum">Marie Curie Museum</a>, housed in the tenement house where she was born</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muzeum_Kopernika_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Copernicus Science Centre, planetarium"><img alt="Copernicus Science Centre, planetarium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Muzeum_Kopernika_-_panoramio.jpg/270px-Muzeum_Kopernika_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Muzeum_Kopernika_-_panoramio.jpg/405px-Muzeum_Kopernika_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Muzeum_Kopernika_-_panoramio.jpg/540px-Muzeum_Kopernika_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Science_Centre" title="Copernicus Science Centre">Copernicus Science Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">planetarium</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine_and_food">Cuisine and food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cuisine and food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wuzetka_edit.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wuzetka_edit.JPG/220px-Wuzetka_edit.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wuzetka_edit.JPG/330px-Wuzetka_edit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wuzetka_edit.JPG/440px-Wuzetka_edit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wuzetka" title="Wuzetka">Wuzetka</a> chocolate cake originated in Warsaw and is an icon of the city.</figcaption></figure> <p>Warsaw's culinary tradition was shaped by its once multicultural population; its cuisine is distinct from that of other cities and towns in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strong <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> influences were cultivated over the years, in particular <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consomm%C3%A9" title="Consommé">consommé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagels" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagels">bagels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspic" title="Aspic">aspic</a> and French <a href="/wiki/Meringue" title="Meringue">meringue</a>-based pastries or cakes.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional Varsovian food is hearty and includes a <a href="/wiki/Tripe_soup" title="Tripe soup">tripe soup</a> for entrée, a <a href="/wiki/Pyzy_(dish)" title="Pyzy (dish)">pyza</a> dumpling for main and the iconic <a href="/wiki/Wuzetka" title="Wuzetka">wuzetka</a> (voo-zetka) chocolate cream pie for dessert.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_240-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">Crayfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aspic" title="Aspic">fish in gelatin</a> were the classical dishes in Warsaw's restaurants throughout the 1920s and the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_239-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much like <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Warsaw once possessed a prominent <a href="/wiki/Parisian_caf%C3%A9" title="Parisian café">café culture</a> which dated back to the early 18th century, and the city's cafeterias were a place for socializing.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historic <a href="/wiki/E._Wedel" title="E. Wedel">Wedel</a> Chocolate Lounge on Szpitalna Street remains one of the most renowned spots for social gatherings. Cafeterias, confectioneries and patisseries such as <a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Nero" title="Caffè Nero">Caffè Nero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Coffee" title="Costa Coffee">Costa Coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a> are predominantly found along the Royal Route on <a href="/wiki/New_World_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Street">New World Street</a>. Thousands of Warsaw's residents also flock annually to the pastry workshops (<i>pączkarnia</i>) to buy <a href="/wiki/P%C4%85czki" title="Pączki">pączki</a> doughnuts on <a href="/wiki/Fat_Thursday" title="Fat Thursday">Fat Thursday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Staro%C5%9Bwiecki_Sklep_Wedla_Szpitalna_8_Warszawa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Staro%C5%9Bwiecki_Sklep_Wedla_Szpitalna_8_Warszawa.JPG/220px-Staro%C5%9Bwiecki_Sklep_Wedla_Szpitalna_8_Warszawa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Staro%C5%9Bwiecki_Sklep_Wedla_Szpitalna_8_Warszawa.JPG/330px-Staro%C5%9Bwiecki_Sklep_Wedla_Szpitalna_8_Warszawa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Staro%C5%9Bwiecki_Sklep_Wedla_Szpitalna_8_Warszawa.JPG/440px-Staro%C5%9Bwiecki_Sklep_Wedla_Szpitalna_8_Warszawa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4676" data-file-height="3083" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/E._Wedel" title="E. Wedel">Wedel</a> Chocolate Lounge on Szpitalna Street</figcaption></figure> <p>Restaurants offering authentic <a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish cuisine</a> are concentrated around the Old Town district. Various <a href="/wiki/Spit_cake" title="Spit cake">spit cakes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> origin (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCrt%C5%91skal%C3%A1cs" title="Kürtőskalács">kürtőskalács</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trdeln%C3%ADk" title="Trdelník">trdelník</a>) are also sold primarily in the Old Town.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hala Koszyki is a popular meeting place in Warsaw noted for its food hall.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, Warsaw was famed for its state-owned <a href="/wiki/Milk_bar" title="Milk bar">milk bars</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Bar_mleczny" title="Bar mleczny">bar mleczny</a></i>) which offered cheap <a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast food</a> in the form of home dinners. Examples of dishes popularized by these canteens include <a href="/wiki/Tomato_soup" title="Tomato soup">tomato soup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schnitzel" title="Schnitzel">schnitzels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frikadeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Frikadeller">frikadeller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizeria" title="Mizeria">mizeria salad</a> and many others. Contemporary fast food giants like <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>, <a href="/wiki/KFC" title="KFC">KFC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subway_(restaurant)" title="Subway (restaurant)">Subway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burger_King" title="Burger King">Burger King</a> are the successors to milk bars, though some reemerged in recent years due to widespread <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">nostalgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gourmet and <a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">haute cuisine</a> establishments are situated in the vicinity of the downtown area or in the <a href="/wiki/Frascati,_Warsaw" title="Frascati, Warsaw">Frascati</a> neighbourhood. Thirteen Varsovian restaurants were appreciated by the <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin Guide</a>, with two receiving a michelin star in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a> named Warsaw one of the top cities for <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">vegans</a> in Europe. Śródmieście Południowe (Southern Downtown) and its "hipster food culture" was singled out as the epicenter.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events">Events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Kings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Three_Kings.jpg/220px-Three_Kings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Three_Kings.jpg/330px-Three_Kings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Three_Kings.jpg/440px-Three_Kings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Annual procession of the Three Wise Men (Epiphany) at Warsaw's Castle Square</figcaption></figure> <p>Several commemorative events take place every year, notably the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Warsaw_Festival" title="Orange Warsaw Festival">Orange Warsaw Festival</a> featuring music concerts. One of the more popular events is the <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">procession</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Three Wise Men</a> (in Polish known as the Three Kings) on <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a>, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a>. Paper crowns are usually worn by spectators throughout the day. The event, which runs along the Royal Route, is attended by Warsaw's highest officials and by the Polish president who resides nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer's Night for a festival called <a href="/wiki/Wianki" title="Wianki">Wianki</a> (Polish for <i>Wreaths</i>) have also become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw.<sup id="cite_ref-sobotka_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sobotka-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wreath_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wreath-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival traces its roots to a peaceful <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> ritual where maidens would float their <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreaths</a> of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom.<sup id="cite_ref-sobotka_252-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sobotka-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event, and it continues today.<sup id="cite_ref-sobotka_252-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sobotka-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city council organize concerts and other events.<sup id="cite_ref-wreath_253-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wreath-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each Midsummer's Eve, apart from the official floating of wreaths, jumping over fires, and looking for the <a href="/wiki/Fern_flower" title="Fern flower">fern flower</a>, there are musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks by the river bank.<sup id="cite_ref-wreath_253-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wreath-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warsaw Multimedia Fountain Park is located in an enchanting place, near the Old Town and the Vistula. The 'Water – Light – Sound' multimedia shows take place each Friday and Saturday from May until September at 9.30 pm (May and – 9 October pm). On other weekdays, the shows do not include lasers and sound. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Film_Festival" title="Warsaw Film Festival">Warsaw Film festival</a>, an annual festival that takes place every October.<sup id="cite_ref-wff_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wff-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Films are usually screened in their original language with Polish subtitles and participating cinemas include Kinoteka (Palace of Science and Culture), <a href="/wiki/Multikino" title="Multikino">Multikino</a> at <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82ote_Tarasy" title="Złote Tarasy">Golden Terraces</a> and Kultura. Over 100 films are shown throughout the festival, and awards are given to the best and most popular films.<sup id="cite_ref-wff_254-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wff-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warsaw_Mermaid">Warsaw Mermaid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Warsaw Mermaid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Warsaw" title="Coat of arms of Warsaw">Coat of arms of Warsaw</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Sirene_1659.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Warsaw_Sirene_1659.PNG/170px-Warsaw_Sirene_1659.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Warsaw_Sirene_1659.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>The 1659 <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Warsaw" title="Coat of arms of Warsaw">coat of arms of Old Warsaw</a> on the cover of one of Warsaw's accounting books</figcaption></figure> <p>The mermaid (<i>syrenka</i>) is Warsaw's symbol<sup id="cite_ref-ucl_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucl-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can be found on statues throughout the city and on <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Warsaw" title="Coat of arms of Warsaw">the city's coat of arms</a>. This imagery has been in use since at least the mid-14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Mermaid_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mermaid-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest existing armed seal of Warsaw is from the year 1390, consisting of a round seal bordered with the Latin inscription <i>Sigilium Civitatis Varsoviensis</i> (Seal of the city of Warsaw).<sup id="cite_ref-herb_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herb-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> City records as far back as 1609 document the use of a crude form of a <a href="/wiki/Sea_monster" title="Sea monster">sea monster</a> with a female upper body and holding a sword in its claws.<sup id="cite_ref-Bratosiewicz_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bratosiewicz-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1653 the poet Zygmunt Laukowski asks the question: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: center; width: 33%;"><p>Warsaw of strong walls; why was the emblem Mermaid with sharp sword, given you by the kings?</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Zygmunt Laukowski<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrenka_Warszawska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Syrenka_Warszawska.jpg/170px-Syrenka_Warszawska.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Syrenka_Warszawska.jpg/255px-Syrenka_Warszawska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Syrenka_Warszawska.jpg/340px-Syrenka_Warszawska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption>1855 bronze sculpture of <i>The Warsaw Mermaid</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Market_Place,_Warsaw" title="Old Town Market Place, Warsaw">Old Town Market Place</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Mermaid Statue stands in the very centre of Old Town Square, surrounded by a fountain. Due to vandalism, the original statue had been moved to the grounds of the Museum of Warsaw – the statue in the square is a copy. This is not the only mermaid in Warsaw. Another is located on the bank of the Vistula River near Świętokrzyski Bridge and another on Karowa Street. </p><p>The origin of the legendary figure is not fully known. The best-known legend, by Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a>'s daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas. One of them decided to stay on the coast of Denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>. The second mermaid reached the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> River and plunged into its waters. She stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of Warszowa, where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice. A greedy merchant also heard her songs; he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid.<sup id="cite_ref-legend_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legend-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another legend says that a mermaid once swam to Warsaw from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> for the love of the Griffin, the ancient defender of the city, who was killed in a struggle against the <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Swedish invasions</a> of the 17th century. The mermaid, wishing to avenge his death, took the position of defender of Warsaw, becoming the symbol of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-legend_260-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legend-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every member of the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Hussars" title="Queen's Royal Hussars">Queen's Royal Hussars</a> of the UK's light <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> wears the <i>Maid of Warsaw</i>, the crest of the City of Warsaw, on the left sleeve of his No. 2 (Service) Dress.<sup id="cite_ref-qohmuseum_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qohmuseum-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of <a href="/wiki/No._651_Squadron_RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 651 Squadron RAF">651 Squadron Army Air Corps</a> of the United Kingdom also wear the <i>Maid of Warsaw</i> on the left sleeve of their No. 2 (Service) Dress.<sup id="cite_ref-RAF_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAF-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Warsaw" title="Sport in Warsaw">Sport in Warsaw</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_National_Stadium_before_Germany_-_Italy_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Warsaw_National_Stadium_before_Germany_-_Italy_%286%29.jpg/220px-Warsaw_National_Stadium_before_Germany_-_Italy_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Warsaw_National_Stadium_before_Germany_-_Italy_%286%29.jpg/330px-Warsaw_National_Stadium_before_Germany_-_Italy_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Warsaw_National_Stadium_before_Germany_-_Italy_%286%29.jpg/440px-Warsaw_National_Stadium_before_Germany_-_Italy_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Interior of the National Stadium before the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012" title="UEFA Euro 2012">UEFA Euro 2012</a> semi-final match between <a href="/wiki/Germany_national_football_team" title="Germany national football team">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_football_team" title="Italy national football team">Italy</a> on 28 June 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polonia_-_Wkra_%C5%BBuromin,_25.08.2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Polonia_-_Wkra_%C5%BBuromin%2C_25.08.2013.png/220px-Polonia_-_Wkra_%C5%BBuromin%2C_25.08.2013.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Polonia_-_Wkra_%C5%BBuromin%2C_25.08.2013.png/330px-Polonia_-_Wkra_%C5%BBuromin%2C_25.08.2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Polonia_-_Wkra_%C5%BBuromin%2C_25.08.2013.png/440px-Polonia_-_Wkra_%C5%BBuromin%2C_25.08.2013.png 2x" data-file-width="6227" data-file-height="1956" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/General_Kazimierz_Sosnkowski_Municipal_Stadium" title="General Kazimierz Sosnkowski Municipal Stadium">General Kazimierz Sosnkowski Municipal Stadium</a>, home ground of the city's oldest surviving football club Polonia Warsaw</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Polish_Army_Stadium_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Warsaw_Polish_Army_Stadium_6.jpg/220px-Warsaw_Polish_Army_Stadium_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Warsaw_Polish_Army_Stadium_6.jpg/330px-Warsaw_Polish_Army_Stadium_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Warsaw_Polish_Army_Stadium_6.jpg/440px-Warsaw_Polish_Army_Stadium_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>The Polish Army Stadium, the home ground of Legia Warsaw football club</figcaption></figure> <p>On 9 April 2008, the Mayor of Warsaw, <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Gronkiewicz-Waltz" title="Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz">Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz</a>, obtained from the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Schuster" title="Wolfgang Schuster">Wolfgang Schuster</a> a challenge award – a <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">commemorative plaque</a> awarded to Warsaw as the European capital of Sport in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_G%C3%B3rski_National_Stadium" title="Kazimierz Górski National Stadium">Kazimierz Górski National Stadium</a>, a 58,580-seat-capacity football (soccer) stadium, replaced Warsaw's recently demolished <a href="/wiki/10th-Anniversary_Stadium" title="10th-Anniversary Stadium">10th-Anniversary Stadium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Stadium hosted the opening match, two group matches, a quarter-final, and a semi-final of <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012" title="UEFA Euro 2012">UEFA Euro 2012</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many sports centres in the city as well. Most of these facilities are swimming pools and sports halls, many of them built by the municipality in the past several years. The main indoor venue is <a href="/wiki/Torwar_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Torwar Hall">Hala Torwar</a>, used for a variety of indoor sports (it was a venue for the <a href="/wiki/2009_EuroBasket" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 EuroBasket">2009 EuroBasket</a><sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is also used as an indoor skating rink). There is also an open-air skating rink (Stegny) and a horse racetrack (Służewiec). </p><p>The best of the city's swimming centres is at Wodny Park Warszawianka, 4 km (2 mi) south of the centre at Merliniego Street, where there's an Olympic-sized pool as well as water slides and children's areas.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the Warsovian football teams, the most famous is <a href="/wiki/Legia_Warsaw" title="Legia Warsaw">Legia Warsaw</a> – the army club with a nationwide following play at the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army_Stadium" title="Polish Army Stadium">Polish Army Stadium</a>, just southeast of the centre at <a href="/wiki/%C5%81azienkowska_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Łazienkowska Street">Łazienkowska Street</a>. Established in 1916, they have won the <a href="/wiki/Ekstraklasa" title="Ekstraklasa">country's championship</a> fifteen times (most recently in 2021) and won the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Cup" title="Polish Cup">Polish Cup</a> nineteen times. In the <a href="/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_UEFA_Champions_League" title="1995–96 UEFA Champions League">1995–96 UEFA Champions League</a> season, they reached the quarter-finals, where they lost to Greek club <a href="/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C." title="Panathinaikos F.C.">Panathinaikos</a>. </p><p>Their local rivals, <a href="/wiki/Polonia_Warsaw" title="Polonia Warsaw">Polonia Warsaw</a>, have significantly fewer supporters, yet they managed to win the country's championship two times (in 1946 and 2000) and won the cup twice as well. Polonia's home venue is located at Konwiktorska Street, a ten-minute walk north from the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Old Town">Old Town</a>. Polonia was relegated from the country's top flight in 2013 because of their disastrous financial situation. They are now playing in the first league (2nd tier in Poland). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Legia_Warszawa_(basketball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legia Warszawa (basketball)">Legia Warsaw's basketball team</a> was one of the country's best teams in 50s and 60s. They are now participating in <a href="/wiki/Polish_Basketball_League" title="Polish Basketball League">PLK</a>, the highest-tier level of the Polish basketball. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_people">Famous people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Famous people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Warsaw" title="List of people from Warsaw">List of people from Warsaw</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Warsaw" title="Category:People from Warsaw">Category:People from Warsaw</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg/116px-Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg/174px-Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg/232px-Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benoit_Mandelbrot,_TED_2010_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Benoit_Mandelbrot%2C_TED_2010_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/118px-Benoit_Mandelbrot%2C_TED_2010_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Benoit_Mandelbrot%2C_TED_2010_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/177px-Benoit_Mandelbrot%2C_TED_2010_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Benoit_Mandelbrot%2C_TED_2010_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/236px-Benoit_Mandelbrot%2C_TED_2010_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="2047" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:113px;max-width:113px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Goldwyn_-_Jul_1919_EH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Samuel_Goldwyn_-_Jul_1919_EH.jpg/111px-Samuel_Goldwyn_-_Jul_1919_EH.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Samuel_Goldwyn_-_Jul_1919_EH.jpg/167px-Samuel_Goldwyn_-_Jul_1919_EH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Samuel_Goldwyn_-_Jul_1919_EH.jpg/222px-Samuel_Goldwyn_-_Jul_1919_EH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="734" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Lewandowski_FCB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Robert_Lewandowski_FCB.jpg/123px-Robert_Lewandowski_FCB.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Robert_Lewandowski_FCB.jpg/185px-Robert_Lewandowski_FCB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Robert_Lewandowski_FCB.jpg/246px-Robert_Lewandowski_FCB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Famous people born in Warsaw, <b>clockwise from upper left</b>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie">Maria Skłodowska-Curie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoit Mandelbrot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lewandowski" title="Robert Lewandowski">Robert Lewandowski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn" title="Samuel Goldwyn">Samuel Goldwyn</a></div></div></div></div> <p>One of the most famous people born in Warsaw was <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Maria Skłodowska-Curie</a>, who achieved international recognition for her research on radioactivity and was the first female recipient of the Nobel Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous musicians include <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Szpilman" title="Władysław Szpilman">Władysław Szpilman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a>. Though Chopin was born in the village of <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBelazowa_Wola" title="Żelazowa Wola">Żelazowa Wola</a>, about 60 km (37 mi) from Warsaw, he moved to the city with his family when he was seven months old.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrynowicz_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrynowicz-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski" title="Casimir Pulaski">Casimir Pulaski</a>, a Polish general and hero of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, was born here in 1745.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important people, who lived in Warsaw (although were not born here) are also <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof">L. L. Zamenhof</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tamara_de_Lempicka" title="Tamara de Lempicka">Tamara de Lempicka</a> was a famous artist born in Warsaw.<sup id="cite_ref-lempicka_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lempicka-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was born Maria Górska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz Łempicki.<sup id="cite_ref-marchand_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marchand-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Better than anyone else she represented the <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a> style in painting and art.<sup id="cite_ref-lempicka_271-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lempicka-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another notable artist born in the city was <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Fangor" title="Wojciech Fangor">Wojciech Fangor</a>. He was associated with <a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a> movements and recognized as a key figure in the history of Polish postwar <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Alterman" title="Nathan Alterman">Nathan Alterman</a>, the Israeli poet, was born in Warsaw, as was <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Vilenski" class="mw-redirect" title="Moshe Vilenski">Moshe Vilenski</a>, the Israeli composer, lyricist, and pianist, who studied music at the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Conservatory">Warsaw Conservatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary1_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary1-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Jewish</a> poet and essayist <a href="/wiki/Osip_Mandelstam" title="Osip Mandelstam">Osip Mandelstam</a>, one of the foremost members of the <a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeist</a> school of poetry was born in Warsaw while it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. Other notables include <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn" title="Samuel Goldwyn">Samuel Goldwyn</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Goldwyn_Pictures" title="Goldwyn Pictures">Goldwyn Pictures</a>, mathematician <a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoit Mandelbrot</a>, physicist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a>, biochemist <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Funk" title="Casimir Funk">Casimir Funk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Prywes" title="Moshe Prywes">Moshe Prywes</a>, an Israeli physician who was the first President of <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University_of_the_Negev" title="Ben-Gurion University of the Negev">Ben-Gurion University of the Negev</a>. Warsaw was the beloved city of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a>, which he described in many of his novels:<sup id="cite_ref-jewish-theatre_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewish-theatre-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Warsaw has just now been destroyed. No one will ever see the Warsaw I knew. Let me just write about it. Let this Warsaw not disappear forever", he wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-Burgin_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burgin-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable sportspeople born in Warsaw include footballers <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lewandowski" title="Robert Lewandowski">Robert Lewandowski</a><sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Szcz%C4%99sny" title="Wojciech Szczęsny">Wojciech Szczęsny</a><sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as tennis player <a href="/wiki/Iga_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tek" title="Iga Świątek">Iga Świątek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Poland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland">List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland</a></div> <p>Warsaw is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-twins_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twins-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan (2002)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany (1991)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, United States (1960)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, Germany (1989)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, Vietnam (2000)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine (1994)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Latvia (2002)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Brazil (1997)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea (1996)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, Taiwan (1995)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, Israel (1992)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Lithuania (1998)</li></ul> </div> <p>Former twin towns: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>, Russia (1997–2022)<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia (1993–2022)<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_281-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partnership_and_friendship">Partnership and friendship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Partnership and friendship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Warsaw also cooperates with:<sup id="cite_ref-twins_280-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twins-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary (2005)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, United Kingdom (1957)<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Netherlands (1991)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamamatsu" title="Hamamatsu">Hamamatsu</a>, Japan (1990)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, China (1993)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>, France (1990)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey (1991)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain (1981)<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, Philippines (2006)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway (2006)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a>, France (1995)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Canada (1990)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria (1991)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p>Former partner cities: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia (1997–2022)<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_281-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group" title="C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group">C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Warsaw" title="Destruction of Warsaw">Destruction of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Warsaw" title="Architecture of Warsaw">Architecture of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legia_Warsaw" title="Legia Warsaw">Legia Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Warsaw" title="List of tallest buildings in Warsaw">List of tallest buildings in Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Warsaw" title="List of honorary citizens of Warsaw">List of honorary citizens of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_names_of_Warsaw" title="Street names of Warsaw">Street names of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Poland" title="Tourism in Poland">Tourism in Poland</a></li> <li>Various <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Battle of Warsaw (disambiguation)">battles of Warsaw</a></li> <li>Various <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Warsaw (disambiguation)">treaties of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_subdialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw subdialect">Warsaw subdialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Fire_Guard" title="Warsaw Fire Guard">Warsaw Fire Guard</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English pronunciation: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">WOR</span>-saw</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Warszawa</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[varˈʂava]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/01\/Pl-Warszawa.ogg\/Pl-Warszawa.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-Warszawa.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Pl-Warszawa.ogg/Pl-Warszawa.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-Warszawa.ogg" title="File:Pl-Warszawa.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Varsovia</i> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Varsavia</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polish: <i lang="pl">miasto stołeczne Warszawa</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈmjastɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>stɔˈwɛt͡ʂnɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>varˈʂava]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5e\/Pl-miasto_sto%C5%82eczne.ogg\/Pl-miasto_sto%C5%82eczne.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-miasto sto\u0142eczne.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/Pl-miasto_sto%C5%82eczne.ogg/Pl-miasto_sto%C5%82eczne.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-miasto_sto%C5%82eczne.ogg" title="File:Pl-miasto stołeczne.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, abbreviation: <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">m.st. Warszawa</i></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRayasam2016" class="citation news cs1">Rayasam, Renuka (10 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20160504-this-once-dark-city-is-becoming-the-darling-of-europe">"This once-dark city is becoming the darling of Europe"</a>. <i>BBC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=This+once-dark+city+is+becoming+the+darling+of+Europe&rft.date=2016-05-10&rft.aulast=Rayasam&rft.aufirst=Renuka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fworklife%2Farticle%2F20160504-this-once-dark-city-is-becoming-the-darling-of-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUS_-_Bank_Danych_Lokalnych-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GUS_-_Bank_Danych_Lokalnych_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GUS_-_Bank_Danych_Lokalnych_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warszawa.stat.gov.pl/warszawa/">"Urząd Statystyczny w Warszawie / Warszawa"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny+w+Warszawie+%2F+Warszawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarszawa.stat.gov.pl%2Fwarszawa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/DEMO_R_D2JAN/default/table?lang=en">"Population on 1 January by age, sex and NUTS 2 region"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Laws+of+Poland%2C+position+1817%2C+2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisap.sejm.gov.pl%2Fisap.nsf%2FDocDetails.xsp%3Fid%3DWDU20180001817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goeuro2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goeuro2012_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080603015458/http://www.goeuro2012.com/html/warsaw.html">"Warsaw"</a>. <i>goeuro2012.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goeuro2012.com/html/warsaw.html">the original</a> on 3 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=goeuro2012.com&rft.atitle=Warsaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goeuro2012.com%2Fhtml%2Fwarsaw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html">"The World According to GaWC 2020"</a>. GaWC – Research Network. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bip.warszawa.pl&rft.atitle=Coat+of+Arms+and+Colours+of+the+Capital+City+of+Warsaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbip.warszawa.pl%2FEnglish%2FMain_Menu%2Fcapital_city_of_warsaw%2Fcoat_of_arms_colours.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Czerkawski-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Czerkawski_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzerkawskiJurga1969" class="citation book cs1">Czerkawski, Andrzej; Jurga, Tadeusz (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dM8qAQAAIAAJ&q=1940"><i>Dla ciebie ojczyzno</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>ORDER OF VALOUR "VIRTUTI MILITARI", FIFTH CLASS Capital City of Warsaw 1940 To the inhabitants of the Capital City of Warsaw – in recognition of their heroism and unshakable bravery in the struggle with the Nazi aggressor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dla+ciebie+ojczyzno&rft.pages=435&rft.pub=Sport+i+Turystyka&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Czerkawski&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft.au=Jurga%2C+Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdM8qAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D1940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youramazingplaces.com/warsaw-phoenix-city/">"Warsaw – Phoenix City Rebuilt From the Ashes"</a>. <i>youramazingplaces.com</i>. 26 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224104224/http://www.youramazingplaces.com/warsaw-phoenix-city/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=youramazingplaces.com&rft.atitle=Warsaw+%E2%80%93+Phoenix+City+Rebuilt+From+the+Ashes&rft.date=2014-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youramazingplaces.com%2Fwarsaw-phoenix-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fio.pl/stocks-investments/stocks/stocks-poland">"Warsaw Stock Exchange, Poland, stocks, investing online – Fio bank"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170409203454/https://www.fio.pl/stocks-investments/stocks/stocks-poland">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warsaw+Stock+Exchange%2C+Poland%2C+stocks%2C+investing+online+%E2%80%93+Fio+bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fio.pl%2Fstocks-investments%2Fstocks%2Fstocks-poland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208065456/http://www.wcms2015.com/en/press-release?more=280997652">"Warsaw: The Region's Key Market"</a>. <i>Warsaw Capital Market Summit 2015</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcms2015.com/en/press-release?more=280997652">the original</a> on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Warsaw+Capital+Market+Summit+2015&rft.atitle=Warsaw%3A+The+Region%27s+Key+Market&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcms2015.com%2Fen%2Fpress-release%3Fmore%3D280997652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.communications-unlimited.nl/the-grand-theater-in-warsaw-one-of-the-largest-theatres-in-europe-and-one-of-the-biggest-stages-in-the-world/">"The Grand Theater in Warsaw: one of the largest theatres in Europe and one of the biggest stages in the world –"</a>. <i>communications-unlimited.nl</i>. 27 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406205035/http://www.communications-unlimited.nl/the-grand-theater-in-warsaw-one-of-the-largest-theatres-in-europe-and-one-of-the-biggest-stages-in-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=communications-unlimited.nl&rft.atitle=The+Grand+Theater+in+Warsaw%3A+one+of+the+largest+theatres+in+Europe+and+one+of+the+biggest+stages+in+the+world+%E2%80%93&rft.date=2016-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.communications-unlimited.nl%2Fthe-grand-theater-in-warsaw-one-of-the-largest-theatres-in-europe-and-one-of-the-biggest-stages-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorldlyTraveller2016" class="citation web cs1">WorldlyTraveller (10 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldlyresort.com/warsaw-city-of-classical-music-and-varied-architecture-in-poland-1334.html">"Warsaw, City of Classical Music and Varied Architecture in Poland – Worldly Resort"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510152430/http://www.worldlyresort.com/warsaw-city-of-classical-music-and-varied-architecture-in-poland-1334.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warsaw%2C+City+of+Classical+Music+and+Varied+Architecture+in+Poland+%E2%80%93+Worldly+Resort&rft.date=2016-05-10&rft.au=WorldlyTraveller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldlyresort.com%2Fwarsaw-city-of-classical-music-and-varied-architecture-in-poland-1334.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkoczeń" class="citation web cs1">Skoczeń, Paulina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poland.travel/en/holiday-ideas/warsaw-is-a-green-city-2">"Warsaw is a green city"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170409201114/https://www.poland.travel/en/holiday-ideas/warsaw-is-a-green-city-2">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warsaw+is+a+green+city&rft.aulast=Skocze%C5%84&rft.aufirst=Paulina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poland.travel%2Fen%2Fholiday-ideas%2Fwarsaw-is-a-green-city-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eastern_europe_capital-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eastern_europe_capital_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharly_Wilder2015" class="citation news cs1">Charly Wilder (23 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/12/22/travel/what-to-do-in-36-hours-in-warsaw-poland.html">"36 Hours in Warsaw, Poland"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151228162630/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/12/22/travel/what-to-do-in-36-hours-in-warsaw-poland.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=36+Hours+in+Warsaw%2C+Poland&rft.date=2015-12-23&rft.au=Charly+Wilder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2015%2F12%2F22%2Ftravel%2Fwhat-to-do-in-36-hours-in-warsaw-poland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Bogumił Linde, Slownik jẹzyka polskiego (1808)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian Weinberg, Polacy w Rodzinie Sławian (1878)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=Warsaw">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <i>etymonline.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923144805/http://etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=Warsaw">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fallowed_in_frame%3D0%26search%3DWarsaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabik2015" class="citation journal cs1">Babik, Zbigniew (31 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/linguistica/article/view/6271">"Pre-Slavic toponomastic layer of Northern Mazovia: corrections and addenda (the Narew drainage)"</a>. <i>Linguistica</i>. <b>55</b> (1): 29–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4312%2Flinguistica.55.1.29-46">10.4312/linguistica.55.1.29-46</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202044430/https://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/linguistica/article/view/6271">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2017</span> – via revije.ff.uni-lj.si.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistica&rft.atitle=Pre-Slavic+toponomastic+layer+of+Northern+Mazovia%3A+corrections+and+addenda+%28the+Narew+drainage%29&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-46&rft.date=2015-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4312%2Flinguistica.55.1.29-46&rft.aulast=Babik&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevije.ff.uni-lj.si%2Flinguistica%2Farticle%2Fview%2F6271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rymut-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rymut_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazimierz_Rymut1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Rymut" title="Kazimierz Rymut">Kazimierz Rymut</a> (1987). <i>Nazwy miast Polski</i> (in Polish). Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-04-02436-5" title="Special:BookSources/83-04-02436-5"><bdi>83-04-02436-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazwy+miast+Polski&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=83-04-02436-5&rft.au=Kazimierz+Rymut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warsaw-legend-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-warsaw-legend_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsaw-life.com/poland/warsaw-legend">"The Warsaw Mermaid"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616121209/http://www.local-life.com/warsaw/articles/warsaw-legend">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Warsaw+Mermaid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsaw-life.com%2Fpoland%2Fwarsaw-legend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-syrenka_historia-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-syrenka_historia_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100513082637/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/historia.htm">"Historia Warszawy"</a> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/historia.htm">the original</a> on 13 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historia+Warszawy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.warszawa.pl%2Fv_syrenka%2Fmiasto%2Fhistoria.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prawo_lex-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prawo_lex_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070101150852/http://www.prawo.lex.pl/bap/samorzad/Dz.U.2002.41.361.html">"Ustawa o ustroju miasta stołecznego Warszawy"</a>. <i>prawo.lex.pl</i> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prawo.lex.pl/bap/samorzad/Dz.U.2002.41.361.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prawo.lex.pl&rft.atitle=Ustawa+o+ustroju+miasta+sto%C5%82ecznego+Warszawy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prawo.lex.pl%2Fbap%2Fsamorzad%2FDz.U.2002.41.361.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_30-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_30-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091109154021/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/historia.htm">"Warsaw's history"</a>. <i>e-warsaw.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/historia.htm">the original</a> on 9 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-warsaw.pl&rft.atitle=Warsaw%27s+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-warsaw.pl%2Fmiasto%2Fhistoria.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-views-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-views_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-views_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobrosław_Kobielski1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dobrosław Kobielski (1984). <i>Widoki dawnej Warszawy (Views of Old Warsaw)</i> (in Polish). Warsaw: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-03-00702-5" title="Special:BookSources/83-03-00702-5"><bdi>83-03-00702-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Widoki+dawnej+Warszawy+%28Views+of+Old+Warsaw%29&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Krajowa+Agencja+Wydawnicza&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=83-03-00702-5&rft.au=Dobros%C5%82aw+Kobielski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2005" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0"><i>God's Playground</i></a></span> (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925339-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925339-0"><bdi>0-19-925339-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-925339-0&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsplaygroundhi00norm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muzeumwarszawy.pl/obiekt/fragment-szaty-ksiazat-mazowieckich/">"Fragment szaty książąt mazowieckich"</a>. <i>Muzeum Warszawy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808001447/https://muzeumwarszawy.pl/obiekt/fragment-szaty-ksiazat-mazowieckich/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muzeum+Warszawy&rft.atitle=Fragment+szaty+ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%85t+mazowieckich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuzeumwarszawy.pl%2Fobiekt%2Ffragment-szaty-ksiazat-mazowieckich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://przekroj.pl/nauka/malo-czarujacy-koniec-piastow-mazowieckich-adam-weglowski">"Mało czarujący koniec Piastów mazowieckich – Kwartalnik Przekrój"</a>. <i>przekroj.pl</i>. 20 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028113311/https://przekroj.pl/nauka/malo-czarujacy-koniec-piastow-mazowieckich-adam-weglowski">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=przekroj.pl&rft.atitle=Ma%C5%82o+czaruj%C4%85cy+koniec+Piast%C3%B3w+mazowieckich+%E2%80%93+Kwartalnik+Przekr%C3%B3j&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprzekroj.pl%2Fnauka%2Fmalo-czarujacy-koniec-piastow-mazowieckich-adam-weglowski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ascheron-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ascheron_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal_Ascheron" class="citation web cs1">Neal Ascheron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halat.pl/poland2.html">"The Struggles for Poland"</a>. <i>halat.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021011905/http://www.halat.pl/poland2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=halat.pl&rft.atitle=The+Struggles+for+Poland&rft.au=Neal+Ascheron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.halat.pl%2Fpoland2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timeline_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarian_Marek_DrozdowskiAndrzej_Zahorski2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marian Marek Drozdowski; Andrzej Zahorski (2004). <i>Historia Warszawy [History of Warsaw]</i> (in Polish). Warsaw: Jeden Świat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-89632-04-7" title="Special:BookSources/83-89632-04-7"><bdi>83-89632-04-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Warszawy+%5BHistory+of+Warsaw%5D&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Jeden+%C5%9Awiat&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=83-89632-04-7&rft.au=Marian+Marek+Drozdowski&rft.au=Andrzej+Zahorski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zom.waw.pl/statics/static-maps/file/Ogr%c3%b3d%20Saski%20PDF_1439287908.pdf">"Ogród Saski"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208160642/https://zom.waw.pl/statics/static-maps/file/Ogr%C3%B3d%20Saski%20PDF_1439287908.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ogr%C3%B3d+Saski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzom.waw.pl%2Fstatics%2Fstatic-maps%2Ffile%2FOgr%25c3%25b3d%2520Saski%2520PDF_1439287908.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314193715/http://free.polbox.pl/p/psbor/eniema.htm">"The Bygone Warsaw"</a>. 14 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://free.polbox.pl/p/psbor/eniema.htm">the original</a> on 14 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bygone+Warsaw&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffree.polbox.pl%2Fp%2Fpsbor%2Feniema.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rozek-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rozek_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichał_RożekDoris_Ronowicz1988" class="citation book cs1">Michał Rożek; Doris Ronowicz (1988). <i>Cracow: a treasury of Polish culture and art</i>. Interpress Publishers. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-223-2245-3" title="Special:BookSources/83-223-2245-3"><bdi>83-223-2245-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cracow%3A+a+treasury+of+Polish+culture+and+art&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Interpress+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=83-223-2245-3&rft.au=Micha%C5%82+Ro%C5%BCek&rft.au=Doris+Ronowicz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Stanley2004" class="citation web cs1">John Stanley (March–June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514133024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3763/is_200403/ai_n9363971/?tag=content%3Bcol1">"Literary Activities and Attitudes in the Stanislavian Age in Poland (1764–1795): A Social System?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3763/is_200403/ai_n9363971/?tag=content;col1">the original</a> on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2009</span> – via Find Articles.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Literary+Activities+and+Attitudes+in+the+Stanislavian+Age+in+Poland+%281764%E2%80%931795%29%3A+A+Social+System%3F&rft.date=2004-03%2F2004-06&rft.au=John+Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qa3763%2Fis_200403%2Fai_n9363971%2F%3Ftag%3Dcontent%3Bcol1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golna-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Golna_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelia_Golna2004" class="citation book cs1">Cornelia Golna (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xHXGa8HSQIQC"><i>City of man's desire: a novel of Constantinople</i></a>. Go-Bos Press. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-804114-4-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-804114-4-2"><bdi>90-804114-4-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031337/https://books.google.com/books?id=xHXGa8HSQIQC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+man%27s+desire%3A+a+novel+of+Constantinople&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Go-Bos+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-804114-4-2&rft.au=Cornelia+Golna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxHXGa8HSQIQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crowley, David (2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4cM2Hf8KYsC&pg=PA10">Warsaw</a></i>. London: Reaktion Books. p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobieszczański1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sobieszczański, Franciszek Maksymilian (1974). <i>Rys historyczno-statystyczny wzrostu i stanu miasta Warszawy</i> (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. pp. 131, 452–453. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1163562236">1163562236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rys+historyczno-statystyczny+wzrostu+i+stanu+miasta+Warszawy&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=131%2C+452-453&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowy+Instytut+Wydawniczy&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1163562236&rft.aulast=Sobieszcza%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Franciszek+Maksymilian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naliwajek-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naliwajek_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Zbigniew Naliwajek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_REVUE=RLC&ID_NUMPUBLIE=RLC_307&ID_ARTICLE=RLC_307_0325">Romain Rolland et la littérature polonaise</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301022929/http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_REVUE=RLC&ID_NUMPUBLIE=RLC_307&ID_ARTICLE=RLC_307_0325">Archived</a> 1 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Revue de littérature comparée 3/2003 (n°307), p. 325-338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obrien-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obrien_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obrien_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustin_P._O'Brien1864" class="citation book cs1">Augustin P. O'Brien (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WlYBAAAAQAAJ&q=Petersburg+and+Warsaw:+scenes+witnessed"><i>Petersburg and Warsaw: Scenes Witnessed During a Residence in Poland and Russia in 1863–64</i></a>. R. Bentley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031313/https://books.google.com/books?id=WlYBAAAAQAAJ&q=Petersburg+and+Warsaw%3A+scenes+witnessed">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petersburg+and+Warsaw%3A+Scenes+Witnessed+During+a+Residence+in+Poland+and+Russia+in+1863%E2%80%9364&rft.pub=R.+Bentley&rft.date=1864&rft.au=Augustin+P.+O%27Brien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWlYBAAAAQAAJ%26q%3DPetersburg%2Band%2BWarsaw%3A%2Bscenes%2Bwitnessed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34885,3653279.html?disableRedirects=true">"Wyborcza.pl"</a>. <i>warszawa.wyborcza.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622133846/https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34885,3653279.html?disableRedirects=true">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warszawa.wyborcza.pl&rft.atitle=Wyborcza.pl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarszawa.wyborcza.pl%2Fwarszawa%2F1%2C34885%2C3653279.html%3FdisableRedirects%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sarp.warszawa.pl/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/H.Radziejowska_Wola_przemys%C5%82.pdf">"Wola przemysł"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923145313/https://sarp.warszawa.pl/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/H.Radziejowska_Wola_przemys%C5%82.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wola+przemys%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsarp.warszawa.pl%2Fwordpress%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F10%2FH.Radziejowska_Wola_przemys%25C5%2582.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34862,17781069,Gentryfikacja_w_Warszawie__nie_patrzec_slepo_na__wzorce.html?disableRedirects=true">"Wyborcza.pl"</a>. <i>warszawa.wyborcza.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622165610/https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34862,17781069,Gentryfikacja_w_Warszawie__nie_patrzec_slepo_na__wzorce.html?disableRedirects=true">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warszawa.wyborcza.pl&rft.atitle=Wyborcza.pl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarszawa.wyborcza.pl%2Fwarszawa%2F1%2C34862%2C17781069%2CGentryfikacja_w_Warszawie__nie_patrzec_slepo_na__wzorce.html%3FdisableRedirects%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masaperlowa.pl/zydowska-warszawa-wspolczesnie/">"Żydowska Warszawa. Współcześnie"</a>. 12 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622164018/http://www.masaperlowa.pl/zydowska-warszawa-wspolczesnie/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C5%BBydowska+Warszawa.+Wsp%C3%B3%C5%82cze%C5%9Bnie&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masaperlowa.pl%2Fzydowska-warszawa-wspolczesnie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russianhistoryblog.org/2016/05/visualizing-the-1897-census-in-pie-charts/">"Visualizing the 1897 Census in Pie Charts – Russian History Blog"</a>. <i>russianhistoryblog.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927085628/http://russianhistoryblog.org/2016/05/visualizing-the-1897-census-in-pie-charts/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=russianhistoryblog.org&rft.atitle=Visualizing+the+1897+Census+in+Pie+Charts+%E2%80%93+Russian+History+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussianhistoryblog.org%2F2016%2F05%2Fvisualizing-the-1897-census-in-pie-charts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wandycz-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wandycz_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotr_S._Wandycz1962" class="citation book cs1">Piotr S. Wandycz (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NNMIo36qQXwC&pg=PA18"><i>France and Her Eastern Allies, 1919–1925: French-Czechoslovak-Polish Relations from the Paris Peace Conference to Locarno</i></a>. U of Minnesota Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816658862" title="Special:BookSources/9780816658862"><bdi>9780816658862</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101210523/https://books.google.com/books?id=NNMIo36qQXwC&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+and+Her+Eastern+Allies%2C+1919%E2%80%931925%3A+French-Czechoslovak-Polish+Relations+from+the+Paris+Peace+Conference+to+Locarno&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=9780816658862&rft.au=Piotr+S.+Wandycz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNNMIo36qQXwC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zamoyski-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zamoyski_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Zamoyski, <i>Warsaw 1920: Lenin's Failed Conquest of Europe</i> (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datablog.pl/wykres-powierzchnia-warszawy-w-latach-1921-2008/#:~:text=Historyczne%20dane%20G%C5%82%C3%B3wnego%20Urz%C4%99du%20Statystycznego,ona%20oko%C5%82o%20517%20km%20kwadratowych.">"Powierzchnia Warszawy w latach 1921-2008"</a>. 16 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621102100/http://datablog.pl/wykres-powierzchnia-warszawy-w-latach-1921-2008/#:~:text=Historyczne%20dane%20G%C5%82%C3%B3wnego%20Urz%C4%99du%20Statystycznego,ona%20oko%C5%82o%20517%20km%20kwadratowych.">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Powierzchnia+Warszawy+w+latach+1921-2008&rft.date=2015-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdatablog.pl%2Fwykres-powierzchnia-warszawy-w-latach-1921-2008%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DHistoryczne%2520dane%2520G%25C5%2582%25C3%25B3wnego%2520Urz%25C4%2599du%2520Statystycznego%2Cona%2520oko%25C5%2582o%2520517%2520km%2520kwadratowych.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-last_glimpse-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-last_glimpse_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.M.2006" class="citation web cs1">M.M. (2 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060926112803/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/11932">"Warsaw: A Last Glimpse"</a>. <i>warsawvoice.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/11932/">the original</a> on 26 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warsawvoice.pl&rft.atitle=Warsaw%3A+A+Last+Glimpse&rft.date=2006-08-02&rft.au=M.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsawvoice.pl%2Fview%2F11932%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushmm-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005069">"Warsaw"</a>. <i>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100316161116/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005069">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Warsaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Farticle.php%3Flang%3Den%26ModuleId%3D10005069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2010" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Timothy (2010). <i>Bloodlands</i>. London: The Bodley Head. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BQ1HKmG9xZ8C&pg=PA280">280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloodlands&rft.place=London&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghettouprising-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ghettouprising_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghettouprising_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghettouprising_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517043736/http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/wgupris.htm">"The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising"</a>. <i>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/wgupris.htm">the original</a> on 17 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Warsaw+Ghetto+Uprising&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Foutreach%2Fwgupris.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aish-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aish_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623220055/http://www.aish.com/holocaust/overview/he05n27.htm">"The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising"</a>. <i>aish.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/holocaust/overview/he05n27.htm">the original</a> on 23 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aish.com&rft.atitle=The+Warsaw+Ghetto+Uprising&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fholocaust%2Foverview%2Fhe05n27.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/636161/Warsaw-Uprising">"Warsaw Uprising"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091216123931/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/636161/Warsaw-Uprising">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Warsaw+Uprising&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F636161%2FWarsaw-Uprising&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Hoping to gain control of Warsaw before the Red Army could "liberate" it, the Home Army followed the Soviet suggestion to revolt</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uprising-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uprising_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uprising_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uprising_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uprising_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uprising_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uprising_60-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawuprising.com/timeline.htm">"Warsaw Uprising of 1944"</a>. <i>warsawuprising.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803215556/http://www.warsawuprising.com/timeline.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warsawuprising.com&rft.atitle=Warsaw+Uprising+of+1944&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsawuprising.com%2Ftimeline.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borkiewicz-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Borkiewicz_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorkiewicz1957" class="citation book cs1">Borkiewicz, Adam (1957). <i>Powstanie warszawskie 1944: zarys działań natury wojskowej</i>. Warsaw: PAX.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Powstanie+warszawskie+1944%3A+zarys+dzia%C5%82a%C5%84+natury+wojskowej&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=PAX&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Borkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warsawuprising_com-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-warsawuprising_com_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawuprising.com/faq.htm#Warsaw%20Ghetto%20Uprising">"Warsaw Uprising of 1944"</a>. <i>warsawuprising.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929145555/http://www.warsawuprising.com/faq.htm#Warsaw%20Ghetto%20Uprising">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warsawuprising.com&rft.atitle=Warsaw+Uprising+of+1944&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsawuprising.com%2Ffaq.htm%23Warsaw%2520Ghetto%2520Uprising&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adamczyk-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adamczyk_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley_Adamczyk2004" class="citation book cs1">Wesley Adamczyk (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=77sneNTXojQC&pg=PA170"><i>When God looked the other way: an odyssey of war, exile, and redemption</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-00443-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-00443-0"><bdi>0-226-00443-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031336/https://books.google.com/books?id=77sneNTXojQC&pg=PA170">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>. <q>The Soviet troops, ordered by Stalin to wait until the Germans had destroyed the remnants of Polish resistance, then moved into what was left of Warsaw, flushed out the remaining Germans, and proclaimed themselves liberators of the city.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+God+looked+the+other+way%3A+an+odyssey+of+war%2C+exile%2C+and+redemption&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-226-00443-0&rft.au=Wesley+Adamczyk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D77sneNTXojQC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/warsaws-lost-architecture-portrayed-in-miniature/">"Warsaw's lost architecture portrayed in miniature"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322044051/http://www.timesofisrael.com/warsaws-lost-architecture-portrayed-in-miniature/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Warsaw%27s+lost+architecture+portrayed+in+miniature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fwarsaws-lost-architecture-portrayed-in-miniature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warszawa1939.pl/index.php?r1=malachowskiego_4&r3=0">"Pałac Leopolda Kronenberga"</a>. <i>warszawa1939.pl</i> (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206061000/http://www.warszawa1939.pl/index.php?r1=malachowskiego_4&r3=0">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warszawa1939.pl&rft.atitle=Pa%C5%82ac+Leopolda+Kronenberga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warszawa1939.pl%2Findex.php%3Fr1%3Dmalachowskiego_4%26r3%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FsAhAQAAIAAJ&q=plac+defilad+warszawa+jednym+z+najwiekszym+plac%C3%B3w+w+europie"><i>200 lat muzealnictwa warszawskiego: Dzieje i perspektywy : Materiały sesji naukowej, Zamek Królewski w Warszawie, 16-17 listopada 2005 roku</i></a>. Arx Regia. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788370221607" title="Special:BookSources/9788370221607"><bdi>9788370221607</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405003604/https://books.google.com/books?id=FsAhAQAAIAAJ&q=plac+defilad+warszawa+jednym+z+najwiekszym+plac%C3%B3w+w+europie">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=200+lat+muzealnictwa+warszawskiego%3A+Dzieje+i+perspektywy+%3A+Materia%C5%82y+sesji+naukowej%2C+Zamek+Kr%C3%B3lewski+w+Warszawie%2C+16-17+listopada+2005+roku&rft.pub=Arx+Regia&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788370221607&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFsAhAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dplac%2Bdefilad%2Bwarszawa%2Bjednym%2Bz%2Bnajwiekszym%2Bplac%25C3%25B3w%2Bw%2Beuropie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiemichód2017" class="citation web cs1">Ziemichód, Przemysław (2 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warszawa.naszemiasto.pl/palac-kultury-i-nauki-najmniej-lubiany-symbol-warszawy/ar/c1-3824033">"Pałac Kultury i Nauki – najmniej lubiany symbol Warszawy"</a>. <i>Warszawa Nasze Miasto</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622081749/https://warszawa.naszemiasto.pl/palac-kultury-i-nauki-najmniej-lubiany-symbol-warszawy/ar/c1-3824033">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Warszawa+Nasze+Miasto&rft.atitle=Pa%C5%82ac+Kultury+i+Nauki+%E2%80%93+najmniej+lubiany+symbol+Warszawy&rft.date=2017-06-02&rft.aulast=Ziemich%C3%B3d&rft.aufirst=Przemys%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarszawa.naszemiasto.pl%2Fpalac-kultury-i-nauki-najmniej-lubiany-symbol-warszawy%2Far%2Fc1-3824033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Crowley2003" class="citation book cs1">David Crowley (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4cM2Hf8KYsC&q=warsaw+modern+architecture&pg=PA156"><i>Warsaw</i></a>. Reaktion Books. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/18-61891-79-2" title="Special:BookSources/18-61891-79-2"><bdi>18-61891-79-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818053519/https://books.google.com/books?id=E4cM2Hf8KYsC&q=warsaw+modern+architecture&pg=PA156">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warsaw&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=18-61891-79-2&rft.au=David+Crowley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE4cM2Hf8KYsC%26q%3Dwarsaw%2Bmodern%2Barchitecture%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-destination-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-destination_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-destination_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-destination_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202115249/http://destinationwarsaw.com/site.php5/Show/135.html">"Pope in Warsaw"</a>. <i>destinationwarsaw.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.destinationwarsaw.com/site.php5/Show/135.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=destinationwarsaw.com&rft.atitle=Pope+in+Warsaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destinationwarsaw.com%2Fsite.php5%2FShow%2F135.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/warsawmetro/">"Warsaw Metro"</a>. <i>Railway Technology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Railway+Technology&rft.atitle=Warsaw+Metro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railway-technology.com%2Fprojects%2Fwarsawmetro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUK" class="citation web cs1">UK, DVV Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/warszawa-opens-second-metro-line.html">"Warszawa opens second metro line"</a>. <i>railwaygazette.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418035101/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/warszawa-opens-second-metro-line.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=railwaygazette.com&rft.atitle=Warszawa+opens+second+metro+line&rft.aulast=UK&rft.aufirst=DVV+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnews%2Furban%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2Fwarszawa-opens-second-metro-line.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/newsroom/news/2022/09/28-09-2022-3-subsequent-stations-of-warsaw-s-metro-line-2-up-and-running">"Inforegio - 3 subsequent stations of Warsaw's Metro Line 2 up and running!"</a>. <i>ec.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Inforegio+-+3+subsequent+stations+of+Warsaw%27s+Metro+Line+2+up+and+running%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fregional_policy%2Fen%2Fnewsroom%2Fnews%2F2022%2F09%2F28-09-2022-3-subsequent-stations-of-warsaw-s-metro-line-2-up-and-running&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilles2023" class="citation web cs1">Tilles, Daniel (14 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/02/14/warsaw-unveils-plans-to-more-than-double-size-of-metro/">"Warsaw unveils plans to more than double size of metro"</a>. <i>Notes From Poland</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Notes+From+Poland&rft.atitle=Warsaw+unveils+plans+to+more+than+double+size+of+metro&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft.aulast=Tilles&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnotesfrompoland.com%2F2023%2F02%2F14%2Fwarsaw-unveils-plans-to-more-than-double-size-of-metro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/105205/335.pdf">"The Impact of Poland's EU Accession on its Economy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>files.ethz.ch</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=files.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Poland%27s+EU+Accession+on+its+Economy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.files.ethz.ch%2Fisn%2F105205%2F335.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-polandtrade-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-polandtrade_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071108193020/http://www.polandtrade.com.hk/new/eng/news_september2004.htm">"Attracting foreign investments"</a>. <i>polandtrade.com.hk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=polandtrade.com.hk&rft.atitle=Attracting+foreign+investments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polandtrade.com.hk%2Fnew%2Feng%2Fnews_september2004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poland2012-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-poland2012_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poland2012.net/stadiums-in-poland/">"The National Stadium in Warsaw"</a>. <i>poland2012.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geography.howstuffworks.com&rft.atitle=Geography+of+Warsaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.howstuffworks.com%2Feurope%2Fgeography-of-warsaw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infrastruktura.um.warszawa.pl/sites/infrastruktura.um.warszawa.pl/files/introduction_warsaw_0.pdf">"City: Introduction and characteristics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Infrastuktura – Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031303/https://transport.um.warszawa.pl/infrastruktura">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infrastuktura+%E2%80%93+Miasto+Sto%C5%82eczne+Warszawa&rft.atitle=City%3A+Introduction+and+characteristics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfrastruktura.um.warszawa.pl%2Fsites%2Finfrastruktura.um.warszawa.pl%2Ffiles%2Fintroduction_warsaw_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=57321&cityname=Warsaw,+Poland">"Warsaw, Poland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)"</a>. <i>Weatherbase</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122011121/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=57321&cityname=Warsaw,+Poland">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weatherbase&rft.atitle=Warsaw%2C+Poland+K%C3%B6ppen+Climate+Classification+%28Weatherbase%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather-summary.php3%3Fs%3D57321%26cityname%3DWarsaw%2C%2BPoland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830082352/http://www.warsaw.climatemps.com/temperatures.php">"Average Temperatures in Warsaw, Poland Temperature"</a>. <i>warsaw.climatemps.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsaw.climatemps.com/temperatures.php">the original</a> on 30 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warsaw.climatemps.com&rft.atitle=Average+Temperatures+in+Warsaw%2C+Poland+Temperature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsaw.climatemps.com%2Ftemperatures.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZawidzki2016" class="citation book cs1">Zawidzki, Machi (15 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lWEWDQAAQBAJ&q=warsaw+koppen+cfb&pg=PA115"><i>Discrete Optimization in Architecture: Building Envelope</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789811013911" title="Special:BookSources/9789811013911"><bdi>9789811013911</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031330/https://books.google.com/books?id=lWEWDQAAQBAJ&q=warsaw+koppen+cfb&pg=PA115">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discrete+Optimization+in+Architecture%3A+Building+Envelope&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft.isbn=9789811013911&rft.aulast=Zawidzki&rft.aufirst=Machi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlWEWDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwarsaw%2Bkoppen%2Bcfb%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindner-CendrowskaBłażejczyk2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lindner-Cendrowska, Katarzyna; Błażejczyk, Krzysztof (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5752755">"Impact of selected personal factors on seasonal variability of recreationist weather perceptions and preferences in Warsaw (Poland)"</a>. <i>International Journal of Biometeorology</i>. <b>62</b> (1): 113–125. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJBm...62..113L">2018IJBm...62..113L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1">10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7128">0020-7128</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5752755">5752755</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27498882">27498882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Biometeorology&rft.atitle=Impact+of+selected+personal+factors+on+seasonal+variability+of+recreationist+weather+perceptions+and+preferences+in+Warsaw+%28Poland%29&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-125&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5752755%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018IJBm...62..113L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27498882&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1&rft.issn=0020-7128&rft.aulast=Lindner-Cendrowska&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna&rft.au=B%C5%82a%C5%BCejczyk%2C+Krzysztof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5752755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noaa-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-noaa_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/PL/12375.TXT">"Warsaw (12375) - WMO Weather Station"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vivid+Maps&rft.atitle=Climates+classification+by+Wincenty+Oko%C5%82owicz&rft.date=2015-05-10&rft.au=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vividmaps.com%2F2015%2F05%2Fclimates-classification-by-wincenty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Europe/driest-cities.php">"European Cities With Driest Weather – Current Results"</a>. <i>www.currentresults.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411125946/https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Europe/driest-cities.php">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.currentresults.com&rft.atitle=European+Cities+With+Driest+Weather+%E2%80%93+Current+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.currentresults.com%2FWeather-Extremes%2FEurope%2Fdriest-cities.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWtavg-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWtavg_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE">"Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=%C5%9Arednia+dobowa+temperatura+powietrza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FTSR_AVE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWtmin-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWtmin_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE">"Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=%C5%9Arednia+minimalna+temperatura+powietrza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FTMIN_AVE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWtmax-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWtmax_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE">"Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=%C5%9Arednia+maksymalna+temperatura+powietrza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FTMAX_AVE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWprecip-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWprecip_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA">"Miesięczna suma opadu"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=Miesi%C4%99czna+suma+opadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FOPAD_SUMA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWprecipdays-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWprecipdays_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01">"Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=Liczba+dni+z+opadem+%3E%3D+0%2C1+mm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FOPAD_01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWsnowdepth-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWsnowdepth_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB">"Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=%C5%9Arednia+grubo%C5%9B%C4%87+pokrywy+%C5%9Bnie%C5%BCnej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FSNIEG_SR_GRUB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWsnowdays-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWsnowdays_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0">"Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=Liczba+dni+z+pokryw%C4%85+%C5%9Bnie%C5%BCna+%3E+0+cm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FSNIEG_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWsun-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWsun_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL">"Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=%C5%9Arednia+suma+us%C5%82onecznienia+%28h%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FUSL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recordhigh-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-recordhigh_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352200375&par=tmax&max_empty=3">"WARSZAWA Absolutna temperatura maksymalna"</a> (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319085015/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352200375&par=tmax&max_empty=3">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WARSZAWA+Absolutna+temperatura+maksymalna&rft.pub=Meteomodel.pl&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteomodel.pl%2Fdane%2Fsrednie-miesieczne%2F%3Fimgwid%3D352200375%26par%3Dtmax%26max_empty%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recordlow-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-recordlow_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352200375&par=tmin&max_empty=3">"WARSZAWA Absolutna temperatura minimalna"</a> (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319085007/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352200375&par=tmin&max_empty=3">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WARSZAWA+Absolutna+temperatura+minimalna&rft.pub=Meteomodel.pl&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteomodel.pl%2Fdane%2Fsrednie-miesieczne%2F%3Fimgwid%3D352200375%26par%3Dtmin%26max_empty%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-relativehumidity-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-relativehumidity_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352200375&par=rh&max_empty=3">"WARSZAWA Średnia wilgotność"</a> (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319085013/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352200375&par=rh&max_empty=3">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WARSZAWA+%C5%9Arednia+wilgotno%C5%9B%C4%87&rft.pub=Meteomodel.pl&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteomodel.pl%2Fdane%2Fsrednie-miesieczne%2F%3Fimgwid%3D352200375%26par%3Drh%26max_empty%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/poland/warsaw-climate">"Warsaw, Poland - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast"</a>. <i>Weather Atlas</i>. Yu Media Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011308/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/poland/warsaw-climate">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather+Atlas&rft.atitle=Warsaw%2C+Poland+-+Detailed+climate+information+and+monthly+weather+forecast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather-atlas.com%2Fen%2Fpoland%2Fwarsaw-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/poland/warsaw/climate">"Climate & Weather Averages in Warsaw, Poland"</a>. Time and Date. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220724100810/https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/poland/warsaw/climate">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+%26+Weather+Averages+in+Warsaw%2C+Poland&rft.pub=Time+and+Date&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fweather%2Fpoland%2Fwarsaw%2Fclimate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meteomodel2-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meteomodel2_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=252200150&par=tm&max_empty=3">"Meteomodel. Dane. Średnie i sumy miesięczne"</a>. meteomodel.pl. 30 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220919141602/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=252200150&par=tm&max_empty=3">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meteomodel.+Dane.+%C5%9Arednie+i+sumy+miesi%C4%99czne&rft.pub=meteomodel.pl&rft.date=2022-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteomodel.pl%2Fdane%2Fsrednie-miesieczne%2F%3Fimgwid%3D252200150%26par%3Dtm%26max_empty%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weather_Atlas-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/poland/warsaw-climate">"Warsaw, Poland – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data"</a>. Weather Atlas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011308/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/poland/warsaw-climate">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warsaw%2C+Poland+%E2%80%93+Monthly+weather+forecast+and+Climate+data&rft.pub=Weather+Atlas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather-atlas.com%2Fen%2Fpoland%2Fwarsaw-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStępniak2015" class="citation book cs1">Stępniak, Marcin (25 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b07CCAAAQBAJ&q=model+koncentryczny+warszawa&pg=PA29"><i>PRZEKSZTAŁCENIA PRZESTRZENNEGO ROZMIESZCZENIA ZASOBÓW MIESZKANIOWYCH W WARSZAWIE W LATACH 1945–2008</i></a>. IGiPZ PAN. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788361590361" title="Special:BookSources/9788361590361"><bdi>9788361590361</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816230648/https://books.google.com/books?id=b07CCAAAQBAJ&q=model+koncentryczny+warszawa&pg=PA29">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PRZEKSZTA%C5%81CENIA+PRZESTRZENNEGO+ROZMIESZCZENIA+ZASOB%C3%93W+MIESZKANIOWYCH+W+WARSZAWIE+W+LATACH+1945%E2%80%932008&rft.pub=IGiPZ+PAN&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft.isbn=9788361590361&rft.aulast=St%C4%99pniak&rft.aufirst=Marcin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db07CCAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmodel%2Bkoncentryczny%2Bwarszawa%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Az48AAAAMAAJ&q=warszawa+architekt+z+w%C5%82och,+niemiec+niderland%C3%B3w"><i>Cztery wieki Mazowsza: Szkice z dziejów, 1526-1914</i></a>. Nasza Księgarnia. 1968. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031304/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Cztery_wieki_Mazowsza/Az48AAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=warszawa+architekt+z+w%C5%82och%2C+niemiec+niderland%C3%B3w&dq=warszawa+architekt+z+w%C5%82och%2C+niemiec+niderland%C3%B3w&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cztery+wieki+Mazowsza%3A+Szkice+z+dziej%C3%B3w%2C+1526-1914&rft.pub=Nasza+Ksi%C4%99garnia&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAz48AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dwarszawa%2Barchitekt%2Bz%2Bw%25C5%2582och%2C%2Bniemiec%2Bniderland%25C3%25B3w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloway2018" class="citation web cs1">Galloway, Lindsey (5 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180304-the-secrets-hiding-in-warsaw-the-paris-of-the-east">"The secrets hiding in Warsaw, the Paris of the East"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531040740/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180304-the-secrets-hiding-in-warsaw-the-paris-of-the-east">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=The+secrets+hiding+in+Warsaw%2C+the+Paris+of+the+East&rft.date=2018-03-05&rft.aulast=Galloway&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20180304-the-secrets-hiding-in-warsaw-the-paris-of-the-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070528001130/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=43&dz_id=2">"A town house of the Burbach family"</a>. <i>eGuide / Treasures of Warsaw on-line</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=43&dz_id=2">the original</a> on 28 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eGuide+%2F+Treasures+of+Warsaw+on-line&rft.atitle=A+town+house+of+the+Burbach+family&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fum.warszawa.pl%2Fv_syrenka%2Fperelki%2Findex_en.php%3Fmi_id%3D43%26dz_id%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedakcja2020" class="citation web cs1">Redakcja, przez (21 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zyciestolicy.com.pl/wyremontuja-kolumne-zygmunta-iii-wazy-za-ponad-230-tys-zlotych/">"Wyremontują kolumnę Zygmunta III Wazy za ponad 230 tys. złotych!"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622120624/https://zyciestolicy.com.pl/wyremontuja-kolumne-zygmunta-iii-wazy-za-ponad-230-tys-zlotych/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=174&dz_id=17">the original</a> on 4 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=um.warszawa.pl&rft.atitle=Heroic+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.warszawa.pl%2Fv_syrenka%2Fperelki%2Findex_en.php%3Fmi_id%3D174%26dz_id%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montagu-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Montagu_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Ramsay_Montagu_ButlerNorman_Henry_GibbsJ._M._A._GwyerJohn_Patrick_William_Ehrman1976" class="citation book cs1">James Ramsay Montagu Butler; Norman Henry Gibbs; J. M. A. Gwyer; John Patrick William Ehrman; Michael Eliot Howard (1976). "History of the Second World War; United Kingdom military series 5". In James Ramsay Montagu Butler (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grandstrategy02butl"><i>Grand strategy</i></a></span>. H. M. Stationery Office. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grandstrategy02butl/page/369">369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Second+World+War%3B+United+Kingdom+military+series+5&rft.btitle=Grand+strategy&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=H.+M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1976&rft.au=James+Ramsay+Montagu+Butler&rft.au=Norman+Henry+Gibbs&rft.au=J.+M.+A.+Gwyer&rft.au=John+Patrick+William+Ehrman&rft.au=Michael+Eliot+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrandstrategy02butl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holy_Cross-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holy_Cross_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060218162926/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=112&dz_id=16">"Church of the Holy Cross"</a>. <i>eGuide / Treasures of Warsaw on-line</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=112&dz_id=16">the original</a> on 18 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eGuide+%2F+Treasures+of+Warsaw+on-line&rft.atitle=Church+of+the+Holy+Cross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fum.warszawa.pl%2Fv_syrenka%2Fperelki%2Findex_en.php%3Fmi_id%3D112%26dz_id%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chopin_Monument-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chopin_Monument_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070528001130/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=165&dz_id=16">"Frédéric Chopin Monument"</a>. <i>eGuide / Treasures of Warsaw on-line</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=165&dz_id=16">the original</a> on 28 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eGuide+%2F+Treasures+of+Warsaw+on-line&rft.atitle=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Chopin+Monument&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fum.warszawa.pl%2Fv_syrenka%2Fperelki%2Findex_en.php%3Fmi_id%3D165%26dz_id%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aip1-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aip1_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/curie/polgirl2.htm">"Polish Girlhood (1867–1891)"</a>. <i>aip.org</i>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102134102/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/polgirl2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aip.org&rft.atitle=Polish+Girlhood+%281867%E2%80%931891%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory%2Fcurie%2Fpolgirl2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aip2-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aip2_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/curie/radinst1.htm">"The Radium Institute (1919–1934)"</a>. <i>aip.org</i>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028083629/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/radinst1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aip.org&rft.atitle=The+Radium+Institute+%281919%E2%80%931934%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory%2Fcurie%2Fradinst1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cmentarze-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cmentarze_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cmentarze_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cmentarze_129-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzieje.pl/wiadomosci/warszawskie-cmentarze-czyli-historia-polski-i-warszawy-w-pigulce">"Warszawskie cmentarze, czyli historia Polski i Warszawy w pigułce"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warszawskie+cmentarze%2C+czyli+historia+Polski+i+Warszawy+w+pigu%C5%82ce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzieje.pl%2Fwiadomosci%2Fwarszawskie-cmentarze-czyli-historia-polski-i-warszawy-w-pigulce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://um.warszawa.pl/-/stare-powazki-wszystkie-groby-policzone-i-opisane">"Stare Powązki – wszystkie groby policzone i opisane"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stare+Pow%C4%85zki+%E2%80%93+wszystkie+groby+policzone+i+opisane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fum.warszawa.pl%2F-%2Fstare-powazki-wszystkie-groby-policzone-i-opisane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pomniki-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pomniki_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pomniki_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viacitymap.pl/Miasta/Warszawa/Artykuly/Wazne-pomniki-w-Warszawie">"Ważne pomniki w Warszawie"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wa%C5%BCne+pomniki+w+Warszawie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fviacitymap.pl%2FMiasta%2FWarszawa%2FArtykuly%2FWazne-pomniki-w-Warszawie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viacitymap.pl/Miasta/Warszawa/Artykuly/Wazne-pomniki-w-Warszawie">"WARSZAWSKIE POMNIKI"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WARSZAWSKIE+POMNIKI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fviacitymap.pl%2FMiasta%2FWarszawa%2FArtykuly%2FWazne-pomniki-w-Warszawie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warsaw_tour-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-warsaw_tour_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarsaw_Tourist_Office" class="citation web cs1">Warsaw Tourist Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100112140506/http://www.warsawtour.pl/en/warsaw-for-everyone/parks-gardens-2075.html">"Parks & Gardens"</a>. <i>warsawtour.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawtour.pl/en/warsaw-for-everyone/parks-gardens-2075.html">the original</a> on 12 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warsawtour.pl&rft.atitle=Parks+%26+Gardens&rft.au=Warsaw+Tourist+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsawtour.pl%2Fen%2Fwarsaw-for-everyone%2Fparks-gardens-2075.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span> "Warsaw is a green city. Almost a quarter of its area is comprisedof fields, parks, green squares and lush gardens, making Warsaw a European metropolis that truly offers its visitors a breath of fresh air."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516221538/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/parki-5.php">"Parki i lasy Warszawy"</a>. <i>um.warszawa.pl</i> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/parki-5.php">the original</a> on 16 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=um.warszawa.pl&rft.atitle=Parki+i+lasy+Warszawy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.warszawa.pl%2Fv_syrenka%2Fmiasto%2Fparki-5.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060208182537/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/?mi_id=148&dz_id=14">"Nowa Pomarańczarnia"</a>. <i>ePrzewodnik / Perełki Warszawy on-line</i> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/?mi_id=148&dz_id=14">the original</a> on 8 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ePrzewodnik+%2F+Pere%C5%82ki+Warszawy+on-line&rft.atitle=Nowa+Pomara%C5%84czarnia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fum.warszawa.pl%2Fv_syrenka%2Fperelki%2F%3Fmi_id%3D148%26dz_id%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100313065613/http://zielona.um.warszawa.pl/tereny-zielone/park-praski">"Park Praski"</a>. <i>zielona.um.warszawa.pl</i> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zielona.um.warszawa.pl/tereny-zielone/park-praski">the original</a> on 13 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=zielona.um.warszawa.pl&rft.atitle=Park+Praski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzielona.um.warszawa.pl%2Ftereny-zielone%2Fpark-praski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Powstał w latach 1865–1871, według projektu Jana Dobrowolskiego, na prawym brzegu Wisły.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bpn.com.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=230&Itemid=170">"Nature reserves as a refuge of Grifola frondosa (DICKS.: FR.) GRAY in central Poland"</a>. <i>bpn.com.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812201420/http://bpn.com.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=230&Itemid=170">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bpn.com.pl&rft.atitle=Nature+reserves+as+a+refuge+of+Grifola+frondosa+%28DICKS.%3A+FR.%29+GRAY+in+central+Poland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbpn.com.pl%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D230%26Itemid%3D170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kayaking-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kayaking_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060926133856/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/12179">"Kayaking on the Vistula"</a>. <i>warsawvoice.pl</i>. 30 August 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/12179/">the original</a> on 26 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warsawvoice.pl&rft.atitle=Kayaking+on+the+Vistula&rft.date=2006-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsawvoice.pl%2Fview%2F12179%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zoo-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zoo_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zoo_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zoo_139-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zoo.waw.pl/">"Warsaw Zoo"</a>. <i>zoo.waw.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428115417/https://zoo.waw.pl/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zoo.waw.pl&rft.atitle=Warsaw+Zoo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoo.waw.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Zoo_Revue-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New_Zoo_Revue_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warsaw Zoo opened 11 March 1928, on Ratuszowa Street. It was not the first <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoological</a> garden in Warsaw; King <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">Jan Sobieski III</a> kept a court menagerie in <a href="/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w" title="Wilanów">Wilanów</a>. Several private zoos were also established in Warsaw in the 19th century. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050118091706/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/2044/">"New Zoo Revue"</a>. <i>warsawvoice.pl</i>. 24 April 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/2044/">the original</a> on 18 January 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warsawvoice.pl&rft.atitle=New+Zoo+Revue&rft.date=2003-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsawvoice.pl%2Fview%2F2044%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernon_N._Kisling2000" class="citation book cs1">Vernon N. Kisling, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dxTrR5nOE0UC"><i>Zoo and aquarium history: ancient animal collections to zoological gardens</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 118–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-2100-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-2100-X"><bdi>0-8493-2100-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413152253/https://books.google.com/books?id=dxTrR5nOE0UC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoo+and+aquarium+history%3A+ancient+animal+collections+to+zoological+gardens&rft.pages=118-119&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8493-2100-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdxTrR5nOE0UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160211025416/http://migrationsmap.net/#/POL/arrivals">"Migrations Map: Where are migrants coming from? Where have migrants left?"</a>. <i>MigrationsMap.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://migrationsmap.net/#/POL/arrivals">the original</a> on 11 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MigrationsMap.net&rft.atitle=Migrations+Map%3A+Where+are+migrants+coming+from%3F+Where+have+migrants+left%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmigrationsmap.net%2F%23%2FPOL%2Farrivals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmerman-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zimmerman_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_D._Zimmerman2004" class="citation book cs1">Joshua D. Zimmerman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&q=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&pg=PA16"><i>Poles, Jews and the politics of nationality</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-19464-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-19464-7"><bdi>0-299-19464-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510025223/https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&q=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&pg=PA16">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poles%2C+Jews+and+the+politics+of+nationality&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-299-19464-7&rft.au=Joshua+D.+Zimmerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6sbr9cZyw_4C%26q%3Dpopulation%2BBrest%2BPoles%2BJews%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockhaus-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brockhaus_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF.A._Brockhaus_Verlag_Leipzig1935" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">F.A. Brockhaus Verlag Leipzig (1935). <i>Der Grosse Brockhaus: Handbuch des Wissens</i> (in German). Vol. 20 (15th ed.). Brockhaus. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Grosse+Brockhaus%3A+Handbuch+des+Wissens&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Brockhaus&rft.date=1935&rft.au=F.A.+Brockhaus+Verlag+Leipzig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wielkahistoria.pl/sklad-narodowosciowy-ii-rzeczpospolitej-wykresy-z-1926-roku/">"Narodowości w II RP na przedwojennych wykresach. Gdzie było najmniej Polaków, a gdzie najwięcej?"</a>. <i>WielkaHistoria</i>. 27 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623005720/https://wielkahistoria.pl/sklad-narodowosciowy-ii-rzeczpospolitej-wykresy-z-1926-roku/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WielkaHistoria&rft.atitle=Narodowo%C5%9Bci+w+II+RP+na+przedwojennych+wykresach.+Gdzie+by%C5%82o+najmniej+Polak%C3%B3w%2C+a+gdzie+najwi%C4%99cej%3F&rft.date=2019-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwielkahistoria.pl%2Fsklad-narodowosciowy-ii-rzeczpospolitej-wykresy-z-1926-roku%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/6536/10/1/1/przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_-_dane_nsp_2021_dla_kraju_i_jednostek_podzialu_terytorialnego.xlsx">"Przynależność narodowo-etniczna - dane NSP 2021 dla kraju i jednostek podziału terytorialnego"</a>. <i>Statistics Poland</i>. 20 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Poland&rft.atitle=Przynale%C5%BCno%C5%9B%C4%87+narodowo-etniczna+-+dane+NSP+2021+dla+kraju+i+jednostek+podzia%C5%82u+terytorialnego&rft.date=2023-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fdownload%2Fgfx%2Fportalinformacyjny%2Fpl%2Fdefaultaktualnosci%2F6536%2F10%2F1%2F1%2Fprzynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_-_dane_nsp_2021_dla_kraju_i_jednostek_podzialu_terytorialnego.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Warszawa">"Warszawa (Mazowieckie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201100513/https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Warszawa">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warszawa+%28Mazowieckie%29+%C2%BB+mapy%2C+nieruchomo%C5%9Bci%2C+GUS%2C+noclegi%2C+szko%C5%82y%2C+regon%2C+atrakcje%2C+kody+pocztowe%2C+wypadki+drogowe%2C+bezrobocie%2C+wynagrodzenie%2C+zarobki%2C+tabele%2C+edukacja%2C+demografia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polskawliczbach.pl%2FWarszawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/V23BYCLDIL473QC8MPYRQGUYFKVYDV.pdf">"1950 census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1950+census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatlibr.stat.gov.pl%2Fexlibris%2Faleph%2Fa22_1%2Fapache_media%2FV23BYCLDIL473QC8MPYRQGUYFKVYDV.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/81YKKICKRTXKV5LAER54LARGAJ6BEJ.pdf">"1960 census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1960+census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatlibr.stat.gov.pl%2Fexlibris%2Faleph%2Fa22_1%2Fapache_media%2F81YKKICKRTXKV5LAER54LARGAJ6BEJ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/76EMNHPUX2B49GMQEDMCT2V3K4HFFT.pdf">"1970 census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1970+census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatlibr.stat.gov.pl%2Fexlibris%2Faleph%2Fa22_1%2Fapache_media%2F76EMNHPUX2B49GMQEDMCT2V3K4HFFT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/RQ1U9XAX48KJJDQ54QSAFQKQ6AK6GS.pdf">"Demographic and occupational structure and housing conditions of the urban population in 1978-1988"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographic+and+occupational+structure+and+housing+conditions+of+the+urban+population+in+1978-1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatlibr.stat.gov.pl%2Fexlibris%2Faleph%2Fa22_1%2Fapache_media%2FRQ1U9XAX48KJJDQ54QSAFQKQ6AK6GS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/podgrup/temat/">"Statistics Poland - National Censuses"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+Poland+-+National+Censuses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbdl.stat.gov.pl%2Fbdl%2Fdane%2Fpodgrup%2Ftemat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://migracje.gov.pl/statystyki/zakres/polska/">"Mapa – Rok"</a>. <i>migracje.gov.pl</i> (in Polish). 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022081007/https://migracje.gov.pl/statystyki/zakres/polska/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=migracje.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Mapa+%E2%80%93+Rok&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmigracje.gov.pl%2Fstatystyki%2Fzakres%2Fpolska%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tihran-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tihran_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDānishgāh-i_Tihrān._Faculty_of_Fine_Arts1990" class="citation book cs1">Dānishgāh-i Tihrān. Faculty of Fine Arts (1990). <i>International Conference on Reconstruction of War-Damaged Areas: 6–16 March 1986 : Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran</i>. University of Tehran Press. p. 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Conference+on+Reconstruction+of+War-Damaged+Areas%3A+6%E2%80%9316+March+1986+%3A+Faculty+of+Fine+Arts%2C+University+of+Tehran%2C+Iran&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=University+of+Tehran+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.au=D%C4%81nishg%C4%81h-i+Tihr%C4%81n.+Faculty+of+Fine+Arts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-demografia-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demografia_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-demografia_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrzemysław_ŚleszyńskiŁukasz_KubiakEwa_Korcelli-Olejniczak2020" class="citation web cs1">Przemysław Śleszyński; Łukasz Kubiak; Ewa Korcelli-Olejniczak (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rcin.org.pl/Content/157600/WA51_188627_r2020-t92-z4_Przeg-Geogr-Sleszyns.pdf">"Prognoza demograficzna dla Warszawy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prognoza+demograficzna+dla+Warszawy&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Przemys%C5%82aw+%C5%9Aleszy%C5%84ski&rft.au=%C5%81ukasz+Kubiak&rft.au=Ewa+Korcelli-Olejniczak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2FContent%2F157600%2FWA51_188627_r2020-t92-z4_Przeg-Geogr-Sleszyns.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34862,19778457,caly-swiat-mieszka-w-warszawie-ratusz-policzyl-cudzoziemcow.html">"Warszawa lubiana przez cudzoziemców. Ilu ich mieszka w stolicy?"</a>. gazeta.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106232520/http://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34862,19778457,caly-swiat-mieszka-w-warszawie-ratusz-policzyl-cudzoziemcow.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warszawa+lubiana+przez+cudzoziemc%C3%B3w.+Ilu+ich+mieszka+w+stolicy%3F&rft.pub=gazeta.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarszawa.wyborcza.pl%2Fwarszawa%2F1%2C34862%2C19778457%2Ccaly-swiat-mieszka-w-warszawie-ratusz-policzyl-cudzoziemcow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://um.warszawa.pl/-/rok-wojny-i-pomocy-ukrainie">"Rok wojny i pomocy Ukrainie"</a>. <i>um.warszawa.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=um.warszawa.pl&rft.atitle=Rok+wojny+i+pomocy+Ukrainie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fum.warszawa.pl%2F-%2Frok-wojny-i-pomocy-ukrainie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/03/17/warsaws-population-has-risen-17-due-to-refugees-from-ukraine/">"Warsaw's population has risen 17% due to refugees from Ukraine"</a>. notesfrompoland.com. 17 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420010850/https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/03/17/warsaws-population-has-risen-17-due-to-refugees-from-ukraine/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warsaw%27s+population+has+risen+17%25+due+to+refugees+from+Ukraine&rft.pub=notesfrompoland.com&rft.date=2022-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnotesfrompoland.com%2F2022%2F03%2F17%2Fwarsaws-population-has-risen-17-due-to-refugees-from-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2021/nsp-2021-wyniki-ostateczne/tablice-z-ostatecznymi-danymi-w-zakresie-przynaleznosci-narodowo-etnicznej-jezyka-uzywanego-w-domu-oraz-przynaleznosci-do-wyznania-religijnego,10,1.html?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR09A3bD9fsbgYim9Xk19XYb3dVO8noT0NCKM6mIzX9iAdTNom3cNrrqaYk_aem_ASg_YSNm_J14IA6y8IV6X2EBi_XLI53kO7kcuLJJKxtW2c4a0pFOqaC2r_qFITjibSLVMPPMe0X7Iyi5_FSadL8x">"2022 Tablice z ostatecznymi danymi w zakresie przynależności narodowo-etnicznej, języka używanego w domu oraz przynależności do wyznania religijnego"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Urz%C4%85d_Statystyczny" class="mw-redirect" title="Główny Urząd Statystyczny">Główny Urząd Statystyczny</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny&rft.atitle=2022+Tablice+z+ostatecznymi+danymi+w+zakresie+przynale%C5%BCno%C5%9Bci+narodowo-etnicznej%2C+j%C4%99zyka+u%C5%BCywanego+w+domu+oraz+przynale%C5%BCno%C5%9Bci+do+wyznania+religijnego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fspisy-powszechne%2Fnsp-2021%2Fnsp-2021-wyniki-ostateczne%2Ftablice-z-ostatecznymi-danymi-w-zakresie-przynaleznosci-narodowo-etnicznej-jezyka-uzywanego-w-domu-oraz-przynaleznosci-do-wyznania-religijnego%2C10%2C1.html%3Ffbclid%3DIwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR09A3bD9fsbgYim9Xk19XYb3dVO8noT0NCKM6mIzX9iAdTNom3cNrrqaYk_aem_ASg_YSNm_J14IA6y8IV6X2EBi_XLI53kO7kcuLJJKxtW2c4a0pFOqaC2r_qFITjibSLVMPPMe0X7Iyi5_FSadL8x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeert_Mak2008" class="citation book cs1">Geert Mak (2008). <i>In Europe: travels through the twentieth century</i>. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-28057-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-28057-2"><bdi>978-0-307-28057-2</bdi></a>. <q>Today Warsaw is a monocultural city, which is some people's ideal. But before 1939 it was a typically multicultural society. Those were the city's most productive years. We lost that multicultural character during the war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Europe%3A+travels+through+the+twentieth+century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=427&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-307-28057-2&rft.au=Geert+Mak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann_Julius_Meyer1909" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hermann Julius Meyer (1909). <i>Meyers Konversations-Lexikon</i> (in German). Vol. 20 (6th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. p. 388.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meyers+Konversations-Lexikon&rft.place=Leipzig+and+Vienna&rft.pages=388&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Bibliographisches+Institut&rft.date=1909&rft.au=Hermann+Julius+Meyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErich_Zechlin1916" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Erich Zechlin (1916). <i>Die Bevölkerungs- und Grundbesitzverteilung im Zartum Polen</i> [<i>The distribution of population and property in tsaristic Poland</i>] (in German). Berlin: Reimer. pp. 82–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Bev%C3%B6lkerungs-+und+Grundbesitzverteilung+im+Zartum+Polen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=Reimer&rft.date=1916&rft.au=Erich+Zechlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarian_S._Mazgaj2010" class="citation book cs1">Marian S. Mazgaj (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchstatecommu00mazg"><i>Church and State in Communist Poland: A History, 1944–1989</i></a></span>. McFarland. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchstatecommu00mazg/page/n75">67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5904-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5904-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-5904-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+State+in+Communist+Poland%3A+A+History%2C+1944%E2%80%931989&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5904-9&rft.au=Marian+S.+Mazgaj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchstatecommu00mazg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Konferencja Episkopatu Polski, Informator 2017</i>, Biblos 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7793-478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7793-478-4">978-83-7793-478-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niedziela.pl/artykul/41792/nd/Kult-swietych-patronow-Warszawy">"Kult świętych patronów Warszawy"</a>. <i>niedziela.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=niedziela.pl&rft.atitle=Kult+%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tych+patron%C3%B3w+Warszawy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niedziela.pl%2Fartykul%2F41792%2Fnd%2FKult-swietych-patronow-Warszawy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frontex.europa.eu/media-centre/contact/">"Fronex Official Website"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fronex+Official+Website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontex.europa.eu%2Fmedia-centre%2Fcontact%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/odihr/contacts">"OSCE Official Website"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OSCE+Official+Website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fodihr%2Fcontacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petrozolin-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Petrozolin_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Petrozolin-Skowrońska1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barbara Petrozolin-Skowrońska (1994). "Encyklopedia Warszawy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjjjAAAAMAAJ"><i>Warsaw Encyclopedia</i></a> (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Polish_Scientific_Publishers_PWN" title="Polish Scientific Publishers PWN">Polish Scientific Publishers PWN</a>. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-01-08836-2" title="Special:BookSources/83-01-08836-2"><bdi>83-01-08836-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031333/https://books.google.com/books?id=BjjjAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyklopedia+Warszawy&rft.btitle=Warsaw+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Polish+Scientific+Publishers+PWN&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=83-01-08836-2&rft.au=Barbara+Petrozolin-Skowro%C5%84ska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBjjjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-admin-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-admin_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-admin_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-admin_169-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-admin_169-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-admin_169-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218181549/http://e-warsaw.pl/2/index.php?id=568">"Administration"</a>. <i>e-warsaw.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-warsaw.pl/2/index.php?id=568">the original</a> on 18 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-warsaw.pl&rft.atitle=Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe-warsaw.pl%2F2%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-djordjevic-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-djordjevic_170-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-djordjevic_170-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasa_Djordjevic2006" class="citation book cs1">Masa Djordjevic (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pl.scribd.com/doc/59582800/Djordjevic-Masa-Paper"><i>Politics of Urban Development Planning: Building Urban Governance in Post-Socialist Warsaw?</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509230513/http://pl.scribd.com/doc/59582800/Djordjevic-Masa-Paper">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+of+Urban+Development+Planning%3A+Building+Urban+Governance+in+Post-Socialist+Warsaw%3F&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Masa+Djordjevic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpl.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F59582800%2FDjordjevic-Masa-Paper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-raport_o_stanie_miasta_2022-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-raport_o_stanie_miasta_2022_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://um.warszawa.pl/documents/56602/0/Raport+o+stanie+miasta+22_10_lipca.pdf/d05cd24e-c9f1-40ea-f35c-7a19ecee75b1?t=1689054386540">"Raport o stanie miasta Warszawa 2022"</a>. <i>um.warszawa.pl</i> (in Polish). Warsaw City Hall<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=um.warszawa.pl&rft.atitle=Raport+o+stanie+miasta+Warszawa+2022.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fum.warszawa.pl%2Fdocuments%2F56602%2F0%2FRaport%2Bo%2Bstanie%2Bmiasta%2B22_10_lipca.pdf%2Fd05cd24e-c9f1-40ea-f35c-7a19ecee75b1%3Ft%3D1689054386540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurystyki" class="citation web cs1">Turystyki, Stołeczne Biuro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050413200754/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/images/mapa_dzielnice.gif">"WarsawTour – Official Tourist Portal of Warsaw"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-warsaw.pl/images/mapa_dzielnice.gif">the original</a> on 13 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WarsawTour+%E2%80%93+Official+Tourist+Portal+of+Warsaw&rft.aulast=Turystyki&rft.aufirst=Sto%C5%82eczne+Biuro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-warsaw.pl%2Fimages%2Fmapa_dzielnice.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080701114815/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/dzielnice.htm">"Dzielnice"</a>. <i>um.warszawa.pl</i> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/dzielnice.htm">the original</a> on 1 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=um.warszawa.pl&rft.atitle=Dzielnice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.warszawa.pl%2Fv_syrenka%2Fmiasto%2Fdzielnice.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_BakerKit_F._Chung2011" class="citation book cs1">Mark Baker; Kit F. Chung (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QHmx1w5fhYQC&q=warsaw+Old+Town+%28Stare+Miasto%29+and+New+Town+%28Nowe+Miasto%29&pg=PA80"><i>Frommer's Poland</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-04-70964-24-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-04-70964-24-8"><bdi>978-04-70964-24-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031334/https://books.google.com/books?id=QHmx1w5fhYQC&q=warsaw+Old+Town+%28Stare+Miasto%29+and+New+Town+%28Nowe+Miasto%29&pg=PA80">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+Poland&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-04-70964-24-8&rft.au=Mark+Baker&rft.au=Kit+F.+Chung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQHmx1w5fhYQC%26q%3Dwarsaw%2BOld%2BTown%2B%2528Stare%2BMiasto%2529%2Band%2BNew%2BTown%2B%2528Nowe%2BMiasto%2529%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://odpirson.otwartedrzwi.pl/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ZA%C5%9A-DZIELNICE-WARSZAWY.pdf">"Dzielnice Warszawy. Zorganizowana aktywność w środowisku"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dzielnice+Warszawy.+Zorganizowana+aktywno%C5%9B%C4%87+w+%C5%9Brodowisku.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fodpirson.otwartedrzwi.pl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F06%2FZA%25C5%259A-DZIELNICE-WARSZAWY.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUS_2022-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GUS_2022_176-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GUS_2022_176-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warszawa.stat.gov.pl/opracowania-biezace/komunikaty-i-biuletyny/inne-opracowania/przeglad-statystyczny-warszawy-4-kwartal-2022-r-,5,48.html">"Przegląd Statystyczny Warszawy. 4 kwartał 2022 r."</a> Główny Urząd Statystyczny<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Przegl%C4%85d+Statystyczny+Warszawy.+4+kwarta%C5%82+2022+r.&rft.pub=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarszawa.stat.gov.pl%2Fopracowania-biezace%2Fkomunikaty-i-biuletyny%2Finne-opracowania%2Fprzeglad-statystyczny-warszawy-4-kwartal-2022-r-%2C5%2C48.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Encyklopedia Warszawy</i>. 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Eurostat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227213552/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+regions+by+GDP&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftgs00003%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forsal.pl/artykuly/1390382,pkb-wojewodztw-w-polsce-dane-mapa-wykresy.html">"PKB w regionach Polski. Warszawa ciągnie polską gospodarkę [MAPA]"</a>. forsal.pl. 8 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125162725/https://forsal.pl/artykuly/1390382,pkb-wojewodztw-w-polsce-dane-mapa-wykresy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PKB+w+regionach+Polski.+Warszawa+ci%C4%85gnie+polsk%C4%85+gospodark%C4%99+%5BMAPA%5D&rft.pub=forsal.pl&rft.date=2019-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforsal.pl%2Fartykuly%2F1390382%2Cpkb-wojewodztw-w-polsce-dane-mapa-wykresy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spottedbylocals.com/blog/alpha-beta-and-gamma-cities/">"Alpha, Beta and Gamma Cities (Updated 2020); Spotted by Locals Blog"</a>. <i>Spotted by Locals</i>. 24 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205055048/https://www.spottedbylocals.com/blog/alpha-beta-and-gamma-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spotted+by+Locals&rft.atitle=Alpha%2C+Beta+and+Gamma+Cities+%28Updated+2020%29%3B+Spotted+by+Locals+Blog&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spottedbylocals.com%2Fblog%2Falpha-beta-and-gamma-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kafkadesk.org/2019/06/24/warsaw-among-top-10-most-attractive-european-cities-for-foreign-investors/">"Warsaw among top 10 most attractive European cities for foreign investors"</a>. Kafkadesk. 24 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201207062851/https://kafkadesk.org/2019/06/24/warsaw-among-top-10-most-attractive-european-cities-for-foreign-investors/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warsaw+among+top+10+most+attractive+European+cities+for+foreign+investors&rft.pub=Kafkadesk&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkafkadesk.org%2F2019%2F06%2F24%2Fwarsaw-among-top-10-most-attractive-european-cities-for-foreign-investors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turystyka-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turystyka_182-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turystyka_182-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turystyka_182-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turystyka_182-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warsawtour.pl/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Turystyka_w_Warszawie_Raport_2022.pdf">"Turystyka w Warszawie - raport 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. City Hall of Warsaw<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vitkac+-+Luxury%2C+Premium+%26+Contemporary+Shopping&rft.pub=www.vitkac.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitkac.com%2Fus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stock-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stock_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpw.pl/historia_en">"History"</a>. <i>gpw.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120904105341/http://www.gpw.pl/historia_en">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=onelab.eu&rft.atitle=Warsaw+University+of+Technology+%28WUT%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onelab.eu%2Findex.php%2Fabout%2Fmanagement%2Fsteering-committee%2F122-warsaw-university-of-technology-wut.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span> <i>With over 30,000 students served by over 2,000 professors and instructors, WUT is the largest and the highest-ranking engineering university in Poland.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infochopin-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-infochopin_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524211059/http://www.infochopin.pl/en/miejsca.php/99/">"The Fryderyk Chopin University of Music"</a>. <i>infochopin.pl</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infochopin.pl&rft.atitle=The+Fryderyk+Chopin+University+of+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infochopin.pl%2Fen%2Fmiejsca.php%2F99%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sgh_waw-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sgh_waw_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgh.waw.pl/en/ogolne-en/">"Warsaw School of Economics – Overview"</a>. <i>sgh.waw.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130519091513/http://www.sgh.waw.pl/en/ogolne-en">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sgh.waw.pl&rft.atitle=Warsaw+School+of+Economics+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgh.waw.pl%2Fen%2Fogolne-en%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sggw-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sggw_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127084347/http://www.sggw.pl/2009/10/12/warsaw-university-of-life-sciences/?lang=en">"Warsaw University of Life Sciences"</a>. <i>sggw.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sggw.pl/2009/10/12/warsaw-university-of-life-sciences/?lang=en">the original</a> on 27 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sggw.pl&rft.atitle=Warsaw+University+of+Life+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sggw.pl%2F2009%2F10%2F12%2Fwarsaw-university-of-life-sciences%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW (WULS – SGGW) is the oldest agricultural academic school in Poland, its history dates back to 1816.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bn_org-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bn_org_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bn.org.pl/index.php?id=4">"Historia zbiorów"</a>. <i>bn.org.pl</i> (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201230908/http://bn.org.pl/index.php?id=4">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bn.org.pl&rft.atitle=Historia+zbior%C3%B3w&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bn.org.pl%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fyifrance-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fyifrance_208-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fyifrance_208-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Witt2005" class="citation web cs1">Maria Witt (15 September – 15 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fyifrance.com/f102005c.htm">"The Zaluski Collection in Warsaw"</a>. <i>The Strange Life of One of the Greatest European Libraries of the Eighteenth Century</i>. FYI France. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208031623/http://www.fyifrance.com/f102005c.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Strange+Life+of+One+of+the+Greatest+European+Libraries+of+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.atitle=The+Zaluski+Collection+in+Warsaw&rft.date=2005-09-15%2F2005-10-15&rft.au=Maria+Witt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fyifrance.com%2Ff102005c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utoronto-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-utoronto_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.D._Chrostowska" class="citation web cs1">S.D. Chrostowska. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080203115045/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/14/chrostowska14.shtml">"Polish Literary Criticism Circa 1772: A Genre Perspective"</a>. <i>utoronto.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/14/chrostowska14.shtml">the original</a> on 3 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=utoronto.ca&rft.atitle=Polish+Literary+Criticism+Circa+1772%3A+A+Genre+Perspective&rft.au=S.D.+Chrostowska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.utoronto.ca%2Ftsq%2F14%2Fchrostowska14.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buw-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-buw_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=32&Itemid=76">"Historia"</a>. <i>buw.uw.edu.pl</i> (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707062433/http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=32&Itemid=76">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=buw.uw.edu.pl&rft.atitle=Historia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buw.uw.edu.pl%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dblogcategory%26id%3D32%26Itemid%3D76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zbiory-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zbiory_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=56&Itemid=121">"Zbiory główne"</a>. <i>buw.uw.edu.pl</i> (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707063431/http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=56&Itemid=121">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=buw.uw.edu.pl&rft.atitle=Zbiory+g%C5%82%C3%B3wne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buw.uw.edu.pl%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dblogcategory%26id%3D56%26Itemid%3D121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Library-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Library_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=285&Itemid=91">"Library building"</a>. <i>buw.uw.edu.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707061555/http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=285&Itemid=91">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=buw.uw.edu.pl&rft.atitle=Library+building&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buw.uw.edu.pl%2Fen%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D285%26Itemid%3D91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-garden-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-garden_213-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-garden_213-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=286&Itemid=91">"Garden"</a>. <i>buw.uw.edu.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170722222011/http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=286&Itemid=91">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=buw.uw.edu.pl&rft.atitle=Garden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buw.uw.edu.pl%2Fen%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D286%26Itemid%3D91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZTM_2022-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZTM_2022_214-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZTM_2022_214-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ztm.waw.pl/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/www_-BIULETYN-GRUDZIEN_2022-3.pdf">"Informator statystyczny 2022 - nr XII (grudzień)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Polish). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Informator+statystyczny+2022+-+nr+XII+%28grudzie%C5%84%29&rft.pub=Warszawski+Transport+Publiczny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ztm.waw.pl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F02%2Fwww_-BIULETYN-GRUDZIEN_2022-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeziorski-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jeziorski_215-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichal_Jeziorski2007" class="citation web cs1">Michal Jeziorski (7 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090627221201/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/14144">"Improving Infrastructure"</a>. <i>warsawvoice.pl</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warsawvoice.pl&rft.atitle=Improving+Infrastructure&rft.date=2007-03-07&rft.au=Michal+Jeziorski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsawvoice.pl%2Fview%2F14144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ztm.waw.pl/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/13-BIULETYN-DODATEK-ROCZNY-2023.pdf">"Informator statystyczny 2023 - raport roczny"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Polish). Warszawski Transport Publiczny<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Informator+statystyczny+2023+-+raport+roczny&rft.pub=Warszawski+Transport+Publiczny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ztm.waw.pl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F02%2F13-BIULETYN-DODATEK-ROCZNY-2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tomtom.com/en_gb/trafficindex/list?citySize=LARGE&continent=EU&country=ALL">"TomTom Traffic Index"</a>. TomTom. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313133819/https://www.tomtom.com/en_gb/trafficindex/list?citySize=LARGE&continent=EU&country=ALL">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TomTom+Traffic+Index&rft.pub=TomTom&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tomtom.com%2Fen_gb%2Ftrafficindex%2Flist%3FcitySize%3DLARGE%26continent%3DEU%26country%3DALL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/AVIA_PAOA__custom_3263723/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=bb0c53f4-3e09-4a12-94d6-21b67640a062">"Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country"</a>. <i>Eurostat</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230509205723/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/AVIA_PAOA__custom_3263723/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=bb0c53f4-3e09-4a12-94d6-21b67640a062">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurostat&rft.atitle=Air+passenger+transport+by+main+airports+in+each+reporting+country&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2FAVIA_PAOA__custom_3263723%2Fbookmark%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den%26bookmarkId%3Dbb0c53f4-3e09-4a12-94d6-21b67640a062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airport-business.com/2015/12/pole-position-developing-the-most-important-and-largest-airport-in-central-europe/">"Pole position: Developing "the most important and largest airport in Central Europe"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>airport-business.com</i>. 17 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200326031157/http://www.airport-business.com/2015/12/pole-position-developing-the-most-important-and-largest-airport-in-central-europe/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airport-business.com&rft.atitle=Pole+position%3A+Developing+%22the+most+important+and+largest+airport+in+Central+Europe%22&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airport-business.com%2F2015%2F12%2Fpole-position-developing-the-most-important-and-largest-airport-in-central-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710025442/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/transport.htm">"Public transport"</a>. <i>e-warsaw.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/transport.htm">the original</a> on 10 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-warsaw.pl&rft.atitle=Public+transport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-warsaw.pl%2Fmiasto%2Ftransport.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291-1119275973157/td-ut5.pdf">"From monopoly towards market"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180159/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291-1119275973157/td-ut5.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+monopoly+towards+market&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FINTTRANSPORT%2FResources%2F336291-1119275973157%2Ftd-ut5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metro-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-metro_222-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061210054546/http://www.metro.waw.pl/page.php?id=111&PHPSESSID=9eb61f8f4408e4e6260cabb63fc4daa3">"A History of Subway Construction"</a>. <i>metro.waw.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metro.waw.pl/page.php?id=111">the original</a> on 10 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metro.waw.pl&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Subway+Construction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metro.waw.pl%2Fpage.php%3Fid%3D111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070117051410/http://www.metro.waw.pl/page.php?id=56&PHPSESSID=12053adabbe490da1246a5eaaacb78d8">"Technical and Operating Data of the Existing Subway Section"</a>. <i>metro.waw.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metro.waw.pl/page.php?id=56">the original</a> on 17 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metro.waw.pl&rft.atitle=Technical+and+Operating+Data+of+the+Existing+Subway+Section&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metro.waw.pl%2Fpage.php%3Fid%3D56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-salter-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-salter_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_SalterJonathan_Bousfield2002" class="citation book cs1">Mark Salter; Jonathan Bousfield (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YgQ0B1CNYfQC&q=guide+warsaw&pg=PA70"><i>Poland</i></a>. Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-849-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-849-5"><bdi>1-85828-849-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818015439/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgQ0B1CNYfQC&q=guide+warsaw&pg=PA70">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-85828-849-5&rft.au=Mark+Salter&rft.au=Jonathan+Bousfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYgQ0B1CNYfQC%26q%3Dguide%2Bwarsaw%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/apr/03/new-europe-poland-clubs">"New Europe: Poles dancing"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 3 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093844/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/apr/03/new-europe-poland-clubs">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+Europe%3A+Poles+dancing&rft.date=2011-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2011%2Fapr%2F03%2Fnew-europe-poland-clubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-teatrwielki1-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-teatrwielki1_226-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208223208/http://www.teatrwielki.pl/show_book.php?book=historia">"Teatr Wielki-Polish National Opera"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teatrwielki.pl/show_book.php?book=historia">the original</a> on 8 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teatr+Wielki-Polish+National+Opera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teatrwielki.pl%2Fshow_book.php%3Fbook%3Dhistoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-teatrwielki-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-teatrwielki_227-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-teatrwielki_227-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-teatrwielki_227-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080418103152/http://www.teatrwielki.pl/show_book.php?book=historia&nlang=en">"The Theatre's history"</a>. <i>teatrwielki.pl</i>. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teatrwielki.pl/show_book.php?book=historia&nlang=en">the original</a> on 18 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=teatrwielki.pl&rft.atitle=The+Theatre%27s+history&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teatrwielki.pl%2Fshow_book.php%3Fbook%3Dhistoria%26nlang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letni-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Letni_228-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warszawa1939.pl/index.php?r1=letni&r3=0">"Teatr Letni"</a>. <i>warszawa1939.pl</i> (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629153452/http://www.warszawa1939.pl/index.php?r1=letni&r3=0">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warszawa1939.pl&rft.atitle=Teatr+Letni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warszawa1939.pl%2Findex.php%3Fr1%3Dletni%26r3%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gracetour.waw.pl/przewodnik-po-warszawie/muzea-warszawy/#:~:text=I%20tak%20przy%20kolejnych%20wycieczkach,z%20nich%20nie%20zosta%C5%82o%20zaprezentowanych.">"Muzea Warszawy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206035105/https://www.gracetour.waw.pl/przewodnik-po-warszawie/muzea-warszawy/#:~:text=I%20tak%20przy%20kolejnych%20wycieczkach,z%20nich%20nie%20zosta%C5%82o%20zaprezentowanych.">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muzea+Warszawy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gracetour.waw.pl%2Fprzewodnik-po-warszawie%2Fmuzea-warszawy%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DI%2520tak%2520przy%2520kolejnych%2520wycieczkach%2Cz%2520nich%2520nie%2520zosta%25C5%2582o%2520zaprezentowanych.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-postermuseum-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-postermuseum_230-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525031921/http://www.postermuseum.pl/en/page/show/history">"The Poster Museum at Wilanów"</a>. <i>postermuseum.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postermuseum.pl/en/page/show/history">the original</a> on 25 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=postermuseum.pl&rft.atitle=The+Poster+Museum+at+Wilan%C3%B3w&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.postermuseum.pl%2Fen%2Fpage%2Fshow%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwarz-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz2009" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, Birgit (2009). <i>Geniewahn: Hitler und die Kunst</i>. Böhlau Verlag Wien. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-32-05783-07-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-32-05783-07-7"><bdi>978-32-05783-07-7</bdi></a>. <q>Mehrere Gemälde aus dem Berghof befinden sich heute im Nationalmuseum in Warschau. Bordones Venus und Amor etwa (Abb. 100) ebenso wie der Madonnen-Tondo Bugiardinis (Abb. 62) oder ein großes Ruinenbild von Pannini, das in der verglasten Veranda gehangen hatte (Abb. 113).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geniewahn%3A+Hitler+und+die+Kunst&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag+Wien&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-32-05783-07-7&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Birgit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wetering-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wetering_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetering,_van_de2005" class="citation book cs1">Wetering, van de, Ernst (2005). <i>A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings IV: Self-Portraits</i>. Springer. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/14-02032-80-3" title="Special:BookSources/14-02032-80-3"><bdi>14-02032-80-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Corpus+of+Rembrandt+Paintings+IV%3A+Self-Portraits&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=14-02032-80-3&rft.aulast=Wetering%2C+van+de&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official name: <i>Museum of John Paul II Collection</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muzeummalarstwa-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-muzeummalarstwa_234-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081229194215/http://www.muzeummalarstwa.pl/collection.htm">"Museum of John Paul II Collection"</a>. <i>muzeummalarstwa.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muzeummalarstwa.pl/collection.htm">the original</a> on 29 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=muzeummalarstwa.pl&rft.atitle=Museum+of+John+Paul+II+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzeummalarstwa.pl%2Fcollection.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baker_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_BakerKit_F._Chung2009" class="citation book cs1">Mark Baker; Kit F. Chung (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ypJ5fzK_uSkC"><i>Frommer's Poland</i></a>. Frommer's. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-15819-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-15819-7"><bdi>978-0-470-15819-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031335/https://books.google.com/books?id=ypJ5fzK_uSkC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+Poland&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Frommer%27s&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-470-15819-7&rft.au=Mark+Baker&rft.au=Kit+F.+Chung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DypJ5fzK_uSkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exhibitions-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Exhibitions_236-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsaw.com/v/exhibitions/">"Exhibitions"</a>. <i>warsaw.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201010139/http://www.warsaw.com/v/exhibitions/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warsaw.com&rft.atitle=Exhibitions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsaw.com%2Fv%2Fexhibitions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-motoryzacji-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-motoryzacji_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129094040/http://muzeum-motoryzacji.com.pl/podstrony/hist_muzeum_ang.html">"Museum history"</a>. <i>muzeum-motoryzacji.com.pl</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polskie+Skarby+Kulinarne&rft.atitle=Warszawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polskieskarby.pl%2Fszlak-kulinarny%2Fwarszawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_240-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_240-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warsawtour.pl/warszawskie-specjaly/">"Warszawskie specjały - oficjalny portal turystyczny stolicy Polski"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206130041/https://warsawtour.pl/warszawskie-specjaly/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Pełna lista restauracji - Kraków i Warszawa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201207051119/http://haveabite.in/article/wyroznienia-michelin-2018-zobaczcie-zmiany-krakowie-pelna-lista-restauracji/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MICHELIN+Guide&rft.atitle=The+MICHELIN+Plate%3A+Good+cooking+%E2%80%93+the+MICHELIN+Guide+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguide.michelin.com%2Fpl%2Fen%2Frestaurants%2Fthe-plate-michelin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodd2021" class="citation web cs1">Dodd, Liz (6 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2021/02/the-eight-best-cities-for-vegans">"The eight best cities for vegans"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628142621/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2021/02/the-eight-best-cities-for-vegans">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+eight+best+cities+for+vegans&rft.date=2021-02-06&rft.aulast=Dodd&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Ftravel%2F2021%2F02%2Fthe-eight-best-cities-for-vegans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://niedziela.pl/artykul/26573">"Orszaki Trzech Króli na ulicach 515 polskich miast"</a>. <i>niedziela.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031309/https://www.niedziela.pl/artykul/26573">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=niedziela.pl&rft.atitle=Orszaki+Trzech+Kr%C3%B3li+na+ulicach+515+polskich+miast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fniedziela.pl%2Fartykul%2F26573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orszak.org/historia-orszaku-trzech-kroli">"Orszak Trzech Króli / Historia Orszaku Trzech Króli"</a>. <i>orszak.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103093025/http://orszak.org/historia-orszaku-trzech-kroli">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=orszak.org&rft.atitle=Orszak+Trzech+Kr%C3%B3li+%2F+Historia+Orszaku+Trzech+Kr%C3%B3li&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forszak.org%2Fhistoria-orszaku-trzech-kroli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sobotka-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sobotka_252-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sobotka_252-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sobotka_252-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaś_Kmieć" class="citation web cs1">Staś Kmieć. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100928111507/http://polamjournal.com/Library/Holidays/Sobotka/sobotka.html">"Midsummer's Eve"</a>. <i>polamjournal.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polamjournal.com/Library/Holidays/Sobotka/sobotka.html">the original</a> on 28 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=polamjournal.com&rft.atitle=Midsummer%27s+Eve&rft.au=Sta%C5%9B+Kmie%C4%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polamjournal.com%2FLibrary%2FHolidays%2FSobotka%2Fsobotka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wreath-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wreath_253-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wreath_253-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wreath_253-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaś_Kmieć" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Staś Kmieć. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417070237/http://www.aktivist.pl/wydarzenie/eventId%2C393787%2Cwianki-2008-wydarzenie.html">"Wianki 2008"</a>. <i>aktivist.pl</i> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aktivist.pl/wydarzenie/eventId,393787,wianki-2008-wydarzenie.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aktivist.pl&rft.atitle=Wianki+2008&rft.au=Sta%C5%9B+Kmie%C4%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aktivist.pl%2Fwydarzenie%2FeventId%2C393787%2Cwianki-2008-wydarzenie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wff-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wff_254-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wff_254-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wff.pl/en/o-festiwalu/">"Warsaw Film Festival"</a>. <i>wff.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100924191121/http://www.wff.pl/en/o-festiwalu/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wff.pl&rft.atitle=Warsaw+Film+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wff.pl%2Fen%2Fo-festiwalu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucl-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ucl_255-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310204657/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/atlas/polish/mywarsaw/warsaw10.html">"The Mermaid"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/atlas/polish/mywarsaw/warsaw10.html">the original</a> on 10 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mermaid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fatlas%2Fpolish%2Fmywarsaw%2Fwarsaw10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mermaid-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mermaid_256-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207092210/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=47&dz_id=2">"Warsaw Mermaid's Statue"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=47&dz_id=2">the original</a> on 7 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warsaw+Mermaid%27s+Statue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.warszawa.pl%2Fv_syrenka%2Fperelki%2Findex_en.php%3Fmi_id%3D47%26dz_id%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herb-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-herb_257-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/herb.htm">"History of Warsaw's Coat of Arms"</a>. <i>e.warsaw.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514225200/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/herb.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e.warsaw.pl&rft.atitle=History+of+Warsaw%27s+Coat+of+Arms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-warsaw.pl%2Fmiasto%2Fherb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bratosiewicz-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bratosiewicz_258-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwa_Bratosiewicz" class="citation web cs1">Ewa Bratosiewicz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsaw-guide.invito.pl/index.php?str=x41">"Other symbols of Warsaw"</a>. <i>warsaw-guide.invito.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501224649/http://warsaw-guide.invito.pl/index.php?str=x41">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warsaw-guide.invito.pl&rft.atitle=Other+symbols+of+Warsaw&rft.au=Ewa+Bratosiewicz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsaw-guide.invito.pl%2Findex.php%3Fstr%3Dx41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biega.com/syrena.html">"Warsaw Mermaid – Syrena"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625041430/http://biega.com/syrena.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warsaw+Mermaid+%E2%80%93+Syrena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiega.com%2Fsyrena.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-legend-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-legend_260-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-legend_260-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/herb-1.htm">"History of Warsaw's Coat of Arms"</a>. <i>e-warsaw.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529212011/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/herb-1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-warsaw.pl&rft.atitle=History+of+Warsaw%27s+Coat+of+Arms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-warsaw.pl%2Fmiasto%2Fherb-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qohmuseum-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qohmuseum_261-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012215137/http://www.qohmuseum.org.uk/maid.htm">"The Maid of Warsaw"</a>. <i>The Queen's Own Hussars Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qohmuseum.org.uk/maid.htm">the original</a> on 12 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Queen%27s+Own+Hussars+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Maid+of+Warsaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qohmuseum.org.uk%2Fmaid.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RAF_262-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910003105/http://www2.army.mod.uk/linkedfiles/soldierwelfare/supportagencies/aws/communityguides/swf_sa_aws_cg_w/raf_odiham_2008/raf_odiham_section_1.pdf">"RAF Odiham"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. army.mod.uk. p. 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.army.mod.uk/linkedfiles/soldierwelfare/supportagencies/aws/communityguides/swf_sa_aws_cg_w/raf_odiham_2008/raf_odiham_section_1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RAF+Odiham&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=army.mod.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.army.mod.uk%2Flinkedfiles%2Fsoldierwelfare%2Fsupportagencies%2Faws%2Fcommunityguides%2Fswf_sa_aws_cg_w%2Fraf_odiham_2008%2Fraf_odiham_section_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153058/https://www.aces-europa.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=i8gr5Zb1M8I%3D&tabid=55&mid=379">"European Capitals of Sport"</a>. <i>aces-europa.eu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aces-europa.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=i8gr5Zb1M8I%3D&tabid=55&mid=379">the original</a> on 20 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aces-europa.eu&rft.atitle=European+Capitals+of+Sport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces-europa.eu%2FLinkClick.aspx%3Ffileticket%3Di8gr5Zb1M8I%253D%26tabid%3D55%26mid%3D379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan_Lucas" class="citation magazine cs1">Ryan Lucas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708171207/http://sports.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/euro/story.asp?i=20080630175055520000101&ref=hea&tm=">"UEFA turns attention to Euro 2012"</a>. <i>Sports Illustrated</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sports.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/euro/story.asp?i=20080630175055520000101&ref=hea&tm=">the original</a> on 8 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Illustrated&rft.atitle=UEFA+turns+attention+to+Euro+2012&rft.au=Ryan+Lucas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsports.sportsillustrated.cnn.com%2Feuro%2Fstory.asp%3Fi%3D20080630175055520000101%26ref%3Dhea%26tm%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080803222406/http://www.e2012.org/en/4_51.html">"Warsaw"</a>. <i>e2012.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.e2012.org/en/4_51.html">the original</a> on 3 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e2012.org&rft.atitle=Warsaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.e2012.org%2Fen%2F4_51.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/6328/_/index.html">2009 EuroBasket</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807052744/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/6328/_/index.html">Archived</a> 7 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ARCHIVE.FIBA.com. Retrieved 5 June 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wodnypark.com.pl/index.php?lang=en">"Wodny Park"</a>. <i>wodnypark.com.pl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428142436/http://www.wodnypark.com.pl/index.php?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wodnypark.com.pl&rft.atitle=Wodny+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wodnypark.com.pl%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelprize-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize_268-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html">"Marie Curie – The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080710121624/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1903&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1903%2Fmarie-curie-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrynowicz-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawrynowicz_269-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoanna_Ławrynowicz" class="citation web cs1">Joanna Ławrynowicz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516080239/http://www.infochopin.pl/en/artykuly.php/1/">"Frederick Francois Chopin, the most eminent Polish composer"</a>. <i>infochopin.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infochopin.pl/en/artykuly.php/1/">the original</a> on 16 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infochopin.pl&rft.atitle=Frederick+Francois+Chopin%2C+the+most+eminent+Polish+composer&rft.au=Joanna+%C5%81awrynowicz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infochopin.pl%2Fen%2Fartykuly.php%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/483059/Kazimierz-Pulaski">"Kazimierz Pulaski – Polish patriot and United States army officer"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403174849/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/483059/Kazimierz-Pulaski">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kazimierz+Pulaski+%E2%80%93+Polish+patriot+and+United+States+army+officer&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F483059%2FKazimierz-Pulaski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lempicka-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lempicka_271-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lempicka_271-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUta_GrosenickIlka_Becker2001" class="citation book cs1">Uta Grosenick; Ilka Becker (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSvSfCmzo2wC"><i>Women artists in the 20th and 21st century</i></a>. Taschen. p. 576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8228-5854-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-8228-5854-4"><bdi>3-8228-5854-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820043224/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSvSfCmzo2wC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+artists+in+the+20th+and+21st+century&rft.pages=576&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-8228-5854-4&rft.au=Uta+Grosenick&rft.au=Ilka+Becker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZSvSfCmzo2wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marchand-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marchand_272-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marchand.pl/artysta.php?id=134&biografia=f&l=pl">"Tamara Łempicka"</a>. <i>marchand.pl</i> (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212155928/http://www.marchand.pl/artysta.php?id=134&biografia=f&l=pl">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marchand.pl&rft.atitle=Tamara+%C5%81empicka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marchand.pl%2Fartysta.php%3Fid%3D134%26biografia%3Df%26l%3Dpl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_273-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes2015" class="citation web cs1">Grimes, William (9 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/10/arts/design/wojciech-fangor-painter-who-emerged-from-postwar-poland-dies-at-92.html">"Wojciech Fangor, Painter Who Emerged From Postwar Poland, Dies at 92"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wojciech+Fangor%2C+Painter+Who+Emerged+From+Postwar+Poland%2C+Dies+at+92&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F10%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fwojciech-fangor-painter-who-emerged-from-postwar-poland-dies-at-92.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary1-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary1_274-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Vilensky.html">"Moshe Vilensky"</a>. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717051917/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Vilensky.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moshe+Vilensky&rft.pub=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fbiography%2FVilensky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewish-theatre-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jewish-theatre_275-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101105135153/http://jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=2973">"The 5th Festival of Jewish Culture 'Singer's Warsaw'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>jewish-theatre.com</i> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=2973">the original</a> on 5 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewish-theatre.com&rft.atitle=The+5th+Festival+of+Jewish+Culture+%27Singer%27s+Warsaw%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewish-theatre.com%2Fvisitor%2Farticle_display.aspx%3FarticleID%3D2973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burgin-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burgin_276-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_BurginIssac_Bashevis_Singer1978" class="citation book cs1">Richard Burgin; Issac Bashevis Singer (1978). <i>Issac bashevis Singer Talks... About Everything</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a>. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Issac+bashevis+Singer+Talks...+About+Everything&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Richard+Burgin&rft.au=Issac+Bashevis+Singer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span> in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Neal_MillerIsaac_Bashevis_Singer1986" class="citation book cs1">David Neal Miller; Isaac Bashevis Singer (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O6hNoUXlCXwC&q=Warsaw+has+just+now+been+destroyed.+No+one+will+ever+see+the+Warsaw+I+knew.+Let+me+just+write+about+it.+Let+this+Warsaw+not+not+disappear+forever&pg=PA40"><i>Recovering the canon: essays on Isaac Bashevis Singer</i></a>. BRILL. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07681-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-07681-6"><bdi>90-04-07681-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031333/https://books.google.com/books?id=O6hNoUXlCXwC&q=Warsaw+has+just+now+been+destroyed.+No+one+will+ever+see+the+Warsaw+I+knew.+Let+me+just+write+about+it.+Let+this+Warsaw+not+not+disappear+forever&pg=PA40">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovering+the+canon%3A+essays+on+Isaac+Bashevis+Singer&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=90-04-07681-6&rft.au=David+Neal+Miller&rft.au=Isaac+Bashevis+Singer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO6hNoUXlCXwC%26q%3DWarsaw%2Bhas%2Bjust%2Bnow%2Bbeen%2Bdestroyed.%2BNo%2Bone%2Bwill%2Bever%2Bsee%2Bthe%2BWarsaw%2BI%2Bknew.%2BLet%2Bme%2Bjust%2Bwrite%2Babout%2Bit.%2BLet%2Bthis%2BWarsaw%2Bnot%2Bnot%2Bdisappear%2Bforever%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/robert-lewandowski_prs141648/person.shtml">"Robert Lewandowski"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190901011429/https://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/robert-lewandowski_prs141648/person.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Robert+Lewandowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurosport.co.uk%2Ffootball%2Frobert-lewandowski_prs141648%2Fperson.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asroma.com/en/news/46712/13-things-you-need-to-know-about-wojciech-szczesny">"13 things you need to know about Wojciech Szczesny"</a>. <i>asroma.com</i>. 29 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asroma.com&rft.atitle=13+things+you+need+to+know+about+Wojciech+Szczesny&rft.date=2015-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asroma.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F46712%2F13-things-you-need-to-know-about-wojciech-szczesny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wtatennis.com/players/326408/iga-swiatek">"Iga Świątek"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705044830/https://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/326408/title/iga-swiatek-0">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iga+%C5%9Awi%C4%85tek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wtatennis.com%2Fplayers%2F326408%2Figa-swiatek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twins-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twins_280-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twins_280-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507200516/https://www.um.warszawa.pl/aktualnosci/miasta-partnerskie-warszawy">"Miasta partnerskie Warszawy"</a>. <i>um.warszawa.pl</i> (in Polish). Warsaw. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.um.warszawa.pl/aktualnosci/miasta-partnerskie-warszawy">the original</a> on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=um.warszawa.pl&rft.atitle=Miasta+partnerskie+Warszawy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.warszawa.pl%2Faktualnosci%2Fmiasta-partnerskie-warszawy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_281-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_281-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_281-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996">"Rada Warszawy: najważniejszym zadaniem jest stworzyć uchodźcom drugi dom"</a> (in Polish). 3 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220511060219/https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rada+Warszawy%3A+najwa%C5%BCniejszym+zadaniem+jest+stworzy%C4%87+uchod%C5%BAcom+drugi+dom&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftvn24.pl%2Ftvnwarszawa%2Fnajnowsze%2Fwarszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios">"Convenios Internacionales"</a>. <i>buenosaires.gob.ar</i> (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803135328/https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=buenosaires.gob.ar&rft.atitle=Convenios+Internacionales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buenosaires.gob.ar%2Finternacionalesycooperacion%2Frelacionesbilaterales%2Fconvenios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coventry.gov.uk/directory_record/6225/warsaw_poland/category/732/europe">"Warsaw, Poland"</a>. <i>coventry.gov.uk</i>. Coventry City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826071202/https://www.coventry.gov.uk/directory_record/6225/warsaw_poland/category/732/europe">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=coventry.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Warsaw%2C+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coventry.gov.uk%2Fdirectory_record%2F6225%2Fwarsaw_poland%2Fcategory%2F732%2Feurope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437">"Agreements with cities"</a>. <i>madrid.es</i>. Madrid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610162129/https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=madrid.es&rft.atitle=Agreements+with+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.madrid.es%2Fvgn-ext-templating%2Fv%2Findex.jsp%3Fvgnextoid%3D76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD%26vgnextchannel%3Dce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD%26vgnextfmt%3Ddefault%26idCapitulo%3D7182437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403161510/http://next.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784">"Friendship and cooperation agreements"</a>. Paris: Marie de Paris. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://next.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784">the original</a> on 3 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friendship+and+cooperation+agreements&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Marie+de+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnext.paris.fr%2Fenglish%2Fparis-a-city-with-an-international-profile%2Finternational-action-cooperation%2Ffriendship-and-cooperation-agreements%2Frub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/">"Partner cities"</a>. <i>yerevan.am</i>. Yerevan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329102031/http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yerevan.am&rft.atitle=Partner+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yerevan.am%2Fen%2Fpartner%2Fsister-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2003" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4cM2Hf8KYsC"><i>Warsaw</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Reaktion_Books" title="Reaktion Books">Reaktion Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86189-179-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86189-179-2"><bdi>1-86189-179-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031329/https://books.google.com/books?id=E4cM2Hf8KYsC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warsaw&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86189-179-2&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE4cM2Hf8KYsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Adamowska69" class="citation book cs1">Olchowik-Adamowska, Liliana; Ławecki, Tomasz (1 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xXbqAQAACAAJ"><i>Travellers Warsaw</i></a> (First ed.). <a href="/wiki/Peterborough" title="Peterborough">Peterborough</a>, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cook_Group" title="Thomas Cook Group">Thomas Cook Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84157-492-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84157-492-9"><bdi>978-1-84157-492-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219155140/http://books.google.com/books?id=xXbqAQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travellers+Warsaw&rft.place=Peterborough%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Thomas+Cook+Publishing&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84157-492-9&rft.aulast=Olchowik-Adamowska&rft.aufirst=Liliana&rft.au=%C5%81awecki%2C+Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxXbqAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-warsaw.pl/index.php">Official webpage of Warsaw</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071116190910/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/index.php">Archived</a> 16 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> includes 360° panoramas of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/unesco.htm">UNESCO listed area.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504151614/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/en">Archived</a> 4 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mokotow.policja.waw.pl/?page=Structure&id=131">District Police Headquarters – Warsaw II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616152325/http://mokotow.policja.waw.pl/?page=Structure&id=131">Archived</a> 16 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (part of Warsaw Metropolitan Police)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawguide.com/">Warsaw Guide.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405081905/http://www.warsawguide.com/">Archived</a> 5 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Online City Guide for Warsaw in Poland. Retrieved 17 May 2015.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914074916/http://www.ourpoland.com/warsaw/what-to-do-in-warsaw/">What to do and see in Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Warsaw#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Warsaw">Bibliography of the history of Warsaw</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Warsaw</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Warsaw" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Warsaw">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Warszawa" class="extiw" title="c:Warszawa">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Warsaw" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Warsaw">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Warsaw" class="extiw" title="q:Warsaw">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="b:Special:Search/Warsaw">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Warsaw" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Warsaw">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Warsaw" class="extiw" title="voy:Warsaw">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.um.warszawa.pl/en">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a>; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Warsaw"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Warsaw">"Warsaw" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 334–335.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Warsaw&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=334-335&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarsaw" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Warsaw_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Warsaw" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Warsaw"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Warsaw_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Warsaw.svg/23px-Flag_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Warsaw.svg/35px-Flag_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Warsaw.svg/46px-Flag_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Warsaw</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Warsaw" title="History of Warsaw">History of Warsaw</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Warsaw" title="Timeline of Warsaw">Timeline of Warsaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising_(1794)" title="Warsaw Uprising (1794)">Warsaw Uprising (1794)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Praga" title="Battle of Praga">Battle of Praga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Citadel" title="Warsaw Citadel">Warsaw Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw-Vienna_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw-Vienna Railway">Warsaw-Vienna Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_pogrom_(1881)" title="Warsaw pogrom (1881)">Warsaw pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city_of_Warsaw_(1919%E2%80%931939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital city of Warsaw (1919–1939)">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">Battle of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Poland)" title="May Coup (Poland)">May Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Warsaw_(1939)" title="Siege of Warsaw (1939)">Siege of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Warsaw_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Warsaw in World War II">Bombing of Warsaw in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawiak_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Pawiak prison">Pawiak prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umschlagplatz" title="Umschlagplatz">Umschlagplatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Warsaw" title="Destruction of Warsaw">Destruction of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Year_Plan" title="Three-Year Plan">Three-Year Plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Masovia" title="Duke of Masovia">Duke of Masovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Lyceum" title="Warsaw Lyceum">Warsaw Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Augustus_Bridge" title="Sigismund Augustus Bridge">Sigismund Augustus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%C5%82uski_Library" title="Załuski Library">Załuski Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasi%C5%84ski_Library" title="Krasiński Library">Krasiński Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Wysocki" title="Piotr Wysocki">Piotr Wysocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Stanisław Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stanis%C5%82aw_Kronenberg" title="Leopold Stanisław Kronenberg">Leopold Stanisław Kronenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lindley" title="William Lindley">William Lindley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korczak" title="Janusz Korczak">Janusz Korczak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Anielewicz" title="Mordechai Anielewicz">Mordechai Anielewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_Edelman" title="Marek Edelman">Marek Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">Jewish Combat Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Metro" title="Warsaw Metro">Warsaw Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Zoo" title="Warsaw Zoo">Warsaw Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Warsaw" title="Coat of arms of Warsaw">Coat of arms of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Warsaw" title="Flag of Warsaw">Flag of Warsaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_districts_of_Warsaw" title="List of flags of the districts of Warsaw">District flags</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_logo_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Warsaw"><img alt="Logo of Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Warsaw_logo_2022.svg/60px-Warsaw_logo_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Warsaw_logo_2022.svg/90px-Warsaw_logo_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Warsaw_logo_2022.svg/120px-Warsaw_logo_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourist_attractions_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist attractions in Warsaw">Landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Route,_Warsaw" title="Royal Route, Warsaw">Royal Route</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_%C5%9Awiat_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Nowy Świat Street">Nowy Świat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie" title="Krakowskie Przedmieście">Krakowskie Przedmieście</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsza%C5%82kowska_Street,_Warsaw" title="Marszałkowska Street, Warsaw">Marszałkowska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parade_Square" title="Parade Square">Plac Defilad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyska_Street,_Warsaw" title="Świętokrzyska Street, Warsaw">Świętokrzyska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grzybowski_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Grzybowski Square">Grzybowski Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82sudski_Square" title="Piłsudski Square">Piłsudski Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plac_Zbawiciela" class="mw-redirect" title="Plac Zbawiciela">Plac Zbawiciela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasi%C5%84ski_Square" title="Krasiński Square">Krasiński Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-Gate_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron-Gate Square">Plac Żelaznej Bramy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Square,_Warsaw" title="Bank Square, Warsaw">Plac Bankowy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81azienki_Route" title="Łazienki Route">Łazienki Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Square" title="Wilson Square">Wilson Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grochowska_Street,_Warsaw" title="Grochowska Street, Warsaw">Grochowska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%85bkowska_Street,_Warsaw" title="Ząbkowska Street, Warsaw">Ząbkowska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84ski_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Gdański Bridge">Gdański Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poniatowski_Bridge" title="Poniatowski Bridge">Poniatowski Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%85sko-D%C4%85browski_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Śląsko-Dąbrowski Bridge">Śląsko-Dąbrowski Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arednicowy_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Średnicowy Bridge">Średnicowy Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyski_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Świętokrzyski Bridge">Świętokrzyski Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siekierkowski_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Siekierkowski Bridge">Siekierkowski Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Old Town">Warsaw Old Town</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Market_Place,_Warsaw" title="Old Town Market Place, Warsaw">Market Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_walls_of_Warsaw" title="City walls of Warsaw">City walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Barbican" title="Warsaw Barbican">Barbican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Warsaw" title="New Town, Warsaw">Warsaw New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Square,_Warsaw" title="Castle Square, Warsaw">Castle Square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Church,_Warsaw" title="Holy Cross Church, Warsaw">Holy Cross Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujazd%C3%B3w_Castle" title="Ujazdów Castle">Ujazdów Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_and_Science,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw">Palace of Culture and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81azienki_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Łazienki Palace">Łazienki Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Warsaw" title="Presidential Palace, Warsaw">Presidential Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_of_the_Chancellery_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Poland)" title="Building of the Chancellery of the Prime Minister (Poland)">Building of the Chancellery of the Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejm_and_Senate_Complex" title="Sejm and Senate Complex">Sejm and Senate Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belweder" title="Belweder">Belweder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace" title="Wilanów Palace">Wilanów Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jab%C5%82onowski_Palace" title="Jabłonowski Palace">Jabłonowski Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasi%C5%84ski_Palace" title="Krasiński Palace">Krasiński Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Water_Filters" title="Warsaw Water Filters">Warsaw Water Filters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Florian%27s_Cathedral" title="St. Florian's Cathedral">St. Florian's Cathedral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Warszawa-Praga" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Warszawa-Praga">Diocese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Archcathedral,_Warsaw" title="St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw">St. John's Archcathedral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Warsaw" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Warsaw">Archdiocese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Church,_Warsaw" title="Jesuit Church, Warsaw">Jesuit Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitationist_Church" title="Visitationist Church">Visitationist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C5%BCyk_Synagogue" title="Nożyk Synagogue">Nożyk Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staszic_Palace" title="Staszic Palace">Staszic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Mary_Magdalene,_Warsaw" title="Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene, Warsaw">Orthodox Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zach%C4%99ta" class="mw-redirect" title="Zachęta">Zachęta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Four_Winds" title="Palace of the Four Winds">Palace of the Four Winds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAST_(Poland)" title="PAST (Poland)">PAST</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Palace" title="Saxon Palace">Saxon Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Axis" title="Saxon Axis">Saxon Axis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BChl_Palace,_Warsaw" title="Brühl Palace, Warsaw">Brühl Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazanowski_Palace" title="Kazanowski Palace">Kazanowski Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Warsaw)" title="Great Synagogue (Warsaw)">Great Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th-Anniversary_Stadium" title="10th-Anniversary Stadium">10th-Anniversary Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrum_LIM" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrum LIM">Centrum LIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha%C5%82ubi%C5%84skiego_8" title="Chałubińskiego 8">Chałubińskiego 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(PKO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotunda (PKO)">Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektrum_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spektrum (building)">Spektrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraco_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Intraco I">Intraco I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterContinental_Warsaw" title="InterContinental Warsaw">InterContinental Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q22_(building)" title="Q22 (building)">Q22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondo_1" title="Rondo 1">Rondo 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82ota_44" title="Złota 44">Złota 44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_Twarda_2/4" title="Cosmopolitan Twarda 2/4">Cosmopolitan Twarda 2/4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Spire" title="Warsaw Spire">Warsaw Spire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varso" title="Varso">Varso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Poland" title="Supreme Court of Poland">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw_Library" title="University of Warsaw Library">University of Warsaw Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praga_Koneser_Center" title="Praga Koneser Center">Praga Koneser Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Monuments_and_memorials_in_Warsaw" title="Category:Monuments and memorials in Warsaw">Monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt%27s_Column" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygmunt's Column">Zygmunt's Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid_of_Warsaw" title="Mermaid of Warsaw">Mermaid of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Monument,_Warsaw" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Warsaw">Nicolaus Copernicus Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier,_Warsaw" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopin_Statue,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopin Statue, Warsaw">Chopin Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Monument,_Warsaw" title="Adam Mickiewicz Monument, Warsaw">Adam Mickiewicz Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_boundary_markers" title="Warsaw Ghetto boundary markers">Warsaw Ghetto boundary markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising_Monument" title="Warsaw Uprising Monument">Warsaw Uprising Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82y_Powstaniec" class="mw-redirect" title="Mały Powstaniec">Mały Powstaniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Infantry_Division_Memorial" title="Kościuszko Infantry Division Memorial">Kościuszko Infantry Division Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%99cza_(Warsaw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tęcza (Warsaw)">Tęcza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greetings_from_Jerusalem_Avenues" class="mw-redirect" title="Greetings from Jerusalem Avenues">Palm tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Stefan_Wyszy%C5%84ski_University_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw">Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Memorial_Health_Institute" title="Children's Memorial Health Institute">Children's Memorial Health Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopin_University_of_Music" title="Chopin University of Music">Chopin University of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Europe" title="College of Europe">College of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_Institute,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Curie Institute, Warsaw">Curie Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGH_Warsaw_School_of_Economics" title="SGH Warsaw School of Economics">SGH Warsaw School of Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWPS_University_of_Social_Sciences_and_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities">SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Technology" title="Warsaw University of Technology">Warsaw University of Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Warsaw" title="Category:Warsaw">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Warsaw" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Warsaw" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Warsaw</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_mayors_of_Warsaw" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:City_mayors_of_Warsaw" title="Template:City mayors of Warsaw"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:City_mayors_of_Warsaw" title="Template talk:City mayors of Warsaw"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:City_mayors_of_Warsaw" title="Special:EditPage/Template:City mayors of Warsaw"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_mayors_of_Warsaw" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_city_mayors_of_Warsaw" title="List of city mayors of Warsaw">City mayors</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Warsaw</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Polish_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First Polish Republic">First Polish Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Micha%C5%82_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Józef Michał Łukasiewicz">Józef Michał Łukasiewicz</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Wyssogota_Zakrzewski" title="Ignacy Wyssogota Zakrzewski">Ignacy Wyssogota Zakrzewski</a> (1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Rafa%C5%82owicz" title="Andrzej Rafałowicz">Andrzej Rafałowicz</a> (1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Wyssogota_Zakrzewski" title="Ignacy Wyssogota Zakrzewski">Ignacy Wyssogota Zakrzewski</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Micha%C5%82_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Józef Michał Łukasiewicz">Józef Michał Łukasiewicz</a> (1794) and <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Rafa%C5%82owicz" title="Andrzej Rafałowicz">Andrzej Rafałowicz</a> (1794)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Warszawa_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warsaw Coat of Arms"><img alt="Warsaw Coat of Arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/50px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/75px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/100px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1247" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Partition" title="Prussian Partition">Prussian Occupation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schimmelpfennig_von_der_Ove" title="Franz Schimmelpfennig von der Ove">Franz Schimmelpfennig von der Ove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_Tilly" title="Friedrich Georg Tilly">Friedrich Georg Tilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Moszy%C5%84ski" title="Joachim Moszyński">Joachim Moszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Bieli%C5%84ski" title="Paweł Bieliński">Paweł Bieliński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_W%C4%99grzecki" title="Stanisław Węgrzecki">Stanisław Węgrzecki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Woyda" class="mw-redirect" title="Karol Woyda">Karol Woyda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_W%C4%99grzecki" title="Stanisław Węgrzecki">Stanisław Węgrzecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakub_Ignacy_%C5%81aszczy%C5%84ski" title="Jakub Ignacy Łaszczyński">Jakub Ignacy Łaszczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Graybner" title="Aleksander Graybner">Aleksander Graybner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Andrault_de_Langeron" title="Teodor Andrault de Langeron">Teodor Andrault de Langeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Woyda" title="Kazimierz Woyda">Kazimierz Woyda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Wielopolski" title="Zygmunt Wielopolski">Zygmunt Wielopolski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalikst_Witkowski" title="Kalikst Witkowski">Kalikst Witkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokrates_Starynkiewicz" title="Sokrates Starynkiewicz">Sokrates Starynkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bibikov" title="Nikolai Bibikov">Mikołaj Bibikow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiktor_Litwi%C5%84ski" title="Wiktor Litwiński">Wiktor Litwiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Miller" title="Aleksander Miller">Aleksander Miller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World War I</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Lubomirski" title="Zdzisław Lubomirski">Zdzisław Lubomirski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Drzewiecki_(mayor)" title="Piotr Drzewiecki (mayor)">Piotr Drzewiecki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Nowodworski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Nowodworski (page does not exist)">Stanisław Nowodworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Jab%C5%82o%C5%84ski" title="Władysław Jabłoński">Władysław Jabłoński</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zygmunt_S%C5%82omi%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zygmunt Słomiński (page does not exist)">Zygmunt Słomiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Zyndram-Ko%C5%9Bcia%C5%82kowski" title="Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski">Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Starzy%C5%84ski" title="Stefan Starzyński">Stefan Starzyński</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Kulski" title="Julian Kulski">Julian Kulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marceli_Porowski" title="Marceli Porowski">Marceli Porowski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmut Otto (page does not exist)">Helmut Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Rudolf_Dengel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Rudolf Dengel (page does not exist)">Oskar Rudolf Dengel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Leist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Leist (page does not exist)">Ludwig Leist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Spychalski" title="Marian Spychalski">Marian Spychalski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_To%C5%82wi%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Tołwiński (page does not exist)">Stanisław Tołwiński</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Albrecht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Albrecht (page does not exist)">Jerzy Albrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janusz_Zarzycki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janusz Zarzycki (page does not exist)">Janusz Zarzycki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zygmunt_Dworakowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zygmunt Dworakowski (page does not exist)">Zygmunt Dworakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Majewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Majewski (page does not exist)">Jerzy Majewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_D%C4%99bicki" title="Mieczysław Dębicki">Mieczysław Dębicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Boles%C5%82awski" title="Jerzy Bolesławski">Jerzy Bolesławski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_Polish_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Polish Republic">Third Polish Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wyganowski" title="Stanisław Wyganowski">Stanisław Wyganowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Bareja" title="Mieczysław Bareja">Mieczysław Bareja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcin_%C5%9Awi%C4%99cicki" title="Marcin Święcicki">Marcin Święcicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Piskorski" title="Paweł Piskorski">Paweł Piskorski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Kozak" title="Wojciech Kozak">Wojciech Kozak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Lech Kaczyński">Lech Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miros%C5%82aw_Kochalski" title="Mirosław Kochalski">Mirosław Kochalski</a> (Acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Marcinkiewicz" title="Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz">Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz</a> (Acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Gronkiewicz-Waltz" title="Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz">Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Trzaskowski" title="Rafał Trzaskowski">Rafał Trzaskowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Districts_and_neighbourhoods_of_Warsaw" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_and_neighbourhoods_of_Warsaw" title="Template:Districts and neighbourhoods of Warsaw"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_and_neighbourhoods_of_Warsaw" title="Template talk:Districts and neighbourhoods of Warsaw"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_and_neighbourhoods_of_Warsaw" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts and neighbourhoods of Warsaw"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Districts_and_neighbourhoods_of_Warsaw" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Warsaw.svg/23px-Flag_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Warsaw.svg/35px-Flag_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Warsaw.svg/46px-Flag_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Districts_and_neighbourhoods_of_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts and neighbourhoods of Warsaw">Districts and neighbourhoods</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Warsaw</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inner city<br /> districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie,_Warsaw" title="Śródmieście, Warsaw">Śródmieście</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muran%C3%B3w" title="Muranów">Muranów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Warsaw" title="New Town, Warsaw">New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downtown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Downtown (page does not exist)">North Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Warsaw" title="Old Town, Warsaw">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powi%C5%9Ble,_Warsaw" title="Powiśle, Warsaw">Powiśle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Downtown,_Warsaw" title="South Downtown, Warsaw">South Downtown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w" title="Mokotów">Mokotów</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August%C3%B3wka" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustówka">Augustówka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czerniak%C3%B3w" title="Czerniaków">Czerniaków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksawer%C3%B3w,_Warsaw" title="Ksawerów, Warsaw">Ksawerów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mokot%C3%B3w" title="Old Mokotów">Old Mokotów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadyba" title="Sadyba">Sadyba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siekierki" title="Siekierki">Siekierki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sielce" class="mw-redirect" title="Sielce">Sielce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCew" title="Służew">Służew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCewiec" title="Służewiec">Służewiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stegny,_Warsaw" title="Stegny, Warsaw">Stegny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wierzbno,_Warsaw" title="Wierzbno, Warsaw">Wierzbno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wygl%C4%99d%C3%B3w" title="Wyględów">Wyględów</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ochota" title="Ochota">Ochota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Filtry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakowiec,_Warsaw" title="Rakowiec, Warsaw">Rakowiec</a></li> <li>Stara Ochota</li> <li>Szczęśliwice</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wola" title="Wola">Wola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czyste" title="Czyste">Czyste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82o,_Warsaw" title="Koło, Warsaw">Koło</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir%C3%B3w,_Warsaw" title="Mirów, Warsaw">Mirów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C5%82yn%C3%B3w,_Warsaw" title="Młynów, Warsaw">Młynów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odolany" title="Odolany">Odolany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pow%C4%85zki,_Warsaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Powązki, Warsaw (page does not exist)">Powązki</a></li> <li>Ulrychów</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBoliborz" title="Żoliborz">Żoliborz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Marymont-Potok</li> <li>Stary Żoliborz</li> <li>Sady Żoliborskie</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Praga-P%C3%B3%C5%82noc" title="Praga-Północ">Praga-Północ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nowa Praga</li> <li>Pelcowizna</li> <li>Stara Praga</li> <li>Szmulowizna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Praga-Po%C5%82udnie" title="Praga-Południe">Praga-Południe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goc%C5%82aw,_Warsaw" title="Gocław, Warsaw">Gocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goc%C5%82awek" title="Gocławek">Gocławek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groch%C3%B3w" title="Grochów">Grochów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamionek" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamionek">Kamionek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olszynka_Grochowska" title="Olszynka Grochowska">Olszynka Grochowska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saska_K%C4%99pa" title="Saska Kępa">Saska Kępa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Warszawa_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warszawa"><img alt="Warszawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/30px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/45px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/60px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1247" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outer city<br /> districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bemowo" title="Bemowo">Bemowo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bemowo Lotnisko</li> <li>Boernerowo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrzan%C3%B3w,_Warsaw" title="Chrzanów, Warsaw">Chrzanów</a></li> <li>Fort Bema</li> <li>Fort Radiowo</li> <li>Górce</li> <li>Groty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelonki_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocne" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelonki Północne">Jelonki Północne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelonki_Po%C5%82udniowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelonki Południowe">Jelonki Południowe</a></li> <li>Lotnisko</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82o%C5%82%C4%99ka" title="Białołęka">Białołęka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Białołęka Dworska</li> <li>Brzeziny</li> <li>Choszczówka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%85br%C3%B3wka_Szlachecka" title="Dąbrówka Szlachecka">Dąbrówka Szlachecka</a></li> <li>Grodzisk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk%C3%B3w,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Henryków, Warsaw">Henryków</a></li> <li>Kobiałka</li> <li>Nowodwory</li> <li>Szamocin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarchomin" title="Tarchomin">Tarchomin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBera%C5%84" title="Żerań">Żerań</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bielany" title="Bielany">Bielany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chomicz%C3%B3wka" title="Chomiczówka">Chomiczówka</a></li> <li>Huta</li> <li>Las Bielański</li> <li>Młociny</li> <li>Marymont-Kaskada</li> <li>Marymont-Ruda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaski,_Warsaw" title="Piaski, Warsaw">Piaski</a></li> <li>Placówka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiowo" title="Radiowo">Radiowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82odowiec" title="Słodowiec">Słodowiec</a></li> <li>Stare Bielany</li> <li>Wólka Węglowa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wawrzyszew,_Warsaw" title="Wawrzyszew, Warsaw">Wawrzyszew</a></li> <li>Wrzeciono</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rembert%C3%B3w" title="Rembertów">Rembertów</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaw%C4%99czyn-Wygoda" title="Kawęczyn-Wygoda">Kawęczyn-Wygoda</a></li> <li>Nowy Rembertów</li> <li>Stary Rembertów</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Targ%C3%B3wek" title="Targówek">Targówek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Elsnerów</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B3dno" title="Bródno">Bródno</a></li> <li>Bródno Podgrodzie</li> <li>Targówek Fabryczny</li> <li>Targówek Mieszkaniowy</li> <li>Zacisze</li> <li>Utrata</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ursus,_Warsaw" title="Ursus, Warsaw">Ursus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Czechowice</li> <li>Gołąbki</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nied%C5%BAwiadek,_Warsaw" title="Niedźwiadek, Warsaw">Niedzwiadek</a></li> <li>Skorosze</li> <li>Szamoty</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ursyn%C3%B3w" title="Ursynów">Ursynów</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%85br%C3%B3wka,_Warsaw" title="Dąbrówka, Warsaw">Dąbrówka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grab%C3%B3w,_Warsaw" title="Grabów, Warsaw">Grabów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeziorki,_Warsaw" title="Jeziorki, Warsaw">Jeziorki Północne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeziorki,_Warsaw" title="Jeziorki, Warsaw">Jeziorki Południowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaty" title="Kabaty">Kabaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natolin,_Warsaw" title="Natolin, Warsaw">Natolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ursyn%C3%B3w" title="North Ursynów">North Ursynów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyry,_Warsaw" title="Pyry, Warsaw">Pyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarpa_Powsi%C5%84ska" title="Skarpa Powsińska">Skarpa Powsińska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stary_S%C5%82u%C5%BCew" title="Stary Służew">Stary Służew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stary_Imielin" title="Stary Imielin">Stary Imielin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursyn%C3%B3w-Centrum" title="Ursynów-Centrum">Ursynów-Centrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wycz%C3%B3%C5%82ki,_Warsaw" title="Wyczółki, Warsaw">Wyczółki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wawer" title="Wawer">Wawer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aleksandrów</li> <li>Anin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falenica" title="Falenica">Falenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las,_Warsaw" title="Las, Warsaw">Las</a></li> <li>Marysin Wawerski</li> <li>Miedzeszyn</li> <li>Międzylesie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadwi%C5%9Ble" title="Nadwiśle">Nadwiśle</a></li> <li>Radość</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadul" title="Sadul">Sadul</a></li> <li>Wawer</li> <li>Zerzeń</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weso%C5%82a" title="Wesoła">Wesoła</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Groszówka</li> <li>Plac Wojska Polskiego</li> <li>Stara Miłosna</li> <li>Wesoła-Centrum</li> <li>Wola Grzybowska</li> <li>Zielona-Grzybowa</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w" title="Wilanów">Wilanów</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wilanów Wysoki</li> <li>Wilanów Niski</li> <li>Wilanów Królewski</li> <li>Błonia Wilanowskie</li> <li>Powsinek</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawady,_Warsaw" title="Zawady, Warsaw">Zawady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%99pa_Zawadowska" title="Kępa Zawadowska">Kępa Zawadowska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powsin" title="Powsin">Powsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82ochy" title="Włochy">Włochy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nowe Włochy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ok%C4%99cie" title="Okęcie">Okęcie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opacz_Wielka" title="Opacz Wielka">Opacz Wielka</a></li> <li>Paluch</li> <li>Raków</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomea,_Warsaw" title="Salomea, Warsaw">Salomea</a></li> <li>Stare Włochy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%C5%82uski,_Warsaw" title="Załuski, Warsaw">Załuski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbar%C5%BC" title="Zbarż">Zbarż</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_coats_of_arms_of_the_districts_of_Warsaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of coats of arms of the districts of Warsaw (page does not exist)">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_districts_of_Warsaw" title="List of flags of the districts of Warsaw">Flags</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Culture_in_Warsaw" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_in_Warsaw" title="Template:Culture in Warsaw"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_in_Warsaw" title="Template talk:Culture in Warsaw"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_in_Warsaw" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture in Warsaw"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Culture_in_Warsaw" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Warsaw.svg/23px-Flag_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Warsaw.svg/35px-Flag_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Warsaw.svg/46px-Flag_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> Culture in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Warsaw</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Warsaw" title="Category:Museums in Warsaw">Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Museum_of_Literature,_Warsaw" title="Adam Mickiewicz Museum of Literature, Warsaw">Adam Mickiewicz Museum of Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartment_of_Stefan_%C5%BBeromski_at_the_Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Apartment of Stefan Żeromski at the Royal Castle, Warsaw">Apartment of Stefan Żeromski at the Royal Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_and_Pacific_Museum" title="Asia and Pacific Museum">Asia and Pacific Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Science_Centre" title="Copernicus Science Centre">Copernicus Science Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czapski_Palace" title="Czapski Palace">Czapski Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_Museum" title="Fryderyk Chopin Museum">Fryderyk Chopin Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas Museum, Warsaw">Gas Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_Museum_of_the_State_Geological_Institute" title="Geological Museum of the State Geological Institute">Geological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Historical_Institute" title="Jewish Historical Institute">Jewish Historical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legia_Warsaw_Museum" title="Legia Warsaw Museum">Legia Warsaw Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81yszkiewicz_Apartment" class="mw-redirect" title="Łyszkiewicz Apartment">Łyszkiewicz Apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Museum" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_and_Institute_of_Zoology" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum and Institute of Zoology">Museum and Institute of Zoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Caricature,_Warsaw" title="Museum of Caricature, Warsaw">Museum of Caricature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Diving,_Warsaw" title="Museum of Diving, Warsaw">Museum of Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Evolution_of_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Museum of Evolution of Polish Academy of Sciences">Museum of Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Independence" title="Museum of Independence">Museum of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Pawiak_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Pawiak Prison">Museum of Pawiak Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Struggle_and_Martyrdom" title="Mausoleum of Struggle and Martyrdom">Mausoleum of Struggle and Martyrdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_John_Paul_II_Collection" title="Museum of John Paul II Collection">Museum of John Paul II Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_John_Paul_II_and_Primate_Wyszy%C5%84ski" title="Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński">Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_King_Jan_III%27s_Palace_at_Wilan%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of King Jan III's Palace at Wilanów">Museum of King Jan III's Palace at Wilanów</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w_Collection" title="Wilanów Collection">Wilanów Collection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art,_Warsaw" title="Museum of Modern Art, Warsaw">Museum of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Polish_History" title="Museum of Polish History">Museum of Polish History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Scouting,_Warsaw" title="Museum of Scouting, Warsaw">Museum of Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Sport_and_Tourism" title="Museum of Sport and Tourism">Museum of Sport and Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Technology,_Warsaw" title="Museum of Technology, Warsaw">Museum of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Castle_and_Military_Hospital_at_Ujazd%C3%B3w" title="Museum of the Castle and Military Hospital at Ujazdów">Museum of the Castle and Military Hospital at Ujazdów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Earth_of_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Earth of Polish Academy of Sciences">Museum of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POLIN_Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews" title="POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews">Museum of the History of Polish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Polish_Peasant_Movement" title="Museum of the Polish Peasant Movement">Museum of the Polish Peasant Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Warsaw" title="Museum of Warsaw">Museum of Warsaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Barbican" title="Warsaw Barbican">Barbican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Praga" title="Museum of Praga">Museum of Praga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorski_Palace" title="Sikorski Palace">Museum of Wola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonina_Le%C5%9Bniewska_Museum_of_Pharmacy" title="Antonina Leśniewska Museum of Pharmacy">Museum of Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_in_Palmiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial in Palmiry">Memorial in Palmiry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Warsaw">National Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poster_Museum_at_Wilanow" class="mw-redirect" title="Poster Museum at Wilanow">Poster Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3likarnia" title="Królikarnia">Królikarnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niebor%C3%B3w_Palace" title="Nieborów Palace">Nieborów Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bieli%C5%84ski_Palace,_Otwock_Wielki" title="Bieliński Palace, Otwock Wielki">Bieliński Palace, Otwock Wielki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Archaeology_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Archaeology (Poland)">National Museum of Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ethnography" title="National Museum of Ethnography">National Museum of Ethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_Museum_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Neon Museum in Warsaw">Neon Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Army_Museum" title="Polish Army Museum">Polish Army Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Polish_Military_Technology" title="Museum of Polish Military Technology">Museum of Polish Military Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy%C5%84_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyń Museum, Warsaw">Katyń Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Museum_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre Museum in Warsaw">Theatre Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Icon_Museum" title="Warsaw Icon Museum">Warsaw Icon Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Railway_Museum" title="Warsaw Railway Museum">Warsaw Railway Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyszkiewicz_Palace,_Warsaw" title="Tyszkiewicz Palace, Warsaw">Warsaw University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Uprising Museum">Warsaw Uprising Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Fotoplastikon" title="Warsaw Fotoplastikon">Fotoplastikon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_logo_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Warsaw"><img alt="Logo of Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Warsaw_logo_2022.svg/70px-Warsaw_logo_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Warsaw_logo_2022.svg/105px-Warsaw_logo_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Warsaw_logo_2022.svg/140px-Warsaw_logo_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ateneum_Theatre" title="Ateneum Theatre">Ateneum Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foksal_Gallery" title="Foksal Gallery">Foksal Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Warsaw" title="Grand Theatre, Warsaw">Grand Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theatre,_Warsaw" title="Jewish Theatre, Warsaw">Jewish Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Theatre,_Warsaw" title="National Theatre, Warsaw">National Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_National_Ballet" title="Polish National Ballet">Polish National Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Theatre_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Theatre in Warsaw">Polish Theatre in Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR_Warszawa" title="TR Warszawa">TR Warszawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Radio_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Polish Radio Symphony Orchestra">Polish Radio Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinfonia_Varsovia" title="Sinfonia Varsovia">Sinfonia Varsovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujazdowski_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ujazdowski Castle">Ujazdowski Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Chamber_Opera" title="Warsaw Chamber Opera">Warsaw Chamber Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_National_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra">Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zach%C4%99ta_National_Gallery_of_Art" title="Zachęta National Gallery of Art">Zachęta National Gallery of Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legia_Warsaw" title="Legia Warsaw">Legia Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonia_Warsaw" title="Polonia Warsaw">Polonia Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makabi_Warsaw" title="Makabi Warsaw">Makabi Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_Warszawianka" title="KS Warszawianka">KS Warszawianka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_G%C3%B3rski_National_Stadium" title="Kazimierz Górski National Stadium">National Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_COS_Torwar" title="Arena COS Torwar">Arena COS Torwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Ursyn%C3%B3w" title="Arena Ursynów">Arena Ursynów</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Chopin_Piano_Competition" title="International Chopin Piano Competition">International Chopin Piano Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Picnic" title="Science Picnic">Science Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Autumn" title="Warsaw Autumn">Warsaw Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Warsaw_Festival" title="Orange Warsaw Festival">Orange Warsaw Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parada_R%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci" class="mw-redirect" title="Parada Równości">Parada Równości</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursynalia_%E2%80%93_Warsaw_Student_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursynalia – Warsaw Student Festival">Ursynalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw International Film Festival">Warsaw Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Jewish_Culture_in_Warsaw" title="Festival of Jewish Culture in Warsaw">Festival of Jewish Culture in Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Motifs_International_Film_Festival" title="Jewish Motifs International Film Festival">Jewish Motifs International Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Flavours_Film_Festival" title="Five Flavours Film Festival">Five Flavours Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Gallery_Weekend" title="Warsaw Gallery Weekend">Warsaw Gallery Weekend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Parks_in_Warsaw" title="Category:Parks in Warsaw">Nature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81azienki_Park" title="Łazienki Park">Łazienki Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujazd%C3%B3w_Park" title="Ujazdów Park">Ujazdów Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_Rydz_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal Rydz Park">Marshal Rydz Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_of_Warsaw" title="Beaches of Warsaw">Beaches of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w_Field" title="Mokotów Field">Mokotów Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Garden" title="Saxon Garden">Saxon Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Zoo" title="Warsaw Zoo">Warsaw Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praga_Park" title="Praga Park">Praga Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw_Library" title="University of Warsaw Library">University Library roof garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaty_Woods" title="Kabaty Woods">Kabaty Woods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warsaw in<br />popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vampires_of_Warsaw" title="Vampires of Warsaw">Vampires of Warsaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Lady" title="The Mysterious Lady">The Mysterious Lady</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exile_to_Siberia" title="Exile to Siberia">Exile to Siberia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kochaj_tylko_mnie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochaj tylko mnie">Kochaj tylko mnie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventure_in_Warsaw" title="Adventure in Warsaw">Adventure in Warsaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_(1940_film)" title="Siege (1940 film)">Siege</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Be_or_Not_to_Be_(1942_film)" title="To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)">To Be or Not to Be</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Premiere" title="Warsaw Premiere">Warsaw Premiere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Generation" title="A Generation">A Generation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kana%C5%82" title="Kanał">Kanał</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashes_and_Diamonds_(film)" title="Ashes and Diamonds (film)">Ashes and Diamonds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eroica_(1958_film)" title="Eroica (1958 film)">Eroica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Spies" title="Ring of Spies">Ring of Spies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Night_of_the_Generals" title="The Night of the Generals">The Night of the Generals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hrabina_Cosel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrabina Cosel">Hrabina Cosel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_of_a_President_(1977_film)" title="Death of a President (1977 film)">Death of a President</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warszawa_(song)" title="Warszawa (song)">Warszawa (song)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Will_You_Do_When_You_Catch_Me%3F" title="What Will You Do When You Catch Me?">What Will You Do When You Catch Me?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_(album)" title="Warsaw (album)">Warsaw (album)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Bear_(1980_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teddy Bear (1980 film)">Teddy Bear</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/And_the_Violins_Stopped_Playing" title="And the Violins Stopped Playing">And the Violins Stopped Playing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Short_Film_About_Killing" title="A Short Film About Killing">A Short Film About Killing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Short_Film_About_Love" title="A Short Film About Love">A Short Film About Love</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nssonligans_st%C3%B6rsta_kupp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jönssonligans största kupp">Jönssonligans största kupp</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Undeclared_War" title="Undeclared War">Undeclared War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiler-%C3%B3w_2-%C3%B3ch" title="Kiler-ów 2-óch">Kiler-ów 2-óch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pianist_(2002_film)" title="The Pianist (2002 film)">The Pianist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Foreigner_(2003_film)" title="The Foreigner (2003 film)">The Foreigner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reverse_(2009_film)" title="Reverse (2009 film)">Reverse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spies_of_Warsaw_(TV_series)" title="Spies of Warsaw (TV series)">Spies of Warsaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Floating_Skyscrapers" title="Floating Skyscrapers">Floating Skyscrapers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_44" title="Warsaw 44">Warsaw 44</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Zookeeper%27s_Wife_(film)" title="The Zookeeper's Wife (film)">The Zookeeper's Wife</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teefa_in_Trouble" title="Teefa in Trouble">Teefa in Trouble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1983_(TV_series)" title="1983 (TV series)">1983 (TV series)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Warsaw" title="The King of Warsaw">The King of Warsaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hyacinth_(film)" title="Operation Hyacinth (film)">Operation Hyacinth</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_of_Poland" title="Template:Cities of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Cities of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland#Cities" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">Cities of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Warsaw</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">750,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">250,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radom" title="Radom">Radom</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w" title="Rzeszów">Rzeszów</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec" title="Sosnowiec">Sosnowiec</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kielce" title="Kielce">Kielce</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gliwice" title="Gliwice">Gliwice</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabrze" title="Zabrze">Zabrze</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a" title="Bielsko-Biała">Bielsko-Biała</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom">Bytom</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra" title="Zielona Góra">Zielona Góra</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rybnik" title="Rybnik">Rybnik</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruda_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska" title="Ruda Śląska">Ruda Śląska</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Opole</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tychy" title="Tychy">Tychy</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%85browa_G%C3%B3rnicza" title="Dąbrowa Górnicza">Dąbrowa Górnicza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock" title="Płock">Płock</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wa%C5%82brzych" title="Wałbrzych">Wałbrzych</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek" title="Włocławek">Włocławek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w" title="Tarnów">Tarnów</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chorz%C3%B3w" title="Chorzów">Chorzów</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koszalin" title="Koszalin">Koszalin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">50,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalisz" title="Kalisz">Kalisz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legnica" title="Legnica">Legnica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz" title="Grudziądz">Grudziądz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaworzno" title="Jaworzno">Jaworzno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Słupsk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99bie-Zdr%C3%B3j" title="Jastrzębie-Zdrój">Jastrzębie-Zdrój</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz" title="Nowy Sącz">Nowy Sącz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3ra" title="Jelenia Góra">Jelenia Góra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siedlce" title="Siedlce">Siedlce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mys%C5%82owice" title="Mysłowice">Mysłowice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a" title="Piła">Piła</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Konin" title="Konin">Konin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piotrk%C3%B3w_Trybunalski" title="Piotrków Trybunalski">Piotrków Trybunalski</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Ostrów Wielkopolski">Ostrów Wielkopolski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubin" title="Lubin">Lubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inowroc%C5%82aw" title="Inowrocław">Inowrocław</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki" title="Suwałki">Suwałki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrowiec_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyski" title="Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski">Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siemianowice_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Siemianowice Śląskie">Siemianowice Śląskie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="Głogów">Głogów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabianice" title="Pabianice">Pabianice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBory" title="Żory">Żory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w" title="Pruszków">Pruszków</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszno" title="Leszno">Leszno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Łomża">Łomża</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C5%82k" title="Ełk">Ełk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki" title="Tomaszów Mazowiecki">Tomaszów Mazowiecki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Chełm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mielec" title="Mielec">Mielec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tczew" title="Tczew">Tczew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%99dzierzyn-Ko%C5%BAle" title="Kędzierzyn-Koźle">Kędzierzyn-Koźle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalowa_Wola" title="Stalowa Wola">Stalowa Wola</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_Podlaska" title="Biała Podlaska">Biała Podlaska</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w" title="Bełchatów">Bełchatów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awidnica" title="Świdnica">Świdnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin" title="Będzin">Będzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zgierz" title="Zgierz">Zgierz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piekary_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Piekary Śląskie">Piekary Śląskie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz" title="Racibórz">Racibórz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionowo" title="Legionowo">Legionowo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka" title="Ostrołęka">Ostrołęka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">35,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99toch%C5%82owice" title="Świętochłowice">Świętochłowice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wejherowo" title="Wejherowo">Wejherowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiercie" title="Zawiercie">Zawiercie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skierniewice" title="Skierniewice">Skierniewice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starachowice" title="Starachowice">Starachowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wodzis%C5%82aw_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski" title="Wodzisław Śląski">Wodzisław Śląski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starogard_Gda%C5%84ski" title="Starogard Gdański">Starogard Gdański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%82awy" title="Puławy">Puławy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarnobrzeg" title="Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krosno" title="Krosno">Krosno</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomsko" title="Radomsko">Radomsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otwock" title="Otwock">Otwock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skar%C5%BCysko-Kamienna" title="Skarżysko-Kamienna">Skarżysko-Kamienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciechan%C3%B3w" title="Ciechanów">Ciechanów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutno" title="Kutno">Kutno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradz" title="Sieradz">Sieradz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zdu%C5%84ska_Wola" title="Zduńska Wola">Zduńska Wola</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awinouj%C5%9Bcie" title="Świnoujście">Świnoujście</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BByrard%C3%B3w" title="Żyrardów">Żyrardów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82awiec" title="Bolesławiec">Bolesławiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowa_S%C3%B3l" title="Nowa Sól">Nowa Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knur%C3%B3w" title="Knurów">Knurów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sopot" title="Sopot">Sopot</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The list includes the 107 urban municipalities governed by a <a href="/wiki/Mayor#Poland" title="Mayor">city mayor</a> (<i>prezydent miasta</i>) instead of a town mayor (<i>burmistrz</i>) · <a href="/wiki/City_with_powiat_rights" title="City with powiat rights">Cities with powiat rights</a> are in <i>italics</i> · Voivodeship cities are in <b>bold</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, Netherlands<sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a></b>, Andorra</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, Turkey<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, Kazakhstan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></b>, Greece</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, Azerbaijan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></b>, Serbia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b>, Germany</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></b>, Switzerland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></b>, Slovakia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></b>, Belgium<sup>3</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></b>, Romania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></b>, Hungary</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></b>, Moldova</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b>, Denmark</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></b>, Ireland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b>, Finland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></b>, Ukraine</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></b>, Portugal</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></b>, Slovenia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b>, United Kingdom</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></b>, Luxembourg</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b>, Spain</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></b>, Belarus</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></b><sup>5</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, Russia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, Cyprus<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b>, Norway</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></b>, France</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a></b>, Montenegro</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></b>, Czech Republic</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b>, Iceland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></b>, Latvia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></b>, Italy</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a></b>, San Marino</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></b>, North Macedonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></b>, Bulgaria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b>, Sweden</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></b>, Estonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, Georgia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></b>, Albania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a></b>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></b>, Malta</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></b><sup>4</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b>, Austria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></b>, Lithuania</li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Warsaw</a></b>, Poland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, Armenia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></b>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with<br />limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, Northern Cyprus</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></b>, Kosovo</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a></b>, Abkhazia</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></b>, Transnistria</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, South Ossetia</i><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b></i>, England</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></b></i>, Scotland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></b></i>, Wales</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></b></i>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></b></i>, Isle of Man</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b></i>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b></i>, Gibraltar</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></b></i>, Jersey</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a></b></i>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a></b>, Svalbard (Norway)</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></b>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a></b></i>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a></b></i>, Burgenland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></b></i>, Styria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></b></i>, Tyrol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a></b></i>, Carinthia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></b></i>, Upper Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a></b></i>, Salzburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a></b></i>, Lower Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b></i>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a></b></i>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></b></i>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></b></i> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a></b></i>, Brčko District</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b></i>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b></i>, Berlin</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></b></i>, Bremen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></b></i>, Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></b></i>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></b></i>, Thuringia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></b></i>, Hamburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></b></i>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></b></i>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></b></i>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></b></i>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></b></i>, Bavaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></b></i>, Brandenburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></b></i>, Saarland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></b></i>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></b></i>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></b></i>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></b></i>, Chuvashia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a></b></i>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></b></i>, Kalmykia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></b></i>, Chechnya</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></b></i>, Udmurtia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></b></i>, Tatarstan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magas" title="Magas">Magas</a></b></i>, Ingushetia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></b></i>, Dagestan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a></b></i>, Adygea</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></b></i>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></b></i>, Karelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></b></i>, Mordovia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a></b></i>, Komi</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></b></i>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></b></i>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></b></i>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a></b></i>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></b></i>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a></b></i>, Perm Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a></b></i>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></b></i>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></b></i>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a></b></i>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a></b></i>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a></b></i>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></b></i>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a></b></i>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></b></i>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a></b></i>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a></b></i>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a></b></i>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></b></i>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></b></i>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a></b></i>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a></b></i>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a></b></i>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a></b></i>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></b></i>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a></b></i>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a></b></i>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></b></i>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></b></i>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></b></i>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a></b></i>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></b></i>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></b></i>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></b></i>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a></b></i>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a></b></i>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></b></i>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a></b></i>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a></b></i>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></b></i>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></b></i>, Aargau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a></b></i>, Uri</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a></b></i>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></b></i>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></b></i>, Ticino</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></b></i>, Grisons</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a></b></i>, Jura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></b></i>, Thurgau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></b></i>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></b></i>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></b></i>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></b></i>, Vaud</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a></b></i>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></b></i>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></b></i>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a></b></i>, Obwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></b></i>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a></b></i>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a></b></i>, Valais</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a></b></i>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a></b></i>, Nidwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></b></i>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a></b></i>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a></b></i>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></b></i>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></b></i>, Sardinia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></b></i>, Sicily</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></b></i>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></b></i>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></b></i>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a></b></i>, Azores</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a></b></i>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></b></i>, Catalonia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></b></i> & <i><b><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></b></i>, Canary Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a></b></i>, La Rioja</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b></i>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a></b></i>, Extremadura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></b></i>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a></b></i>, Asturias</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a></b></i>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></b></i>, Navarre</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a></b></i>, Cantabria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></b></i>, Galicia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></b></i>, Andalusia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a></b></i>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></b></i>, Valencian Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a></b></i>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></b></i>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></b></i>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a></b></i>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></i>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a></b></i>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a></b></i>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a></b></i>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></b></i>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></b></i>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union_Capital_cities_of_the_member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capital_cities_of_European_Union_member_states" title="Template:Capital cities of European Union member states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capital_cities_of_European_Union_member_states" title="Template talk:Capital cities of European Union member states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capital_cities_of_European_Union_member_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capital cities of European Union member states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union_Capital_cities_of_the_member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam"><img alt="Amsterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg/45px-Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg/68px-Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg/90px-Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens"><img alt="Athens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Insigne_Athenarum.svg/45px-Insigne_Athenarum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Insigne_Athenarum.svg/68px-Insigne_Athenarum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Insigne_Athenarum.svg/90px-Insigne_Athenarum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin"><img alt="Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/45px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/68px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/90px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="501" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava"><img alt="Bratislava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg/45px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg/68px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="580" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels"><img alt="Brussels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg/45px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg/68px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest"><img alt="Bucharest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg/45px-ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg/68px-ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg/90px-ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="332" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest"><img alt="Budapest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Insigne_Budapestini.svg/45px-Insigne_Budapestini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Insigne_Budapestini.svg/68px-Insigne_Budapestini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Insigne_Budapestini.svg/90px-Insigne_Budapestini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen"><img alt="Copenhagen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="264" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin"><img alt="Dublin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Insigne_Eblanae.svg/45px-Insigne_Eblanae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Insigne_Eblanae.svg/68px-Insigne_Eblanae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Insigne_Eblanae.svg/90px-Insigne_Eblanae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki"><img alt="Helsinki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Helsinki.vaakuna.svg/45px-Helsinki.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Helsinki.vaakuna.svg/68px-Helsinki.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Helsinki.vaakuna.svg/90px-Helsinki.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="578" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon"><img alt="Lisbon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Insigne_Olipsionis.svg/45px-Insigne_Olipsionis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Insigne_Olipsionis.svg/68px-Insigne_Olipsionis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Insigne_Olipsionis.svg/90px-Insigne_Olipsionis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana"><img alt="Ljubljana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Insigne_Aemonae.svg/45px-Insigne_Aemonae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Insigne_Aemonae.svg/68px-Insigne_Aemonae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Insigne_Aemonae.svg/90px-Insigne_Aemonae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City"><img alt="Luxembourg City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg/45px-EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg/68px-EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg/90px-EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid"><img alt="Madrid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg/45px-Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg/68px-Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg/90px-Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="926" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris"><img alt="Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Insigne_Lutetiae.svg/45px-Insigne_Lutetiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Insigne_Lutetiae.svg/68px-Insigne_Lutetiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Insigne_Lutetiae.svg/90px-Insigne_Lutetiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague"><img alt="Prague" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Insigne_Pragae.svg/45px-Insigne_Pragae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Insigne_Pragae.svg/68px-Insigne_Pragae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Insigne_Pragae.svg/90px-Insigne_Pragae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga"><img alt="Riga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Insigne_Rigae.svg/45px-Insigne_Rigae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Insigne_Rigae.svg/68px-Insigne_Rigae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Insigne_Rigae.svg/90px-Insigne_Rigae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome"><img alt="Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Insigne_Romanum.svg/45px-Insigne_Romanum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Insigne_Romanum.svg/68px-Insigne_Romanum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Insigne_Romanum.svg/90px-Insigne_Romanum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia"><img alt="Sofia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Insigne_Serdicae.svg/45px-Insigne_Serdicae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Insigne_Serdicae.svg/68px-Insigne_Serdicae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Insigne_Serdicae.svg/90px-Insigne_Serdicae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm"><img alt="Stockholm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Insigne_Holmiae.svg/45px-Insigne_Holmiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Insigne_Holmiae.svg/68px-Insigne_Holmiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Insigne_Holmiae.svg/90px-Insigne_Holmiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn"><img alt="Tallinn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="357" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta"><img alt="Valletta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Insigne_Valettae.svg/45px-Insigne_Valettae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Insigne_Valettae.svg/68px-Insigne_Valettae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Insigne_Valettae.svg/90px-Insigne_Valettae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna"><img alt="Vienna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Insigne_Vindobonae.svg/45px-Insigne_Vindobonae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Insigne_Vindobonae.svg/68px-Insigne_Vindobonae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Insigne_Vindobonae.svg/90px-Insigne_Vindobonae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius"><img alt="Vilnius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="561" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>:</small><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Warsaw</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw"><img alt="Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Insigne_Varsoviae.svg/45px-Insigne_Varsoviae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Insigne_Varsoviae.svg/68px-Insigne_Varsoviae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Insigne_Varsoviae.svg/90px-Insigne_Varsoviae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb"><img alt="Zagreb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg/45px-Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg/68px-Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg/90px-Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Poland">Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940–1945)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbork_Castle" title="Malbork Castle">Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Hall_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" title="Centennial Hall (Wrocław)">Centennial Hall, Wrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Peace" title="Churches of Peace">Churches of Peace</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">in Jawor and Świdnica</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Old Town">Historic Centre of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalwaria_Zebrzydowska_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalwaria Zebrzydowska park">Kalwaria Zebrzydowska</a>: <span style="font-size:85%;">the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town" title="Kraków Old Town">Krakow's Historic Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzemionki" title="Krzemionki">Krzemionki</a> Prehistoric Striped Flint Mining Region</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Town_of_Toru%C5%84" title="Medieval Town of Toruń">Medieval Town of Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskau_Park" title="Muskau Park">Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87)" title="Old City (Zamość)">Old City of Zamość</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Silver_Mine_in_Tarnowskie_G%C3%B3ry" title="Historic Silver Mine in Tarnowskie Góry">Tarnowskie Góry Lead-Silver-Zinc Mine and its Underground Water Management System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieliczka_Salt_Mine" title="Wieliczka Salt Mine">Wieliczka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bochnia_Salt_Mine" title="Bochnia Salt Mine">Bochnia</a> Royal Salt Mines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_churches_of_Southern_Lesser_Poland" title="Wooden churches of Southern Lesser Poland">Wooden churches of Southern Lesser Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_Tserkvas_of_the_Carpathian_Region_in_Poland_and_Ukraine" title="Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine">Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bieszczady_National_Park" title="Bieszczady National Park">Bieszczady National Park</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest / Belovezhskaya Pushcha</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> shared with Germany</li> <li><sup>2</sup> shared with Ukraine</li> <li><sup>3</sup> shared with 17 other countries</li> <li><sup>4</sup> shared with Belarus</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Capitals_of_Sport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Capital_of_Sport" title="Template:European Capital of Sport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:European_Capital_of_Sport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:European Capital of Sport (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Capital_of_Sport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Capital of Sport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Capitals_of_Sport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European Capitals of Sport</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li> <li>2008 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Warsaw</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li>2024 <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Counties_of_the_Masovian_Voivodeship" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Template:Masovian Voivodeship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Template talk:Masovian Voivodeship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Masovian Voivodeship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Counties_of_the_Masovian_Voivodeship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Powiat" title="Powiat">Counties</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Masovian Voivodeship">Masovian Voivodeship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Warsaw</a> (capital)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka" title="Ostrołęka">Ostrołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock" title="Płock">Płock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom" title="Radom">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siedlce" title="Siedlce">Siedlce</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_mazowieckie_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Masovian Voivodeship"><img alt="Coat of arms of Masovian Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_mazowieckie_COA.svg/50px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_mazowieckie_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_mazowieckie_COA.svg/75px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_mazowieckie_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_mazowieckie_COA.svg/100px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_mazowieckie_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="883" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82obrzegi_County" title="Białobrzegi County">Białobrzegi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciechan%C3%B3w_County" title="Ciechanów County">Ciechanów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garwolin_County" title="Garwolin County">Garwolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gostynin_County" title="Gostynin County">Gostynin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodzisk_County,_Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Grodzisk County, Masovian Voivodeship">Grodzisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B3jec_County" title="Grójec County">Grójec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozienice_County" title="Kozienice County">Kozienice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionowo_County" title="Legionowo County">Legionowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipsko_County" title="Lipsko County">Lipsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81osice_County" title="Łosice County">Łosice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3w_County" title="Maków County">Maków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%84sk_County" title="Mińsk County">Mińsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C5%82awa_County" title="Mława County">Mława</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_Dw%C3%B3r_County,_Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship">Nowy Dwór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_County" title="Ostrołęka County">Ostrołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_County,_Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Ostrów County, Masovian Voivodeship">Ostrów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otwock_County" title="Otwock County">Otwock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaseczno_County" title="Piaseczno County">Piaseczno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock_County" title="Płock County">Płock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82o%C5%84sk_County" title="Płońsk County">Płońsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w_County" title="Pruszków County">Pruszków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przasnysz_County" title="Przasnysz County">Przasnysz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przysucha_County" title="Przysucha County">Przysucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%82tusk_County" title="Pułtusk County">Pułtusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_County" title="Radom County">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siedlce_County" title="Siedlce County">Siedlce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierpc_County" title="Sierpc County">Sierpc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochaczew_County" title="Sochaczew County">Sochaczew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soko%C5%82%C3%B3w_County" title="Sokołów County">Sokołów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szyd%C5%82owiec_County" title="Szydłowiec County">Szydłowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_West_County" title="Warsaw West County">Warsaw West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%99gr%C3%B3w_County" title="Węgrów County">Węgrów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wo%C5%82omin_County" title="Wołomin County">Wołomin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyszk%C3%B3w_County" title="Wyszków County">Wyszków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBuromin_County" title="Żuromin County">Żuromin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwole%C5%84_County" title="Zwoleń County">Zwoleń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BByrard%C3%B3w_County" title="Żyrardów County">Żyrardów</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vistula_River" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vistula" 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title="Dunajec">Dunajec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narew" title="Narew">Narew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nida_(river)" title="Nida (river)">Nida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilica_(river)" title="Pilica (river)">Pilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_(river)" title="San (river)">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wda" title="Wda">Wda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieprz" title="Wieprz">Wieprz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82oka" title="Wisłoka">Wisłoka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tczew" title="Tczew">Tczew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz" title="Grudziądz">Grudziądz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek" title="Włocławek">Włocławek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock" title="Płock">Płock</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandomierz" title="Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable crossings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon_Bridge,_Warsaw" title="Anna Jagiellon Bridge, Warsaw">Anna Jagiellon Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-City_Bridge" title="Cross-City Bridge">Cross-City Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Bridge" title="Gdańsk Bridge">Gdańsk Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Stefan_Grot-Rowecki_Bridge" title="General Stefan Grot-Rowecki Bridge">General Stefan Grot-Rowecki Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Bridge,_Pu%C5%82awy" title="John Paul II Bridge, Puławy">John Paul II Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81azienki_Bridge" title="Łazienki Bridge">Łazienki Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Bridge,_Warsaw" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge, Warsaw">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poniatowski_Bridge" title="Poniatowski Bridge">Poniatowski Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siekierki_Bridge" title="Siekierki Bridge">Siekierki Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian%E2%80%93D%C4%85browa_Bridge" title="Silesian–Dąbrowa Bridge">Silesian–Dąbrowa Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Bridge" title="Solidarity Bridge">Solidarity Bridge</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyski_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Świętokrzyski Bridge">Świętokrzyski Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Millennium_John_Paul_II_Bridge" title="Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge">Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels and artificial waterways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August%C3%B3w_Canal" title="Augustów Canal">Augustów Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przekop_Wis%C5%82y" title="Przekop Wisły">Przekop Wisły</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Spit_canal" title="Vistula Spit canal">Vistula Spit canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Canal" title="Bydgoszcz Canal">Bydgoszcz Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical and prehistoric inhabitants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oksywie_culture" title="Oksywie culture">Oksywie culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przeworsk_culture" title="Przeworsk culture">Przeworsk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielbark_culture" title="Wielbark culture">Wielbark culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistulans" title="Vistulans">Vistulans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Polans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(tribe)" title="Pomeranians (tribe)">Pomeranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Veneti" title="Vistula Veneti">Vistula Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_delta_Mennonites" title="Vistula delta Mennonites">Vistula delta Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Germans" title="Vistula Germans">Vistula Germans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula,_Indiana" title="Vistula, Indiana">Vistula, Indiana</a> (likely named after the Vistula)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Land" title="Vistula Land">Vistula Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Spit" title="Vistula Spit">Vistula Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Lagoon" title="Vistula Lagoon">Vistula Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_University" title="Vistula University">Vistula University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146267734">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204515/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjt8P8PTghYBkD8WB7T73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4079048-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018894">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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