CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="Yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Impact of selected personal factors on seasonal variability of recreationist weather perceptions and preferences in Warsaw (Poland) | International Journal of Biometeorology</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Impact of selected personal factors on seasonal variability of recreationist weather perceptions and preferences in Warsaw (Poland)"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="International Journal of Biometeorology - Weather and climate are important natural resources for tourism and recreation, although sometimes they can make outdoor leisure activities less satisfying..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig1_HTML.gif"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="484"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Impact of selected personal factors on seasonal variability of recreationist weather perceptions and preferences in Warsaw (Poland)"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="International Journal of Biometeorology 2016 62:1"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2016-08-08"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2016 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2016 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Weather and climate are important natural resources for tourism and recreation, although sometimes they can make outdoor leisure activities less satisfying or even impossible. The aim of this work was to determine weather perception seasonal variability of people staying outdoors in urban environment for tourism and recreation, as well as to determine if personal factors influence estimation of recreationist actual biometeorological conditions and personal expectations towards weather elements. To investigate how human thermal sensations vary upon meteorological conditions typical for temperate climate, weather perception field researches were conducted in Warsaw (Poland) in all seasons. Urban recreationists’ preference for slightly warm thermal conditions, sunny, windless and cloudless weather, were identified as well as PET values considered to be optimal for sightseeing were defined between 27.3 and 31.7&nbsp;°C. The results confirmed existence of phenomena called alliesthesia, which manifested in divergent thermal perception of comparable biometeorological conditions in transitional seasons. The results suggest that recreationist thermal sensations differed from other interviewees’ responses and were affected not only by physiological processes but they were also conditioned by psychological factors (i.e. attitude, expectations). Significant impact of respondents’ place of origin and its climate on creating thermal sensations and preferences was observed. Sex and age influence thermal preferences, whereas state of acclimatization is related with thermal sensations to some point."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1432-1254"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="International Journal of Biometeorology"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2016-08-08"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="62"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="113"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="125"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2016 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Journal of Biometeorology"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Int J Biometeorol"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer Berlin Heidelberg"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1432-1254"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Impact of selected personal factors on seasonal variability of recreationist weather perceptions and preferences in Warsaw (Poland)"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="62"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2018/01"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2016/08/08"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="113"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="125"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Students and New Professionals 2015"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1"/> <meta name="size" content="166179"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Weather and climate are important natural resources for tourism and recreation, although sometimes they can make outdoor leisure activities less satisfying"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Lindner-Cendrowska, Katarzyna"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Błażejczyk, Krzysztof"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Environment, general"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Biological and Medical Physics, Biophysics"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Meteorology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Animal Physiology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Plant Physiology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Environmental Health"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorol; citation_title=Perceptions of temperature and wind by users of public outdoor spaces: relationships with weather parameters and personal characteristics; citation_author=H Andrade, M-J Alcoforado, S Oliveira; citation_volume=55; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=665-680; citation_doi=10.1007/s00484-010-0379-0; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Spain Reg Environ Change; citation_title=Present and future climate resources for various types of tourism in the Bay of Palma; citation_author=D Bafaluy, A Amengual, R Romero, V Homar; citation_volume=14; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=1995-2006; citation_doi=10.1007/s10113-013-0450-6; citation_id=CR2"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Błażejczyk (2005) MENEX_2005 − the updated version of man-environment heat exchange model https://www.igipz.pan.pl/tl_files/igipz/ZGiK/opracowania/indywidualne/blazejczyk/MENEX_2005.pdf Accessed 26 Nov 2015"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Bioklimatyczne uwarunkowania rekreacji i turystyki w Polsce (bioclimatic principles of recreation and tourism in Poland); citation_publication_date=2011; citation_id=CR4; citation_author=K Błażejczyk; citation_author=A Kunert; citation_publisher=Monografie 13, IGiPZ PAN"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Geogr Pol; citation_title=Regional features of the bioclimate of central and southern Europe against the background of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification; citation_author=K Błażejczyk, J Baranowski, G Jendritzky, A Błażejczyk, P Bröde, D Fiala; citation_volume=88; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=439-453; citation_doi=10.7163/GPol.0027; citation_id=CR5"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorol; citation_title=Predicting urban outdoor thermal comfort by the Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI—a case study in Southern Brazil; citation_author=P Bröde, EL Krüger, FA Rossi, D Fiala; citation_volume=56; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=471-480; citation_doi=10.1007/s00484-011-0452-3; citation_id=CR6"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cities; citation_title=Outdoor thermal comfort and outdoor activities: a review of research in the past decade; citation_author=L Chen, E Ng; citation_volume=29; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=118-125; citation_doi=10.1016/j.cities.2011.08.006; citation_id=CR7"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Build Environ; citation_title=Daily and seasonal climatic conditions of green urban open spaces in the Mediterranean climate and their impact on human comfort; citation_author=P Cohen, O Potchter, A Matzarakis; citation_volume=51; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=285-295; citation_doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.11.020; citation_id=CR8"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorol; citation_title=Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector; citation_author=CR Freitas; citation_volume=48; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=45-54; citation_doi=10.1007/s00484-003-0177-z; citation_id=CR9"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Ann Tour Res; citation_title=Tourist perceptions of summer weather in Scandinavia; citation_author=JM Denstadli, JKS Jacobsen, M Lohmann; citation_volume=38; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=920-940; citation_doi=10.1016/j.annals.2011.01.005; citation_id=CR10"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Landscape Urban Plan; citation_title=Climate and behaviour in a Nordic city; citation_author=I Eliasson, I Knez, U Westenberg, S Thorsson, F Lindberg; citation_volume=82; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=72-84; citation_doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.01.020; citation_id=CR11"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Thermal comfort; citation_publication_date=1972; citation_id=CR12; citation_author=PO Fanger; citation_publisher=McGrow-Hill Book Company"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=ASHRAE Trans; citation_title=Thermal comfort in the climatic conditions of Southern Italy; citation_author=I Fato, F Mertellotta, C Chiancarella; citation_volume=110; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=578-592; citation_id=CR13"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Ann Tour Res; citation_title=Weather, climate and tourism. A geographical perspective; citation_author=MB Gómez-Martín; citation_volume=32; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=571-591; citation_doi=10.1016/j.annals.2004.08.004; citation_id=CR14"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Höppe P (1984) Die Energiebalanz des Menschen. Dissertation. Wissenschaftlicher Mitteilung Nr. 49. Universität München"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorol; citation_title=The physiological equivalent temperature—a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment; citation_author=P Höppe; citation_volume=43; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=71-75; citation_doi=10.1007/s004840050118; citation_id=CR16"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Energy Build; citation_title=Different aspects of assessing indoor and outdoor thermal comfort; citation_author=P Höppe; citation_volume=34; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=661-665; citation_doi=10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00017-8; citation_id=CR17"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Thermal comfort temperatures and the habits of hobbits; citation_inbook_title=Standards for thermal comfort; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_id=CR18; citation_author=MA Humphreys; citation_publisher=Chapman and Hall"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Energy Build; citation_title=Do people like to feel ‘neutral’? Exploring the variation of the desired thermal sensation on the ASHRAE scale; citation_author=MA Humphreys, M Hancock; citation_volume=39; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=867-874; citation_doi=10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.02.014; citation_id=CR19"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (2015) http://pogodynka.pl/polska/daneklimatyczne/ Accessed 30 Nov 2015"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ipsos Loyalty (2015) Szacunek wielkości ruchu turystycznego w Warszawie 2014, (Estimation of the quantity of tourist activity in Warsaw 2014) Expert assessment for the City Council of Warsaw http://www.um.warszawa.pl/sites/default/files/attach/o-warszawie/szacunek_wielkosci_ruchu_turystycznego_2014_0.pdf Accessed 03 Jan 2016"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Ergonomics of the thermal environment—assessment of the influence of the thermal environment using subjective judgement scales; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_id=CR22; citation_publisher=International Organisation for Standardisation"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Ergonomics of the thermal environment—estimation of thermal insulation and water vapour resistance of a clothing ensemble; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_id=CR23; citation_publisher=International Organisation for Standardisation"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorol; citation_title=Subjective estimation of thermal environment in recreational urban spaces—part 1: investigations in Szeged, Hungary; citation_author=N Kántor, L Égerházi, J Unger; citation_volume=56; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=1075-1088; citation_doi=10.1007/s00484-012-0523-0; citation_id=CR24"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorol; citation_title=Subjective estimations of thermal environment in recreational urban spaces—part 2: international comparison; citation_author=N Kántor, Á Gulyás, J Unger; citation_volume=56; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=1089-1101; citation_doi=10.1007/s00484-012-0564-4; citation_id=CR25"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorol; citation_title=Influences of culture and environmental attitude on thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a public square; citation_author=I Knez, S Thorsson; citation_volume=50; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=258-268; citation_doi=10.1007/s00484-006-0024-0; citation_id=CR26"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Build Environ; citation_title=Thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a park: cross-cultural and environmental attitude comparisons; citation_author=I Knez, S Thorsson; citation_volume=43; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=1483-1490; citation_doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.08.002; citation_id=CR27"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorol; citation_title=Psychological mechanisms in outdoor place and weather assessment: towards a conceptual model; citation_author=I Knez, S Thorsson, I Eliasson, F Lindberg; citation_volume=53; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=101-111; citation_doi=10.1007/s00484-008-0194-z; citation_id=CR28"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Theor Appl Climatol; citation_title=Adjustment of the thermal component of two tourism climatological assessment tools using thermal perception and preference surveys from Hungary; citation_author=A Kovács, J Unger, CV Gál, N Kántor; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_id=CR29"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorol; citation_title=Assessment of daytime outdoor comfort levels in and outside the urban area of Glasgow, UK; citation_author=EL Krüger, P Drach, R Emmanuel, O Corbella; citation_volume=57; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=521-533; citation_doi=10.1007/s00484-012-0578-y; citation_id=CR30"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Build Environ; citation_title=Effect of personal and microclimatic variables on observed thermal sensation from a field study in southern Brazil; citation_author=EL Krüger, FA Rossi; citation_volume=46; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=690-697; citation_doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.09.013; citation_id=CR31"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Build Environ; citation_title=Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions; citation_author=TP Lin; citation_volume=42; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=2017-2026; citation_doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.02.004; citation_id=CR32"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Climatol; citation_title=Effect of thermal adaptation on seasonal outdoor thermal comfort; citation_author=TP Lin, R Dear, RL Hwang; citation_volume=31; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=302-312; citation_doi=10.1002/joc.2120; citation_id=CR33"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorol; citation_title=Tourism climate and thermal comfort in Sun Moon Lake, Taiwan; citation_author=TP Lin, null Matzarakis; citation_volume=52; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=281-290; citation_doi=10.1007/s00484-007-0122-7; citation_id=CR34"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Adv Meteorol; citation_title=Thermal comfort for urban parks in subtropics: understanding visitor’s perceptions, behavior and attendance; citation_author=CH Lin, TP Lin, RL Hwang; citation_volume=2013; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=1-8; citation_id=CR35"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Geogr Pol; citation_title=Assessment of bioclimatic conditions in cities for tourism and recreational purposes (a Warsaw case study); citation_author=K Lindner-Cendrowska; citation_volume=86; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=55-66; citation_doi=10.7163/GPol.2013.7; citation_id=CR36"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Clothing habits during tourism and leisure activities in urban areas. The case study of Warsaw (Poland); citation_inbook_title=Environmental Ergonomics XV, Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=289-291; citation_id=CR37; citation_author=K Lindner-Cendrowska; citation_author=K Błażejczyk; citation_publisher=ISEE"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cimatic Change; citation_title=Impact of climate on tourist demand; citation_author=W Lise, RSJ Tol; citation_volume=55; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=429-449; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1020728021446; citation_id=CR38"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Mansfeld Y, Freundlich A, Kutiel H (2007) The relationship between weather conditions and tourists’ perception of comfort: the case of the winter sun resort of Eilat. In: Amelung B, Błażejczyk K, Matzarakis A (eds) Climate change and tourism—assessment and coping strategies. Maastricht – Warsaw – Freiburg, pp: 116–139"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=WHO News; citation_title=Another kind of environmental stress: thermal stress; citation_author=A Matzarakis, H Mayer; citation_volume=18; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=7-10; citation_id=CR40"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorol; citation_title=Applications of a universal thermal index: physiological equivalent temperature; citation_author=A Matzarakis, H Mayer, MG Iziomon; citation_volume=43; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=76-84; citation_doi=10.1007/s004840050119; citation_id=CR41"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorol; citation_title=Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments—application of the RayMan model; citation_author=A Matzarakis, F Rutz, H Mayer; citation_volume=51; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=323-334; citation_doi=10.1007/s00484-006-0061-8; citation_id=CR42"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorol; citation_title=Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments: basics of the RayMan model; citation_author=A Matzarakis, F Rutz, H Mayer; citation_volume=54; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=131-139; citation_doi=10.1007/s00484-009-0261-0; citation_id=CR43"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Theor Appl Clim; citation_title=Thermal comfort of man in different urban environments; citation_author=H Mayer, P Höppe; citation_volume=38; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=43-49; citation_doi=10.1007/BF00866252; citation_id=CR44"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Sol Energy; citation_title=Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: understanding the human parameter; citation_author=M Nikolopoulou, N Baker, K Steemers; citation_volume=70; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=227-235; citation_doi=10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00093-1; citation_id=CR45"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Build Environ; citation_title=Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: analysis across different European countries; citation_author=M Nikolopoulou, S Lykoudis; citation_volume=41; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=1455-1470; citation_doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.05.031; citation_id=CR46"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Energy Build; citation_title=Thermal comfort and psychological adaptation as a guide for designing urban spaces; citation_author=M Nikolopoulou, K Steemers; citation_volume=35; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=95-101; citation_doi=10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00084-1; citation_id=CR47"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorol; citation_title=An initial assessment of the bioclimatic comfort in an outdoor public space in Lisbon; citation_author=S Oliveira, H Andrade; citation_volume=52; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=69-84; citation_doi=10.1007/s00484-007-0100-0; citation_id=CR48"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Energy Build; citation_title=The effects of gender, acclimation state, the opportunity to adjust clothing and physical disability on requirements for thermal comfort; citation_author=KC Parsons; citation_volume=34; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=593-599; citation_doi=10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00009-9; citation_id=CR49"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorol; citation_title=The relationship between bioclimatic thermal stress and subjective thermal sensation in pedestrian spaces; citation_author=D Pearlmutter, D Jiao, Y Garb; citation_volume=58; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=2111-2127; citation_doi=10.1007/s00484-014-0812-x; citation_id=CR50"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Hydrol Earth Syst Sci; citation_title=Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification; citation_author=MC Peel, BL Finlayson, TA McMahon; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=1633-1644; citation_doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007; citation_id=CR51"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorolo; citation_title=Bioclimatic comfort and the thermal perceptions and preferences of beach tourists; citation_author=M Rutty, D Scott; citation_volume=59; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=37-45; citation_doi=10.1007/s00484-014-0820-x; citation_id=CR52"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorolo; citation_title=Human-biometeorological conditions and thermal perception in a Mediterranean coastal park; citation_author=H Saaroni, D Pearlmutter, T Hatuka; citation_volume=59; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=1347-1362; citation_doi=10.1007/s00484-014-0944-z; citation_id=CR53"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Clim Res; citation_title=Climate preferences for tourism: evidence from Canada, New Zealand and Sweden; citation_author=D Scott, S Gössling, C deFreitas; citation_volume=38; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=61-73; citation_doi=10.3354/cr00774; citation_id=CR54"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Build Environ; citation_title=A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney, Australia; citation_author=J Spagnolo, RJ Dear; citation_volume=38; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=721-738; citation_doi=10.1016/S0360-1323(02)00209-3; citation_id=CR55"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorol; citation_title=Thermal bioclimatic conditions and patterns of behaviour in an urban park in Göteborg, Sweden; citation_author=S Thorsson, M Lindqvist, S Lindqvist; citation_volume=48; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=149-156; citation_doi=10.1007/s00484-003-0189-8; citation_id=CR56"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Environ Behav; citation_title=Thermal comfort and outdoor activity in Japanese urban public spaces; citation_author=S Thorsson, T Honjo, F Lindberg, I Eliasson, EM Lim; citation_volume=39; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=660-684; citation_doi=10.1177/0013916506294937; citation_id=CR57"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Thermal comfort investigation of an urban square in summer; citation_inbook_title=Klimat i bioklimat miast (climate and bioclimate of the cities); citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=179-190; citation_id=CR58; citation_author=J Unger; citation_author=N Kántor; citation_author=Á Gulyás; citation_author=T Gal; citation_publisher=Wydawnictwo UŁ"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biometeorol; citation_title=An analysis of influential factors on outdoor thermal comfort in summer; citation_author=J Yin, Y Zheng, R Wu, J Tan, D Ye, W Wang; citation_volume=56; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=941-948; citation_doi=10.1007/s00484-011-0503-9; citation_id=CR59"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Lindner-Cendrowska, Katarzyna"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="klindner@uw.edu.pl"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Climatology, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Błażejczyk, Krzysztof"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Climatology, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2018/01/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Impact of selected personal factors on seasonal variability of recreationist weather perceptions and preferences in Warsaw (Poland) - International Journal of Biometeorology"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Weather and climate are important natural resources for tourism and recreation, although sometimes they can make outdoor leisure activities less satisfying or even impossible. The aim of this work was to determine weather perception seasonal variability of people staying outdoors in urban environment for tourism and recreation, as well as to determine if personal factors influence estimation of recreationist actual biometeorological conditions and personal expectations towards weather elements. To investigate how human thermal sensations vary upon meteorological conditions typical for temperate climate, weather perception field researches were conducted in Warsaw (Poland) in all seasons. Urban recreationists’ preference for slightly warm thermal conditions, sunny, windless and cloudless weather, were identified as well as PET values considered to be optimal for sightseeing were defined between 27.3 and 31.7 °C. The results confirmed existence of phenomena called alliesthesia, which manifested in divergent thermal perception of comparable biometeorological conditions in transitional seasons. The results suggest that recreationist thermal sensations differed from other interviewees’ responses and were affected not only by physiological processes but they were also conditioned by psychological factors (i.e. attitude, expectations). Significant impact of respondents’ place of origin and its climate on creating thermal sensations and preferences was observed. Sex and age influence thermal preferences, whereas state of acclimatization is related with thermal sensations to some point."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig1_HTML.gif"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" content="#e6e6e6">   <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href=/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-b8af42253b.css> <style> html{text-size-adjust:100%;line-height:1.15}body{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.8;margin:0}details,main{display:block}h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}a{background-color:transparent;color:#025e8d}sub{bottom:-.25em;font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}button,input{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;overflow:visible}button{text-transform:none}[type=button],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}summary{display:list-item}[hidden]{display:none}button{cursor:pointer}svg{height:1rem;width:1rem} </style> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { body{background:#fff;color:#222;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.8;min-height:100%}a{color:#025e8d;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-skip-ink:auto}button{cursor:pointer}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}html{box-sizing:border-box;font-size:100%;height:100%;overflow-y:scroll}h1{font-size:2.25rem}h2{font-size:1.75rem}h1,h2,h4{font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}h4{font-size:1.25rem}body{font-size:1.125rem}*{box-sizing:inherit}p{margin-bottom:2rem;margin-top:0}p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.c-ad{text-align:center}@media only screen and (min-width:480px){.c-ad{padding:8px}}.c-ad--728x90{display:none}.c-ad--728x90 .c-ad__inner{min-height:calc(1.5em + 94px)}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.js .c-ad--728x90{display:none}}.c-ad__label{color:#333;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:4px}.c-ad__label,.c-status-message{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-status-message{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;position:relative;width:100%}.c-status-message :last-child{margin-bottom:0}.c-status-message--boxed{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #ccc;line-height:1.4;padding:16px}.c-status-message__heading{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700}.c-status-message__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;flex:0 0 auto;height:1.5em;margin-right:8px;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1.5em}.c-status-message__icon--top{align-self:flex-start}.c-status-message--info .c-status-message__icon{color:#003f8d}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--info{border-bottom:4px solid #003f8d}.c-status-message--error .c-status-message__icon{color:#c40606}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--error{border-bottom:4px solid #c40606}.c-status-message--success .c-status-message__icon{color:#00b8b0}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--success{border-bottom:4px solid #00b8b0}.c-status-message--warning .c-status-message__icon{color:#edbc53}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--warning{border-bottom:4px solid #edbc53}.eds-c-header{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:2px solid #01324b;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 0 0}.eds-c-header__container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:8px 16px;justify-content:space-between;margin:0 auto 8px;max-width:1280px;padding:0 8px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav{border-top:2px solid #c5e0f4;padding-top:4px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav-container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 auto 4px;max-width:1280px;padding:0 8px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav-container>:not(:last-child){margin-right:32px}.eds-c-header__link-container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex:1 0 auto;gap:8px 16px;justify-content:space-between}.eds-c-header__list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.eds-c-header__list-item{font-weight:700;margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:8px}.eds-c-header__list-item:not(:last-child){border-bottom:2px solid #c5e0f4}.eds-c-header__item{color:inherit}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__item--menu{display:none;visibility:hidden}.eds-c-header__item--menu:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}}.eds-c-header__item--inline-links{display:none;visibility:hidden}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__item--inline-links{display:flex;gap:16px 16px;visibility:visible}}.eds-c-header__item--divider:before{border-left:2px solid #c5e0f4;content:"";height:calc(100% - 16px);margin-left:-15px;position:absolute;top:8px}.eds-c-header__brand{padding:16px 8px}.eds-c-header__brand a{display:block;line-height:1;text-decoration:none}.eds-c-header__brand img{height:1.5rem;width:auto}.eds-c-header__link{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;padding:16px 8px;position:relative;text-decoration-color:transparent;white-space:nowrap;word-break:normal}.eds-c-header__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;font-size:1.5rem;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}.eds-c-header__icon+*{margin-left:8px}.eds-c-header__expander{background-color:#f0f7fc}.eds-c-header__search{display:block;padding:24px 0}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__search{max-width:70%}}.eds-c-header__search-container{position:relative}.eds-c-header__search-label{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px}.eds-c-header__search-input{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #000;padding:8px 48px 8px 8px;width:100%}.eds-c-header__search-button{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:inherit;height:100%;padding:0 8px;position:absolute;right:0}.has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander{border-bottom:2px solid #01324b;left:0;margin-top:-2px;top:100%;width:100%;z-index:10}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander--menu{display:none;visibility:hidden}}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__heading{display:none;visibility:hidden}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__heading:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__search{margin:auto}.eds-c-header__heading{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:16px 16px 0}.eds-c-pagination{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;gap:16px 0;justify-content:center;line-height:1.4;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:32px 0}@media only screen and (min-width:480px){.eds-c-pagination{padding:32px 16px}}.eds-c-pagination__item{margin-right:8px}.eds-c-pagination__item--prev{margin-right:16px}.eds-c-pagination__item--next .eds-c-pagination__link,.eds-c-pagination__item--prev .eds-c-pagination__link{padding:16px 8px}.eds-c-pagination__item--next{margin-left:8px}.eds-c-pagination__item:last-child{margin-right:0}.eds-c-pagination__link{align-items:center;color:#222;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-size:1rem;margin:0;padding:16px 24px;position:relative;text-align:center;transition:all .2s ease 0s}.eds-c-pagination__link:visited{color:#222}.eds-c-pagination__link--disabled{border-color:#555;color:#555;cursor:default}.eds-c-pagination__link--active{background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border-radius:8px;color:#fff}.eds-c-pagination__link--active:focus,.eds-c-pagination__link--active:hover,.eds-c-pagination__link--active:visited{color:#fff}.eds-c-pagination__link-container{align-items:center;display:flex}.eds-c-pagination__icon{fill:#222;height:1.5rem;width:1.5rem}.eds-c-pagination__icon--disabled{fill:#555}.eds-c-pagination__visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}.c-breadcrumbs{color:#333;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-breadcrumbs>li{display:inline}svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#333;height:10px;margin:0 .25rem;width:10px}.c-breadcrumbs--contrast,.c-breadcrumbs--contrast .c-breadcrumbs__link{color:#fff}.c-breadcrumbs--contrast svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#fff}@media only screen and (max-width:479px){.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item{display:none}.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:last-child,.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:nth-last-child(2){display:inline}}.c-skip-link{background:#01324b;bottom:auto;color:#fff;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;padding:8px;position:absolute;text-align:center;transform:translateY(-100%);width:100%;z-index:9999}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.c-skip-link{transition:top .3s ease-in-out 0s}}@media print{.c-skip-link{display:none}}.c-skip-link:active,.c-skip-link:hover,.c-skip-link:link,.c-skip-link:visited{color:#fff}.c-skip-link:focus{transform:translateY(0)}.l-with-sidebar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.l-with-sidebar>*{margin:0}.l-with-sidebar__sidebar{flex-basis:var(--with-sidebar--basis,400px);flex-grow:1}.l-with-sidebar>:not(.l-with-sidebar__sidebar){flex-basis:0px;flex-grow:999;min-width:var(--with-sidebar--min,53%)}.l-with-sidebar>:first-child{padding-right:4rem}@supports (gap:1em){.l-with-sidebar>:first-child{padding-right:0}.l-with-sidebar{gap:var(--with-sidebar--gap,4rem)}}.c-header__link{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;padding:16px 8px;position:relative;text-decoration-color:transparent;white-space:nowrap;word-break:normal}.app-masthead__colour-4{--background-color:#ff9500;--gradient-light:rgba(0,0,0,.5);--gradient-dark:rgba(0,0,0,.8)}.app-masthead{background:var(--background-color,#0070a8);position:relative}.app-masthead:after{background:radial-gradient(circle at top right,var(--gradient-light,rgba(0,0,0,.4)),var(--gradient-dark,rgba(0,0,0,.7)));bottom:0;content:"";left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}@media only screen and (max-width:479px){.app-masthead:after{background:linear-gradient(225deg,var(--gradient-light,rgba(0,0,0,.4)),var(--gradient-dark,rgba(0,0,0,.7)))}}.app-masthead__container{color:var(--masthead-color,#fff);margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px;position:relative;z-index:1}.u-button{align-items:center;background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border:4px solid transparent;border-radius:32px;cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;justify-content:center;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:16px 32px;position:relative;transition:all .2s ease 0s;width:auto}.u-button svg,.u-button--contrast svg,.u-button--primary svg,.u-button--secondary svg,.u-button--tertiary svg{fill:currentcolor}.u-button,.u-button:visited{color:#fff}.u-button,.u-button:hover{box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;text-decoration:none}.u-button:hover{border:4px solid #fff}.u-button:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.u-button:focus,.u-button:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus svg path,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover svg path,.u-button--primary:focus svg path,.u-button--primary:hover svg path,.u-button:focus svg path,.u-button:hover svg path{fill:#01324b}.u-button--primary{background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border:4px solid transparent;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;color:#fff;font-weight:700}.u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.u-button--primary:hover{border:4px solid #fff;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;text-decoration:none}.u-button--primary:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.u-button--primary:focus,.u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.u-button--secondary{background-color:#fff;border:4px solid #fff;color:#01324b;font-weight:700}.u-button--secondary:visited{color:#01324b}.u-button--secondary:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.u-button--secondary:focus,.u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#01324b;color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.u-button--tertiary:focus svg path,.u-button--tertiary:hover svg path{fill:#fff}.u-button--tertiary{background-color:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#666;font-weight:700}.u-button--tertiary:visited{color:#666}.u-button--tertiary:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.u-button--tertiary:focus,.u-button--tertiary:hover{background-color:#01324b;color:#fff}.u-button--contrast{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;color:#fff;font-weight:400}.u-button--contrast:visited{color:#fff}.u-button--contrast,.u-button--contrast:focus,.u-button--contrast:hover{border:4px solid #fff}.u-button--contrast:focus,.u-button--contrast:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#000}.u-button--contrast:focus svg path,.u-button--contrast:hover svg path{fill:#000}.u-button--disabled,.u-button:disabled{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;border:4px solid #ccc;color:#000;cursor:default;font-weight:400;opacity:.7}.u-button--disabled svg,.u-button:disabled svg{fill:currentcolor}.u-button--disabled:visited,.u-button:disabled:visited{color:#000}.u-button--disabled:focus,.u-button--disabled:hover,.u-button:disabled:focus,.u-button:disabled:hover{border:4px solid #ccc;text-decoration:none}.u-button--disabled:focus,.u-button--disabled:hover,.u-button:disabled:focus,.u-button:disabled:hover{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;color:#000}.u-button--disabled:focus svg path,.u-button--disabled:hover svg path,.u-button:disabled:focus svg path,.u-button:disabled:hover svg path{fill:#000}.u-button--small,.u-button--xsmall{font-size:.875rem;padding:2px 8px}.u-button--small{padding:8px 16px}.u-button--large{font-size:1.125rem;padding:10px 35px}.u-button--full-width{display:flex;width:100%}.u-button--icon-left svg{margin-right:8px}.u-button--icon-right svg{margin-left:8px}.u-clear-both{clear:both}.u-container{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px}.u-justify-content-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.u-display-none{display:none}.js .u-js-hide,.u-hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.u-visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}.u-icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1em}.u-list-reset{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.u-ma-16{margin:16px}.u-mt-0{margin-top:0}.u-mt-24{margin-top:24px}.u-mt-32{margin-top:32px}.u-mb-8{margin-bottom:8px}.u-mb-32{margin-bottom:32px}.u-button-reset{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0}.u-sans-serif{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.u-serif{font-family:Merriweather,serif}h1,h2,h4{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}p{overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.u-h4{font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}.u-mbs-0{margin-block-start:0!important}.c-article-header{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-article-identifiers{color:#6f6f6f;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3;list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.c-article-identifiers__item{border-right:1px solid #6f6f6f;list-style:none;margin-right:8px;padding-right:8px}.c-article-identifiers__item:last-child{border-right:0;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.c-article-title{font-size:1.875rem;line-height:1.2}}.c-article-author-list{display:inline;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0 8px 0 0;padding:0;width:100%}.c-article-author-list__item{display:inline;padding-right:0}.c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none;margin-right:4px}.c-article-author-list__button,.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide,.js .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--long .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--long+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--short .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--short+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}}#uptodate-client,.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none!important}.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:inline!important}.c-article-author-list__button,.c-button-author-list{background:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid #ebf1f5;border-radius:20px;color:#666;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;padding:2px 11px 2px 8px;text-decoration:none}.c-article-author-list__button svg,.c-button-author-list svg{margin:1px 4px 0 0}.c-article-author-list__button:hover,.c-button-author-list:hover{background:#025e8d;border-color:transparent;color:#fff}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider{padding:8px 16px}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider,.c-notes{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-image:initial;border-left:none;border-right:none;margin:24px 0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text{color:#555}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text,.c-notes__text{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;text-align:center}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__address{color:inherit;font-weight:700;margin:0}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__authors-item{display:inline;margin-left:0}.c-article-authors-search{margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:0}.c-article-authors-search__item,.c-article-authors-search__title{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-article-authors-search__title{color:#626262;font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-authors-search__item{font-size:1rem}.c-article-authors-search__text{margin:0}.c-code-block{border:1px solid #fff;font-family:monospace;margin:0 0 24px;padding:20px}.c-code-block__heading{font-weight:400;margin-bottom:16px}.c-code-block__line{display:block;overflow-wrap:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap}.c-article-share-box{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin-bottom:24px}.c-article-share-box__description{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:8px}.c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:24px;padding-top:4px}.c-article-share-box__only-read-input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;height:24px;margin-bottom:8px;padding:8px 10px}.c-article-share-box__additional-info{color:#626262;font-size:.813rem}.c-article-share-box__button{background:#fff;box-sizing:content-box;text-align:center}.c-article-share-box__button--link-like{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:#025e8d;cursor:pointer;font-size:.875rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:10px}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-label{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-title{line-height:1.3}.c-reading-companion{clear:both;min-height:389px}.c-reading-companion__figures-list,.c-reading-companion__references-list{list-style:none;min-height:389px;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__references-list--numeric{list-style:decimal inside}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 8px 16px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item:first-child{border-top:none;padding-top:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{font-size:1rem}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{border-top:none}.c-reading-companion__reference-item a{word-break:break-word}.c-reading-companion__reference-citation{display:inline}.c-reading-companion__reference-links{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;list-style:none;margin:8px 0 0;padding:0;text-align:right}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a{display:inline-block;padding-left:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a:first-child{display:inline-block;padding-left:0}.c-reading-companion__figure-title{display:block;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin:0 0 8px}.c-reading-companion__figure-links{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:8px 0 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-links>a{align-items:center;display:flex}.c-article-section__figure-caption{display:block;margin-bottom:8px;word-break:break-word}.c-article-section__figure .video,p.app-article-masthead__access--above-download{margin:0 0 16px}.c-article-section__figure-description{font-size:1rem}.c-article-section__figure-description>*{margin-bottom:0}.c-cod{display:block;font-size:1rem;width:100%}.c-cod__form{background:#ebf0f3}.c-cod__prompt{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.3;margin:0 0 24px}.c-cod__label{display:block;margin:0 0 4px}.c-cod__row{display:flex;margin:0 0 16px}.c-cod__row:last-child{margin:0}.c-cod__input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-radius:2px;flex-shrink:0;margin:0;padding:13px}.c-cod__input--submit{background-color:#025e8d;border:1px solid #025e8d;color:#fff;flex-shrink:1;margin-left:8px;transition:background-color .2s ease-out 0s,color .2s ease-out 0s}.c-cod__input--submit-single{flex-basis:100%;flex-shrink:0;margin:0}.c-cod__input--submit:focus,.c-cod__input--submit:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#025e8d}.save-data .c-article-author-institutional-author__sub-division,.save-data .c-article-equation__number,.save-data .c-article-figure-description,.save-data .c-article-fullwidth-content,.save-data .c-article-main-column,.save-data .c-article-satellite-article-link,.save-data .c-article-satellite-subtitle,.save-data .c-article-table-container,.save-data .c-blockquote__body,.save-data .c-code-block__heading,.save-data .c-reading-companion__figure-title,.save-data .c-reading-companion__reference-citation,.save-data .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .serif,.save-data .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant.serif,.save-data .serif,.save-data .u-serif,.save-data h1,.save-data h2,.save-data h3{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-pdf-download__link{display:flex;flex:1 1 0%;padding:13px 24px}.c-pdf-download__link:hover{text-decoration:none}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{align-items:center;flex:1 1 183px}}@media only screen and (max-width:320px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{padding:16px}}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;gap:16px 16px;margin:0;max-width:100%;padding:16px 0 0}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list__item,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list__item{flex:1 1 0%}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list{flex-direction:column}}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:none;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.5;margin:0 0 8px}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:block;margin:0}}.c-article-body .c-article-history{margin-top:24px}.app-article-metrics-bar p{margin:0}.app-article-masthead{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px 16px;padding:16px 0 24px}.app-article-masthead__info{display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-grow:1}.app-article-masthead__brand{border-top:1px solid hsla(0,0%,100%,.8);display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-shrink:0;gap:8px 8px;min-height:96px;padding:16px 0 0}.app-article-masthead__brand img{border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:8px;box-shadow:0 4px 15px 0 hsla(0,0%,50%,.25);height:auto;left:0;position:absolute;width:72px}.app-article-masthead__journal-link{display:block;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;margin:0 0 8px;max-width:400px;padding:0 0 0 88px;position:relative}.app-article-masthead__journal-title{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:3;display:-webkit-box;overflow:hidden}.app-article-masthead__submission-link{align-items:center;display:flex;font-size:1rem;gap:4px 4px;margin:0 0 0 88px}.app-article-masthead__access{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:300;gap:4px 4px;margin:0}.app-article-masthead__buttons{display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;gap:16px 16px}.app-article-masthead__access svg,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary svg,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary svg,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary svg,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary svg{fill:currentcolor}.app-article-masthead a{color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary{background-color:#025e8d;background-image:none;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#fff;font-weight:700}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:visited,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{text-decoration:none}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;color:#025e8d;font-weight:700}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:visited,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:visited{color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#01324b;background-color:#025e8d;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;border:4px solid #fc0;color:#01324b}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.app-article-masthead{flex-direction:row;gap:64px 64px;padding:24px 0}.app-article-masthead__brand{border:0;padding:0}.app-article-masthead__brand img{height:auto;position:static;width:auto}.app-article-masthead__buttons{align-items:center;flex-direction:row;margin-top:auto}.app-article-masthead__journal-link{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px 24px;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.app-article-masthead__submission-link{margin:0}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.app-article-masthead__brand{flex-basis:400px}}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers{font-size:.875rem;font-weight:300;line-height:1;margin:0 0 8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers--cite-list{margin:0 0 16px}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers *{color:#fff}.app-article-masthead .c-cod{display:none}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item{border-left:1px solid #fff;border-right:0;margin:0 17px 8px -9px;padding:0 0 0 8px}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item--cite{border-left:0}.app-article-metrics-bar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 0 0;row-gap:24px}.app-article-metrics-bar__item{padding:0 16px 0 0}.app-article-metrics-bar__count{font-weight:700}.app-article-metrics-bar__label{font-weight:400;padding-left:4px}.app-article-metrics-bar__icon{height:auto;margin-right:4px;margin-top:-4px;width:auto}.app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon{margin:4px 0 0 4px}.app-article-metrics-bar a{color:#000}.app-article-metrics-bar .app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics{padding-right:0}.app-overview-section .c-article-author-list,.app-overview-section__authors{line-height:2}.app-article-metrics-bar{margin-top:8px}.c-book-toc-pagination+.c-book-section__back-to-top{margin-top:0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text--chapter{color:#222;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;padding:20px 0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text--chapter svg.c-status-message__icon{fill:#003f8d;vertical-align:middle}.c-article-body-section__content--separator{padding-top:40px}.c-pdf-download__link{max-height:44px}.app-article-access .u-button--primary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.c-article-sidebar{display:none}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-sidebar{display:block}}.c-cod__form{border-radius:12px}.c-cod__label{font-size:.875rem}.c-cod .c-status-message{align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:16px;padding-bottom:16px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-cod .c-status-message{align-items:inherit}}.c-cod .c-status-message__icon{margin-top:4px}.c-cod .c-cod__prompt{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-body .app-article-access,.c-book-body .app-article-access{display:block}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-body .app-article-access,.c-book-body .app-article-access{display:none}}.c-article-body .app-card-service{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-body .app-card-service{display:none}}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary,.c-cod__row .u-button--primary{background-color:#025e8d;border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;gap:8px 8px;justify-content:center;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 24px}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary:hover,.c-cod__row .u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#025e8d}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#025e8d;color:#fff}.buybox__buy .c-notes__text{color:#666;font-size:.875rem;padding:0 16px 8px}.c-cod__input{flex-basis:auto;width:100%}.c-article-title{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:2.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin:12px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item figure{margin:0}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-article-title{margin:16px 0}}.app-article-access{border:1px solid #c5e0f4;border-radius:12px}.app-article-access__heading{border-bottom:1px solid #c5e0f4;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:16px;text-align:center}.app-article-access .buybox__info svg{vertical-align:middle}.c-article-body .app-article-access p{margin-bottom:0}.app-article-access .buybox__info{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;margin:0}.app-article-access{margin:0 0 32px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.app-article-access{margin:0 0 24px}}.c-status-message{font-size:1rem}.c-article-body{font-size:1.125rem}.c-article-body dl,.c-article-body ol,.c-article-body p,.c-article-body ul{margin-bottom:32px;margin-top:0}.c-article-access-provider__text:last-of-type,.c-article-body .c-notes__text:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.c-article-body ol p,.c-article-body ul p{margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-section__figure-caption{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top-color:#c5e0f4}.c-reading-companion__sticky{max-width:400px}.c-article-section .c-article-section__figure-description>*{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;padding:16px 0}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{padding-top:0}.c-article-share-box__button,.js .c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;border-radius:32px;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;margin:0;padding:8px 24px;transition:all .2s ease 0s}.c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button{width:100%}.c-pdf-download .u-button{background-color:#fff;border:2px solid #fff;color:#01324b;justify-content:center}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button svg,.c-pdf-download .u-button svg{fill:currentcolor}.c-pdf-download .u-button:visited{color:#01324b}.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background-color:#01324b}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus svg path,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover svg path{fill:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button{background-image:none;border:2px solid;color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:visited{color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus{box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus svg path,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover svg path{fill:#01324b}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button,.c-pdf-download .u-button{box-shadow:none;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 24px}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button{background-color:#025e8d}.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:2px solid #fff}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background:0 0;box-shadow:none;color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus{border:2px solid #025e8d}.c-article-share-box__button:focus:focus,.c-article__pill-button:focus:focus,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus:focus{outline:3px solid #08c;will-change:transform}.c-pdf-download__link .u-icon{padding-top:0}.c-bibliographic-information__column button{margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__list p,.c-article-body .c-article-author-information__list p,figure{margin:0}.c-article-share-box__button{margin-right:16px}.c-status-message--boxed{border-radius:12px}.c-article-associated-content__collection-title{font-size:1rem}.app-card-service__description,.c-article-body .app-card-service__description{color:#222;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:8px}.app-article-access__subscriptions a,.app-article-access__subscriptions a:visited,.app-book-series-listing__item a,.app-book-series-listing__item a:hover,.app-book-series-listing__item a:visited,.c-article-author-list a,.c-article-author-list a:visited,.c-article-buy-box a,.c-article-buy-box a:visited,.c-article-peer-review a,.c-article-peer-review a:visited,.c-article-satellite-subtitle a,.c-article-satellite-subtitle a:visited,.c-breadcrumbs__link,.c-breadcrumbs__link:hover,.c-breadcrumbs__link:visited{color:#000}.c-article-author-list svg{height:24px;margin:0 0 0 6px;width:24px}.c-article-header{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.js .c-ad--conditional{display:block}}.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{background-color:#fff;display:none;min-height:149px}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{display:block}}p.c-ad__label{margin-bottom:4px}.c-ad--728x90{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:2px solid #cedbe0} } </style> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .eds-c-header__brand img{height:24px;width:203px}.app-article-masthead__journal-link img{height:93px;width:72px}@media only screen and (min-width:769px){.app-article-masthead__journal-link img{height:161px;width:122px}} } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" href=/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-3c86549cfc.css media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null"> <link rel="stylesheet" data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" href="/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-darwin-article-72ba046d97.css" media="print" onload="this.media='only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)';this.onload=null"> <script type="text/javascript"> config = { env: 'live', site: '484.springer.com', siteWithPath: '484.springer.com' + window.location.pathname, twitterHashtag: '484', cmsPrefix: 'https://studio-cms.springernature.com/studio/', publisherBrand: 'Springer', mustardcut: false }; </script> <script> window.dataLayer = [{"GA Key":"UA-26408784-1","DOI":"10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1","Page":"article","springerJournal":true,"Publishing Model":"Hybrid Access","page":{"attributes":{"environment":"live"}},"Country":"HK","japan":false,"doi":"10.1007-s00484-016-1220-1","Journal Id":484,"Journal Title":"International Journal of Biometeorology","imprint":"Springer","Keywords":"Outdoor thermal comfort, Weather perception, Urban tourism, PET index, Warsaw","kwrd":["Outdoor_thermal_comfort","Weather_perception","Urban_tourism","PET_index","Warsaw"],"Labs":"Y","ksg":"Krux.segments","kuid":"Krux.uid","Has Body":"Y","Features":[],"Open Access":"Y","hasAccess":"Y","bypassPaywall":"N","user":{"license":{"businessPartnerID":[],"businessPartnerIDString":""}},"Access Type":"open","Bpids":"","Bpnames":"","BPID":["1"],"VG Wort Identifier":"vgzm.415900-10.1007-s00484-016-1220-1","Full HTML":"Y","Subject Codes":["SCU","SCU00009","SCP27008","SC312000","SCL33030","SCL33020","SCU18005"],"pmc":["U","U00009","P27008","312000","L33030","L33020","U18005"],"session":{"authentication":{"loginStatus":"N"},"attributes":{"edition":"academic"}},"content":{"serial":{"eissn":"1432-1254","pissn":"0020-7128"},"type":"Article","category":{"pmc":{"primarySubject":"Environment","primarySubjectCode":"U","secondarySubjects":{"1":"Environment, general","2":"Biological and Medical Physics, Biophysics","3":"Meteorology","4":"Animal Physiology","5":"Plant Physiology","6":"Environmental Health"},"secondarySubjectCodes":{"1":"U00009","2":"P27008","3":"312000","4":"L33030","5":"L33020","6":"U18005"}},"sucode":"SC7","articleType":"Students and New Professionals 2015"},"attributes":{"deliveryPlatform":"oscar"}},"Event Category":"Article"}]; </script> <script data-test="springer-link-article-datalayer"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ ga4MeasurementId: 'G-B3E4QL2TPR', ga360TrackingId: 'UA-26408784-1', twitterId: 'o47a7', baiduId: 'aef3043f025ccf2305af8a194652d70b', ga4ServerUrl: 'https://collect.springer.com', imprint: 'springerlink', page: { attributes:{ featureFlags: [{ name: 'darwin-orion', active: true }, { name: 'chapter-books-recs', active: true } ], darwinAvailable: true } } }); </script> <script> (function(w, d) { w.config = w.config || {}; w.config.mustardcut = false; if (w.matchMedia && w.matchMedia('only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches) { w.config.mustardcut = true; d.classList.add('js'); d.classList.remove('grade-c'); d.classList.remove('no-js'); } })(window, document.documentElement); </script> <script class="js-entry"> if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function(w, d) { window.Component = {}; window.suppressShareButton = false; window.onArticlePage = true; var currentScript = d.currentScript || d.head.querySelector('script.js-entry'); function catchNoModuleSupport() { var scriptEl = d.createElement('script'); return (!('noModule' in scriptEl) && 'onbeforeload' in scriptEl) } var headScripts = [ {'src': '/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-572d4fec60.js', 'async': false} ]; var bodyScripts = [ {'src': '/oscar-static/js/global-article-es5-bundle-dad1690b0d.js', 'async': false, 'module': false}, {'src': '/oscar-static/js/global-article-es6-bundle-e7d03c4cb3.js', 'async': false, 'module': true} ]; function createScript(script) { var scriptEl = d.createElement('script'); scriptEl.src = script.src; scriptEl.async = script.async; if (script.module === true) { scriptEl.type = "module"; if (catchNoModuleSupport()) { scriptEl.src = ''; } } else if (script.module === false) { scriptEl.setAttribute('nomodule', true) } if (script.charset) { scriptEl.setAttribute('charset', script.charset); } return scriptEl; } for (var i = 0; i < headScripts.length; ++i) { var scriptEl = createScript(headScripts[i]); currentScript.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptEl, currentScript.nextSibling); } d.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { for (var i = 0; i < bodyScripts.length; ++i) { var scriptEl = createScript(bodyScripts[i]); d.body.appendChild(scriptEl); } }); // Webfont repeat view var config = w.config; if (config && config.publisherBrand && sessionStorage.fontsLoaded === 'true') { d.documentElement.className += ' webfonts-loaded'; } })(window, document); } </script> <script data-src="https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/27195530232.js" data-cc-script="C03"></script> <script data-test="gtm-head"> window.initGTM = function() { if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MRVXSHQ'); } } </script> <script> (function (w, d, t) { function cc() { var h = w.location.hostname; var e = d.createElement(t), s = d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0]; if (h.indexOf('springer.com') > -1 && h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com') === -1 && h.indexOf('springeropen.com') === -1) { if (h.indexOf('link-qa.springer.com') > -1 || h.indexOf('test-www.springer.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-52.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-52.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com.qa') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.biomedcentral.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-15-36.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.biomedcentral.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-15-36.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('springeropen.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('springeropen.com.qa') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-16-34.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-16-34.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('springernature.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('beta-qa.springernature.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-49-43.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NK22KLS')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-49-43.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NK22KLS')"); } } else { e.src = '/oscar-static/js/cookie-consent-es5-bundle-cb57c2c98a.js'; e.setAttribute('data-consent', h); } s.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', e); } cc(); })(window, document, 'script'); </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{"mainEntity":{"headline":"Impact of selected personal factors on seasonal variability of recreationist weather perceptions and preferences in Warsaw (Poland)","description":"Weather and climate are important natural resources for tourism and recreation, although sometimes they can make outdoor leisure activities less satisfying or even impossible. The aim of this work was to determine weather perception seasonal variability of people staying outdoors in urban environment for tourism and recreation, as well as to determine if personal factors influence estimation of recreationist actual biometeorological conditions and personal expectations towards weather elements. To investigate how human thermal sensations vary upon meteorological conditions typical for temperate climate, weather perception field researches were conducted in Warsaw (Poland) in all seasons. Urban recreationists’ preference for slightly warm thermal conditions, sunny, windless and cloudless weather, were identified as well as PET values considered to be optimal for sightseeing were defined between 27.3 and 31.7 °C. The results confirmed existence of phenomena called alliesthesia, which manifested in divergent thermal perception of comparable biometeorological conditions in transitional seasons. The results suggest that recreationist thermal sensations differed from other interviewees’ responses and were affected not only by physiological processes but they were also conditioned by psychological factors (i.e. attitude, expectations). Significant impact of respondents’ place of origin and its climate on creating thermal sensations and preferences was observed. Sex and age influence thermal preferences, whereas state of acclimatization is related with thermal sensations to some point.","datePublished":"2016-08-08T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2016-08-08T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"113","pageEnd":"125","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1","keywords":["Outdoor thermal comfort","Weather perception","Urban tourism","PET index","Warsaw","Environment","general","Biological and Medical Physics","Biophysics","Meteorology","Animal Physiology","Plant Physiology","Environmental Health"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig1_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig2_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig3_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig4_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig5_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig6_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig7_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig8_HTML.gif"],"isPartOf":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","issn":["1432-1254","0020-7128"],"volumeNumber":"62","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Katarzyna Lindner-Cendrowska","url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8322-4653","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Warsaw","address":{"name":"Department of Climatology, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"klindner@uw.edu.pl","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Krzysztof Błażejczyk","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Warsaw","address":{"name":"Department of Climatology, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":true,"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> </head> <body class="" >  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>   <noscript data-test="gtm-body"> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>  <div class="u-visually-hidden" aria-hidden="true" data-test="darwin-icons"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><symbol id="icon-eds-i-accesses-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.59 1a1 1 0 0 1 .706.291l5.41 5.385a1 1 0 0 1 .294.709v13.077c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742H15a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4.455a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.8L15.178 3H5.545a.543.543 0 0 0-.538.451L5 3.538v8.607a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1h10.046ZM8 13c2.052 0 4.66 1.61 6.36 3.4l.124.141c.333.41.516.925.516 1.459 0 .6-.232 1.178-.64 1.599C12.666 21.388 10.054 23 8 23c-2.052 0-4.66-1.61-6.353-3.393A2.31 2.31 0 0 1 1 18c0-.6.232-1.178.64-1.6C3.34 14.61 5.948 13 8 13Zm0 2c-1.369 0-3.552 1.348-4.917 2.785A.31.31 0 0 0 3 18c0 .083.031.161.09.222C4.447 19.652 6.631 21 8 21c1.37 0 3.556-1.35 4.917-2.785A.31.31 0 0 0 13 18a.32.32 0 0 0-.048-.17l-.042-.052C11.553 16.348 9.369 15 8 15Zm0 1a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c5.978 0 10.843 4.77 10.996 10.712l.004.306-.002.022-.002.248C22.843 18.23 17.978 23 12 23 5.925 23 1 18.075 1 12S5.925 1 12 1Zm-1.726 9.246L8.848 12.53a1 1 0 0 1-.718.461L8.003 13l-4.947.014a9.001 9.001 0 0 0 17.887-.001L16.553 13l-2.205 3.53a1 1 0 0 1-1.735-.068l-.05-.11-2.289-6.106ZM12 3a9.001 9.001 0 0 0-8.947 8.013l4.391-.012L9.652 7.47a1 1 0 0 1 1.784.179l2.288 6.104 1.428-2.283a1 1 0 0 1 .722-.462l.129-.008 4.943.012A9.001 9.001 0 0 0 12 3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.852 20.989.058.007L12 21l.075-.003.126-.017.111-.03.111-.044.098-.052.104-.074.082-.073 6-6a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414L13 17.585v-12.2C13 4.075 11.964 3 10.667 3H4a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h6.667c.175 0 .333.164.333.385v12.2l-4.293-4.292a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414l6 6c.035.036.073.068.112.097l.11.071.114.054.105.035.118.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1 2a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5v8.585L3.707 8.293a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414l5 5 .063.059.093.069.081.048.105.048.104.035.105.022.096.01h.136l.122-.018.113-.03.103-.04.1-.053.102-.07.052-.043 5.04-5.037a1 1 0 1 0-1.415-1.414L9 11.583V3a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2a1 1 0 0 0-1 1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.852 3.011.058-.007L12 3l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.104.074.082.073 6 6a1 1 0 1 1-1.414 1.414L13 6.415v12.2C13 19.925 11.964 21 10.667 21H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6.667c.175 0 .333-.164.333-.385v-12.2l-4.293 4.292a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l6-6c.035-.036.073-.068.112-.097l.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1 13.998a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5V4.413L3.707 7.705a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.084l-.094-.084a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l5-5 .063-.059.093-.068.081-.05.105-.047.104-.035.105-.022L7.94 1l.136.001.122.017.113.03.103.04.1.053.102.07.052.043 5.04 5.037a1 1 0 1 1-1.415 1.414L9 4.415v8.583a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-diagonal-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14 3h6l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.054.114.035.105.03.148L21 4v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V6.414l-4.293 4.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L17.584 5H14a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L13 4a1 1 0 0 1 1-1ZM4 13a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3.584l4.293-4.291a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L6.414 19H10a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11 20a1 1 0 0 1-1 1l-6.075-.003-.126-.017-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08a1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.097-.112l-.071-.11-.054-.114-.035-.105-.025-.118-.007-.058L3 20v-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-diagonal-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2 15-.082-.004-.119-.016-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08a1.008 1.008 0 0 1-.097-.112l-.071-.11-.031-.062-.034-.081-.024-.076-.025-.118-.007-.058L1 14.02V9a1 1 0 1 1 2 0v2.584l2.793-2.791a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L4.414 13H7a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L8 14a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2ZM14 1l.081.003.12.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.031.062.034.081.024.076.03.148L15 2v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.414l-2.96 2.96A1 1 0 1 1 8.626 5.96L11.584 3H9a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L8 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m20.707 12.728-7.99 7.98a.996.996 0 0 1-.561.281l-.157.011a.998.998 0 0 1-.788-.384l-7.918-7.908a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.416L11 17.576V4a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v13.598l6.293-6.285a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.082l.095.083a1 1 0 0 1-.001 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m1.293 8.707 6 6 .063.059.093.069.081.048.105.049.104.034.056.013.118.017L8 15l.076-.003.122-.017.113-.03.085-.032.063-.03.098-.058.06-.043.05-.043 6.04-6.037a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414L9 11.583V2a1 1 0 1 0-2 0v9.585L2.707 7.293a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.272 3.293-7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 0-.281.561L3 12.001c0 .32.15.605.384.788l7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 0 1.416-1.414L6.424 13H20a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H6.402l6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 0 .082-1.32l-.083-.095a1 1 0 0 0-1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-left-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m7.293 1.293-6 6-.059.063-.069.093-.048.081-.049.105-.034.104-.013.056-.017.118L1 8l.003.076.017.122.03.113.032.085.03.063.058.098.043.06.043.05 6.037 6.04a1 1 0 0 0 1.414-1.414L4.417 9H14a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H4.415l4.292-4.293a1 1 0 0 0 .083-1.32l-.083-.094a1 1 0 0 0-1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.728 3.293 7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 1 .281.561l.011.157c0 .32-.15.605-.384.788l-7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 1-1.416-1.414L17.576 13H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h13.598l-6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 1-.082-1.32l.083-.095a1 1 0 0 1 1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8.707 1.293 6 6 .059.063.069.093.048.081.049.105.034.104.013.056.017.118L15 8l-.003.076-.017.122-.03.113-.032.085-.03.063-.058.098-.043.06-.043.05-6.037 6.04a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L11.583 9H2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h9.585L7.293 2.707a1 1 0 0 1-.083-1.32l.083-.094a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m3.293 11.272 7.99-7.98a.996.996 0 0 1 .561-.281L12.001 3c.32 0 .605.15.788.384l7.918 7.908a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.416L13 6.424V20a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V6.402l-6.293 6.285a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.082l-.095-.083a1 1 0 0 1 .001-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m1.293 7.293 6-6 .063-.059.093-.069.081-.048.105-.049.104-.034.056-.013.118-.017L8 1l.076.003.122.017.113.03.085.032.063.03.098.058.06.043.05.043 6.04 6.037a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L9 4.417V14a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.415L2.707 8.707a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-article-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8 7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h4a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H8ZM8 11a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h8a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H8ZM7 16a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h8a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1-1-1Z"/><path d="M5.545 1A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538v16.924A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 5.545 23h12.91A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 21 20.462V3.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 18.5 1H5.545ZM5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3H18.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v16.962c0 .293-.24.538-.546.538H5.545A.542.542 0 0 1 5 20.462V3.538Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-book-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18.5 1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 21 3.5v12c0 1.16-.79 2.135-1.86 2.418l-.14.031V21h1a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L21 22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H6.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 3 19.5v-15A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 6.5 1h12ZM17 18H6.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0-1.493 1.356L5 19.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 6.5 21H17v-3Zm1.5-15h-12A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 5 4.5v11.837l.054-.025a3.481 3.481 0 0 1 1.254-.307L6.5 16h12a.5.5 0 0 0 .492-.41L19 15.5v-12a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM15 6a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-book-series-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1 3.786C1 2.759 1.857 2 2.82 2H6.18c.964 0 1.82.759 1.82 1.786V4h3.168c.668 0 1.298.364 1.616.938.158-.109.333-.195.523-.252l3.216-.965c.923-.277 1.962.204 2.257 1.187l4.146 13.82c.296.984-.307 1.957-1.23 2.234l-3.217.965c-.923.277-1.962-.203-2.257-1.187L13 10.005v10.21c0 1.04-.878 1.785-1.834 1.785H7.833c-.291 0-.575-.07-.83-.195A1.849 1.849 0 0 1 6.18 22H2.821C1.857 22 1 21.241 1 20.214V3.786ZM3 4v11h3V4H3Zm0 16v-3h3v3H3Zm15.075-.04-.814-2.712 2.874-.862.813 2.712-2.873.862Zm1.485-5.49-2.874.862-2.634-8.782 2.873-.862 2.635 8.782ZM8 20V6h3v14H8Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-acceptance-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-.534 7.747a1 1 0 0 1 .094 1.412l-4.846 5.538a1 1 0 0 1-1.352.141l-2.77-2.076a1 1 0 0 1 1.2-1.6l2.027 1.519 4.236-4.84a1 1 0 0 1 1.411-.094ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-date-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1ZM8 15a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm-4-4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-decision-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-2.935 8.246 2.686 2.645c.34.335.34.883 0 1.218l-2.686 2.645a.858.858 0 0 1-1.213-.009.854.854 0 0 1 .009-1.21l1.05-1.035H7.984a.992.992 0 0 1-.984-1c0-.552.44-1 .984-1h5.928l-1.051-1.036a.854.854 0 0 1-.085-1.121l.076-.088a.858.858 0 0 1 1.213-.009ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-impact-factor-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-3.2 6.924a.48.48 0 0 1 .125.544l-1.52 3.283h2.304c.27 0 .491.215.491.483a.477.477 0 0 1-.13.327l-4.18 4.484a.498.498 0 0 1-.69.031.48.48 0 0 1-.125-.544l1.52-3.284H9.291a.487.487 0 0 1-.491-.482c0-.121.047-.238.13-.327l4.18-4.484a.498.498 0 0 1 .69-.031ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-call-papers-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="m20.707 2.883-1.414 1.414a1 1 0 0 0 1.414 1.414l1.414-1.414a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414Z"/><path d="M6 16.054c0 2.026 1.052 2.943 3 2.943a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-2.996 0-5-1.746-5-4.943v-1.227a4.068 4.068 0 0 1-1.83-1.189 4.553 4.553 0 0 1-.87-1.455 4.868 4.868 0 0 1-.3-1.686c0-1.17.417-2.298 1.17-3.14.38-.426.834-.767 1.338-1 .51-.237 1.06-.36 1.617-.36L6.632 6H7l7.932-2.895A2.363 2.363 0 0 1 18 5.36v9.28a2.36 2.36 0 0 1-3.069 2.25l.084.03L7 14.997H6v1.057Zm9.637-11.057a.415.415 0 0 0-.083.008L8 7.638v5.536l7.424 1.786.104.02c.035.01.072.02.109.02.2 0 .363-.16.363-.36V5.36c0-.2-.163-.363-.363-.363Zm-9.638 3h-.874a1.82 1.82 0 0 0-.625.111l-.15.063a2.128 2.128 0 0 0-.689.517c-.42.47-.661 1.123-.661 1.81 0 .34.06.678.176.992.114.308.28.585.485.816.4.447.925.691 1.464.691h.874v-5Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/><path d="M20 8.997h2a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2ZM20.707 14.293l1.414 1.414a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-1.414-1.414a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-card-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.615 2c.315 0 .716.067 1.14.279.76.38 1.245 1.107 1.245 2.106v15.23c0 .315-.067.716-.279 1.14-.38.76-1.107 1.245-2.106 1.245H4.385a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-1.14-.279C2.485 21.341 2 20.614 2 19.615V4.385c0-.315.067-.716.279-1.14C2.659 2.485 3.386 2 4.385 2h15.23Zm0 2H4.385c-.213 0-.265.034-.317.14A.71.71 0 0 0 4 4.385v15.23c0 .213.034.265.14.317a.71.71 0 0 0 .245.068h15.23c.213 0 .265-.034.317-.14a.71.71 0 0 0 .068-.245V4.385c0-.213-.034-.265-.14-.317A.71.71 0 0 0 19.615 4ZM17 16a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h10Zm0-3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h10Zm-.5-7A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 18 7.5v3a1.5 1.5 0 0 1-1.5 1.5h-9A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 6 10.5v-3A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 7.5 6h9ZM16 8H8v2h8V8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-cart-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.76 1a1 1 0 0 1 .994.902L7.155 6h13.34c.18 0 .358.02.532.057l.174.045a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 1.693 3.103l-2.069 7.03c-.36 1.099-1.398 1.823-2.49 1.763H8.65c-1.272.015-2.352-.927-2.546-2.244L4.852 3H2a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L1 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.76Zm2.328 14.51a.555.555 0 0 0 .55.488l9.751.001a.533.533 0 0 0 .527-.357l2.059-7a.5.5 0 0 0-.48-.642H7.351l.737 7.51ZM18 19a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4ZM8 19a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-check-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm5.125 4.72a1 1 0 0 1 .156 1.405l-6 7.5a1 1 0 0 1-1.421.143l-3-2.5a1 1 0 0 1 1.28-1.536l2.217 1.846 5.362-6.703a1 1 0 0 1 1.406-.156Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm5.125 6.72a1 1 0 0 0-1.406.155l-5.362 6.703-2.217-1.846a1 1 0 1 0-1.28 1.536l3 2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1.42-.143l6-7.5a1 1 0 0 0-.155-1.406Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3.305 8.28a1 1 0 0 0-.024 1.415l7.495 7.762c.314.345.757.543 1.224.543.467 0 .91-.198 1.204-.522l7.515-7.783a1 1 0 1 0-1.438-1.39L12 15.845l-7.28-7.54A1 1 0 0 0 3.4 8.2l-.096.082Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 5.278a1 1 0 0 1 .03 1.414L9.103 11.51a1.491 1.491 0 0 1-2.188.019L2.278 6.692a1 1 0 0 1 1.444-1.384L8 9.771l4.278-4.463a1 1 0 0 1 1.318-.111l.096.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.72 3.305a1 1 0 0 0-1.415-.024l-7.762 7.495A1.655 1.655 0 0 0 6 12c0 .467.198.91.522 1.204l7.783 7.515a1 1 0 1 0 1.39-1.438L8.155 12l7.54-7.28A1 1 0 0 0 15.8 3.4l-.082-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-left-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M10.722 2.308a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-.03L4.49 6.897a1.491 1.491 0 0 0-.019 2.188l4.838 4.637a1 1 0 1 0 1.384-1.444L6.229 8l4.463-4.278a1 1 0 0 0 .111-1.318l-.081-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.28 3.305a1 1 0 0 1 1.415-.024l7.762 7.495c.345.314.543.757.543 1.224 0 .467-.198.91-.522 1.204l-7.783 7.515a1 1 0 1 1-1.39-1.438L15.845 12l-7.54-7.28A1 1 0 0 1 8.2 3.4l.082-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M5.278 2.308a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-.03l4.819 4.619a1.491 1.491 0 0 1 .019 2.188l-4.838 4.637a1 1 0 1 1-1.384-1.444L9.771 8 5.308 3.722a1 1 0 0 1-.111-1.318l.081-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.695 15.72a1 1 0 0 0 .024-1.415l-7.495-7.762A1.655 1.655 0 0 0 12 6c-.467 0-.91.198-1.204.522l-7.515 7.783a1 1 0 1 0 1.438 1.39L12 8.155l7.28 7.54a1 1 0 0 0 1.319.106l.096-.082Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 10.722a1 1 0 0 0 .03-1.414L9.103 4.49a1.491 1.491 0 0 0-2.188-.019L2.278 9.308a1 1 0 0 0 1.444 1.384L8 6.229l4.278 4.463a1 1 0 0 0 1.318.111l.096-.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-citations-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.59 1a1 1 0 0 1 .706.291l5.41 5.385a1 1 0 0 1 .294.709v13.077c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742h-5.843a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h5.843a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.8L15.178 3H5.545a.543.543 0 0 0-.538.451L5 3.538v8.607a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1h10.046ZM5.483 14.35c.197.26.17.62-.049.848l-.095.083-.016.011c-.36.24-.628.45-.804.634-.393.409-.59.93-.59 1.562.077-.019.192-.028.345-.028.442 0 .84.158 1.195.474.355.316.532.716.532 1.2 0 .501-.173.9-.518 1.198-.345.298-.767.446-1.266.446-.672 0-1.209-.195-1.612-.585-.403-.39-.604-.976-.604-1.757 0-.744.11-1.39.33-1.938.222-.549.49-1.009.807-1.38a4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .992-.88c.07-.043.148-.087.232-.133a.881.881 0 0 1 1.121.245Zm5 0c.197.26.17.62-.049.848l-.095.083-.016.011c-.36.24-.628.45-.804.634-.393.409-.59.93-.59 1.562.077-.019.192-.028.345-.028.442 0 .84.158 1.195.474.355.316.532.716.532 1.2 0 .501-.173.9-.518 1.198-.345.298-.767.446-1.266.446-.672 0-1.209-.195-1.612-.585-.403-.39-.604-.976-.604-1.757 0-.744.11-1.39.33-1.938.222-.549.49-1.009.807-1.38a4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .992-.88c.07-.043.148-.087.232-.133a.881.881 0 0 1 1.121.245Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.4 1c1.238 0 2.274.865 2.536 2.024L18.5 3C19.886 3 21 4.14 21 5.535v14.93C21 21.86 19.886 23 18.5 23h-13C4.114 23 3 21.86 3 20.465V5.535C3 4.14 4.114 3 5.5 3h1.57c.27-1.147 1.3-2 2.53-2h4.8Zm4.115 4-1.59.024A2.601 2.601 0 0 1 14.4 7H9.6c-1.23 0-2.26-.853-2.53-2H5.5c-.27 0-.5.234-.5.535v14.93c0 .3.23.535.5.535h13c.27 0 .5-.234.5-.535V5.535c0-.3-.23-.535-.485-.535Zm-1.909 4.205a1 1 0 0 1 .19 1.401l-5.334 7a1 1 0 0 1-1.344.23l-2.667-1.75a1 1 0 1 1 1.098-1.672l1.887 1.238 4.769-6.258a1 1 0 0 1 1.401-.19ZM14.4 3H9.6a.6.6 0 0 0-.6.6v.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6.6h4.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6-.6v-.8a.6.6 0 0 0-.6-.6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-clipboard-report-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.4 1c1.238 0 2.274.865 2.536 2.024L18.5 3C19.886 3 21 4.14 21 5.535v14.93C21 21.86 19.886 23 18.5 23h-13C4.114 23 3 21.86 3 20.465V5.535C3 4.14 4.114 3 5.5 3h1.57c.27-1.147 1.3-2 2.53-2h4.8Zm4.115 4-1.59.024A2.601 2.601 0 0 1 14.4 7H9.6c-1.23 0-2.26-.853-2.53-2H5.5c-.27 0-.5.234-.5.535v14.93c0 .3.23.535.5.535h13c.27 0 .5-.234.5-.535V5.535c0-.3-.23-.535-.485-.535Zm-2.658 10.929a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h7.857Zm0-3.929a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h7.857ZM14.4 3H9.6a.6.6 0 0 0-.6.6v.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6.6h4.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6-.6v-.8a.6.6 0 0 0-.6-.6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-close-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18ZM8.707 7.293 12 10.585l3.293-3.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 1.414L13.415 12l3.292 3.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L12 13.415l-3.293 3.292a1 1 0 1 1-1.414-1.414L10.585 12 7.293 8.707a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-cloud-upload-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.852 10.011.028-.004L13 10l.075.003.126.017.086.022.136.052.098.052.104.074.082.073 3 3a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 1-1.32-.083L14 13.416V20a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6.586l-1.293 1.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l3-3 .112-.097.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Zm.587-7.962c3.065.362 5.497 2.662 5.992 5.562l.013.085.207.073c2.117.782 3.496 2.845 3.337 5.097l-.022.226c-.297 2.561-2.503 4.491-5.124 4.502a1 1 0 1 1-.009-2c1.619-.007 2.967-1.186 3.147-2.733.179-1.542-.86-2.979-2.487-3.353-.512-.149-.894-.579-.981-1.165-.21-2.237-2-4.035-4.308-4.308-2.31-.273-4.497 1.06-5.25 3.19l-.049.113c-.234.468-.718.756-1.176.743-1.418.057-2.689.857-3.32 2.084a3.668 3.668 0 0 0 .262 3.798c.796 1.136 2.169 1.764 3.583 1.635a1 1 0 1 1 .182 1.992c-2.125.194-4.193-.753-5.403-2.48a5.668 5.668 0 0 1-.403-5.86c.85-1.652 2.449-2.79 4.323-3.092l.287-.039.013-.028c1.207-2.741 4.125-4.404 7.186-4.042Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-collection-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v12.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h11.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5.5-5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 18 4.5v12a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2 16.5v-12A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 2h11Zm0 2h-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v12a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h11a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-12a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM13 13a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6Zm0-3.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6ZM13 6a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-conference-series-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.5 2A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2 4.5v11A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 4.5 18h2.37l-2.534 2.253a1 1 0 0 0 1.328 1.494L9.88 18H11v3a1 1 0 1 0 2 0v-3h1.12l4.216 3.747a1 1 0 0 0 1.328-1.494L17.13 18h2.37a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5v-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 19.5 2h-15ZM20 6V4.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5h-15a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V6h16ZM4 8v7.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h15a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-delivery-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.51 20.598a3.037 3.037 0 0 1-3.02 0A2.968 2.968 0 0 1 4.161 19L3.5 19A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 1 16.5v-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3.5 3h10a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.45 2.004L16 5h2.527c.976 0 1.855.585 2.27 1.49l2.112 4.62a1 1 0 0 1 .091.416v4.856C23 17.814 21.889 19 20.484 19h-.523a1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.121-.007 2.96 2.96 0 0 1-1.33 1.605 3.037 3.037 0 0 1-3.02 0A2.968 2.968 0 0 1 14.161 19H9.838a2.968 2.968 0 0 1-1.327 1.597Zm-2.024-3.462a.955.955 0 0 0-.481.73L5.999 18l.001.022a.944.944 0 0 0 .388.777l.098.065c.316.181.712.181 1.028 0A.97.97 0 0 0 8 17.978a.95.95 0 0 0-.486-.842 1.037 1.037 0 0 0-1.028 0Zm10 0a.955.955 0 0 0-.481.73l-.005.156a.944.944 0 0 0 .388.777l.098.065c.316.181.712.181 1.028 0a.97.97 0 0 0 .486-.886.95.95 0 0 0-.486-.842 1.037 1.037 0 0 0-1.028 0ZM21 12h-5v3.17a3.038 3.038 0 0 1 2.51.232 2.993 2.993 0 0 1 1.277 1.45l.058.155.058-.005.581-.002c.27 0 .516-.263.516-.618V12Zm-7.5-7h-10a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v11a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h.662a2.964 2.964 0 0 1 1.155-1.491l.172-.107a3.037 3.037 0 0 1 3.022 0A2.987 2.987 0 0 1 9.843 17H13.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Zm5.027 2H16v3h4.203l-1.224-2.677a.532.532 0 0 0-.375-.316L18.527 7Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M22 18.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-3.5 3.5h-13A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 2 18.5V18a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 5.5 20h13a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 1.5-1.5V18a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.5Zm-3.293-7.793-6 6-.063.059-.093.069-.081.048-.105.049-.104.034-.056.013-.118.017L12 17l-.076-.003-.122-.017-.113-.03-.085-.032-.063-.03-.098-.058-.06-.043-.05-.043-6.04-6.037a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414l4.294 4.29L11 3a1 1 0 0 1 2 0l.001 10.585 4.292-4.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-edit-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.149 2a2.38 2.38 0 0 1 1.699.711l2.446 2.46a2.384 2.384 0 0 1 .005 3.38L10.01 19.906a1 1 0 0 1-.434.257l-6.3 1.8a1 1 0 0 1-1.237-1.237l1.8-6.3a1 1 0 0 1 .257-.434L15.443 2.718A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 17.15 2Zm-3.874 5.689-7.586 7.536-1.234 4.319 4.318-1.234 7.54-7.582-3.038-3.039ZM17.149 4a.395.395 0 0 0-.286.126L14.695 6.28l3.029 3.029 2.162-2.173a.384.384 0 0 0 .106-.197L20 6.864c0-.103-.04-.2-.119-.278l-2.457-2.47A.385.385 0 0 0 17.149 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-education-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.41 2.088a1 1 0 0 0-.82 0l-10 4.5a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.824L3 9.047v7.124A3.001 3.001 0 0 0 4 22a3 3 0 0 0 1-5.83V9.948l1 .45V14.5a1 1 0 0 0 .087.408L7 14.5c-.913.408-.912.41-.912.41l.001.003.003.006.007.015a1.988 1.988 0 0 0 .083.16c.054.097.131.225.236.373.21.297.53.68.993 1.057C8.351 17.292 9.824 18 12 18c2.176 0 3.65-.707 4.589-1.476.463-.378.783-.76.993-1.057a4.162 4.162 0 0 0 .319-.533l.007-.015.003-.006v-.003h.002s0-.002-.913-.41l.913.408A1 1 0 0 0 18 14.5v-4.103l4.41-1.985a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.824l-10-4.5ZM16 11.297l-3.59 1.615a1 1 0 0 1-.82 0L8 11.297v2.94a3.388 3.388 0 0 0 .677.739C9.267 15.457 10.294 16 12 16s2.734-.543 3.323-1.024a3.388 3.388 0 0 0 .677-.739v-2.94ZM4.437 7.5 12 4.097 19.563 7.5 12 10.903 4.437 7.5ZM3 19a1 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1-2 0Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-error-diamond-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12.002 1c.702 0 1.375.279 1.871.775l8.35 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 .001 3.744l-8.353 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1-3.742 0l-8.353-8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 0-3.744l8.353-8.353.156-.142c.424-.362.952-.58 1.507-.625l.21-.008Zm0 2a.646.646 0 0 0-.38.123l-.093.08-8.34 8.34a.646.646 0 0 0-.18.355L3 12c0 .171.068.336.19.457l8.353 8.354a.646.646 0 0 0 .914 0l8.354-8.354a.646.646 0 0 0-.001-.914l-8.351-8.354A.646.646 0 0 0 12.002 3ZM12 14.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 17.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-error-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12.002 1c.702 0 1.375.279 1.871.775l8.35 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 .001 3.744l-8.353 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1-3.742 0l-8.353-8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 0-3.744l8.353-8.353.156-.142c.424-.362.952-.58 1.507-.625l.21-.008ZM12 14.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 14.5ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v5a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-external-link-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 2a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H4.6c-.371 0-.6.209-.6.5v15c0 .291.229.5.6.5h14.8c.371 0 .6-.209.6-.5V15a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v4.5c0 1.438-1.162 2.5-2.6 2.5H4.6C3.162 22 2 20.938 2 19.5v-15C2 3.062 3.162 2 4.6 2H9Zm6 0h6l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.054.114.035.105.03.148L22 3v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V5.414l-6.693 6.693a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L18.584 4H15a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L14 3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-external-link-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M5 1a1 1 0 1 1 0 2l-2-.001V13L13 13v-2a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v2c0 1.15-.93 2-2.067 2H3.067C1.93 15 1 14.15 1 13V3c0-1.15.93-2 2.067-2H5Zm4 0h5l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08.044.047.073.093.051.083.054.113.035.105.03.148L15 2v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.414L9.107 8.307a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L11.584 3H9a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L8 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3ZM12 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6.585l2.293-2.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-4 4a1.008 1.008 0 0 1-.112.097l-.11.071-.114.054-.105.035-.149.03L12 18l-.075-.003-.126-.017-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08-4-4a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414L11 14.585V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-report-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742H5.545c-.674 0-1.32-.267-1.798-.742A2.535 2.535 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .142.057.278.158.379.102.102.242.159.387.159h12.91a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.915L14.085 3ZM16 17a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm0-3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm-4.793-6.207L13 9.585l1.793-1.792a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-2.5 2.5a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 0L10.5 9.915l-1.793 1.792a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l2.5-2.5a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-text-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3ZM16 15a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm0-4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm-5-4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-upload-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3Zm-2.233 4.011.058-.007L12 7l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.104.074.082.073 4 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 1-1.32-.083L13 10.415V17a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6.585l-2.293 2.292a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l4-4 .112-.097.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-filter-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 2a1 1 0 0 1 .82 1.573L15 13.314V18a1 1 0 0 1-.31.724l-.09.076-4 3A1 1 0 0 1 9 21v-7.684L2.18 3.573a1 1 0 0 1 .707-1.567L3 2h18Zm-1.921 2H4.92l5.9 8.427a1 1 0 0 1 .172.45L11 13v6l2-1.5V13a1 1 0 0 1 .117-.469l.064-.104L19.079 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-funding-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M23 8A7 7 0 1 0 9 8a7 7 0 0 0 14 0ZM9.006 12.225A4.07 4.07 0 0 0 6.12 11.02H2a.979.979 0 1 0 0 1.958h4.12c.558 0 1.094.222 1.489.617l2.207 2.288c.27.27.27.687.012.944a.656.656 0 0 1-.928 0L7.744 15.67a.98.98 0 0 0-1.386 1.384l1.157 1.158c.535.536 1.244.791 1.946.765l.041.002h6.922c.874 0 1.597.748 1.597 1.688 0 .203-.146.354-.309.354H7.755c-.487 0-.96-.178-1.339-.504L2.64 17.259a.979.979 0 0 0-1.28 1.482L5.137 22c.733.631 1.66.979 2.618.979h9.957c1.26 0 2.267-1.043 2.267-2.312 0-2.006-1.584-3.646-3.555-3.646h-4.529a2.617 2.617 0 0 0-.681-2.509l-2.208-2.287ZM16 3a5 5 0 1 0 0 10 5 5 0 0 0 0-10Zm.979 3.5a.979.979 0 1 0-1.958 0v3a.979.979 0 1 0 1.958 0v-3Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-hashtag-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18ZM9.52 18.189a1 1 0 1 1-1.964-.378l.437-2.274H6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2.378l.592-3.076H6a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h3.354l.51-2.65a1 1 0 1 1 1.964.378l-.437 2.272h3.04l.51-2.65a1 1 0 1 1 1.964.378l-.438 2.272H18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-1.917l-.592 3.076H18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-2.893l-.51 2.652a1 1 0 1 1-1.964-.378l.437-2.274h-3.04l-.51 2.652Zm.895-4.652h3.04l.591-3.076h-3.04l-.591 3.076Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-home-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5 22a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-8.586l-1.293 1.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l10-10a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0l10 10a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L20 12.415V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H5Zm7-17.585-6 5.999V20h5v-4a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v4h5v-9.585l-6-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-image-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.615 2A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 22 4.385v15.23A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 19.615 22H4.385A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 2 19.615V4.385A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 4.385 2h15.23Zm0 2H4.385A.385.385 0 0 0 4 4.385v15.23c0 .213.172.385.385.385h1.244l10.228-8.76a1 1 0 0 1 1.254-.037L20 13.392V4.385A.385.385 0 0 0 19.615 4Zm-3.07 9.283L8.703 20h10.912a.385.385 0 0 0 .385-.385v-3.713l-3.455-2.619ZM9.5 6a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7Zm0 2a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-impact-factor-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.49 2.672c.74.694.986 1.765.632 2.712l-.04.1-1.549 3.54h1.477a2.496 2.496 0 0 1 2.485 2.34l.005.163c0 .618-.23 1.21-.642 1.675l-7.147 7.961a2.48 2.48 0 0 1-3.554.165 2.512 2.512 0 0 1-.633-2.712l.042-.103L9.108 15H7.46c-1.393 0-2.379-1.11-2.455-2.369L5 12.473c0-.593.142-1.145.628-1.692l7.307-7.944a2.48 2.48 0 0 1 3.555-.165ZM14.43 4.164l-7.33 7.97c-.083.093-.101.214-.101.34 0 .277.19.526.46.526h4.163l.097-.009c.015 0 .03.003.046.009.181.078.264.32.186.5l-2.554 5.817a.512.512 0 0 0 .127.552.48.48 0 0 0 .69-.033l7.155-7.97a.513.513 0 0 0 .13-.34.497.497 0 0 0-.49-.502h-3.988a.355.355 0 0 1-.328-.497l2.555-5.844a.512.512 0 0 0-.127-.552.48.48 0 0 0-.69.033Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm0 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5h1.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-5a1 1 0 0 1 0-2H11v-4h-.5a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L9.5 11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1H12Zm0-4.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 8.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 9h-1.5a1 1 0 0 0-1 1l.007.117A1 1 0 0 0 10.5 12h.5v4H9.5a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h5a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H13v-5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Zm0-4.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 5.5Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-journal-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18.5 1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 21 3.5v14a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-13a.5.5 0 1 0 0 1H20a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H5.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3 20.5v-17A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 5.5 1h13ZM7 3H5.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v14.549l.016-.002c.104-.02.211-.035.32-.042L5.5 18H7V3Zm11.5 0H9v15h9.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM16 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v4a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-5a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5Zm-1 2h-3v2h3V7Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.462 3C21.875 3 23 4.184 23 5.619v12.762C23 19.816 21.875 21 20.462 21H3.538C2.125 21 1 19.816 1 18.381V5.619C1 4.184 2.125 3 3.538 3h16.924ZM21 8.158l-7.378 6.258a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-3.253-.008L3 8.16v10.222c0 .353.253.619.538.619h16.924c.285 0 .538-.266.538-.619V8.158ZM20.462 5H3.538c-.264 0-.5.228-.534.542l8.65 7.334c.2.165.492.165.684.007l8.656-7.342-.001-.025c-.044-.3-.274-.516-.531-.516Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-send-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.444 5a2.562 2.562 0 0 1 2.548 2.37l.007.078.001.123v7.858A2.564 2.564 0 0 1 20.444 18H9.556A2.564 2.564 0 0 1 7 15.429l.001-7.977.007-.082A2.561 2.561 0 0 1 9.556 5h10.888ZM21 9.331l-5.46 3.51a1 1 0 0 1-1.08 0L9 9.332v6.097c0 .317.251.571.556.571h10.888a.564.564 0 0 0 .556-.571V9.33ZM20.444 7H9.556a.543.543 0 0 0-.32.105l5.763 3.706 5.766-3.706a.543.543 0 0 0-.32-.105ZM4.308 5a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2.308Zm0 5.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h2.308Zm0 5.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h2.308Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mentions-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m9.452 1.293 5.92 5.92 2.92-2.92a1 1 0 0 1 1.415 1.414l-2.92 2.92 5.92 5.92a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.415 10.371 10.371 0 0 1-10.378 2.584l.652 3.258A1 1 0 0 1 12 23H2a1 1 0 0 1-.874-1.486l4.789-8.62C4.194 9.074 4.9 4.43 8.038 1.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Zm-2.355 13.59L3.699 21h7.081l-.689-3.442a10.392 10.392 0 0 1-2.775-2.396l-.22-.28Zm1.69-11.427-.07.09a8.374 8.374 0 0 0 11.737 11.737l.089-.071L8.787 3.456Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-menu-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h18Zm-4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h14Zm4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h18Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-metrics-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 22a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v7h4V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v13a1 1 0 0 1-.883.993L21 22H3Zm17-2V9h-4v11h4Zm-6-8h-4v8h4v-8ZM8 4H4v16h4V4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-news-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.384 3c.975 0 1.77.787 1.77 1.762v13.333c0 .462.354.846.815.899l.107.006.109-.006a.915.915 0 0 0 .809-.794l.006-.105V8.19a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v9.905A2.914 2.914 0 0 1 20.077 21H3.538a2.547 2.547 0 0 1-1.644-.601l-.147-.135A2.516 2.516 0 0 1 1 18.476V4.762C1 3.787 1.794 3 2.77 3h14.614Zm-.231 2H3v13.476c0 .11.035.216.1.304l.054.063c.101.1.24.157.384.157l13.761-.001-.026-.078a2.88 2.88 0 0 1-.115-.655l-.004-.17L17.153 5ZM14 15.021a.979.979 0 1 1 0 1.958H6a.979.979 0 1 1 0-1.958h8Zm0-8c.54 0 .979.438.979.979v4c0 .54-.438.979-.979.979H6A.979.979 0 0 1 5.021 12V8c0-.54.438-.979.979-.979h8Zm-.98 1.958H6.979v2.041h6.041V8.979Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-newsletter-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v9.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-15A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2 20.5V11a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.439l8 4.888 8-4.889V11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-1 3.783-7.479 4.57a1 1 0 0 1-1.042 0l-7.48-4.57V20.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .501.5h15a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.717ZM15 9a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6Zm2.5-8A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 20 3.5V9a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5h-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V9a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 6.5 1h11ZM15 5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-notifcation-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14 20a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4ZM3 18l-.133-.007c-1.156-.124-1.156-1.862 0-1.986l.3-.012C4.32 15.923 5 15.107 5 14V9.5C5 5.368 8.014 2 12 2s7 3.368 7 7.5V14c0 1.107.68 1.923 1.832 1.995l.301.012c1.156.124 1.156 1.862 0 1.986L21 18H3Zm9-14C9.17 4 7 6.426 7 9.5V14c0 .671-.146 1.303-.416 1.858L6.51 16h10.979l-.073-.142a4.192 4.192 0 0 1-.412-1.658L17 14V9.5C17 6.426 14.83 4 12 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-publish-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M16.296 1.291A1 1 0 0 0 15.591 1H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538V13a1 1 0 1 0 2 0V3.538l.007-.087A.543.543 0 0 1 5.545 3h9.633L20 7.8v12.662a.534.534 0 0 1-.158.379.548.548 0 0 1-.387.159H11a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h8.455c.674 0 1.32-.267 1.798-.742A2.534 2.534 0 0 0 22 20.462V7.385a1 1 0 0 0-.294-.709l-5.41-5.385Z"/><path d="M10.762 16.647a1 1 0 0 0-1.525-1.294l-4.472 5.271-2.153-1.665a1 1 0 1 0-1.224 1.582l2.91 2.25a1 1 0 0 0 1.374-.144l5.09-6ZM16 10a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h8ZM12 7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1H8a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h3a1 1 0 0 0 1-1Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-refresh-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M7.831 5.636H6.032A8.76 8.76 0 0 1 9 3.631 8.549 8.549 0 0 1 12.232 3c.603 0 1.192.063 1.76.182C17.979 4.017 21 7.632 21 12a1 1 0 1 0 2 0c0-5.296-3.674-9.746-8.591-10.776A10.61 10.61 0 0 0 5 3.851V2.805a1 1 0 0 0-.987-1H4a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v3.831a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h3.831a1 1 0 0 0 .013-2h-.013ZM17.968 18.364c-1.59 1.632-3.784 2.636-6.2 2.636C6.948 21 3 16.993 3 12a1 1 0 1 0-2 0c0 6.053 4.799 11 10.768 11 2.788 0 5.324-1.082 7.232-2.85v1.045a1 1 0 1 0 2 0v-3.831a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-3.831a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h1.799Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-search-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11 1c5.523 0 10 4.477 10 10 0 2.4-.846 4.604-2.256 6.328l3.963 3.965a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-3.965-3.963A9.959 9.959 0 0 1 11 21C5.477 21 1 16.523 1 11S5.477 1 11 1Zm0 2a8 8 0 1 0 0 16 8 8 0 0 0 0-16Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-settings-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11.382 1h1.24a2.508 2.508 0 0 1 2.334 1.63l.523 1.378 1.59.933 1.444-.224c.954-.132 1.89.3 2.422 1.101l.095.155.598 1.066a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-.195 2.848l-.894 1.161v1.896l.92 1.163c.6.768.707 1.812.295 2.674l-.09.17-.606 1.08a2.504 2.504 0 0 1-2.531 1.25l-1.428-.223-1.589.932-.523 1.378a2.512 2.512 0 0 1-2.155 1.625L12.65 23h-1.27a2.508 2.508 0 0 1-2.334-1.63l-.524-1.379-1.59-.933-1.443.225c-.954.132-1.89-.3-2.422-1.101l-.095-.155-.598-1.066a2.56 2.56 0 0 1 .195-2.847l.891-1.161v-1.898l-.919-1.162a2.562 2.562 0 0 1-.295-2.674l.09-.17.606-1.08a2.504 2.504 0 0 1 2.531-1.25l1.43.223 1.618-.938.524-1.375.07-.167A2.507 2.507 0 0 1 11.382 1Zm.003 2a.509.509 0 0 0-.47.338l-.65 1.71a1 1 0 0 1-.434.51L7.6 6.85a1 1 0 0 1-.655.123l-1.762-.275a.497.497 0 0 0-.498.252l-.61 1.088a.562.562 0 0 0 .04.619l1.13 1.43a1 1 0 0 1 .216.62v2.585a1 1 0 0 1-.207.61L4.15 15.339a.568.568 0 0 0-.036.634l.601 1.072a.494.494 0 0 0 .484.26l1.78-.278a1 1 0 0 1 .66.126l2.2 1.292a1 1 0 0 1 .43.507l.648 1.71a.508.508 0 0 0 .467.338h1.263a.51.51 0 0 0 .47-.34l.65-1.708a1 1 0 0 1 .428-.507l2.201-1.292a1 1 0 0 1 .66-.126l1.763.275a.497.497 0 0 0 .498-.252l.61-1.088a.562.562 0 0 0-.04-.619l-1.13-1.43a1 1 0 0 1-.216-.62v-2.585a1 1 0 0 1 .207-.61l1.105-1.437a.568.568 0 0 0 .037-.634l-.601-1.072a.494.494 0 0 0-.484-.26l-1.78.278a1 1 0 0 1-.66-.126l-2.2-1.292a1 1 0 0 1-.43-.507l-.649-1.71A.508.508 0 0 0 12.62 3h-1.234ZM12 8a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Zm0 2a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-shipping-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.515 2c1.406 0 2.706.728 3.352 1.902l2.02 3.635.02.042.036.089.031.105.012.058.01.073.004.075v11.577c0 .64-.244 1.255-.683 1.713a2.356 2.356 0 0 1-1.701.731H4.386a2.356 2.356 0 0 1-1.702-.731 2.476 2.476 0 0 1-.683-1.713V7.948c.01-.217.083-.43.22-.6L4.2 3.905C4.833 2.755 6.089 2.032 7.486 2h9.029ZM20 9H4v10.556a.49.49 0 0 0 .075.26l.053.07a.356.356 0 0 0 .257.114h15.23c.094 0 .186-.04.258-.115a.477.477 0 0 0 .127-.33V9Zm-2 7.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4ZM16.514 4H13v3h6.3l-1.183-2.13c-.288-.522-.908-.87-1.603-.87ZM11 3.999H7.51c-.679.017-1.277.36-1.566.887L4.728 7H11V3.999Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-step-guide-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11.394 9.447a1 1 0 1 0-1.788-.894l-.88 1.759-.019-.02a1 1 0 1 0-1.414 1.415l1 1a1 1 0 0 0 1.601-.26l1.5-3ZM12 11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-3a1 1 0 0 1-1-1ZM12 17a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-3a1 1 0 0 1-1-1ZM10.947 14.105a1 1 0 0 1 .447 1.342l-1.5 3a1 1 0 0 1-1.601.26l-1-1a1 1 0 1 1 1.414-1.414l.02.019.879-1.76a1 1 0 0 1 1.341-.447Z"/><path d="M5.545 1A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538v16.924A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 5.545 23h12.91A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 21 20.462V7.5a1 1 0 0 0-.293-.707l-5.5-5.5A1 1 0 0 0 14.5 1H5.545ZM5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3h8.54L19 7.914v12.547c0 .294-.24.539-.546.539H5.545A.542.542 0 0 1 5 20.462V3.538Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-submission-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3h9.633L20 7.8v12.662a.535.535 0 0 1-.158.379.549.549 0 0 1-.387.159H6a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-2.5a1 1 0 1 0-2 0V20a3 3 0 0 0 3 3h13.455c.673 0 1.32-.266 1.798-.742A2.535 2.535 0 0 0 22 20.462V7.385a1 1 0 0 0-.294-.709l-5.41-5.385A1 1 0 0 0 15.591 1H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538V7a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V3.538Z"/><path d="m13.707 13.707-4 4a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 0l-.083-.094a1 1 0 0 1 .083-1.32L10.585 14 2 14a1 1 0 1 1 0-2l8.583.001-2.29-2.294a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414l4.037 4.04.043.05.043.06.059.098.03.063.031.085.03.113.017.122L14 13l-.004.087-.017.118-.013.056-.034.104-.049.105-.048.081-.07.093-.058.063Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-table-1-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4.385 22a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-1.14-.279C2.485 21.341 2 20.614 2 19.615V4.385c0-.315.067-.716.279-1.14C2.659 2.485 3.386 2 4.385 2h15.23c.315 0 .716.067 1.14.279.76.38 1.245 1.107 1.245 2.106v15.23c0 .315-.067.716-.279 1.14-.38.76-1.107 1.245-2.106 1.245H4.385ZM4 19.615c0 .213.034.265.14.317a.71.71 0 0 0 .245.068H8v-4H4v3.615ZM20 16H10v4h9.615c.213 0 .265-.034.317-.14a.71.71 0 0 0 .068-.245V16Zm0-2v-4H10v4h10ZM4 14h4v-4H4v4ZM19.615 4H10v4h10V4.385c0-.213-.034-.265-.14-.317A.71.71 0 0 0 19.615 4ZM8 4H4.385l-.082.002c-.146.01-.19.047-.235.138A.71.71 0 0 0 4 4.385V8h4V4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-table-2-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4.384 22A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 2 19.616V4.384A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 4.384 2h15.232A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 22 4.384v15.232A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 19.616 22H4.384ZM10 15H4v4.616c0 .212.172.384.384.384H10v-5Zm5 0h-3v5h3v-5Zm5 0h-3v5h2.616a.384.384 0 0 0 .384-.384V15ZM10 9H4v4h6V9Zm5 0h-3v4h3V9Zm5 0h-3v4h3V9Zm-.384-5H4.384A.384.384 0 0 0 4 4.384V7h16V4.384A.384.384 0 0 0 19.616 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-tag-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.621 1.998.127.004L20.496 2a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 1.497 1.355L22 3.5l-.005 7.669c.038.456-.133.905-.447 1.206l-9.02 9.018a2.075 2.075 0 0 1-2.932 0l-6.99-6.99a2.075 2.075 0 0 1 .001-2.933L11.61 2.47c.246-.258.573-.418.881-.46l.131-.011Zm.286 2-8.885 8.886a.075.075 0 0 0 0 .106l6.987 6.988c.03.03.077.03.106 0l8.883-8.883L19.999 4l-7.092-.002ZM16 6.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L16 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-trash-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c2.717 0 4.913 2.232 4.997 5H21a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-1v12.5c0 1.389-1.152 2.5-2.556 2.5H6.556C5.152 23 4 21.889 4 20.5V8H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h4.003l.001-.051C7.114 3.205 9.3 1 12 1Zm6 7H6v12.5c0 .238.19.448.454.492l.102.008h10.888c.315 0 .556-.232.556-.5V8Zm-4 3a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6.005a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V12a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-4 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm2-8c-1.595 0-2.914 1.32-2.996 3h5.991v-.02C14.903 4.31 13.589 3 12 3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-account-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 16c-1.806 0-3.52.994-4.664 2.698A8.947 8.947 0 0 0 12 21a8.958 8.958 0 0 0 4.664-1.301C15.52 17.994 13.806 17 12 17Zm0-14a9 9 0 0 0-6.25 15.476C7.253 16.304 9.54 15 12 15s4.747 1.304 6.25 3.475A9 9 0 0 0 12 3Zm0 3a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Zm0 2a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-add-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm9 10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3h3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-3h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h3v-3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5.545-.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-assign-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.226 13.298a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-.01l.084.093a1 1 0 0 1-.073 1.32L15.39 17H22a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-6.611l2.262 2.298a1 1 0 0 1-1.425 1.404l-3.939-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.404l3.94-4Zm-3.771-.449a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.781 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 10.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-block-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm9 10a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm-5.545-.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM15 18a3 3 0 0 0 4.294 2.707l-4.001-4c-.188.391-.293.83-.293 1.293Zm3-3c-.463 0-.902.105-1.294.293l4.001 4A3 3 0 0 0 18 15Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-check-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm13.647 12.237a1 1 0 0 1 .116 1.41l-5.091 6a1 1 0 0 1-1.375.144l-2.909-2.25a1 1 0 1 1 1.224-1.582l2.153 1.665 4.472-5.271a1 1 0 0 1 1.41-.116Zm-8.139-.977c.22.214.428.44.622.678a1 1 0 1 1-1.548 1.266 6.025 6.025 0 0 0-1.795-1.49.86.86 0 0 1-.163-.048l-.079-.036a5.721 5.721 0 0 0-2.62-.63l-.194.006c-2.76.134-5.022 2.177-5.592 4.864l-.035.175-.035.213c-.03.201-.05.405-.06.61L3.003 20 10 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876l.005-.223.02-.356.02-.222.03-.248.022-.15c.02-.133.044-.265.071-.397.44-2.178 1.725-4.105 3.595-5.301a7.75 7.75 0 0 1 3.755-1.215l.12-.004a7.908 7.908 0 0 1 5.87 2.252Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-delete-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6ZM4.763 13.227a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378 1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.781 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20H11.5a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897Zm11.421 1.543 2.554 2.553 2.555-2.553a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 1.414l-2.554 2.554 2.554 2.555a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-2.555-2.554-2.554 2.554a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414l2.553-2.555-2.553-2.554a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-edit-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.876 10.77 2.831 2.83a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.415l-7.246 7.246a1 1 0 0 1-.572.284l-3.277.446a1 1 0 0 1-1.125-1.13l.461-3.277a1 1 0 0 1 .283-.567l7.23-7.246a1 1 0 0 1 1.415-.001Zm-7.421 2.08a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 7.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L8.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378Zm6.715.042-6.29 6.3-.23 1.639 1.633-.222 6.302-6.302-1.415-1.415ZM9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-linked-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.65 6c.31 0 .706.066 1.122.274C17.522 6.65 18 7.366 18 8.35v12.3c0 .31-.066.706-.274 1.122-.375.75-1.092 1.228-2.076 1.228H3.35a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-1.122-.274C1.478 22.35 1 21.634 1 20.65V8.35c0-.31.066-.706.274-1.122C1.65 6.478 2.366 6 3.35 6h12.3Zm0 2-12.376.002c-.134.007-.17.04-.21.12A.672.672 0 0 0 3 8.35v12.3c0 .198.028.24.122.287.09.044.2.063.228.063h.887c.788-2.269 2.814-3.5 5.263-3.5 2.45 0 4.475 1.231 5.263 3.5h.887c.198 0 .24-.028.287-.122.044-.09.063-.2.063-.228V8.35c0-.198-.028-.24-.122-.287A.672.672 0 0 0 15.65 8ZM9.5 19.5c-1.36 0-2.447.51-3.06 1.5h6.12c-.613-.99-1.7-1.5-3.06-1.5ZM20.65 1A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 23 3.348V15.65A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 20.65 18H20a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h.65a.35.35 0 0 0 .35-.35V3.348A.35.35 0 0 0 20.65 3H8.35a.35.35 0 0 0-.35.348V4a1 1 0 1 1-2 0v-.652A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 8.35 1h12.3ZM9.5 10a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7Zm0 2a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-multiple-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm6 0a5 5 0 0 1 0 10 1 1 0 0 1-.117-1.993L15 9a3 3 0 0 0 0-6 1 1 0 0 1 0-2ZM9 3a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm8.857 9.545a7.99 7.99 0 0 1 2.651 1.715A8.31 8.31 0 0 1 23 20.134V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h1.995l-.005-.153a6.307 6.307 0 0 0-1.673-3.945l-.204-.209a5.99 5.99 0 0 0-1.988-1.287 1 1 0 1 1 .732-1.861Zm-3.349 1.715A8.31 8.31 0 0 1 17 20.134V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.877c.044-4.343 3.387-7.908 7.638-8.115a7.908 7.908 0 0 1 5.87 2.252ZM9.016 14l-.285.006c-3.104.15-5.58 2.718-5.725 5.9L3.004 20h11.991l-.005-.153a6.307 6.307 0 0 0-1.673-3.945l-.204-.209A5.924 5.924 0 0 0 9.3 14.008L9.016 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-notify-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm10 18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-1h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2v-2.818C14 13.885 15.777 12 18 12s4 1.885 4 4.182V19a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-3Zm-6.545-8.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM18 14c-1.091 0-2 .964-2 2.182V19h4v-2.818c0-1.165-.832-2.098-1.859-2.177L18 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-remove-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm3.455 9.85a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM22 17a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-single-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm-.406 9.008a8.965 8.965 0 0 1 6.596 2.494A9.161 9.161 0 0 1 21 21.025V22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H4a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.985c.05-4.825 3.815-8.777 8.594-9.007Zm.39 1.992-.299.006c-3.63.175-6.518 3.127-6.678 6.775L5 21h13.998l-.009-.268a7.157 7.157 0 0 0-1.97-4.573l-.214-.213A6.967 6.967 0 0 0 11.984 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm0 11.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 17.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 13.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 14.5ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v5a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.7194 3.3054C15.3358 2.90809 14.7027 2.89699 14.3054 3.28061L6.54342 10.7757C6.19804 11.09 6 11.5335 6 12C6 12.4665 6.19804 12.91 6.5218 13.204L14.3054 20.7194C14.7027 21.103 15.3358 21.0919 15.7194 20.6946C16.103 20.2973 16.0919 19.6642 15.6946 19.2806L8.155 12L15.6946 4.71939C16.0614 4.36528 16.099 3.79863 15.8009 3.40105L15.7194 3.3054Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.28061 3.3054C8.66423 2.90809 9.29729 2.89699 9.6946 3.28061L17.4566 10.7757C17.802 11.09 18 11.5335 18 12C18 12.4665 17.802 12.91 17.4782 13.204L9.6946 20.7194C9.29729 21.103 8.66423 21.0919 8.28061 20.6946C7.89699 20.2973 7.90809 19.6642 8.3054 19.2806L15.845 12L8.3054 4.71939C7.93865 4.36528 7.90098 3.79863 8.19908 3.40105L8.28061 3.3054Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-alerts" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28 12.667c.736 0 1.333.597 1.333 1.333v13.333A3.333 3.333 0 0 1 26 30.667H6a3.333 3.333 0 0 1-3.333-3.334V14a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 2.666 0v1.252L16 21.769l10.667-6.518V14c0-.736.597-1.333 1.333-1.333Zm-1.333 5.71-9.972 6.094c-.427.26-.963.26-1.39 0l-9.972-6.094v8.956c0 .368.299.667.667.667h20a.667.667 0 0 0 .667-.667v-8.956ZM19.333 12a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0 2.667h-6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0-2.667h6.666Zm4-10.667a3.333 3.333 0 0 1 3.334 3.334v6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1-2.667 0V4.667A.667.667 0 0 0 23.333 4H8.667A.667.667 0 0 0 8 4.667v6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1-2.667 0V4.667a3.333 3.333 0 0 1 3.334-3.334h14.666Zm-4 5.334a1.333 1.333 0 0 1 0 2.666h-6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0-2.666h6.666Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-arrow-up" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="m13.002 7.408 4.88 4.88a.99.99 0 0 0 1.32.08l.09-.08c.39-.39.39-1.03 0-1.42l-6.58-6.58a1.01 1.01 0 0 0-1.42 0l-6.58 6.58a1 1 0 0 0-.09 1.32l.08.1a1 1 0 0 0 1.42-.01l4.88-4.87v11.59a.99.99 0 0 0 .88.99l.12.01c.55 0 1-.45 1-1V7.408z" class="layer"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-checklist" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M19.2 1.333a3.468 3.468 0 0 1 3.381 2.699L24.667 4C26.515 4 28 5.52 28 7.38v19.906c0 1.86-1.485 3.38-3.333 3.38H7.333c-1.848 0-3.333-1.52-3.333-3.38V7.38C4 5.52 5.485 4 7.333 4h2.093A3.468 3.468 0 0 1 12.8 1.333h6.4ZM9.426 6.667H7.333c-.36 0-.666.312-.666.713v19.906c0 .401.305.714.666.714h17.334c.36 0 .666-.313.666-.714V7.38c0-.4-.305-.713-.646-.714l-2.121.033A3.468 3.468 0 0 1 19.2 9.333h-6.4a3.468 3.468 0 0 1-3.374-2.666Zm12.715 5.606c.586.446.7 1.283.253 1.868l-7.111 9.334a1.333 1.333 0 0 1-1.792.306l-3.556-2.333a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 1.463-2.23l2.517 1.651 6.358-8.344a1.333 1.333 0 0 1 1.868-.252ZM19.2 4h-6.4a.8.8 0 0 0-.8.8v1.067a.8.8 0 0 0 .8.8h6.4a.8.8 0 0 0 .8-.8V4.8a.8.8 0 0 0-.8-.8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-citation" viewBox="0 0 36 36"><path d="M23.25 1.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 1.06.44l8.25 8.25a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .44 1.06v19.5c0 2.105-1.645 3.75-3.75 3.75H18a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3h11.25c.448 0 .75-.302.75-.75V11.873L22.628 4.5H8.31a.811.811 0 0 0-.8.68l-.011.13V16.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1-3 0V5.31A3.81 3.81 0 0 1 8.31 1.5h14.94ZM8.223 20.358a.984.984 0 0 1-.192 1.378l-.048.034c-.54.36-.942.676-1.206.951-.59.614-.885 1.395-.885 2.343.115-.028.288-.042.518-.042.662 0 1.26.237 1.791.711.533.474.799 1.074.799 1.799 0 .753-.259 1.352-.777 1.799-.518.446-1.151.669-1.9.669-1.006 0-1.812-.293-2.417-.878C3.302 28.536 3 27.657 3 26.486c0-1.115.165-2.085.496-2.907.331-.823.734-1.513 1.209-2.071.475-.558.971-.997 1.49-1.318a6.01 6.01 0 0 1 .347-.2 1.321 1.321 0 0 1 1.681.368Zm7.5 0a.984.984 0 0 1-.192 1.378l-.048.034c-.54.36-.942.676-1.206.951-.59.614-.885 1.395-.885 2.343.115-.028.288-.042.518-.042.662 0 1.26.237 1.791.711.533.474.799 1.074.799 1.799 0 .753-.259 1.352-.777 1.799-.518.446-1.151.669-1.9.669-1.006 0-1.812-.293-2.417-.878-.604-.586-.906-1.465-.906-2.636 0-1.115.165-2.085.496-2.907.331-.823.734-1.513 1.209-2.071.475-.558.971-.997 1.49-1.318a6.01 6.01 0 0 1 .347-.2 1.321 1.321 0 0 1 1.681.368Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-access-indicator" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><circle cx="4.5" cy="11.5" r="3.5" style="fill:currentColor"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V2.923C2 1.875 2.84 1 3.909 1h5.909a1 1 0 0 1 .713.298l3.181 3.231a1 1 0 0 1 .288.702v7.846c0 .505-.197.993-.554 1.354a1.902 1.902 0 0 1-1.355.569H10a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2V5.64L9.4 3H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd" style="fill:#222"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-github-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M 11.964844 0 C 5.347656 0 0 5.269531 0 11.792969 C 0 17.003906 3.425781 21.417969 8.179688 22.976562 C 8.773438 23.09375 8.992188 22.722656 8.992188 22.410156 C 8.992188 22.136719 8.972656 21.203125 8.972656 20.226562 C 5.644531 20.929688 4.953125 18.820312 4.953125 18.820312 C 4.417969 17.453125 3.625 17.101562 3.625 17.101562 C 2.535156 16.378906 3.703125 16.378906 3.703125 16.378906 C 4.914062 16.457031 5.546875 17.589844 5.546875 17.589844 C 6.617188 19.386719 8.339844 18.878906 9.03125 18.566406 C 9.132812 17.804688 9.449219 17.277344 9.785156 16.984375 C 7.132812 16.710938 4.339844 15.695312 4.339844 11.167969 C 4.339844 9.878906 4.8125 8.824219 5.566406 8.003906 C 5.445312 7.710938 5.03125 6.5 5.683594 4.878906 C 5.683594 4.878906 6.695312 4.566406 8.972656 6.089844 C 9.949219 5.832031 10.953125 5.703125 11.964844 5.699219 C 12.972656 5.699219 14.003906 5.835938 14.957031 6.089844 C 17.234375 4.566406 18.242188 4.878906 18.242188 4.878906 C 18.898438 6.5 18.480469 7.710938 18.363281 8.003906 C 19.136719 8.824219 19.589844 9.878906 19.589844 11.167969 C 19.589844 15.695312 16.796875 16.691406 14.125 16.984375 C 14.558594 17.355469 14.933594 18.058594 14.933594 19.171875 C 14.933594 20.753906 14.914062 22.019531 14.914062 22.410156 C 14.914062 22.722656 15.132812 23.09375 15.726562 22.976562 C 20.480469 21.414062 23.910156 17.003906 23.910156 11.792969 C 23.929688 5.269531 18.558594 0 11.964844 0 Z M 11.964844 0 "/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-limited-access" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V2.923C2 1.875 2.84 1 3.909 1h5.909a1 1 0 0 1 .713.298l3.181 3.231a1 1 0 0 1 .288.702V6a1 1 0 1 1-2 0v-.36L9.4 3H4ZM3 8a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm10 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-3.5 6a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-1a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h1a1 1 0 0 1 1 1Zm2.441-1a1 1 0 0 1 2 0c0 .73-.246 1.306-.706 1.664a1.61 1.61 0 0 1-.876.334l-.032.002H11.5a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h.441ZM4 13a1 1 0 0 0-2 0c0 .73.247 1.306.706 1.664a1.609 1.609 0 0 0 .876.334l.032.002H4.5a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-subjects-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g id="icon-subjects-copy" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="M13.3846154,2 C14.7015971,2 15.7692308,3.06762994 15.7692308,4.38461538 L15.7692308,7.15384615 C15.7692308,8.47082629 14.7015955,9.53846154 13.3846154,9.53846154 L13.1038388,9.53925278 C13.2061091,9.85347965 13.3815528,10.1423885 13.6195822,10.3804178 C13.9722182,10.7330539 14.436524,10.9483278 14.9293854,10.9918129 L15.1153846,11 C16.2068332,11 17.2535347,11.433562 18.0254647,12.2054189 C18.6411944,12.8212361 19.0416785,13.6120766 19.1784166,14.4609738 L19.6153846,14.4615385 C20.932386,14.4615385 22,15.5291672 22,16.8461538 L22,19.6153846 C22,20.9323924 20.9323924,22 19.6153846,22 L16.8461538,22 C15.5291672,22 14.4615385,20.932386 14.4615385,19.6153846 L14.4615385,16.8461538 C14.4615385,15.5291737 15.5291737,14.4615385 16.8461538,14.4615385 L17.126925,14.460779 C17.0246537,14.1465537 16.8492179,13.857633 16.6112344,13.6196157 C16.2144418,13.2228606 15.6764136,13 15.1153846,13 C14.0239122,13 12.9771569,12.5664197 12.2053686,11.7946314 C12.1335167,11.7227795 12.0645962,11.6485444 11.9986839,11.5721119 C11.9354038,11.6485444 11.8664833,11.7227795 11.7946314,11.7946314 C11.0228431,12.5664197 9.97608778,13 8.88461538,13 C8.323576,13 7.78552852,13.2228666 7.38881294,13.6195822 C7.15078359,13.8576115 6.97533988,14.1465203 6.8730696,14.4607472 L7.15384615,14.4615385 C8.47082629,14.4615385 9.53846154,15.5291737 9.53846154,16.8461538 L9.53846154,19.6153846 C9.53846154,20.932386 8.47083276,22 7.15384615,22 L4.38461538,22 C3.06762347,22 2,20.9323876 2,19.6153846 L2,16.8461538 C2,15.5291721 3.06762994,14.4615385 4.38461538,14.4615385 L4.8215823,14.4609378 C4.95831893,13.6120029 5.3588057,12.8211623 5.97459937,12.2053686 C6.69125996,11.488708 7.64500941,11.0636656 8.6514968,11.0066017 L8.88461538,11 C9.44565477,11 9.98370225,10.7771334 10.3804178,10.3804178 C10.6184472,10.1423885 10.7938909,9.85347965 10.8961612,9.53925278 L10.6153846,9.53846154 C9.29840448,9.53846154 8.23076923,8.47082629 8.23076923,7.15384615 L8.23076923,4.38461538 C8.23076923,3.06762994 9.29840286,2 10.6153846,2 L13.3846154,2 Z M7.15384615,16.4615385 L4.38461538,16.4615385 C4.17220099,16.4615385 4,16.63374 4,16.8461538 L4,19.6153846 C4,19.8278134 4.17218833,20 4.38461538,20 L7.15384615,20 C7.36626945,20 7.53846154,19.8278103 7.53846154,19.6153846 L7.53846154,16.8461538 C7.53846154,16.6337432 7.36625679,16.4615385 7.15384615,16.4615385 Z M19.6153846,16.4615385 L16.8461538,16.4615385 C16.6337432,16.4615385 16.4615385,16.6337432 16.4615385,16.8461538 L16.4615385,19.6153846 C16.4615385,19.8278103 16.6337306,20 16.8461538,20 L19.6153846,20 C19.8278229,20 20,19.8278229 20,19.6153846 L20,16.8461538 C20,16.6337306 19.8278103,16.4615385 19.6153846,16.4615385 Z M13.3846154,4 L10.6153846,4 C10.4029708,4 10.2307692,4.17220099 10.2307692,4.38461538 L10.2307692,7.15384615 C10.2307692,7.36625679 10.402974,7.53846154 10.6153846,7.53846154 L13.3846154,7.53846154 C13.597026,7.53846154 13.7692308,7.36625679 13.7692308,7.15384615 L13.7692308,4.38461538 C13.7692308,4.17220099 13.5970292,4 13.3846154,4 Z" id="Shape" fill-rule="nonzero"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-small-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 16 17"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M14 8.092H2m0 0L8 2M2 8.092l6 6.035"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-small-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><g fill-rule="evenodd" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2"><path d="M2 8.092h12M8 2l6 6.092M8 14.127l6-6.035"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-orcid-logo" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.281 10.453c.875 0 1.578-.719 1.578-1.578 0-.86-.703-1.578-1.578-1.578-.875 0-1.578.703-1.578 1.578 0 .86.703 1.578 1.578 1.578Zm-1.203 18.641h2.406V12.359h-2.406v16.735Z"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M17.016 12.36h6.5c6.187 0 8.906 4.421 8.906 8.374 0 4.297-3.36 8.375-8.875 8.375h-6.531V12.36Zm6.234 14.578h-3.828V14.53h3.703c4.688 0 6.828 2.844 6.828 6.203 0 2.063-1.25 6.203-6.703 6.203Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol></svg> </div> <a class="c-skip-link" href="#main">Skip to main content</a> <div class="u-lazy-ad-wrapper u-mbs-0"> <div class="c-ad c-ad--728x90 c-ad--conditional" data-test="springer-doubleclick-ad"> <div class="c-ad c-ad__inner" > <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-LB1" class="div-gpt-ad grade-c-hide" data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/270604982/springerlink/484/article" data-gpt-sizes="728x90" data-gpt-targeting="pos=top;articleid=s00484-016-1220-1;" data-ad-type="top" style="min-width:728px;min-height:90px"> <noscript> <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/270604982/springerlink/484/article&sz=728x90&pos=top&articleid=s00484-016-1220-1"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/270604982/springerlink/484/article&sz=728x90&pos=top&articleid=s00484-016-1220-1" alt="Advertisement" width="728" height="90"> </a> </noscript> </div> </div> </div> </div> <header class="eds-c-header" data-eds-c-header> <div class="eds-c-header__container" data-eds-c-header-expander-anchor> <div class="eds-c-header__brand"> <a href="https://link.springer.com" data-test=springerlink-logo data-track="click_imprint_logo" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click logo link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > <img src="/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-3149409f62.svg" alt="Springer Nature Link"> </a> </div> <a class="c-header__link eds-c-header__link" id="identity-account-widget" href='https://idp.springer.com/auth/personal/springernature?redirect_uri=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1?'><span class="eds-c-header__widget-fragment-title">Log in</span></a> </div> <nav class="eds-c-header__nav" aria-label="header navigation"> <div class="eds-c-header__nav-container"> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--menu"> <a href="#eds-c-header-nav" class="eds-c-header__link" data-eds-c-header-expander> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-menu-medium"></use> </svg><span>Menu</span> </a> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--inline-links"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/" data-track="nav_find_a_journal" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click find a journal" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Find a journal </a> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_how_to_publish" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click publish with us link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Publish with us </a> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springernature.com/home/" data-track="nav_track_your_research" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click track your research" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Track your research </a> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__link-container"> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--divider"> <a href="#eds-c-header-popup-search" class="eds-c-header__link" data-eds-c-header-expander data-eds-c-header-test-search-btn> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-search-medium"></use> </svg><span>Search</span> </a> </div> <div id="ecommerce-header-cart-icon-link" class="eds-c-header__item ecommerce-cart" style="display:inline-block"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" style="appearance:none;border:none;background:none;color:inherit;position:relative"> <svg id="eds-i-cart" class="eds-c-header__icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero" d="M2 1a1 1 0 0 0 0 2l1.659.001 2.257 12.808a2.599 2.599 0 0 0 2.435 2.185l.167.004 9.976-.001a2.613 2.613 0 0 0 2.61-1.748l.03-.106 1.755-7.82.032-.107a2.546 2.546 0 0 0-.311-1.986l-.108-.157a2.604 2.604 0 0 0-2.197-1.076L6.042 5l-.56-3.17a1 1 0 0 0-.864-.82l-.12-.007L2.001 1ZM20.35 6.996a.63.63 0 0 1 .54.26.55.55 0 0 1 .082.505l-.028.1L19.2 15.63l-.022.05c-.094.177-.282.299-.526.317l-10.145.002a.61.61 0 0 1-.618-.515L6.394 6.999l13.955-.003ZM18 19a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4ZM8 19a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"></path> </svg><span>Cart</span><span class="cart-info" style="display:none;position:absolute;top:10px;right:45px;background-color:#C65301;color:#fff;width:18px;height:18px;font-size:11px;border-radius:50%;line-height:17.5px;text-align:center"></span></a> <script>(function () { var exports = {}; if (window.fetch) { "use strict"; Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true }); exports.headerWidgetClientInit = void 0; var headerWidgetClientInit = function (getCartInfo) { document.body.addEventListener("updatedCart", function () { updateCartIcon(); }, false); return updateCartIcon(); function updateCartIcon() { return getCartInfo() .then(function (res) { return res.json(); }) .then(refreshCartState) .catch(function (_) { }); } function refreshCartState(json) { var indicator = document.querySelector("#ecommerce-header-cart-icon-link .cart-info"); /* istanbul ignore else */ if (indicator && json.itemCount) { indicator.style.display = 'block'; indicator.textContent = json.itemCount > 9 ? '9+' : json.itemCount.toString(); var moreThanOneItem = json.itemCount > 1; indicator.setAttribute('title', "there ".concat(moreThanOneItem ? "are" : "is", " ").concat(json.itemCount, " item").concat(moreThanOneItem ? "s" : "", " in your cart")); } return json; } }; exports.headerWidgetClientInit = headerWidgetClientInit; headerWidgetClientInit( function () { return window.fetch("https://cart.springer.com/cart-info", { credentials: "include", headers: { Accept: "application/json" } }) } ) }})()</script> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </header> <article lang="en" id="main" class="app-masthead__colour-6"> <section class="app-masthead " aria-label="article masthead"> <div class="app-masthead__container"> <div class="app-article-masthead u-sans-serif js-context-bar-sticky-point-masthead" data-track-component="article" data-test="masthead-component"> <div class="app-article-masthead__info"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumbs" data-test="breadcrumbs"> <ol class="c-breadcrumbs c-breadcrumbs--contrast" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb0" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/" class="c-breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" data-track="click_breadcrumb" data-track-context="article page" data-track-category="article" data-track-action="breadcrumbs" data-track-label="breadcrumb1"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb1" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/journal/484" class="c-breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" data-track="click_breadcrumb" data-track-context="article page" data-track-category="article" data-track-action="breadcrumbs" data-track-label="breadcrumb2"><span itemprop="name">International Journal of Biometeorology</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb2" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">Article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"> </li> </ol> </nav> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Impact of selected personal factors on seasonal variability of recreationist weather perceptions and preferences in Warsaw (Poland)</h1> <ul class="c-article-identifiers"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Students and New Professionals 2015</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access" data-track-label="link" class="u-color-open-access" data-test="open-access">Open access</a> </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> Published: <time datetime="2016-08-08">08 August 2016</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-article-identifiers c-article-identifiers--cite-list"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <span data-test="journal-volume">Volume 62</span>, pages 113–125, (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2018</span>) </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item c-article-identifiers__item--cite"> <a href="#citeas" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </li> </ul> <div class="app-article-masthead__buttons" data-test="download-article-link-wrapper" data-track-context="masthead"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both u-mb-16"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="button" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> <p class="app-article-masthead__access"> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium"></use></svg> You have full access to this <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access" data-track-label="link">open access</a> article</p> </div> </div> <div class="app-article-masthead__brand"> <a href="/journal/484" class="app-article-masthead__journal-link" data-track="click_journal_home" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 768px)" width="120" height="159" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w120/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/484?as=webp, https://media.springernature.com/w316/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/484?as=webp 2x"> <img width="72" height="95" src="https://media.springernature.com/w72/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/484?as=webp" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w144/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/484?as=webp 2x" alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">International Journal of Biometeorology</span> </a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/484/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/ijbm/" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-context-bar u-hide" data-test="context-bar" data-context-bar aria-hidden="true"> <div class="c-context-bar__container u-container"> <div class="c-context-bar__title"> Impact of selected personal factors on seasonal variability of recreationist weather perceptions and preferences in Warsaw (Poland) </div> <div data-test="inCoD" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both u-mb-16"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="button" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Katarzyna-Lindner_Cendrowska-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Katarzyna-Lindner_Cendrowska-Aff1" data-author-search="Lindner-Cendrowska, Katarzyna" data-corresp-id="c1">Katarzyna Lindner-Cendrowska<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8322-4653"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-8322-4653</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Krzysztof-B_a_ejczyk-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Krzysztof-B_a_ejczyk-Aff1" data-author-search="Błażejczyk, Krzysztof">Krzysztof Błażejczyk</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>4264 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-citations-medium"></use> </svg>60 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium"></use> </svg>3 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Weather and climate are important natural resources for tourism and recreation, although sometimes they can make outdoor leisure activities less satisfying or even impossible. The aim of this work was to determine weather perception seasonal variability of people staying outdoors in urban environment for tourism and recreation, as well as to determine if personal factors influence estimation of recreationist actual biometeorological conditions and personal expectations towards weather elements. To investigate how human thermal sensations vary upon meteorological conditions typical for temperate climate, weather perception field researches were conducted in Warsaw (Poland) in all seasons. Urban recreationists’ preference for slightly warm thermal conditions, sunny, windless and cloudless weather, were identified as well as PET values considered to be optimal for sightseeing were defined between 27.3 and 31.7 °C. The results confirmed existence of phenomena called alliesthesia, which manifested in divergent thermal perception of comparable biometeorological conditions in transitional seasons. The results suggest that recreationist thermal sensations differed from other interviewees’ responses and were affected not only by physiological processes but they were also conditioned by psychological factors (i.e. attitude, expectations). Significant impact of respondents’ place of origin and its climate on creating thermal sensations and preferences was observed. Sex and age influence thermal preferences, whereas state of acclimatization is related with thermal sensations to some point.</p></div></div></section> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-023-02455-x/MediaObjects/484_2023_2455_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00484-023-02455-x?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-023-02455-x">Summer weather perception and preferences in Powsin Culture Park (Warsaw, Poland) </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">27 March 2023</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-023-25719-w/MediaObjects/11356_2023_25719_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-023-25719-w?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1007/s11356-023-25719-w">Analysing daytime summer thermal comfort conditions for Turkey’s third largest tourism destination </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">14 February 2023</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1298-5/MediaObjects/484_2016_1298_Fig1_HTML.gif" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00484-016-1298-5?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-016-1298-5">Seasonal differences in thermal sensation in the outdoor urban environment of Mediterranean climates – the example of Athens, Greece </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">19 January 2017</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1732436878, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div class="app-card-service" data-test="article-checklist-banner"> <div> <a class="app-card-service__link" data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="article page top of reading companion" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="clicked article page checklist banner test 2 old version" data-track-label="link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=484" data-test="article-checklist-banner-link"> <span class="app-card-service__link-text">Use our pre-submission checklist</span> <svg class="app-card-service__link-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small"></use></svg> </a> <p class="app-card-service__description">Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="app-card-service__icon-container"> <svg class="app-card-service__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="main-content"> <section data-title="Introduction"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec1">Introduction</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec1-content"><p>Over the last 15 years, many studies have been dedicated to investigate thermal comfort in outdoor environment and its relation to human thermal preferences. Chen and Ng (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Chen L, Ng E (2012) Outdoor thermal comfort and outdoor activities: a review of research in the past decade. Cities 29:118–125" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e364">2012</a>) as well as Kántor et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012b" title="Kántor N, Gulyás Á, Unger J (2012b) Subjective estimations of thermal environment in recreational urban spaces—part 2: international comparison. Int J Biometeorol 56:1089–1101" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e367">2012b</a>) provided comprehensive comparative reviews of these approaches. The majority of weather perception studies have focused on differentiation of human thermal sensations and preferences in urbanized areas, such as various urban structures (Knez and Thorsson <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Knez I, Thorsson S (2006) Influences of culture and environmental attitude on thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a public square. Int J Biometeorol 50:258–268" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e370">2006</a>; Eliasson et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Eliasson I, Knez I, Westenberg U, Thorsson S, Lindberg F (2007) Climate and behaviour in a Nordic city. Landscape Urban Plan 82:72–84" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e373">2007</a>; Bröde et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Bröde P, Krüger EL, Rossi FA, Fiala D (2012) Predicting urban outdoor thermal comfort by the Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI—a case study in Southern Brazil. Int J Biometeorol 56:471–480" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e376">2012</a>, Cohen et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Cohen P, Potchter O, Matzarakis A (2012) Daily and seasonal climatic conditions of green urban open spaces in the Mediterranean climate and their impact on human comfort. Build Environ 51:285–295" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e380">2012</a>, Kántor et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012a" title="Kántor N, Égerházi L, Unger J (2012a) Subjective estimation of thermal environment in recreational urban spaces—part 1: investigations in Szeged, Hungary. Int J Biometeorol 56:1075–1088" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e383">2012a</a>, Krüger et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Krüger EL, Drach P, Emmanuel R, Corbella O (2013) Assessment of daytime outdoor comfort levels in and outside the urban area of Glasgow, UK. Int J Biometeorol 57:521–533" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e386">2013</a>, Pearlmutter et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Pearlmutter D, Jiao D, Garb Y (2014) The relationship between bioclimatic thermal stress and subjective thermal sensation in pedestrian spaces. Int J Biometeorol 58:2111–2127" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR50" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e389">2014</a>), urban parks (Thorsson et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Thorsson S, Lindqvist M, Lindqvist S (2004) Thermal bioclimatic conditions and patterns of behaviour in an urban park in Göteborg, Sweden. Int J Biometeorol 48:149–156" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR56" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e392">2004</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Thorsson S, Honjo T, Lindberg F, Eliasson I, Lim EM (2007) Thermal comfort and outdoor activity in Japanese urban public spaces. Environ Behav 39:660–684" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR57" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e395">2007</a>; Knez and Thorsson <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Knez I, Thorsson S (2008) Thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a park: cross-cultural and environmental attitude comparisons. Build Environ 43:1483–1490" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e399">2008</a>; Lin et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Lin CH, Lin TP, Hwang RL (2013) Thermal comfort for urban parks in subtropics: understanding visitor’s perceptions, behavior and attendance. Adv Meteorol 2013:1–8" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e402">2013</a>) or recreational areas (Oliveira and Andrade <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Oliveira S, Andrade H (2007) An initial assessment of the bioclimatic comfort in an outdoor public space in Lisbon. Int J Biometeorol 52:69–84" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e405">2007</a>). Most frequently, thermal perception studies have been conducted in relatively narrow thermal condition ranges, limited to the summertime (Pearlmutter et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Pearlmutter D, Jiao D, Garb Y (2014) The relationship between bioclimatic thermal stress and subjective thermal sensation in pedestrian spaces. Int J Biometeorol 58:2111–2127" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR50" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e408">2014</a>; Saaroni et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Saaroni H, Pearlmutter D, Hatuka T (2015) Human-biometeorological conditions and thermal perception in a Mediterranean coastal park. Int J Biometeorolo 59:1347–1362" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e411">2015</a>), warm seasons (Thorsson et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Thorsson S, Lindqvist M, Lindqvist S (2004) Thermal bioclimatic conditions and patterns of behaviour in an urban park in Göteborg, Sweden. Int J Biometeorol 48:149–156" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR56" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e414">2004</a>; Kántor et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012a" title="Kántor N, Égerházi L, Unger J (2012a) Subjective estimation of thermal environment in recreational urban spaces—part 1: investigations in Szeged, Hungary. Int J Biometeorol 56:1075–1088" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e418">2012a</a>; Krüger et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Krüger EL, Drach P, Emmanuel R, Corbella O (2013) Assessment of daytime outdoor comfort levels in and outside the urban area of Glasgow, UK. Int J Biometeorol 57:521–533" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e421">2013</a>) or climatic zones characterized with small annual air temperature amplitude (i.e. tropical and subtropical climates) (Spagnolo and de Dear <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Spagnolo J, de Dear RJ (2003) A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney, Australia. Build Environ 38(5):721–738" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR55" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e424">2003</a>; Krüger and Rossi <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Krüger EL, Rossi FA (2011) Effect of personal and microclimatic variables on observed thermal sensation from a field study in southern Brazil. Build Environ 46:690–697" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e427">2011</a>; Lin et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Lin TP, de Dear R, Hwang RL (2011) Effect of thermal adaptation on seasonal outdoor thermal comfort. Int J Climatol 31:302–312" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e430">2011</a>; Yin et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Yin J, Zheng Y, Wu R, Tan J, Ye D, Wang W (2012) An analysis of influential factors on outdoor thermal comfort in summer. Int J Biometeorol 56:941–948" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e433">2012</a>; Cohen et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Cohen P, Potchter O, Matzarakis A (2012) Daily and seasonal climatic conditions of green urban open spaces in the Mediterranean climate and their impact on human comfort. Build Environ 51:285–295" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e437">2012</a>). However, only a few all-year weather perception studies have been carried out in moderate climatic zone with large variations of thermal conditions during the year and with winter air temperature falling below 0 °C (Nikolopoulou and Lykoudis <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Nikolopoulou M, Lykoudis S (2006) Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: analysis across different European countries. Build Environ 41:1455–1470" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e440">2006</a>; Eliasson et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Eliasson I, Knez I, Westenberg U, Thorsson S, Lindberg F (2007) Climate and behaviour in a Nordic city. Landscape Urban Plan 82:72–84" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e443">2007</a>; Lindner-Cendrowska <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Lindner-Cendrowska K (2013) Assessment of bioclimatic conditions in cities for tourism and recreational purposes (a Warsaw case study). Geogr Pol 86:55–66" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e446">2013</a>).</p><p>Human thermal sensation is a complex physiological, behavioural and psychological response to meteorological conditions. It is not only affected by physiological thermoregulation and clothing insulation but also by individual features, culture, mood and other social peculiarities (Humphreys <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1995" title="Humphreys MA (1995) Thermal comfort temperatures and the habits of hobbits. In: Nicol F, Humphreys M, Sykes O, Roaf S (eds) Standards for thermal comfort. Chapman and Hall, London" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e452">1995</a>; Nikolopoulou and Steemers <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Nikolopoulou M, Steemers K (2003) Thermal comfort and psychological adaptation as a guide for designing urban spaces. Energy Build 35:95–101" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e455">2003</a>). Although a lot of concern has been devoted to understand the impact of personal characteristics on thermal environment perception, it has not been finally settled how gender, age or health state influence human thermal sensations and preferences. It has been suggested that women have worst tolerance to cold weather conditions than men, due to their greater psychophysical sensitivity and characteristic clothing (dresses, skirts) which provides worse thermal insulation (Parsons <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Parsons KC (2002) The effects of gender, acclimation state, the opportunity to adjust clothing and physical disability on requirements for thermal comfort. Energy Build 34:593–599" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR49" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e458">2002</a>). They are also rather more susceptible to deviations from thermal optimum (Oliveira and Andrade <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Oliveira S, Andrade H (2007) An initial assessment of the bioclimatic comfort in an outdoor public space in Lisbon. Int J Biometeorol 52:69–84" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e461">2007</a>) and more critical of their thermal environment as they tend to feel too hot or too cold more often than males (Krüger and Rossi <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Krüger EL, Rossi FA (2011) Effect of personal and microclimatic variables on observed thermal sensation from a field study in southern Brazil. Build Environ 46:690–697" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e464">2011</a>). The impact of age on thermal preferences is less evident. It has been shown that in summer, older people feel warm and hot more frequently than younger ones, what can be associated with clothing insulation which becomes higher with age (Unger et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Unger J, Kántor N, Gulyás Á, Gal T (2008) Thermal comfort investigation of an urban square in summer. In: Kłysik K, Wibig J, Fortuniak K (eds) Klimat i bioklimat miast (climate and bioclimate of the cities). Wydawnictwo UŁ, Łódź, pp. 179–190" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR58" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e468">2008</a>). Conversely, Krüger and Rossi (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Krüger EL, Rossi FA (2011) Effect of personal and microclimatic variables on observed thermal sensation from a field study in southern Brazil. Build Environ 46:690–697" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e471">2011</a>) have found younger respondents to be more sensitive to heat, while elderly less sensitive to variations of thermal conditions. At the same time, some investigators conclude that neither sex nor age have influence on human thermal sensations (Knez and Thorsson <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Knez I, Thorsson S (2006) Influences of culture and environmental attitude on thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a public square. Int J Biometeorol 50:258–268" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e474">2006</a>; Bröde et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Bröde P, Krüger EL, Rossi FA, Fiala D (2012) Predicting urban outdoor thermal comfort by the Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI—a case study in Southern Brazil. Int J Biometeorol 56:471–480" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e477">2012</a>).</p><p>The significance of the influence of psychological factor on human weather perception has been emphasized in many publications (Nikolopoulou et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2001" title="Nikolopoulou M, Baker N, Steemers K (2001) Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: understanding the human parameter. Sol Energy 70:227–235" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR45" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e483">2001</a>; Nikolopoulou and Steemers <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Nikolopoulou M, Steemers K (2003) Thermal comfort and psychological adaptation as a guide for designing urban spaces. Energy Build 35:95–101" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e486">2003</a>; Spagnolo and de Dear <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Spagnolo J, de Dear RJ (2003) A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney, Australia. Build Environ 38(5):721–738" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR55" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e489">2003</a>). People, while experiencing particular thermal conditions, confront them with their present knowledge and past experiences. This helps them to create individual ‘thermal memory’, which is a reference for their subjective assessment of outdoor thermal comfort and influences their expectations towards weather conditions in seasonal scale, but also from day to day (Höppe <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Höppe P (2002) Different aspects of assessing indoor and outdoor thermal comfort. Energy Build 34:661–665" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e492">2002</a>; Nikolopoulou and Lykoudis <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Nikolopoulou M, Lykoudis S (2006) Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: analysis across different European countries. Build Environ 41:1455–1470" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e495">2006</a>; Mansfeld et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Mansfeld Y, Freundlich A, Kutiel H (2007) The relationship between weather conditions and tourists’ perception of comfort: the case of the winter sun resort of Eilat. In: Amelung B, Błażejczyk K, Matzarakis A (eds) Climate change and tourism—assessment and coping strategies. Maastricht – Warsaw – Freiburg, pp: 116–139" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e499">2007</a>; Lin et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Lin TP, de Dear R, Hwang RL (2011) Effect of thermal adaptation on seasonal outdoor thermal comfort. Int J Climatol 31:302–312" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e502">2011</a>). Moreover, thermal expectations greatly affect one’s satisfaction by the atmospheric environment and tolerance towards objectively less favourable meteorological conditions (Höppe <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Höppe P (2002) Different aspects of assessing indoor and outdoor thermal comfort. Energy Build 34:661–665" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e505">2002</a>; Thorsson et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Thorsson S, Lindqvist M, Lindqvist S (2004) Thermal bioclimatic conditions and patterns of behaviour in an urban park in Göteborg, Sweden. Int J Biometeorol 48:149–156" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR56" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e508">2004</a>; Denstadli et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Denstadli JM, Jacobsen JKS, Lohmann M (2011) Tourist perceptions of summer weather in Scandinavia. Ann Tour Res 38(3):920–940" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e511">2011</a>). In addition, people that keep positive attitude and stay outdoors out of their own desire tend to evaluate thermal conditions as more comfortable than they really are (Thorsson et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Thorsson S, Lindqvist M, Lindqvist S (2004) Thermal bioclimatic conditions and patterns of behaviour in an urban park in Göteborg, Sweden. Int J Biometeorol 48:149–156" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR56" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e514">2004</a>; Knez and Thorsson <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Knez I, Thorsson S (2008) Thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a park: cross-cultural and environmental attitude comparisons. Build Environ 43:1483–1490" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e518">2008</a>; Lin <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Lin TP (2009) Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions. Build Environ 42:2017–2026" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e521">2009</a>). The facultative participation in outdoor activities increases acceptability levels for a wide range of meteorological conditions (Nikolopoulou and Lykoudis <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Nikolopoulou M, Lykoudis S (2006) Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: analysis across different European countries. Build Environ 41:1455–1470" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e524">2006</a>; Lin et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Lin CH, Lin TP, Hwang RL (2013) Thermal comfort for urban parks in subtropics: understanding visitor’s perceptions, behavior and attendance. Adv Meteorol 2013:1–8" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e527">2013</a>). It is thus suspected, that during voluntary activities, such as tourism and recreation, people, who gain pleasure and satisfaction from staying outdoors in particular thermal environment (even outside theoretically comfortable conditions), will perceive current weather in more positive and tolerant manner. In addition, as tourism is an international phenomenon, people of different origins have different cultural backgrounds and degrees of physiological adaptation to particular climate (Lin and Matzarakis <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Lin TP, Matzarakis (2008) Tourism climate and thermal comfort in Sun Moon Lake, Taiwan. Int J Biometeorol 52:281–290" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR34" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e530">2008</a>). Knez and Thorsson (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Knez I, Thorsson S (2008) Thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a park: cross-cultural and environmental attitude comparisons. Build Environ 43:1483–1490" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e533">2008</a>) and Knez et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Knez I, Thorsson S, Eliasson I, Lindberg F (2009) Psychological mechanisms in outdoor place and weather assessment: towards a conceptual model. Int J Biometeorol 53:101–111" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e537">2009</a>) have found that even under similar thermal conditions, different populations (in this context Japanese and Swedish) can vary in their evaluation of a given weather. Moreover, foreign visitors frequently tend to have different expectations and perception of the climate of tourist destinations than locals (De Freitas <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="de Freitas CR (2003) Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector. Int J Biometeorol 48(1):45–54" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e540">2003</a>). Usually, tourists do not have a ready definition of ‘good’ or ‘bad’ weather and their view of optimal meteorological conditions, as well as satisfaction from staying outdoors, may vary according to the origin of particular tourist and depending on holiday destination (Gómez-Martín <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005" title="Gómez-Martín MB (2005) Weather, climate and tourism. A geographical perspective. Ann Tour Res 32(3):571–591" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e543">2005</a>). This observation was confirmed by Scott et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Scott D, Gössling S, deFreitas C (2008) Climate preferences for tourism: evidence from Canada, New Zealand and Sweden. Clim Res 38:61–73" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR54" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e546">2008</a>) in tri-nation comparison study of climate preferences for various types of tourism.</p><p>The aim of this study was to assess thermal sensations and preferences of recreationists (i.e. tourists and people staying outdoors for recreational purposes) in urban environment in moderate climate zone, as well as to identify how personal factors (physical or physiological) modify bioclimate perception. To achieve this goal, weather perception surveys with concurrent micrometeorological measurements were conducted in the area of the Old Town of Warsaw (Poland). (1) The thermal sensations and preferences towards various meteorological elements were examined as well as (2) personal factors influencing thermal perception were identified.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Materials and methods"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec2">Materials and methods</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec3">Study area</h3><p>Warsaw (52°14′N 21°1′E) is the capital and one of the most popular tourist destinations of Poland. As estimated, 7.5–8.3 million foreign and domestic visitors and tourists visited Warsaw in 2014 (Ipsos Loyalty <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Ipsos Loyalty (2015) Szacunek wielkości ruchu turystycznego w Warszawie 2014, (Estimation of the quantity of tourist activity in Warsaw 2014) Expert assessment for the City Council of Warsaw 
 http://www.um.warszawa.pl/sites/default/files/attach/o-warszawie/szacunek_wielkosci_ruchu_turystycznego_2014_0.pdf
 
 Accessed 03 Jan 2016" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e564">2015</a>). The city is situated in central Poland in Middle-Mazovian Lowland (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Fig1">1a</a>). Its average elevation is around 100 m above sea level. According to Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification (Peel et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Peel MC, Finlayson BL, McMahon TA (2007) Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11:1633–1644" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR51" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e570">2007</a>), climate of Warsaw is humid continental (Dfb) with cold, cloudy winter and warm summer. Mean annual air temperature is 8.5 °C (1981–2010) (<i>Institute of Meteorology and Water Management</i> <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (2015) 
 http://pogodynka.pl/polska/daneklimatyczne/
 
 Accessed 30 Nov 2015" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e576">2015</a>). Mean monthly temperature ranges between −1.9 °C in January and 19.0 °C in July. Maximum daytime temperature can exceed 30 °C from May to September, while minimum temperature below 0 °C can be registered from late September to May. Absolute maximum and minimum daily air temperature in Warsaw are 36.4 °C (1.08.1994) and −30.7 °C (8.01.1987), respectively. Yearly rainfall total is 531.5 mm and the wettest month is July (72.9 mm).</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1" data-title="Fig. 1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/figures/1" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig1_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig1" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig1_HTML.gif" alt="figure 1" loading="lazy"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-1-desc"><p>Geographic location of Warsaw (<b>a</b>) and the field study area in the Old Town of Warsaw (<b>b</b>). Weather station located on the Old Town in Warsaw (<b>c</b>)</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/figures/1" data-track-dest="link:Figure1 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 1" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>Field studies were conducted in the Old Town of Warsaw, which is the most popular district among tourists, located in the city centre, near the Vistula riverbank. Questionnaire surveys with accompanying micrometeorological measurements were carried out in the Old Town Marketplace, which is a rectangular (90 × 73 m) cobbled square, surrounded by three- or four-storey historic buildings (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Fig1">1b</a>).</p><p>To investigate seasonal variability of weather perception, four field study campaigns were conducted. The survey was carried out for several days in each season of the year on July 2010, February 2011, April 2011 and October 2011. The measurements and questionnaires took place between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m. (local time), when this area was mostly visited by recreationists and the whole place was well insolated. The study was carried out only on the days with no precipitation and in the spots unshaded by the buildings.</p><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec4">Micrometeorological measurements</h4><p>Meteorological variables were measured using the HOBO® Micro Station (Onset Computer) which was equipped with air temperature and relative humidity sensor (S-THB-M008), cup anemometer (S-WSA-M00) and pyranometer (S-LIB-M003) (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Fig1">1c</a>). Air temperature (<i>Ta</i> in °C), relative humidity (<i>RH</i> in %) and global solar radiation (<i>Kglob</i> in W·m<sup>−2</sup>) were measured at 1.2 m above the ground. Wind speed (<i>v</i> in m·s<sup>−1</sup>) was measured at approximately 1.6 m height. Meteorological data from all sensors were scanned every 30 s and averaged after each 5 min.</p><p>The mean radiant temperature (<i>Tmrt</i> in °C) was calculated from <i>Ta</i>, <i>RH</i>, <i>v</i> and <i>Kglob</i> using BIOKLIMA software (Błażejczyk <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005" title="Błażejczyk (2005) MENEX_2005 − the updated version of man-environment heat exchange model 
 https://www.igipz.pan.pl/tl_files/igipz/ZGiK/opracowania/indywidualne/blazejczyk/MENEX_2005.pdf
 
 Accessed 26 Nov 2015" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e663">2005</a>). The formula applied was</p><div id="Equa" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$ Tmrt={\left[\frac{\frac{R}{Irc}+0.5\cdot Lg+0.5\cdot La}{s_h\cdot \sigma}\right]}^{0.25}-273 $$</span></div></div> <p>where <i>R</i>—absorbed solar radiation (W·m<sup>−2</sup>), <i>Irc</i>—the coefficient reducing convective and radiative heat transfer through clothing, <i>Lg</i>—ground radiation (W·m<sup>−2</sup>), <i>La</i>—atmosphere back radiation (W·m<sup>−2</sup>), <i>s</i> <sub> <i>h</i> </sub>—emissivity coefficient for humans (0.95) and <i>σ</i>—the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.667·10<sup>−8</sup> W·m<sup>−2</sup>·K<sup>−4</sup>).</p><p>Absorbed solar radiation (<i>R</i>) was calculated from global solar radiation (<i>Kglob</i>) using the SolGlob model provided by BIOKLIMA. The equation forms varied according to solar elevation and <i>Kglob</i>/<i>Kt</i> (potential solar irradiation at clear sky) ratios. Detailed formulas are published elsewhere (Błażejczyk <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005" title="Błażejczyk (2005) MENEX_2005 − the updated version of man-environment heat exchange model 
 https://www.igipz.pan.pl/tl_files/igipz/ZGiK/opracowania/indywidualne/blazejczyk/MENEX_2005.pdf
 
 Accessed 26 Nov 2015" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e803">2005</a>) and (Błażejczyk and Kunert <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Błażejczyk K, Kunert A (2011) Bioklimatyczne uwarunkowania rekreacji i turystyki w Polsce (bioclimatic principles of recreation and tourism in Poland). Monografie 13, IGiPZ PAN, Warsaw" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e807">2011</a>).</p><p>Taking into account that one parameter alone is not sufficient for the assessment of thermal comfort conditions (Nikolopoulou and Lykoudis <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Nikolopoulou M, Lykoudis S (2006) Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: analysis across different European countries. Build Environ 41:1455–1470" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e814">2006</a>), the measured <i>Ta</i>, <i>RH</i> and <i>v</i> as well as calculated in BIOKLIMA software <i>Tmrt</i> were used as input variables to calculate PET (°C, Physiological Equivalent Temperature) (Mayer and Höppe <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1987" title="Mayer H, Höppe P (1987) Thermal comfort of man in different urban environments. Theor Appl Clim 38:43–49" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e830">1987</a>; Höppe <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1999" title="Höppe P (1999) The physiological equivalent temperature—a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. Int J Biometeorol 43:71–75" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e833">1999</a>). This index is a measure of human thermal sensations and is based on the MEMI human heat budget model (Munich Energy-balance Model for Individuals) (Höppe <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1984" title="Höppe P (1984) Die Energiebalanz des Menschen. Dissertation. Wissenschaftlicher Mitteilung Nr. 49. Universität München" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e836">1984</a>). PET is defined as the air temperature at which, in a typical indoor environment (<i>v</i> = 0.1 m·s<sup>−1</sup>; <i>Ta</i> = <i>Tmrt</i>; <i>vp</i> = 12 hPa), the heat budget of the human body (dressed in clothing of 0.9 clo and performing light activity congruent with 80 W) is balanced with the same core and skin temperature which would occur under the assessed outdoor conditions. In order to calculate PET values, RayMan software was used (Matzarakis et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Matzarakis A, Rutz F, Mayer H (2007) Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments—application of the RayMan model. Int J Biometeorol 51:323–334" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e854">2007</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Matzarakis A, Rutz F, Mayer H (2010) Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments: basics of the RayMan model. Int J Biometeorol 54:131–139" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e857">2010</a>).</p><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec5">Questionnaire survey</h4><p>Subjective assessments and preferences of the weather elements and thermal conditions were surveyed using a weather perception questionnaire, which was adapted from Spagnolo and de Dear (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Spagnolo J, de Dear RJ (2003) A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney, Australia. Build Environ 38(5):721–738" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR55" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e869">2003</a>) as well as Oliveira and Andrade (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Oliveira S, Andrade H (2007) An initial assessment of the bioclimatic comfort in an outdoor public space in Lisbon. Int J Biometeorol 52:69–84" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e872">2007</a>) and designed in accordance with ISO 10551 (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1995" title="ISO 10551 (1995) Ergonomics of the thermal environment—assessment of the influence of the thermal environment using subjective judgement scales. International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR22" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e875">1995</a>). The questionnaire consisted of three parts and its completion took 2 min on average. The survey was carried out either in Polish or in English and exact time of questionnaire was recorded, which subsequently enabled matching respondent answers to actual meteorological conditions. The first part of the questionnaire concerned thermal sensations and preferences towards meteorological elements (air temperature, humidity, wind speed, insolation and cloudiness). Seven-point thermal sensation ASHRAE scale was used to determine how respondents perceived thermal conditions, with −3 corresponding to ‘cold’, 0 to ‘neutral’ and +3 to ‘hot’ sensation. This type of scale has been used in earlier studies such as Thorsson et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Thorsson S, Lindqvist M, Lindqvist S (2004) Thermal bioclimatic conditions and patterns of behaviour in an urban park in Göteborg, Sweden. Int J Biometeorol 48:149–156" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR56" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e878">2004</a>, Lin <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Lin TP (2009) Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions. Build Environ 42:2017–2026" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e881">2009</a>, Lin et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Lin TP, de Dear R, Hwang RL (2011) Effect of thermal adaptation on seasonal outdoor thermal comfort. Int J Climatol 31:302–312" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e885">2011</a>, Bröde et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Bröde P, Krüger EL, Rossi FA, Fiala D (2012) Predicting urban outdoor thermal comfort by the Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI—a case study in Southern Brazil. Int J Biometeorol 56:471–480" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e888">2012</a> and Krüger et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Krüger EL, Drach P, Emmanuel R, Corbella O (2013) Assessment of daytime outdoor comfort levels in and outside the urban area of Glasgow, UK. Int J Biometeorol 57:521–533" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e891">2013</a>. To investigate preferences towards weather elements, 3-point McIntyre’s scale was applied, with 0 meaning ‘no change’ desire and −1 or +1 meaning desire for the given parameter to be decreased or increased, respectively. The second part of the questionnaire focused on garment elements worn by respondents, their recent physical activity, time spend outdoors and purpose of visit in that particular place. In the third part of the questionnaire, personal data such as gender, age, health status, country of origin and time of stay in Warsaw were collected. Exemplary weather perception questionnaire used in this study in transitional seasons is available online in Appendix <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#MOESM1">1</a>. Total clothing insulation as well as particular clothing garment insulation was calculated according to ISO 9920 (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="ISO 9920 (2007) Ergonomics of the thermal environment—estimation of thermal insulation and water vapour resistance of a clothing ensemble. International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e897">2007</a>).</p><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec6">Statistical analysis</h4><p>In order to verify whether the purpose of staying outdoors influenced thermal perception, Student’s <i>t</i> test was used. To investigate relations between respondent thermal sensations and current biometeorological conditions (defined by PET and particular weather elements), regression analyses were applied. To analyse relationships between respondents’ personal features and their thermal sensation votes (TSV) or thermal preference votes (TPV), the C-Pearson’s contingency coefficient for nominal variables was used. All statistical calculations were made in IBM SPSS 22 software.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Results"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec7-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec7">Results</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec7-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec8">Interviewees’ characteristics</h3><p>During field studies in the Old Town Marketplace, a total of 818 questionnaires were collected. As some interviewees (156 persons) had come to the spot for other than tourist or recreational purposes, we first analysed whether this factor influenced their thermal perception. Mean thermal sensation votes (MTSV) were calculated for both recreationist and non-recreationist groups in PET thermal sensation ranges (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Fig2">2</a>). The thermal sensations of recreationists and non-recreationists differed significantly (<i>t</i> = −4.695; <i>p</i> = 0.002). People staying outdoors for tourism and recreation usually assessed thermal conditions in less extreme manner than the others, and their mean thermal sensation votes (MTSV) were always closer to the thermoneutral zone (0). Thus, non-recreationist group was excluded from the sample and 662 questionnaires were used in further analysis.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2" data-title="Fig. 2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/figures/2" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig2_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig2" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig2_HTML.gif" alt="figure 2" loading="lazy"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-2-desc"><p>Recreationists’ and non-recreationists’ mean thermal sensation votes (MTSV) juxtaposed to <i>PET</i> thermal sensation ranges</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/figures/2" data-track-dest="link:Figure2 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 2" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>Among chosen 662 respondents, the disproportion between women and men number was small, 52.7 to 47.3 %, respectively. The most frequent age group was 15 to 29 years (55 %), followed by 30 to 44 years (26.7 %) and 45 to 65 years (15.4 %). The other age groups, which are usually ignored in thermal comfort studies (below 15 years and over 65 years), were represented by only 2.9 % of the sample. The largest share of respondents (77.2 %) had been walking at least for 15 min before the survey. Forty percent of respondents were Warsaw citizens staying at the Old Town for recreational purpose, while domestic tourists and visitors represented 36.3 % of the sample. Foreign tourists were the smallest group (23.7 %), and in majority, they originated from European countries (e.g. France, Spain, Germany). 39.6 % of interviewed people could be considered as acclimatized to local weather conditions as they had spent more than 7 preceding days in Warsaw or its close surroundings. 81.4 % of interviewees (mainly Poles) came from the hemiboreal warm summer continental climatic zone (Dfb). Among foreign tourists, 38.2 % originated from oceanic climatic zone (Cfb), followed by hemiboreal climatic zone (Dfb) (21.7 %), Mediterranean climates (Csa/Csb) (10.8 %) and hot summer continental climatic zone (Dfa) (9.4 %) inhabitants. Remaining climatic zones were represented by single individuals. 13.3 % of respondents reported chronic health issues (hypertension, coronary or rheumatic diseases, respiratory system disease and asthma etc.), but after confirming very weak and statistically insignificant (<i>p</i> > 0.05) relationship between health state and thermal sensations or preferences, we decided to include this group in the sample.</p><p>Clothing thermal insulation (Icl) is an important factor influencing thermal sensations of people, especially in continental climates, where air temperature fluctuates considerably during the year. In winter, clothing of 1.3–1.4 clo was used most frequently. In transitional seasons, when air temperature varied between 8 and 18 °C, Icl changed from nearly 1.3 to 0.9 clo, whereas on hot summer days, clothing that provided insulation of 0.4 clo was usually used.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec9">Biometeorological conditions in the study period</h3><p>Prevailing weather conditions during the sampling periods were often typical for the seasons and for the central districts of Warsaw, except from July 2010, when a heat wave occurred (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Tab1">1</a>). During summer field survey, mean air temperature was 27.1 °C, with maximum values up to 30 °C. Mean global solar radiation ranged between 137.6 W·m<sup>−2</sup> in autumn and 682.6 W m<sup>−2</sup> in summer. High standard deviation values of Kglob indicated that insolation varied considerably in each season, due to dynamically changing cloudiness during the course of the day. In autumn and winter, relative humidity was 69 and 67 %, respectively, whereas in summer, it decreased to 37 %. In all seasons, very low wind speeds (<1 m·s<sup>−1</sup>) were registered, which was due to compact building downtown.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-1"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab1" data-test="table-caption">Table 1 Meteorological conditions during field surveys at the Old Town of Warsaw</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/tables/1" aria-label="Full size table 1"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>During field surveys in Warsaw, PET values changed throughout the year from −12.3 °C in January to 38.0 °C in July reflecting thermal sensations from very cold to hot (data not shown). In winter, very cold sensation dominated (96.3 %), while in summer, warm class prevailed (71.4 %) (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Tab2">2</a>). In spring, the PET index most frequently indicated cool sensation (38.1 %), followed by slightly cool (31.2 %) and neutral (25.7 %) ranges, whereas in autumn, cold (48.4 %) and cool (37.7 %) PET classes were observed most often. In October, in 5.7 % cases, warm PET category was observed, which was a consequence of extreme variations in cloudiness and solar radiation intensity at the time of the survey.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-2"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab2" data-test="table-caption">Table 2 Thermal sensation frequencies (%) according to PET values for Central Europe (Matzarakis and Mayer <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1996" title="Matzarakis A, Mayer H (1996) Another kind of environmental stress: thermal stress. WHO News 18:7–10" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e1427">1996</a>)</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/tables/2" aria-label="Full size table 2"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec10">Thermal sensations and preferences in different seasons</h3><p>Thermal sensation votes (TSV) of respondents varied greatly during the year, but regardless of the season, most frequently the interviewees perceived thermal comfort or subcomfort, defined by ‘slightly cool’ (−1) or ‘slightly warm’ (+1) sensations (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Fig3">3a</a>). In winter and autumn, slightly cool sensations prevailed (37 and 44 % respectively), whereas in spring, maximal frequency of responses fell on neutral sensation (53 %). In the summertime, interviewees most frequently declared feeling slightly warm (38 %), although neutral thermal sensations were also very common (27 %). Regarding thermal preference votes (TPV), in winter and in transitional seasons, the majority of respondents preferred warmer thermal conditions with less than quarter interviewees expressing satisfaction with air temperature (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Fig3">3b</a>). On the other hand, in July, the majority of questioned people accepted thermal conditions and wished them not to change.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3" data-title="Fig. 3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 3</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/figures/3" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig3_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig3" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig3_HTML.gif" alt="figure 3" loading="lazy"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-3-desc"><p>Frequency (%) distribution of respondent thermal sensation votes (TSV) (<b>a</b>) and thermal preferences votes (TPV) (<b>b</b>) in particular seasons (<i>N</i> = 662)</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/figures/3" data-track-dest="link:Figure3 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 3" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>Across the year, a linear relationship between biometeorological conditions defined by PET index and thermal sensations of the respondents was observed. After dividing PET values into 1 °C bins and calculating mean thermal sensation vote values, moderately strong correlation was found between MTSV and PET index (<i>R</i> <sup>2</sup> = 0.733, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Fig4">4a</a>). Using linear trend equation, it was possible to determine PET values regarded by recreationists in Warsaw as neutral thermal zone. Basing on the assumption that −0.5 to +0.5 range of MTSV corresponds to ‘no thermal stress’ (Matzarakis et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1999" title="Matzarakis A, Mayer H, Iziomon MG (1999) Applications of a universal thermal index: physiological equivalent temperature. Int J Biometeorol 43:76–84" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR41" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e1819">1999</a>), the neutral temperature, described as temperature at which people feel neither cool nor warm (Fanger <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1972" title="Fanger PO (1972) Thermal comfort. McGrow-Hill Book Company, New York" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e1823">1972</a>), was defined by PET values from 6.3 to 21.8 °C. However, when analysing only neutral sensation votes (TSV = 0; <i>N</i> = 230), different ranges of PET values can be observed for particular seasons (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Fig4">4b</a>). Median of PET for neutral thermal sensations varied from −2.1 °C in winter, 8.1 °C in autumn, 14.9 °C in spring and up to 32.4 °C in summer. Moreover, taking into account only common range of PET values in transitional seasons, TSV in spring were different than in autumn in comparable biothermal conditions. In spring, respondents generally declared feeling a little warmer than in autumn (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Fig4">4c</a>). These differences in thermal perception depending on short-term thermal history are known as perceptual alliesthesia effect, described by Spagnolo and de Dear (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Spagnolo J, de Dear RJ (2003) A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney, Australia. Build Environ 38(5):721–738" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR55" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e1835">2003</a>).</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4" data-title="Fig. 4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 4</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/figures/4" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig4_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig4" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig4_HTML.gif" alt="figure 4" loading="lazy"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-4-desc"><p>Mean thermal sensation votes (MTSV) versus PET values: in seasons (<b>a</b>), only in Spring and Autumn—common range (<b>c</b>). The extent of PET values regarded as neutral thermal sensations (TSV = 0) in particular seasons versus PET values (<b>b</b>)</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/figures/4" data-track-dest="link:Figure4 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 4" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>Subsequently, mean preference votes (MPV) of the respondents were presented as a function of the corresponding meteorological elements (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Fig5">5</a>). With rising values of <i>Ta</i>, <i>v</i>, <i>Kglob</i> and <i>RH</i>, a preference for lower intensity of weather parameters was declared. These negative relationships were relatively strong, with <i>R</i> <sup>2</sup> > 0.6 and statistically significant at <i>p</i> < 0.0001, with the exception of wind speed which was significant at <i>p</i> < 0.01. From all of the analysed correlations, surprisingly, the strongest connection was found between <i>RH</i> and humidity preferences (<i>R</i> <sup>2</sup> = 0.839). When <i>RH</i> values raised to 39 %, the respondents tended towards less moisture in the air, although preferences for ‘no change’ in humidity prevailed in all seasons regardless of biothermal conditions. According to the fitted regression lines, interviewees preferred more intensive sunshine up to 898 W·m<sup>−2</sup> and lower wind speed for the whole study period, irrespective of actual, very weak air movement (<2 m·s<sup>−1</sup>). The weakest relationship was noticed between air temperature and thermal preferences (<i>R</i> <sup>2</sup> = 0.617). Only when air temperature raised to 30 °C, respondents started to prefer cooler thermal conditions.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-5" data-title="Fig. 5"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig5" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 5</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/figures/5" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig5_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig5" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig5_HTML.gif" alt="figure 5" loading="lazy"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-5-desc"><p>Mean preference votes for meteorological parameters: (<b>a</b>) air temperature, (<b>b</b>) wind speed, (<b>c</b>) global solar radiation, (<b>d</b>) relative humidity</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/figures/5" data-track-dest="link:Figure5 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 5" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>To calculate optimal thermal zone for urban tourism and recreation during the year, binomial regression model for mean thermal preference votes (MTPV) in 1 °C PET ranges was used (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Fig6">6</a>). We applied procedure designed by Kovács et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Kovács A, Unger J, Gál CV, Kántor N (2015) Adjustment of the thermal component of two tourism climatological assessment tools using thermal perception and preference surveys from Hungary. Theor Appl Climatol. doi:
 10.1007/s00704-015-1488-9
 
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e1955">2015</a>), where the PET values corresponding to the ±0.125 interval of the MTPV are considered as comfortable. Using this approach, preferred spectrum of thermal conditions for tourism and recreation in Warsaw could be associated with PET range between 27.3 and 31.7 °C. These values represent upper border of slightly warm and warm thermal sensations based on the PET-scale for Central Europe and are much higher than thermoneutral range determined earlier.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-6" data-title="Fig. 6"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig6" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 6</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/figures/6" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig6_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig6" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig6_HTML.gif" alt="figure 6" loading="lazy"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-6-desc"><p>Mean thermal preference votes (MTPV) versus 1 °C PET values in seasons</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/figures/6" data-track-dest="link:Figure6 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 6" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>Subsequently, we compared thermal sensations of the respondents with their thermal preferences. The Spearman’s correlation between TPV and TSV turned out to be negative and moderately strong for the whole year (<i>ρ</i> = −0.53, <i>N</i> = 662, <i>p</i> < 0.0001). When analysing MTPV of the respondents with their corresponding MTSV in adequate 1 °C PET ranges, in most cases prevailed preferences for slightly warmer than actual conditions (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Fig7">7</a>). For MTSV lower than or equal 0 (neutral), MTPV were usually between 0.5 and 1, which indicated wishes for higher than current air temperature. Assuming that MTPV = 0 is related with comfortable and desired thermal environment, the preferred thermal sensation for tourists and people staying outdoors for pleasure equals 1, which stands for ‘slightly warm’ sensation.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-7" data-title="Fig. 7"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig7" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 7</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/figures/7" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig7_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig7" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig7_HTML.gif" alt="figure 7" loading="lazy"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-7-desc"><p>Respondents’ mean thermal preferences compared with corresponding mean thermal sensation votes in 1 °C PET ranges</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/figures/7" data-track-dest="link:Figure7 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 7" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec11">Impact of personal factors on weather perception and thermal preferences</h3><p>In analysed group of tourists and people staying outdoors for recreation in Warsaw, men more frequently (9.2 pp) than women perceived thermal conditions as neutral (0), while women expressed higher susceptibility to deviations from thermal optimum and more frequently than men were dissatisfied with air temperature (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Fig8">8a</a>). However, the observed relationship was not statistically significant (contingency coefficient <i>C</i> = 0.106; <i>p</i> = 0.277). On the other hand, men more frequently (13 pp) than women wished no changes in their thermal environment, while women usually preferred warmer conditions (12.2 pp) (<i>C</i> = 0.138; <i>p</i> = 0.002). In the analysed sample, no statistically significant relation was found between respondents’ age and their thermal sensations (<i>C</i> = 0.183; <i>p</i> = 0.516), although the oldest group tended to choose most frequently neutral thermal sensation vote (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Fig8">8b</a>). Taking into account thermal preferences of the analysed sample, the acceptance of thermal conditions increased with age. Particularly, the older respondents less frequently wished warmer weather (<i>C</i> = 0.188; <i>p</i> = 0.002). It is generally accepted that level of acclimatization may have impact on human thermal perception. In our study, a person staying for at least 7 days in Warsaw or its surroundings was considered as acclimatized to local bioclimate. In analysed sample, acclimatized respondents more frequently perceived thermal conditions as neutral (11.4 pp) than non-acclimatized ones (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Fig8">8c</a>). The relationship between thermal sensation votes and acclimatization level was weak but significant (<i>C</i> = 0.159; <i>p</i> = 0.008), whereas no dependence was found between thermal preferences and adaptation to local bioclimate in Warsaw (<i>C</i> = 0.035; <i>p</i> = 0.668). However, when analysing respondent places of origin, local people (citizens of Warsaw and its surroundings) the most frequently (44.5 %) declared feeling neutral in current thermal conditions, while foreign tourist most often felt ‘slightly warm’ (26.8 %) (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Fig8">8d</a>) (<i>C</i> = 0.275, <i>p</i> < 0.0001). Concurrently, foreigners usually wished no changes in thermal environment (45.9 %), while Polish respondents significantly more frequently preferred the weather to be warmer (<i>C</i> = 0.22, <i>p</i> < 0.0001).</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-8" data-title="Fig. 8"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig8" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 8</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/figures/8" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig8_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig8" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_Fig8_HTML.gif" alt="figure 8" loading="lazy"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-8-desc"><p>Frequency of thermal sensation votes (TSV) and thermal preference votes (TPV) depending on respondents’ personal features: (<b>a</b>) gender, (<b>b</b>) age, (<b>c</b>) acclimatization level, (<b>d</b>) origin, (<b>e</b>) provenance climatic zone TSV: <i>−3</i>—cold, <i>−2</i>—cool, <i>−1</i>—slightly cool, <i>0</i>—neutral, <i>+1</i>—slightly warm, <i>+2</i>—warm, <i>+3</i>—hot</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1/figures/8" data-track-dest="link:Figure8 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 8" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>To our knowledge, the influence of visitor’s residency place climate on thermal perception has not been studied so far in urban environment. To address that, provenance climate of the respondents was characterized using Köppen Climate Classification. Climatic zones represented by less than five cases were excluded from further analysis. Cfa and Cwa types as well as Csa and Csb types were combined into subtropical and Mediterranean types, respectively, due to small representativeness of each group and existing similarities between them (Błażejczyk et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Błażejczyk K, Baranowski J, Jendritzky G, Błażejczyk A, Bröde P, Fiala D (2015) Regional features of the bioclimate of central and southern Europe against the background of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Geogr Pol 88(3):439–453" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2145">2015</a>). People originating from the hemiboreal warm summer continental climatic zone (Dfb), the same climate as in Warsaw, most frequently perceived thermal conditions as neutral (38.8 %), while interviewees from hot summer continental climatic zone (Dfa) most frequently declared slightly warm sensations (53.3 %) (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#Fig8">8e</a>). Respondents from temperate climates (Csa/Csb and Cfb) most often felt slightly warm during the year (35.3 and 26.7 %, respectively), although people from subtropical climates (Cfa/Cwa) most frequently characterized their sensations as cool and slightly cool (25 % each). People from Cfb climatic zone were most frequently satisfied with thermal conditions and wished it not to change (58.3 %), whereas respondents coming from Cfa/Cwa and Dfb climates most often preferred warmer weather (62.5 % each). The relationship between provenance climatic zone of the interviewees and their TSV as well as TPV was the strongest one out of all analysed factors (<i>C</i> = 0.281 and <i>C</i> = 0.285, respectively; <i>p</i> < 0.0001).</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Discussion and conclusions"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec12-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec12">Discussion and conclusions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec12-content"><p>The presented study was based on the assumption that people staying outdoors in the cities for tourism or recreation would perceive thermal environment in a different way than passers-by or people performing their work. Thermal perception of individuals cannot be entirely explained by the human energy balance, thus psychological and behavioural factors affect our thermal sensations and preferences towards weather elements (Spagnolo and de Dear <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Spagnolo J, de Dear RJ (2003) A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney, Australia. Build Environ 38(5):721–738" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR55" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2169">2003</a>; Lin et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Lin TP, de Dear R, Hwang RL (2011) Effect of thermal adaptation on seasonal outdoor thermal comfort. Int J Climatol 31:302–312" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2172">2011</a>). People spending time outside the buildings of their own choice tend to accept current atmospheric conditions and willingly adapt to them in various ways (Nikolopoulou et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2001" title="Nikolopoulou M, Baker N, Steemers K (2001) Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: understanding the human parameter. Sol Energy 70:227–235" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR45" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2175">2001</a>).</p><p>Outdoors, people have little control over biometeorological conditions in their surrounding; therefore, a freedom in choosing exposure for a particular weather reduces dissatisfaction with unfavourable thermal environment (Nikolopoulou and Steemers <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Nikolopoulou M, Steemers K (2003) Thermal comfort and psychological adaptation as a guide for designing urban spaces. Energy Build 35:95–101" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2181">2003</a>; Nikolopoulou and Lykoudis <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Nikolopoulou M, Lykoudis S (2006) Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: analysis across different European countries. Build Environ 41:1455–1470" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2184">2006</a>; Lin <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Lin TP (2009) Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions. Build Environ 42:2017–2026" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2187">2009</a>). Moreover, while staying at particular place for relax, people are usually in a good mood and perceive thermal conditions as more comfortable (Knez and Thorsson <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Knez I, Thorsson S (2008) Thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a park: cross-cultural and environmental attitude comparisons. Build Environ 43:1483–1490" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2190">2008</a>; Yin et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Yin J, Zheng Y, Wu R, Tan J, Ye D, Wang W (2012) An analysis of influential factors on outdoor thermal comfort in summer. Int J Biometeorol 56:941–948" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2193">2012</a>). Our findings show that due to voluntary nature of tourism and recreation, people staying outdoors for leisure tend to be more tolerant to various weather conditions and more often assess them as comfortable than those who are just passing by or staying at the spot out of necessity. This observation is consistent with the results of Thorsson et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Thorsson S, Lindqvist M, Lindqvist S (2004) Thermal bioclimatic conditions and patterns of behaviour in an urban park in Göteborg, Sweden. Int J Biometeorol 48:149–156" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR56" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2197">2004</a>).</p><p>We found a moderately strong relationship between MTSV of people staying for recreational purposes and biometeorological conditions defined by PET values. Thermal conditions regarded as neutral usually vary in different climatic zones and change throughout the year. Lin and Matzarakis (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Lin TP, Matzarakis (2008) Tourism climate and thermal comfort in Sun Moon Lake, Taiwan. Int J Biometeorol 52:281–290" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR34" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2203">2008</a>) found that occupants from tropical Taiwan regarded higher values of PET as neutral than occupants from Western/Middle Europe (26–30 °C versus 18–23 °C), whereas Cohen et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Cohen P, Potchter O, Matzarakis A (2012) Daily and seasonal climatic conditions of green urban open spaces in the Mediterranean climate and their impact on human comfort. Build Environ 51:285–295" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2206">2012</a>) specified neutral thermal zone for Mediterranean climate in Israel at 19–26 °C PET. In our study, neutral thermal conditions were determined using linear regression and delimited by −0.5 to +0.5 MTSV range. By applying this procedure, thermoneutral range was defined by PET values from 6.3 to 21.8 °C. Such a wide thermoneutral range is a consequence of two factors: (a) a large seasonal drift of biothermal conditions (broad PET amplitude during the year in Poland) and (b) small contribution of extreme thermal sensation votes (90 % of MTSV values fall between −1.5 and 1.5). The latter could be explained by clothing insulation adjustments and thermal adaptation of respondents throughout the year. Following the same methodology, Krüger et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Krüger EL, Drach P, Emmanuel R, Corbella O (2013) Assessment of daytime outdoor comfort levels in and outside the urban area of Glasgow, UK. Int J Biometeorol 57:521–533" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2209">2013</a>) obtained a little narrower range (9–18 °C) of neutral conditions for warm half of the year in maritime moderate climate (Glasgow).</p><p>As frequently emphasized, neutral temperature values vary throughout the year (i.e. Nikolopoulou et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2001" title="Nikolopoulou M, Baker N, Steemers K (2001) Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: understanding the human parameter. Sol Energy 70:227–235" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR45" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2215">2001</a>; Spagnolo and de Dear <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Spagnolo J, de Dear RJ (2003) A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney, Australia. Build Environ 38(5):721–738" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR55" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2218">2003</a>; Nikolopoulou and Lykoudis <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Nikolopoulou M, Lykoudis S (2006) Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: analysis across different European countries. Build Environ 41:1455–1470" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2221">2006</a>; Lin et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Lin TP, de Dear R, Hwang RL (2011) Effect of thermal adaptation on seasonal outdoor thermal comfort. Int J Climatol 31:302–312" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2224">2011</a>; Cohen et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Cohen P, Potchter O, Matzarakis A (2012) Daily and seasonal climatic conditions of green urban open spaces in the Mediterranean climate and their impact on human comfort. Build Environ 51:285–295" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2227">2012</a>). In accordance with this, in our study, median of PET for neutral thermal sensations (TSV = 0) varied from −2.1 °C in winter to 32.4 °C in summer. The changing with seasons weather perception could be, to some extent, associated with changing clothing insulation (Andrade et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Andrade H, Alcoforado M-J, Oliveira S (2011) Perceptions of temperature and wind by users of public outdoor spaces: relationships with weather parameters and personal characteristics. Int J Biometeorol 55:665–680" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2231">2011</a>; Lindner-Cendrowska and Błażejczyk <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Lindner-Cendrowska K, Błażejczyk K (2013) Clothing habits during tourism and leisure activities in urban areas. The case study of Warsaw (Poland). In: Cotter JD, Lucas SJE, Mündel T (eds) Environmental Ergonomics XV, Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics. ISEE, Otago, pp. 289–291" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2234">2013</a>). Taking into account seasonal differentiation of thermal conditions in continental climatic zone, Kovács et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Kovács A, Unger J, Gál CV, Kántor N (2015) Adjustment of the thermal component of two tourism climatological assessment tools using thermal perception and preference surveys from Hungary. Theor Appl Climatol. doi:
 10.1007/s00704-015-1488-9
 
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2237">2015</a>) suggested adjustments of neutral PET thresholds for each season separately, what according to our data, appears to be strongly justified in this type of climate. Moreover, our studies confirm the existence of alliestesia phenomenon, observed earlier by Spagnolo and de Dear (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Spagnolo J, de Dear RJ (2003) A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney, Australia. Build Environ 38(5):721–738" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR55" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2240">2003</a>), Nikolopoulou and Lykoudis (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Nikolopoulou M, Lykoudis S (2006) Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: analysis across different European countries. Build Environ 41:1455–1470" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2243">2006</a>) and Lin et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Lin TP, de Dear R, Hwang RL (2011) Effect of thermal adaptation on seasonal outdoor thermal comfort. Int J Climatol 31:302–312" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2246">2011</a>). In transitional seasons, respondents had different thermal sensation votes when experiencing identical thermal balance states, which was manifested in higher TSV values in spring than in autumn, under the same PET values.</p><p>Tourists, regardless of their origin, prefer sunny and warm weather at their holiday destination (Lise and Tol <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Lise W, Tol RSJ (2002) Impact of climate on tourist demand. Cimatic Change 55:429–449" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2253">2002</a>), although various types of tourism activity are characterized by different preferences towards meteorological elements (Bafaluy et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Bafaluy D, Amengual A, Romero R, Homar V (2014) Present and future climate resources for various types of tourism in the Bay of Palma. Spain Reg Environ Change 14:1995–2006" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2256">2014</a>). Consistently, our survey showed that in urban environment, people staying outdoors for tourism and recreation preferred warmer than actual thermal conditions for the majority of the year and even in summer, when PET exceeded 29 °C (warm thermal conditions), prevailed satisfaction with thermal environment. Kántor et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012a" title="Kántor N, Égerházi L, Unger J (2012a) Subjective estimation of thermal environment in recreational urban spaces—part 1: investigations in Szeged, Hungary. Int J Biometeorol 56:1075–1088" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2259">2012a</a>) have claimed that humans are most vulnerable in their thermal perception to wind speed and insolation. In Warsaw, tourists in urban environment preferred intensive solar radiation and surprisingly weak wind speed (<2 m·s<sup>−1</sup>) throughout all seasons, what has not been observed elsewhere, but can be partially explained by small differentiation of wind conditions in dense built-up area of the Old Town of Warsaw.</p><p>We used binomial regression model to define optimal thermal range for tourism and recreation in urban areas in Poland. The obtained values of PET, between 27.3 and 31.7 °C, differ considerably from the limits proposed by Matzarakis and Mayer (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1996" title="Matzarakis A, Mayer H (1996) Another kind of environmental stress: thermal stress. WHO News 18:7–10" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2267">1996</a>) and are much higher than thermoneutral range obtained in our study. This preferred spectrum of thermal conditions, associated with slight and moderate heat stress, exceeds values identified for urban square users in Lisbon (21–23 °C PET) (Andrade et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Andrade H, Alcoforado M-J, Oliveira S (2011) Perceptions of temperature and wind by users of public outdoor spaces: relationships with weather parameters and personal characteristics. Int J Biometeorol 55:665–680" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2270">2011</a>), however is comparable with the set-point (29 °C PET) for Hungarian tourists in Szeged, above which prevails preference for cooler conditions (Kántor et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012a" title="Kántor N, Égerházi L, Unger J (2012a) Subjective estimation of thermal environment in recreational urban spaces—part 1: investigations in Szeged, Hungary. Int J Biometeorol 56:1075–1088" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2273">2012a</a>). In addition, the comparison of TSV to TPV enabled us to confirm that people in Warsaw, during outdoor leisure activities, in general prefer to feel ‘slightly warm’ (TSV = 1). This finding is consistent with Humphreys and Hancock (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Humphreys MA, Hancock M (2007) Do people like to feel ‘neutral’? Exploring the variation of the desired thermal sensation on the ASHRAE scale. Energy Build 39:867–874" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2276">2007</a>) conclusions that comfortable thermal conditions are not identical with neutral and that in moderate climates, frequently thermal optimum is moved into the warm end of thermal sensation scale.</p><p>The influence of the selected personal characteristics on thermal perception has been examined in tourism climatology very rarely (Rutty and Scott <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Rutty M, Scott D (2015) Bioclimatic comfort and the thermal perceptions and preferences of beach tourists. Int J Biometeorolo 59:37–45" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2282">2015</a>). Our results showing that women are more susceptible to deviations from thermal optimum, although with poor statistical significance, confirm conclusions of Oliveira and Andrade (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Oliveira S, Andrade H (2007) An initial assessment of the bioclimatic comfort in an outdoor public space in Lisbon. Int J Biometeorol 52:69–84" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2285">2007</a>). On the other hand, in our study, women significantly more frequently than men preferred air temperature to be higher, which can be explained by their higher emotional and physical sensitivity, as well as lower thermal insulation of clothing (Parsons <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Parsons KC (2002) The effects of gender, acclimation state, the opportunity to adjust clothing and physical disability on requirements for thermal comfort. Energy Build 34:593–599" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR49" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2288">2002</a>; Fato et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Fato I, Mertellotta F, Chiancarella C (2004) Thermal comfort in the climatic conditions of Southern Italy. ASHRAE Trans 110:578–592" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2291">2004</a>). This observation is opposite to the findings of Rutty and Scott (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Rutty M, Scott D (2015) Bioclimatic comfort and the thermal perceptions and preferences of beach tourists. Int J Biometeorolo 59:37–45" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2294">2015</a>), whereby female beach users prefer to feel cooler than males. However, Bröde et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Bröde P, Krüger EL, Rossi FA, Fiala D (2012) Predicting urban outdoor thermal comfort by the Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI—a case study in Southern Brazil. Int J Biometeorol 56:471–480" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2298">2012</a>) or Yin et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Yin J, Zheng Y, Wu R, Tan J, Ye D, Wang W (2012) An analysis of influential factors on outdoor thermal comfort in summer. Int J Biometeorol 56:941–948" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2301">2012</a>) did not found influence of gender on thermal perception. Regarding age impact on thermal perception, we confirmed Unger et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Unger J, Kántor N, Gulyás Á, Gal T (2008) Thermal comfort investigation of an urban square in summer. In: Kłysik K, Wibig J, Fortuniak K (eds) Klimat i bioklimat miast (climate and bioclimate of the cities). Wydawnictwo UŁ, Łódź, pp. 179–190" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR58" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2304">2008</a>), Andrade et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Andrade H, Alcoforado M-J, Oliveira S (2011) Perceptions of temperature and wind by users of public outdoor spaces: relationships with weather parameters and personal characteristics. Int J Biometeorol 55:665–680" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2307">2011</a>) as well as Krüger and Rossi (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Krüger EL, Rossi FA (2011) Effect of personal and microclimatic variables on observed thermal sensation from a field study in southern Brazil. Build Environ 46:690–697" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2310">2011</a>) conclusions that older people are less sensitive to temperature variations and less frequently prefer changes in their thermal environment, what can be to some extent a result of usually warmer clothing chosen by this age group. On the other hand, Rutty and Scott (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Rutty M, Scott D (2015) Bioclimatic comfort and the thermal perceptions and preferences of beach tourists. Int J Biometeorolo 59:37–45" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2313">2015</a>) came to the opposite conclusions and observed that older beach users preferred warmer conditions than the younger ones. This conflicting results show that there are huge differences in weather perception between urban and beach tourists and that relations observed in particular sample cannot be applied to the other, involved in different type of leisure activity.</p><p>The place of origin has an impact on weather perception as it forms expectations of specific thermal conditions and therefore influences personal satisfaction from staying outdoors (Höppe <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Höppe P (2002) Different aspects of assessing indoor and outdoor thermal comfort. Energy Build 34:661–665" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2319">2002</a>; Nikolopoulou and Steemers <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Nikolopoulou M, Steemers K (2003) Thermal comfort and psychological adaptation as a guide for designing urban spaces. Energy Build 35:95–101" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2322">2003</a>). Foreign visitors usually have different expectations and thus different perception of tourist destination climate than local visitors (de Freitas <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="de Freitas CR (2003) Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector. Int J Biometeorol 48(1):45–54" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2325">2003</a>). In addition, Knez and Thorsson (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Knez I, Thorsson S (2008) Thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a park: cross-cultural and environmental attitude comparisons. Build Environ 43:1483–1490" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2328">2008</a>) and Knez et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Knez I, Thorsson S, Eliasson I, Lindberg F (2009) Psychological mechanisms in outdoor place and weather assessment: towards a conceptual model. Int J Biometeorol 53:101–111" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2331">2009</a>) proved that populations with divergent cultural backgrounds may vary in their thermal perceptions, even under similar biometeorological conditions. In our study, local respondents, with the best adaptation to Warsaw climate, most frequently perceived thermal environment as neutral, while foreign tourists often declared slightly warm thermal sensations. Taking into account that slightly warm conditions were considered optimal for urban tourism and recreation, it was logical that overseas visitors the least frequently wanted changes in their thermal environment. Rutty and Scott (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Rutty M, Scott D (2015) Bioclimatic comfort and the thermal perceptions and preferences of beach tourists. Int J Biometeorolo 59:37–45" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2335">2015</a>) indicated that climatic region of origin can explain some differences in thermal perception of tourists from different countries, although very little attention has been given to this problem so far. In our study, subjects coming from hemiboreal climatic zone (Dfb), the same climate as in Warsaw, the most frequently declared feeling neutral, but at the same time usually wanted warmer thermal conditions. Tourists from subtropical climates (Cfa/Cwa) most often characterized their sensations as cool and slightly cool, concurrently preferring warmer weather. The penchant for higher air temperature, as well as cooler thermal sensations votes, is typical for residents of hot and humid regions (Lin <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Lin TP (2009) Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions. Build Environ 42:2017–2026" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2338">2009</a>; Lin et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Lin TP, de Dear R, Hwang RL (2011) Effect of thermal adaptation on seasonal outdoor thermal comfort. Int J Climatol 31:302–312" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2341">2011</a>; Rutty and Scott <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Rutty M, Scott D (2015) Bioclimatic comfort and the thermal perceptions and preferences of beach tourists. Int J Biometeorolo 59:37–45" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2344">2015</a>). Visitors from temperate climates (Csa/Csb and Cfb), characterized by higher air temperature (especially in winter), surprisingly most often felt slightly warm and were satisfied with thermal environment. The possible explanation is that they expected cooler weather in Poland and prepared themselves mentally and physically for less comfortable conditions. Obtained in advance knowledge about tourist destination’s climate could contribute to more positive weather assessment during holiday stay (Gómez-Martín <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005" title="Gómez-Martín MB (2005) Weather, climate and tourism. A geographical perspective. Ann Tour Res 32(3):571–591" href="/article/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d160268751e2347">2005</a>). Our novel findings concerning the influence of provenance climatic zone on thermal sensations and preferences need further studies, and it is highly recommended to include this aspect in future tourist thermal perception investigations.</p></div></div></section> </div> <div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ul class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Andrade H, Alcoforado M-J, Oliveira S (2011) Perceptions of temperature and wind by users of public outdoor spaces: relationships with weather parameters and personal characteristics. Int J Biometeorol 55:665–680</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-010-0379-0" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00484-010-0379-0" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00484-010-0379-0" aria-label="Article reference 1" data-doi="10.1007/s00484-010-0379-0">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 1" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Perceptions%20of%20temperature%20and%20wind%20by%20users%20of%20public%20outdoor%20spaces%3A%20relationships%20with%20weather%20parameters%20and%20personal%20characteristics&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorol&doi=10.1007%2Fs00484-010-0379-0&volume=55&pages=665-680&publication_year=2011&author=Andrade%2CH&author=Alcoforado%2CM-J&author=Oliveira%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR2">Bafaluy D, Amengual A, Romero R, Homar V (2014) Present and future climate resources for various types of tourism in the Bay of Palma. Spain Reg Environ Change 14:1995–2006</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s10113-013-0450-6" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s10113-013-0450-6" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s10113-013-0450-6" aria-label="Article reference 2" data-doi="10.1007/s10113-013-0450-6">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 2" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Present%20and%20future%20climate%20resources%20for%20various%20types%20of%20tourism%20in%20the%20Bay%20of%20Palma&journal=Spain%20Reg%20Environ%20Change&doi=10.1007%2Fs10113-013-0450-6&volume=14&pages=1995-2006&publication_year=2014&author=Bafaluy%2CD&author=Amengual%2CA&author=Romero%2CR&author=Homar%2CV"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR3">Błażejczyk (2005) MENEX_2005 − the updated version of man-environment heat exchange model <a href="https://www.igipz.pan.pl/tl_files/igipz/ZGiK/opracowania/indywidualne/blazejczyk/MENEX_2005.pdf" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="https://www.igipz.pan.pl/tl_files/igipz/ZGiK/opracowania/indywidualne/blazejczyk/MENEX_2005.pdf">https://www.igipz.pan.pl/tl_files/igipz/ZGiK/opracowania/indywidualne/blazejczyk/MENEX_2005.pdf</a> Accessed 26 Nov 2015</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR4">Błażejczyk K, Kunert A (2011) Bioklimatyczne uwarunkowania rekreacji i turystyki w Polsce (bioclimatic principles of recreation and tourism in Poland). Monografie 13, IGiPZ PAN, Warsaw</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 4" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Bioklimatyczne%20uwarunkowania%20rekreacji%20i%20turystyki%20w%20Polsce%20%28bioclimatic%20principles%20of%20recreation%20and%20tourism%20in%20Poland%29&publication_year=2011&author=B%C5%82a%C5%BCejczyk%2CK&author=Kunert%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR5">Błażejczyk K, Baranowski J, Jendritzky G, Błażejczyk A, Bröde P, Fiala D (2015) Regional features of the bioclimate of central and southern Europe against the background of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Geogr Pol 88(3):439–453</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.7163/GPol.0027" data-track-item_id="10.7163/GPol.0027" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.7163%2FGPol.0027" aria-label="Article reference 5" data-doi="10.7163/GPol.0027">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 5" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Regional%20features%20of%20the%20bioclimate%20of%20central%20and%20southern%20Europe%20against%20the%20background%20of%20the%20K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger%20climate%20classification&journal=Geogr%20Pol&doi=10.7163%2FGPol.0027&volume=88&issue=3&pages=439-453&publication_year=2015&author=B%C5%82a%C5%BCejczyk%2CK&author=Baranowski%2CJ&author=Jendritzky%2CG&author=B%C5%82a%C5%BCejczyk%2CA&author=Br%C3%B6de%2CP&author=Fiala%2CD"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR6">Bröde P, Krüger EL, Rossi FA, Fiala D (2012) Predicting urban outdoor thermal comfort by the Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI—a case study in Southern Brazil. Int J Biometeorol 56:471–480</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-011-0452-3" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00484-011-0452-3" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00484-011-0452-3" aria-label="Article reference 6" data-doi="10.1007/s00484-011-0452-3">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 6" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Predicting%20urban%20outdoor%20thermal%20comfort%20by%20the%20Universal%20Thermal%20Climate%20Index%20UTCI%E2%80%94a%20case%20study%20in%20Southern%20Brazil&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorol&doi=10.1007%2Fs00484-011-0452-3&volume=56&pages=471-480&publication_year=2012&author=Br%C3%B6de%2CP&author=Kr%C3%BCger%2CEL&author=Rossi%2CFA&author=Fiala%2CD"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR7">Chen L, Ng E (2012) Outdoor thermal comfort and outdoor activities: a review of research in the past decade. Cities 29:118–125</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.cities.2011.08.006" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.cities.2011.08.006" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cities.2011.08.006" aria-label="Article reference 7" data-doi="10.1016/j.cities.2011.08.006">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 7" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Outdoor%20thermal%20comfort%20and%20outdoor%20activities%3A%20a%20review%20of%20research%20in%20the%20past%20decade&journal=Cities&doi=10.1016%2Fj.cities.2011.08.006&volume=29&pages=118-125&publication_year=2012&author=Chen%2CL&author=Ng%2CE"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR8">Cohen P, Potchter O, Matzarakis A (2012) Daily and seasonal climatic conditions of green urban open spaces in the Mediterranean climate and their impact on human comfort. Build Environ 51:285–295</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.11.020" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.11.020" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.buildenv.2011.11.020" aria-label="Article reference 8" data-doi="10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.11.020">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 8" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Daily%20and%20seasonal%20climatic%20conditions%20of%20green%20urban%20open%20spaces%20in%20the%20Mediterranean%20climate%20and%20their%20impact%20on%20human%20comfort&journal=Build%20Environ&doi=10.1016%2Fj.buildenv.2011.11.020&volume=51&pages=285-295&publication_year=2012&author=Cohen%2CP&author=Potchter%2CO&author=Matzarakis%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR9">de Freitas CR (2003) Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector. Int J Biometeorol 48(1):45–54</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-003-0177-z" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00484-003-0177-z" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00484-003-0177-z" aria-label="Article reference 9" data-doi="10.1007/s00484-003-0177-z">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 9" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Tourism%20climatology%3A%20evaluating%20environmental%20information%20for%20decision%20making%20and%20business%20planning%20in%20the%20recreation%20and%20tourism%20sector&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorol&doi=10.1007%2Fs00484-003-0177-z&volume=48&issue=1&pages=45-54&publication_year=2003&author=Freitas%2CCR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR10">Denstadli JM, Jacobsen JKS, Lohmann M (2011) Tourist perceptions of summer weather in Scandinavia. Ann Tour Res 38(3):920–940</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.annals.2011.01.005" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.annals.2011.01.005" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.annals.2011.01.005" aria-label="Article reference 10" data-doi="10.1016/j.annals.2011.01.005">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 10" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Tourist%20perceptions%20of%20summer%20weather%20in%20Scandinavia&journal=Ann%20Tour%20Res&doi=10.1016%2Fj.annals.2011.01.005&volume=38&issue=3&pages=920-940&publication_year=2011&author=Denstadli%2CJM&author=Jacobsen%2CJKS&author=Lohmann%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR11">Eliasson I, Knez I, Westenberg U, Thorsson S, Lindberg F (2007) Climate and behaviour in a Nordic city. Landscape Urban Plan 82:72–84</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.01.020" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.01.020" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.landurbplan.2007.01.020" aria-label="Article reference 11" data-doi="10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.01.020">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 11" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Climate%20and%20behaviour%20in%20a%20Nordic%20city&journal=Landscape%20Urban%20Plan&doi=10.1016%2Fj.landurbplan.2007.01.020&volume=82&pages=72-84&publication_year=2007&author=Eliasson%2CI&author=Knez%2CI&author=Westenberg%2CU&author=Thorsson%2CS&author=Lindberg%2CF"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR12">Fanger PO (1972) Thermal comfort. McGrow-Hill Book Company, New York</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 12" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Thermal%20comfort&publication_year=1972&author=Fanger%2CPO"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR13">Fato I, Mertellotta F, Chiancarella C (2004) Thermal comfort in the climatic conditions of Southern Italy. ASHRAE Trans 110:578–592</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 13" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Thermal%20comfort%20in%20the%20climatic%20conditions%20of%20Southern%20Italy&journal=ASHRAE%20Trans&volume=110&pages=578-592&publication_year=2004&author=Fato%2CI&author=Mertellotta%2CF&author=Chiancarella%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR14">Gómez-Martín MB (2005) Weather, climate and tourism. A geographical perspective. Ann Tour Res 32(3):571–591</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.annals.2004.08.004" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.annals.2004.08.004" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.annals.2004.08.004" aria-label="Article reference 14" data-doi="10.1016/j.annals.2004.08.004">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 14" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Weather%2C%20climate%20and%20tourism.%20A%20geographical%20perspective&journal=Ann%20Tour%20Res&doi=10.1016%2Fj.annals.2004.08.004&volume=32&issue=3&pages=571-591&publication_year=2005&author=G%C3%B3mez-Mart%C3%ADn%2CMB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR15">Höppe P (1984) Die Energiebalanz des Menschen. Dissertation. Wissenschaftlicher Mitteilung Nr. 49. Universität München</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR16">Höppe P (1999) The physiological equivalent temperature—a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. Int J Biometeorol 43:71–75</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s004840050118" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s004840050118" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s004840050118" aria-label="Article reference 16" data-doi="10.1007/s004840050118">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 16" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20physiological%20equivalent%20temperature%E2%80%94a%20universal%20index%20for%20the%20biometeorological%20assessment%20of%20the%20thermal%20environment&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorol&doi=10.1007%2Fs004840050118&volume=43&pages=71-75&publication_year=1999&author=H%C3%B6ppe%2CP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR17">Höppe P (2002) Different aspects of assessing indoor and outdoor thermal comfort. Energy Build 34:661–665</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00017-8" data-track-item_id="10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00017-8" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-7788%2802%2900017-8" aria-label="Article reference 17" data-doi="10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00017-8">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 17" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Different%20aspects%20of%20assessing%20indoor%20and%20outdoor%20thermal%20comfort&journal=Energy%20Build&doi=10.1016%2FS0378-7788%2802%2900017-8&volume=34&pages=661-665&publication_year=2002&author=H%C3%B6ppe%2CP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR18">Humphreys MA (1995) Thermal comfort temperatures and the habits of hobbits. In: Nicol F, Humphreys M, Sykes O, Roaf S (eds) Standards for thermal comfort. Chapman and Hall, London</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 18" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Thermal%20comfort%20temperatures%20and%20the%20habits%20of%20hobbits&publication_year=1995&author=Humphreys%2CMA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR19">Humphreys MA, Hancock M (2007) Do people like to feel ‘neutral’? Exploring the variation of the desired thermal sensation on the ASHRAE scale. Energy Build 39:867–874</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.02.014" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.02.014" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2007.02.014" aria-label="Article reference 19" data-doi="10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.02.014">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 19" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Do%20people%20like%20to%20feel%20%E2%80%98neutral%E2%80%99%3F%20Exploring%20the%20variation%20of%20the%20desired%20thermal%20sensation%20on%20the%20ASHRAE%20scale&journal=Energy%20Build&doi=10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2007.02.014&volume=39&pages=867-874&publication_year=2007&author=Humphreys%2CMA&author=Hancock%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR20">Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (2015) <a href="http://pogodynka.pl/polska/daneklimatyczne/" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="http://pogodynka.pl/polska/daneklimatyczne/">http://pogodynka.pl/polska/daneklimatyczne/</a> Accessed 30 Nov 2015</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR21">Ipsos Loyalty (2015) Szacunek wielkości ruchu turystycznego w Warszawie 2014, (Estimation of the quantity of tourist activity in Warsaw 2014) Expert assessment for the City Council of Warsaw <a href="http://www.um.warszawa.pl/sites/default/files/attach/o-warszawie/szacunek_wielkosci_ruchu_turystycznego_2014_0.pdf" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="http://www.um.warszawa.pl/sites/default/files/attach/o-warszawie/szacunek_wielkosci_ruchu_turystycznego_2014_0.pdf">http://www.um.warszawa.pl/sites/default/files/attach/o-warszawie/szacunek_wielkosci_ruchu_turystycznego_2014_0.pdf</a> Accessed 03 Jan 2016</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR22">ISO 10551 (1995) Ergonomics of the thermal environment—assessment of the influence of the thermal environment using subjective judgement scales. International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 22" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Ergonomics%20of%20the%20thermal%20environment%E2%80%94assessment%20of%20the%20influence%20of%20the%20thermal%20environment%20using%20subjective%20judgement%20scales&publication_year=1995"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR23">ISO 9920 (2007) Ergonomics of the thermal environment—estimation of thermal insulation and water vapour resistance of a clothing ensemble. International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 23" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Ergonomics%20of%20the%20thermal%20environment%E2%80%94estimation%20of%20thermal%20insulation%20and%20water%20vapour%20resistance%20of%20a%20clothing%20ensemble&publication_year=2007"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR24">Kántor N, Égerházi L, Unger J (2012a) Subjective estimation of thermal environment in recreational urban spaces—part 1: investigations in Szeged, Hungary. Int J Biometeorol 56:1075–1088</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-012-0523-0" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00484-012-0523-0" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00484-012-0523-0" aria-label="Article reference 24" data-doi="10.1007/s00484-012-0523-0">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 24" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Subjective%20estimation%20of%20thermal%20environment%20in%20recreational%20urban%20spaces%E2%80%94part%201%3A%20investigations%20in%20Szeged%2C%20Hungary&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorol&doi=10.1007%2Fs00484-012-0523-0&volume=56&pages=1075-1088&publication_year=2012&author=K%C3%A1ntor%2CN&author=%C3%89gerh%C3%A1zi%2CL&author=Unger%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR25">Kántor N, Gulyás Á, Unger J (2012b) Subjective estimations of thermal environment in recreational urban spaces—part 2: international comparison. Int J Biometeorol 56:1089–1101</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-012-0564-4" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00484-012-0564-4" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00484-012-0564-4" aria-label="Article reference 25" data-doi="10.1007/s00484-012-0564-4">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 25" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Subjective%20estimations%20of%20thermal%20environment%20in%20recreational%20urban%20spaces%E2%80%94part%202%3A%20international%20comparison&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorol&doi=10.1007%2Fs00484-012-0564-4&volume=56&pages=1089-1101&publication_year=2012&author=K%C3%A1ntor%2CN&author=Guly%C3%A1s%2C%C3%81&author=Unger%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR26">Knez I, Thorsson S (2006) Influences of culture and environmental attitude on thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a public square. Int J Biometeorol 50:258–268</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-006-0024-0" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00484-006-0024-0" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00484-006-0024-0" aria-label="Article reference 26" data-doi="10.1007/s00484-006-0024-0">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 26" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Influences%20of%20culture%20and%20environmental%20attitude%20on%20thermal%2C%20emotional%20and%20perceptual%20evaluations%20of%20a%20public%20square&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorol&doi=10.1007%2Fs00484-006-0024-0&volume=50&pages=258-268&publication_year=2006&author=Knez%2CI&author=Thorsson%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR27">Knez I, Thorsson S (2008) Thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a park: cross-cultural and environmental attitude comparisons. Build Environ 43:1483–1490</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.08.002" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.08.002" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.buildenv.2007.08.002" aria-label="Article reference 27" data-doi="10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.08.002">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 27" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Thermal%2C%20emotional%20and%20perceptual%20evaluations%20of%20a%20park%3A%20cross-cultural%20and%20environmental%20attitude%20comparisons&journal=Build%20Environ&doi=10.1016%2Fj.buildenv.2007.08.002&volume=43&pages=1483-1490&publication_year=2008&author=Knez%2CI&author=Thorsson%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR28">Knez I, Thorsson S, Eliasson I, Lindberg F (2009) Psychological mechanisms in outdoor place and weather assessment: towards a conceptual model. Int J Biometeorol 53:101–111</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-008-0194-z" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00484-008-0194-z" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00484-008-0194-z" aria-label="Article reference 28" data-doi="10.1007/s00484-008-0194-z">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 28" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Psychological%20mechanisms%20in%20outdoor%20place%20and%20weather%20assessment%3A%20towards%20a%20conceptual%20model&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorol&doi=10.1007%2Fs00484-008-0194-z&volume=53&pages=101-111&publication_year=2009&author=Knez%2CI&author=Thorsson%2CS&author=Eliasson%2CI&author=Lindberg%2CF"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR29">Kovács A, Unger J, Gál CV, Kántor N (2015) Adjustment of the thermal component of two tourism climatological assessment tools using thermal perception and preference surveys from Hungary. Theor Appl Climatol. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1488-9" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s00704-015-1488-9">10.1007/s00704-015-1488-9</a> </p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 29" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Adjustment%20of%20the%20thermal%20component%20of%20two%20tourism%20climatological%20assessment%20tools%20using%20thermal%20perception%20and%20preference%20surveys%20from%20Hungary&journal=Theor%20Appl%20Climatol&doi=10.1007%2Fs00704-015-1488-9&publication_year=2015&author=Kov%C3%A1cs%2CA&author=Unger%2CJ&author=G%C3%A1l%2CCV&author=K%C3%A1ntor%2CN"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR30">Krüger EL, Drach P, Emmanuel R, Corbella O (2013) Assessment of daytime outdoor comfort levels in and outside the urban area of Glasgow, UK. Int J Biometeorol 57:521–533</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-012-0578-y" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00484-012-0578-y" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00484-012-0578-y" aria-label="Article reference 30" data-doi="10.1007/s00484-012-0578-y">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 30" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Assessment%20of%20daytime%20outdoor%20comfort%20levels%20in%20and%20outside%20the%20urban%20area%20of%20Glasgow%2C%20UK&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorol&doi=10.1007%2Fs00484-012-0578-y&volume=57&pages=521-533&publication_year=2013&author=Kr%C3%BCger%2CEL&author=Drach%2CP&author=Emmanuel%2CR&author=Corbella%2CO"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR31">Krüger EL, Rossi FA (2011) Effect of personal and microclimatic variables on observed thermal sensation from a field study in southern Brazil. Build Environ 46:690–697</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.09.013" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.09.013" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.buildenv.2010.09.013" aria-label="Article reference 31" data-doi="10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.09.013">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 31" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Effect%20of%20personal%20and%20microclimatic%20variables%20on%20observed%20thermal%20sensation%20from%20a%20field%20study%20in%20southern%20Brazil&journal=Build%20Environ&doi=10.1016%2Fj.buildenv.2010.09.013&volume=46&pages=690-697&publication_year=2011&author=Kr%C3%BCger%2CEL&author=Rossi%2CFA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR32">Lin TP (2009) Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions. Build Environ 42:2017–2026</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.02.004" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.02.004" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.buildenv.2009.02.004" aria-label="Article reference 32" data-doi="10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.02.004">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 32" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Thermal%20perception%2C%20adaptation%20and%20attendance%20in%20a%20public%20square%20in%20hot%20and%20humid%20regions&journal=Build%20Environ&doi=10.1016%2Fj.buildenv.2009.02.004&volume=42&pages=2017-2026&publication_year=2009&author=Lin%2CTP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR33">Lin TP, de Dear R, Hwang RL (2011) Effect of thermal adaptation on seasonal outdoor thermal comfort. Int J Climatol 31:302–312</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1002/joc.2120" data-track-item_id="10.1002/joc.2120" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjoc.2120" aria-label="Article reference 33" data-doi="10.1002/joc.2120">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 33" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Effect%20of%20thermal%20adaptation%20on%20seasonal%20outdoor%20thermal%20comfort&journal=Int%20J%20Climatol&doi=10.1002%2Fjoc.2120&volume=31&pages=302-312&publication_year=2011&author=Lin%2CTP&author=Dear%2CR&author=Hwang%2CRL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR34">Lin TP, Matzarakis (2008) Tourism climate and thermal comfort in Sun Moon Lake, Taiwan. Int J Biometeorol 52:281–290</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-007-0122-7" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00484-007-0122-7" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00484-007-0122-7" aria-label="Article reference 34" data-doi="10.1007/s00484-007-0122-7">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 34" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Tourism%20climate%20and%20thermal%20comfort%20in%20Sun%20Moon%20Lake%2C%20Taiwan&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorol&doi=10.1007%2Fs00484-007-0122-7&volume=52&pages=281-290&publication_year=2008&author=Lin%2CTP&author=Matzarakis%2C"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR35">Lin CH, Lin TP, Hwang RL (2013) Thermal comfort for urban parks in subtropics: understanding visitor’s perceptions, behavior and attendance. Adv Meteorol 2013:1–8</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 35" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Thermal%20comfort%20for%20urban%20parks%20in%20subtropics%3A%20understanding%20visitor%E2%80%99s%20perceptions%2C%20behavior%20and%20attendance&journal=Adv%20Meteorol&volume=2013&pages=1-8&publication_year=2013&author=Lin%2CCH&author=Lin%2CTP&author=Hwang%2CRL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR36">Lindner-Cendrowska K (2013) Assessment of bioclimatic conditions in cities for tourism and recreational purposes (a Warsaw case study). Geogr Pol 86:55–66</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.7163/GPol.2013.7" data-track-item_id="10.7163/GPol.2013.7" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.7163%2FGPol.2013.7" aria-label="Article reference 36" data-doi="10.7163/GPol.2013.7">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 36" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Assessment%20of%20bioclimatic%20conditions%20in%20cities%20for%20tourism%20and%20recreational%20purposes%20%28a%20Warsaw%20case%20study%29&journal=Geogr%20Pol&doi=10.7163%2FGPol.2013.7&volume=86&pages=55-66&publication_year=2013&author=Lindner-Cendrowska%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR37">Lindner-Cendrowska K, Błażejczyk K (2013) Clothing habits during tourism and leisure activities in urban areas. The case study of Warsaw (Poland). In: Cotter JD, Lucas SJE, Mündel T (eds) Environmental Ergonomics XV, Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics. ISEE, Otago, pp. 289–291</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 37" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Clothing%20habits%20during%20tourism%20and%20leisure%20activities%20in%20urban%20areas.%20The%20case%20study%20of%20Warsaw%20%28Poland%29&pages=289-291&publication_year=2013&author=Lindner-Cendrowska%2CK&author=B%C5%82a%C5%BCejczyk%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR38">Lise W, Tol RSJ (2002) Impact of climate on tourist demand. Cimatic Change 55:429–449</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1023/A:1020728021446" data-track-item_id="10.1023/A:1020728021446" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1020728021446" aria-label="Article reference 38" data-doi="10.1023/A:1020728021446">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 38" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Impact%20of%20climate%20on%20tourist%20demand&journal=Cimatic%20Change&doi=10.1023%2FA%3A1020728021446&volume=55&pages=429-449&publication_year=2002&author=Lise%2CW&author=Tol%2CRSJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR39">Mansfeld Y, Freundlich A, Kutiel H (2007) The relationship between weather conditions and tourists’ perception of comfort: the case of the winter sun resort of Eilat. In: Amelung B, Błażejczyk K, Matzarakis A (eds) Climate change and tourism—assessment and coping strategies. Maastricht – Warsaw – Freiburg, pp: 116–139</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR40">Matzarakis A, Mayer H (1996) Another kind of environmental stress: thermal stress. WHO News 18:7–10</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 40" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Another%20kind%20of%20environmental%20stress%3A%20thermal%20stress&journal=WHO%20News&volume=18&pages=7-10&publication_year=1996&author=Matzarakis%2CA&author=Mayer%2CH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR41">Matzarakis A, Mayer H, Iziomon MG (1999) Applications of a universal thermal index: physiological equivalent temperature. Int J Biometeorol 43:76–84</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s004840050119" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s004840050119" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s004840050119" aria-label="Article reference 41" data-doi="10.1007/s004840050119">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FitVWitQ%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 41">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 41" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Applications%20of%20a%20universal%20thermal%20index%3A%20physiological%20equivalent%20temperature&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorol&doi=10.1007%2Fs004840050119&volume=43&pages=76-84&publication_year=1999&author=Matzarakis%2CA&author=Mayer%2CH&author=Iziomon%2CMG"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR42">Matzarakis A, Rutz F, Mayer H (2007) Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments—application of the RayMan model. Int J Biometeorol 51:323–334</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-006-0061-8" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00484-006-0061-8" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00484-006-0061-8" aria-label="Article reference 42" data-doi="10.1007/s00484-006-0061-8">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 42" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Modelling%20radiation%20fluxes%20in%20simple%20and%20complex%20environments%E2%80%94application%20of%20the%20RayMan%20model&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorol&doi=10.1007%2Fs00484-006-0061-8&volume=51&pages=323-334&publication_year=2007&author=Matzarakis%2CA&author=Rutz%2CF&author=Mayer%2CH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR43">Matzarakis A, Rutz F, Mayer H (2010) Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments: basics of the RayMan model. Int J Biometeorol 54:131–139</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-009-0261-0" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00484-009-0261-0" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00484-009-0261-0" aria-label="Article reference 43" data-doi="10.1007/s00484-009-0261-0">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 43" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Modelling%20radiation%20fluxes%20in%20simple%20and%20complex%20environments%3A%20basics%20of%20the%20RayMan%20model&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorol&doi=10.1007%2Fs00484-009-0261-0&volume=54&pages=131-139&publication_year=2010&author=Matzarakis%2CA&author=Rutz%2CF&author=Mayer%2CH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR44">Mayer H, Höppe P (1987) Thermal comfort of man in different urban environments. Theor Appl Clim 38:43–49</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/BF00866252" data-track-item_id="10.1007/BF00866252" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/BF00866252" aria-label="Article reference 44" data-doi="10.1007/BF00866252">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 44" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Thermal%20comfort%20of%20man%20in%20different%20urban%20environments&journal=Theor%20Appl%20Clim&doi=10.1007%2FBF00866252&volume=38&pages=43-49&publication_year=1987&author=Mayer%2CH&author=H%C3%B6ppe%2CP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR45">Nikolopoulou M, Baker N, Steemers K (2001) Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: understanding the human parameter. Sol Energy 70:227–235</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00093-1" data-track-item_id="10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00093-1" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0038-092X%2800%2900093-1" aria-label="Article reference 45" data-doi="10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00093-1">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 45" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Thermal%20comfort%20in%20outdoor%20urban%20spaces%3A%20understanding%20the%20human%20parameter&journal=Sol%20Energy&doi=10.1016%2FS0038-092X%2800%2900093-1&volume=70&pages=227-235&publication_year=2001&author=Nikolopoulou%2CM&author=Baker%2CN&author=Steemers%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR46">Nikolopoulou M, Lykoudis S (2006) Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: analysis across different European countries. Build Environ 41:1455–1470</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.05.031" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.05.031" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.buildenv.2005.05.031" aria-label="Article reference 46" data-doi="10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.05.031">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 46" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Thermal%20comfort%20in%20outdoor%20urban%20spaces%3A%20analysis%20across%20different%20European%20countries&journal=Build%20Environ&doi=10.1016%2Fj.buildenv.2005.05.031&volume=41&pages=1455-1470&publication_year=2006&author=Nikolopoulou%2CM&author=Lykoudis%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR47">Nikolopoulou M, Steemers K (2003) Thermal comfort and psychological adaptation as a guide for designing urban spaces. Energy Build 35:95–101</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00084-1" data-track-item_id="10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00084-1" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-7788%2802%2900084-1" aria-label="Article reference 47" data-doi="10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00084-1">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 47" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Thermal%20comfort%20and%20psychological%20adaptation%20as%20a%20guide%20for%20designing%20urban%20spaces&journal=Energy%20Build&doi=10.1016%2FS0378-7788%2802%2900084-1&volume=35&pages=95-101&publication_year=2003&author=Nikolopoulou%2CM&author=Steemers%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR48">Oliveira S, Andrade H (2007) An initial assessment of the bioclimatic comfort in an outdoor public space in Lisbon. Int J Biometeorol 52:69–84</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-007-0100-0" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00484-007-0100-0" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00484-007-0100-0" aria-label="Article reference 48" data-doi="10.1007/s00484-007-0100-0">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 48" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=An%20initial%20assessment%20of%20the%20bioclimatic%20comfort%20in%20an%20outdoor%20public%20space%20in%20Lisbon&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorol&doi=10.1007%2Fs00484-007-0100-0&volume=52&pages=69-84&publication_year=2007&author=Oliveira%2CS&author=Andrade%2CH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR49">Parsons KC (2002) The effects of gender, acclimation state, the opportunity to adjust clothing and physical disability on requirements for thermal comfort. Energy Build 34:593–599</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00009-9" data-track-item_id="10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00009-9" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-7788%2802%2900009-9" aria-label="Article reference 49" data-doi="10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00009-9">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 49" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20effects%20of%20gender%2C%20acclimation%20state%2C%20the%20opportunity%20to%20adjust%20clothing%20and%20physical%20disability%20on%20requirements%20for%20thermal%20comfort&journal=Energy%20Build&doi=10.1016%2FS0378-7788%2802%2900009-9&volume=34&pages=593-599&publication_year=2002&author=Parsons%2CKC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR50">Pearlmutter D, Jiao D, Garb Y (2014) The relationship between bioclimatic thermal stress and subjective thermal sensation in pedestrian spaces. Int J Biometeorol 58:2111–2127</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-014-0812-x" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00484-014-0812-x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00484-014-0812-x" aria-label="Article reference 50" data-doi="10.1007/s00484-014-0812-x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 50" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20relationship%20between%20bioclimatic%20thermal%20stress%20and%20subjective%20thermal%20sensation%20in%20pedestrian%20spaces&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorol&doi=10.1007%2Fs00484-014-0812-x&volume=58&pages=2111-2127&publication_year=2014&author=Pearlmutter%2CD&author=Jiao%2CD&author=Garb%2CY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR51">Peel MC, Finlayson BL, McMahon TA (2007) Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11:1633–1644</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007" data-track-item_id="10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007" aria-label="Article reference 51" data-doi="10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 51" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Updated%20world%20map%20of%20the%20K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger%20climate%20classification&journal=Hydrol%20Earth%20Syst%20Sci&doi=10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007&volume=11&pages=1633-1644&publication_year=2007&author=Peel%2CMC&author=Finlayson%2CBL&author=McMahon%2CTA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR52">Rutty M, Scott D (2015) Bioclimatic comfort and the thermal perceptions and preferences of beach tourists. Int J Biometeorolo 59:37–45</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-014-0820-x" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00484-014-0820-x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00484-014-0820-x" aria-label="Article reference 52" data-doi="10.1007/s00484-014-0820-x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 52" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Bioclimatic%20comfort%20and%20the%20thermal%20perceptions%20and%20preferences%20of%20beach%20tourists&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorolo&doi=10.1007%2Fs00484-014-0820-x&volume=59&pages=37-45&publication_year=2015&author=Rutty%2CM&author=Scott%2CD"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR53">Saaroni H, Pearlmutter D, Hatuka T (2015) Human-biometeorological conditions and thermal perception in a Mediterranean coastal park. Int J Biometeorolo 59:1347–1362</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-014-0944-z" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00484-014-0944-z" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00484-014-0944-z" aria-label="Article reference 53" data-doi="10.1007/s00484-014-0944-z">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 53" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Human-biometeorological%20conditions%20and%20thermal%20perception%20in%20a%20Mediterranean%20coastal%20park&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorolo&doi=10.1007%2Fs00484-014-0944-z&volume=59&pages=1347-1362&publication_year=2015&author=Saaroni%2CH&author=Pearlmutter%2CD&author=Hatuka%2CT"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR54">Scott D, Gössling S, deFreitas C (2008) Climate preferences for tourism: evidence from Canada, New Zealand and Sweden. Clim Res 38:61–73</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.3354/cr00774" data-track-item_id="10.3354/cr00774" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fcr00774" aria-label="Article reference 54" data-doi="10.3354/cr00774">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 54" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Climate%20preferences%20for%20tourism%3A%20evidence%20from%20Canada%2C%20New%20Zealand%20and%20Sweden&journal=Clim%20Res&doi=10.3354%2Fcr00774&volume=38&pages=61-73&publication_year=2008&author=Scott%2CD&author=G%C3%B6ssling%2CS&author=deFreitas%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR55">Spagnolo J, de Dear RJ (2003) A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney, Australia. Build Environ 38(5):721–738</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/S0360-1323(02)00209-3" data-track-item_id="10.1016/S0360-1323(02)00209-3" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0360-1323%2802%2900209-3" aria-label="Article reference 55" data-doi="10.1016/S0360-1323(02)00209-3">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 55" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20field%20study%20of%20thermal%20comfort%20in%20outdoor%20and%20semi-outdoor%20environments%20in%20subtropical%20Sydney%2C%20Australia&journal=Build%20Environ&doi=10.1016%2FS0360-1323%2802%2900209-3&volume=38&issue=5&pages=721-738&publication_year=2003&author=Spagnolo%2CJ&author=Dear%2CRJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR56">Thorsson S, Lindqvist M, Lindqvist S (2004) Thermal bioclimatic conditions and patterns of behaviour in an urban park in Göteborg, Sweden. Int J Biometeorol 48:149–156</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-003-0189-8" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00484-003-0189-8" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00484-003-0189-8" aria-label="Article reference 56" data-doi="10.1007/s00484-003-0189-8">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 56" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Thermal%20bioclimatic%20conditions%20and%20patterns%20of%20behaviour%20in%20an%20urban%20park%20in%20G%C3%B6teborg%2C%20Sweden&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorol&doi=10.1007%2Fs00484-003-0189-8&volume=48&pages=149-156&publication_year=2004&author=Thorsson%2CS&author=Lindqvist%2CM&author=Lindqvist%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR57">Thorsson S, Honjo T, Lindberg F, Eliasson I, Lim EM (2007) Thermal comfort and outdoor activity in Japanese urban public spaces. Environ Behav 39:660–684</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1177/0013916506294937" data-track-item_id="10.1177/0013916506294937" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0013916506294937" aria-label="Article reference 57" data-doi="10.1177/0013916506294937">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 57" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Thermal%20comfort%20and%20outdoor%20activity%20in%20Japanese%20urban%20public%20spaces&journal=Environ%20Behav&doi=10.1177%2F0013916506294937&volume=39&pages=660-684&publication_year=2007&author=Thorsson%2CS&author=Honjo%2CT&author=Lindberg%2CF&author=Eliasson%2CI&author=Lim%2CEM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR58">Unger J, Kántor N, Gulyás Á, Gal T (2008) Thermal comfort investigation of an urban square in summer. In: Kłysik K, Wibig J, Fortuniak K (eds) Klimat i bioklimat miast (climate and bioclimate of the cities). Wydawnictwo UŁ, Łódź, pp. 179–190</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 58" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Thermal%20comfort%20investigation%20of%20an%20urban%20square%20in%20summer&pages=179-190&publication_year=2008&author=Unger%2CJ&author=K%C3%A1ntor%2CN&author=Guly%C3%A1s%2C%C3%81&author=Gal%2CT"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR59">Yin J, Zheng Y, Wu R, Tan J, Ye D, Wang W (2012) An analysis of influential factors on outdoor thermal comfort in summer. Int J Biometeorol 56:941–948</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00484-011-0503-9" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00484-011-0503-9" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00484-011-0503-9" aria-label="Article reference 59" data-doi="10.1007/s00484-011-0503-9">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 59" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=An%20analysis%20of%20influential%20factors%20on%20outdoor%20thermal%20comfort%20in%20summer&journal=Int%20J%20Biometeorol&doi=10.1007%2Fs00484-011-0503-9&volume=56&pages=941-948&publication_year=2012&author=Yin%2CJ&author=Zheng%2CY&author=Wu%2CR&author=Tan%2CJ&author=Ye%2CD&author=Wang%2CW"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li></ul><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Acknowledgments"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1">Acknowledgments</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content"><p>This research was conducted thanks to the financial support of the National Centre of Science in Poland (N N306 695640).</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Climatology, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Katarzyna Lindner-Cendrowska & Krzysztof Błażejczyk</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Katarzyna-Lindner_Cendrowska-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Katarzyna Lindner-Cendrowska</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Katarzyna%20Lindner-Cendrowska" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Katarzyna%20Lindner-Cendrowska" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Katarzyna%20Lindner-Cendrowska%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Krzysztof-B_a_ejczyk-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Krzysztof Błażejczyk</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Krzysztof%20B%C5%82a%C5%BCejczyk" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Krzysztof%20B%C5%82a%C5%BCejczyk" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Krzysztof%20B%C5%82a%C5%BCejczyk%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:klindner@uw.edu.pl">Katarzyna Lindner-Cendrowska</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Electronic supplementary material"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec13-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec13">Electronic supplementary material</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec13-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM1"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="esm 1" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1/MediaObjects/484_2016_1220_MOESM1_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">ESM 1</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>(PDF 555 kb)</p></div></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"> <p> <b>Open Access</b> This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.</p> <p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Impact%20of%20selected%20personal%20factors%20on%20seasonal%20variability%20of%20recreationist%20weather%20perceptions%20and%20preferences%20in%20Warsaw%20%28Poland%29&author=Katarzyna%20Lindner-Cendrowska%20et%20al&contentID=10.1007%2Fs00484-016-1220-1&copyright=The%20Author%28s%29&publication=0020-7128&publicationDate=2016-08-08&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true&oa=CC%20BY">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,<svg height="81" width="57" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m17.35 35.45 21.3-14.2v-17.03h-21.3" fill="#989898"/><path d="m38.65 35.45-21.3-14.2v-17.03h21.3" fill="#747474"/><path d="m28 .5c-12.98 0-23.5 10.52-23.5 23.5s10.52 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.5-10.52 23.5-23.5c0-6.23-2.48-12.21-6.88-16.62-4.41-4.4-10.39-6.88-16.62-6.88zm0 41.25c-9.8 0-17.75-7.95-17.75-17.75s7.95-17.75 17.75-17.75 17.75 7.95 17.75 17.75c0 4.71-1.87 9.22-5.2 12.55s-7.84 5.2-12.55 5.2z" fill="#535353"/><path d="m41 36c-5.81 6.23-15.23 7.45-22.43 2.9-7.21-4.55-10.16-13.57-7.03-21.5l-4.92-3.11c-4.95 10.7-1.19 23.42 8.78 29.71 9.97 6.3 23.07 4.22 30.6-4.86z" fill="#9c9c9c"/><path d="m.2 58.45c0-.75.11-1.42.33-2.01s.52-1.09.91-1.5c.38-.41.83-.73 1.34-.94.51-.22 1.06-.32 1.65-.32.56 0 1.06.11 1.51.35.44.23.81.5 1.1.81l-.91 1.01c-.24-.24-.49-.42-.75-.56-.27-.13-.58-.2-.93-.2-.39 0-.73.08-1.05.23-.31.16-.58.37-.81.66-.23.28-.41.63-.53 1.04-.13.41-.19.88-.19 1.39 0 1.04.23 1.86.68 2.46.45.59 1.06.88 1.84.88.41 0 .77-.07 1.07-.23s.59-.39.85-.68l.91 1c-.38.43-.8.76-1.28.99-.47.22-1 .34-1.58.34-.59 0-1.13-.1-1.64-.31-.5-.2-.94-.51-1.31-.91-.38-.4-.67-.9-.88-1.48-.22-.59-.33-1.26-.33-2.02zm8.4-5.33h1.61v2.54l-.05 1.33c.29-.27.61-.51.96-.72s.76-.31 1.24-.31c.73 0 1.27.23 1.61.71.33.47.5 1.14.5 2.02v4.31h-1.61v-4.1c0-.57-.08-.97-.25-1.21-.17-.23-.45-.35-.83-.35-.3 0-.56.08-.79.22-.23.15-.49.36-.78.64v4.8h-1.61zm7.37 6.45c0-.56.09-1.06.26-1.51.18-.45.42-.83.71-1.14.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.36c.07.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.29 0 .57-.04.83-.13s.51-.21.76-.37l.55 1.01c-.33.21-.69.39-1.09.53-.41.14-.83.21-1.26.21-.48 0-.92-.08-1.34-.25-.41-.16-.76-.4-1.07-.7-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.6-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.07.45-.31.29-.5.73-.58 1.3zm2.5.62c0-.57.09-1.08.28-1.53.18-.44.43-.82.75-1.13s.69-.54 1.1-.71c.42-.16.85-.24 1.31-.24.45 0 .84.08 1.17.23s.61.34.85.57l-.77 1.02c-.19-.16-.38-.28-.56-.37-.19-.09-.39-.14-.61-.14-.56 0-1.01.21-1.35.63-.35.41-.52.97-.52 1.67 0 .69.17 1.24.51 1.66.34.41.78.62 1.32.62.28 0 .54-.06.78-.17.24-.12.45-.26.64-.42l.67 1.03c-.33.29-.69.51-1.08.65-.39.15-.78.23-1.18.23-.46 0-.9-.08-1.31-.24-.4-.16-.75-.39-1.05-.7s-.53-.69-.7-1.13c-.17-.45-.25-.96-.25-1.53zm6.91-6.45h1.58v6.17h.05l2.54-3.16h1.77l-2.35 2.8 2.59 4.07h-1.75l-1.77-2.98-1.08 1.23v1.75h-1.58zm13.69 1.27c-.25-.11-.5-.17-.75-.17-.58 0-.87.39-.87 1.16v.75h1.34v1.27h-1.34v5.6h-1.61v-5.6h-.92v-1.2l.92-.07v-.72c0-.35.04-.68.13-.98.08-.31.21-.57.4-.79s.42-.39.71-.51c.28-.12.63-.18 1.04-.18.24 0 .48.02.69.07.22.05.41.1.57.17zm.48 5.18c0-.57.09-1.08.27-1.53.17-.44.41-.82.72-1.13.3-.31.65-.54 1.04-.71.39-.16.8-.24 1.23-.24s.84.08 1.24.24c.4.17.74.4 1.04.71s.54.69.72 1.13c.19.45.28.96.28 1.53s-.09 1.08-.28 1.53c-.18.44-.42.82-.72 1.13s-.64.54-1.04.7-.81.24-1.24.24-.84-.08-1.23-.24-.74-.39-1.04-.7c-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.45-.27-.96-.27-1.53zm1.65 0c0 .69.14 1.24.43 1.66.28.41.68.62 1.18.62.51 0 .9-.21 1.19-.62.29-.42.44-.97.44-1.66 0-.7-.15-1.26-.44-1.67-.29-.42-.68-.63-1.19-.63-.5 0-.9.21-1.18.63-.29.41-.43.97-.43 1.67zm6.48-3.44h1.33l.12 1.21h.05c.24-.44.54-.79.88-1.02.35-.24.7-.36 1.07-.36.32 0 .59.05.78.14l-.28 1.4-.33-.09c-.11-.01-.23-.02-.38-.02-.27 0-.56.1-.86.31s-.55.58-.77 1.1v4.2h-1.61zm-47.87 15h1.61v4.1c0 .57.08.97.25 1.2.17.24.44.35.81.35.3 0 .57-.07.8-.22.22-.15.47-.39.73-.73v-4.7h1.61v6.87h-1.32l-.12-1.01h-.04c-.3.36-.63.64-.98.86-.35.21-.76.32-1.24.32-.73 0-1.27-.24-1.61-.71-.33-.47-.5-1.14-.5-2.02zm9.46 7.43v2.16h-1.61v-9.59h1.33l.12.72h.05c.29-.24.61-.45.97-.63.35-.17.72-.26 1.1-.26.43 0 .81.08 1.15.24.33.17.61.4.84.71.24.31.41.68.53 1.11.13.42.19.91.19 1.44 0 .59-.09 1.11-.25 1.57-.16.47-.38.85-.65 1.16-.27.32-.58.56-.94.73-.35.16-.72.25-1.1.25-.3 0-.6-.07-.9-.2s-.59-.31-.87-.56zm0-2.3c.26.22.5.37.73.45.24.09.46.13.66.13.46 0 .84-.2 1.15-.6.31-.39.46-.98.46-1.77 0-.69-.12-1.22-.35-1.61-.23-.38-.61-.57-1.13-.57-.49 0-.99.26-1.52.77zm5.87-1.69c0-.56.08-1.06.25-1.51.16-.45.37-.83.65-1.14.27-.3.58-.54.93-.71s.71-.25 1.08-.25c.39 0 .73.07 1 .2.27.14.54.32.81.55l-.06-1.1v-2.49h1.61v9.88h-1.33l-.11-.74h-.06c-.25.25-.54.46-.88.64-.33.18-.69.27-1.06.27-.87 0-1.56-.32-2.07-.95s-.76-1.51-.76-2.65zm1.67-.01c0 .74.13 1.31.4 1.7.26.38.65.58 1.15.58.51 0 .99-.26 1.44-.77v-3.21c-.24-.21-.48-.36-.7-.45-.23-.08-.46-.12-.7-.12-.45 0-.82.19-1.13.59-.31.39-.46.95-.46 1.68zm6.35 1.59c0-.73.32-1.3.97-1.71.64-.4 1.67-.68 3.08-.84 0-.17-.02-.34-.07-.51-.05-.16-.12-.3-.22-.43s-.22-.22-.38-.3c-.15-.06-.34-.1-.58-.1-.34 0-.68.07-1 .2s-.63.29-.93.47l-.59-1.08c.39-.24.81-.45 1.28-.63.47-.17.99-.26 1.54-.26.86 0 1.51.25 1.93.76s.63 1.25.63 2.21v4.07h-1.32l-.12-.76h-.05c-.3.27-.63.48-.98.66s-.73.27-1.14.27c-.61 0-1.1-.19-1.48-.56-.38-.36-.57-.85-.57-1.46zm1.57-.12c0 .3.09.53.27.67.19.14.42.21.71.21.28 0 .54-.07.77-.2s.48-.31.73-.56v-1.54c-.47.06-.86.13-1.18.23-.31.09-.57.19-.76.31s-.33.25-.41.4c-.09.15-.13.31-.13.48zm6.29-3.63h-.98v-1.2l1.06-.07.2-1.88h1.34v1.88h1.75v1.27h-1.75v3.28c0 .8.32 1.2.97 1.2.12 0 .24-.01.37-.04.12-.03.24-.07.34-.11l.28 1.19c-.19.06-.4.12-.64.17-.23.05-.49.08-.76.08-.4 0-.74-.06-1.02-.18-.27-.13-.49-.3-.67-.52-.17-.21-.3-.48-.37-.78-.08-.3-.12-.64-.12-1.01zm4.36 2.17c0-.56.09-1.06.27-1.51s.41-.83.71-1.14c.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.37c.08.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.3 0 .58-.04.84-.13.25-.09.51-.21.76-.37l.54 1.01c-.32.21-.69.39-1.09.53s-.82.21-1.26.21c-.47 0-.92-.08-1.33-.25-.41-.16-.77-.4-1.08-.7-.3-.31-.54-.69-.72-1.13-.17-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.61-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.08.45-.31.29-.5.73-.57 1.3zm3.01 2.23c.31.24.61.43.92.57.3.13.63.2.98.2.38 0 .65-.08.83-.23s.27-.35.27-.6c0-.14-.05-.26-.13-.37-.08-.1-.2-.2-.34-.28-.14-.09-.29-.16-.47-.23l-.53-.22c-.23-.09-.46-.18-.69-.3-.23-.11-.44-.24-.62-.4s-.33-.35-.45-.55c-.12-.21-.18-.46-.18-.75 0-.61.23-1.1.68-1.49.44-.38 1.06-.57 1.83-.57.48 0 .91.08 1.29.25s.71.36.99.57l-.74.98c-.24-.17-.49-.32-.73-.42-.25-.11-.51-.16-.78-.16-.35 0-.6.07-.76.21-.17.15-.25.33-.25.54 0 .14.04.26.12.36s.18.18.31.26c.14.07.29.14.46.21l.54.19c.23.09.47.18.7.29s.44.24.64.4c.19.16.34.35.46.58.11.23.17.5.17.82 0 .3-.06.58-.17.83-.12.26-.29.48-.51.68-.23.19-.51.34-.84.45-.34.11-.72.17-1.15.17-.48 0-.95-.09-1.41-.27-.46-.19-.86-.41-1.2-.68z" fill="#535353"/></g></svg>"></a></div><div class="c-bibliographic-information__column"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Lindner-Cendrowska, K., Błażejczyk, K. Impact of selected personal factors on seasonal variability of recreationist weather perceptions and preferences in Warsaw (Poland). <i>Int J Biometeorol</i> <b>62</b>, 113–125 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2016-02-25">25 February 2016</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Revised<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2016-07-13">13 July 2016</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2016-07-22">22 July 2016</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2016-08-08">08 August 2016</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2018-01">January 2018</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this article</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button class="js-get-share-url c-article-share-box__button" type="button" id="get-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-external="" data-track-action="get shareable link">Get shareable link</button><div class="js-no-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info">Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.</p></div><div class="js-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-share-url c-article-share-box__only-read-input" id="share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="select share url"></p><button class="js-copy-share-url c-article-share-box__button--link-like" type="button" id="copy-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="copy share url" data-track-external="">Copy to clipboard</button></div><p class="js-c-article-share-box__additional-info c-article-share-box__additional-info"> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative </p></div></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Keywords</h3><ul class="c-article-subject-list"><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Outdoor%20thermal%20comfort&facet-discipline="Environment"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Outdoor thermal comfort</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Weather%20perception&facet-discipline="Environment"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Weather perception</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Urban%20tourism&facet-discipline="Environment"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Urban tourism</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=PET%20index&facet-discipline="Environment"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">PET index</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Warsaw&facet-discipline="Environment"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Warsaw</a></span></li></ul><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> </main> <div class="c-article-sidebar u-text-sm u-hide-print l-with-sidebar__sidebar" id="sidebar" data-container-type="reading-companion" data-track-component="reading companion"> <aside> <div class="app-card-service" data-test="article-checklist-banner"> <div> <a class="app-card-service__link" data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="article page top of reading companion" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="clicked article page checklist banner test 2 old version" data-track-label="link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=484" data-test="article-checklist-banner-link"> <span class="app-card-service__link-text">Use our pre-submission checklist</span> <svg class="app-card-service__link-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small"></use></svg> </a> <p class="app-card-service__description">Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="app-card-service__icon-container"> <svg class="app-card-service__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div data-test="collections"> </div> <div data-test="editorial-summary"> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion"> <div class="c-reading-companion__sticky" data-component="reading-companion-sticky" data-test="reading-companion-sticky"> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__sections c-reading-companion__panel--active" id="tabpanel-sections"> <div class="u-lazy-ad-wrapper u-mt-16 u-hide" data-component-mpu><div class="c-ad c-ad--300x250"> <div class="c-ad__inner"> <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-MPU1" class="div-gpt-ad grade-c-hide" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/270604982/springerlink/484/article" data-gpt-sizes="300x250" data-test="MPU1-ad" data-gpt-targeting="pos=MPU1;articleid=s00484-016-1220-1;"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__figures c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-figures"></div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__references c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-references"></div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </article> <div class="app-elements"> <div class="eds-c-header__expander eds-c-header__expander--search" id="eds-c-header-popup-search"> <h2 class="eds-c-header__heading">Search</h2> <div class="u-container"> <search class="eds-c-header__search" role="search" aria-label="Search from the header"> <form method="GET" action="//link.springer.com/search" data-test="header-search" data-track="search" data-track-context="search from header" data-track-action="submit search form" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="form" > <label for="eds-c-header-search" class="eds-c-header__search-label">Search by keyword or author</label> <div class="eds-c-header__search-container"> <input id="eds-c-header-search" class="eds-c-header__search-input" autocomplete="off" name="query" type="search" value="" required> <button class="eds-c-header__search-button" type="submit"> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-search-medium"></use> </svg> <span class="u-visually-hidden">Search</span> </button> </div> </form> </search> </div> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__expander eds-c-header__expander--menu" id="eds-c-header-nav"> <h2 class="eds-c-header__heading">Navigation</h2> <ul class="eds-c-header__list"> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/" data-track="nav_find_a_journal" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click find a journal" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Find a journal </a> </li> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_how_to_publish" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click publish with us link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Publish with us </a> </li> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springernature.com/home/" data-track="nav_track_your_research" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click track your research" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Track your research </a> </li> </ul> </div> <footer > <div class="eds-c-footer" > <div class="eds-c-footer__container"> <div class="eds-c-footer__grid eds-c-footer__group--separator"> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Discover content</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/a/1" data-track="nav_journals_a_z" data-track-action="journals a-z" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Journals A-Z</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/books/a/1" data-track="nav_books_a_z" data-track-action="books a-z" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Books A-Z</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Publish with us</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals" data-track="nav_journal_finder" data-track-action="journal finder" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Journal finder</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_publish_your_research" data-track-action="publish your research" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Publish your research</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="nav_open_access_publishing" data-track-action="open access publishing" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Open access publishing</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Products and services</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/products" data-track="nav_our_products" data-track-action="our products" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Our products</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians" data-track="nav_librarians" data-track-action="librarians" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Librarians</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/societies" data-track="nav_societies" data-track-action="societies" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Societies</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/partners" data-track="nav_partners_and_advertisers" data-track-action="partners and advertisers" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Partners and advertisers</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Our imprints</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springer.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Springer" data-track-action="Springer" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Springer</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Nature_Portfolio" data-track-action="Nature Portfolio" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Nature Portfolio</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.biomedcentral.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_BMC" data-track-action="BMC" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">BMC</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.palgrave.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Palgrave_Macmillan" data-track-action="Palgrave Macmillan" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Palgrave Macmillan</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.apress.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Apress" data-track-action="Apress" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Apress</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__container"> <nav aria-label="footer navigation"> <ul class="eds-c-footer__links"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <button class="eds-c-footer__link" data-cc-action="preferences" data-track="dialog_manage_cookies" data-track-action="Manage cookies" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link"><span class="eds-c-footer__button-text">Your privacy choices/Manage cookies</span></button> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/legal/ccpa" data-track="nav_california_privacy_statement" data-track-action="california privacy statement" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Your US state privacy rights</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/info/accessibility" data-track="nav_accessibility_statement" data-track-action="accessibility statement" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Accessibility statement</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/termsandconditions" data-track="nav_terms_and_conditions" data-track-action="terms and conditions" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Terms and conditions</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/privacystatement" data-track="nav_privacy_policy" data-track-action="privacy policy" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Privacy policy</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/home" data-track="nav_help_and_support" data-track-action="help and support" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Help and support</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/solutions/articles/6000255911-subscription-cancellations" data-track-action="cancel contracts here">Cancel contracts here</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="eds-c-footer__user"> <p class="eds-c-footer__user-info"> <span data-test="footer-user-ip">8.222.208.146</span> </p> <p class="eds-c-footer__user-info" data-test="footer-business-partners">Not affiliated</p> </div> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/" class="eds-c-footer__link"> <img src="/oscar-static/images/logo-springernature-white-19dd4ba190.svg" alt="Springer Nature" loading="lazy" width="200" height="20"/> </a> <p class="eds-c-footer__legal" data-test="copyright">© 2024 Springer Nature</p> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </body> </html>