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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrangement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrangement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Arrangement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrangement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urinals_with_flushing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urinals_with_flushing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Urinals with flushing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Urinals_with_flushing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Urinals with flushing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Urinals_with_flushing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manual_handles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manual_handles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Manual handles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manual_handles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timed_flush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timed_flush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Timed flush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timed_flush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Door-regulated_flush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Door-regulated_flush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Door-regulated flush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Door-regulated_flush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automatic_flush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_flush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Automatic flush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_flush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterless_urinals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterless_urinals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Waterless urinals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Waterless_urinals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Waterless urinals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Waterless_urinals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Odor_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odor_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Odor control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odor_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Installation_and_maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Installation_and_maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Installation and maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Installation_and_maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Situation_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situation_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Situation in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situation_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Street_urinals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Street_urinals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Street urinals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Street_urinals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_urinals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_urinals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Special urinals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Special_urinals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Special urinals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Special_urinals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urinals_designed_for_females" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urinals_designed_for_females"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Urinals designed for females</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urinals_designed_for_females-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_interactive_urinals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_interactive_urinals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Arts and interactive urinals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_interactive_urinals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Makeshift_urinals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Makeshift_urinals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Makeshift urinals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Makeshift_urinals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>In vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_unusual_or_historical_urinals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_unusual_or_historical_urinals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Gallery of unusual or historical urinals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_unusual_or_historical_urinals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Urinal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinaal" title="Urinaal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Urinaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="مبولة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مبولة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisuar" title="Pisuar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pisuar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пісуар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пісуар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пісуар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пісуар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihian" title="Ihian – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ihian" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Писоар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Писоар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staotlec%27h" title="Staotlec'h – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Staotlec'h" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinari" title="Urinari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Urinari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Писсуар – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Писсуар" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piso%C3%A1r" title="Pisoár – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pisoár" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinal" title="Urinal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Urinal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinal" title="Urinal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urinal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pissuaar" title="Pissuaar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pissuaar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinario" title="Urinario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Urinario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisejo" title="Pisejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pisejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixatoki" title="Pixatoki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pixatoki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="توالت سرپایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توالت سرپایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinoir" title="Urinoir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Urinoir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fual%C3%A1n" title="Fualán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fualán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%B3%80%EA%B8%B0" title="소변기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소변기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Պիսուար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիսուար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="मूत्रालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मूत्रालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peturasan" title="Peturasan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peturasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Evagsk%C3%A1l" title="Þvagskál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þvagskál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinatoio" title="Orinatoio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orinatoio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%94_(%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%9F)" title="משתנה (מתקן) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משתנה (מתקן)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peturasan" title="Peturasan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Peturasan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮೂತ್ರಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೂತ್ರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pissoir" title="Pissoir – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pissoir" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinoir_(sanitair)" title="Urinoir (sanitair) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Urinoir (sanitair)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%BE%BF%E5%99%A8" title="小便器 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="小便器" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pissoar" title="Pissoar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pissoar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pissoar" title="Pissoar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pissoar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisuar" title="Pisuar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pisuar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mict%C3%B3rio" title="Mictório – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mictório" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikken%C3%9F" title="Sikkenß – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Sikkenß" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Писсуар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Писсуар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinatori" title="Urinatori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Urinatori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisciaturi" title="Pisciaturi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pisciaturi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinal" title="Urinal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Urinal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پيشابدان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پيشابدان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piso%C3%A1r" title="Pisoár – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pisoár" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisoaari" title="Pisoaari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pisoaari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinoar" title="Urinoar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Urinoar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="சிறுநீரேந்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிறுநீரேந்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sanitary fixture for urination</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the plumbing fixture. For the bottle used for urination, see <a href="/wiki/Urinal_(health_care)" title="Urinal (health care)">Urinal (health care)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Urinal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Urinal (disambiguation)">Urinal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Urinal" title="Special:EditPage/Urinal">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Urinal%22">"Urinal"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Urinal%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Urinal%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Urinal%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Urinal%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Urinal%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Merge plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/50px-Merge-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/75px-Merge-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/100px-Merge-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Pissoir" title="Pissoir">Pissoir</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Urinal#Proposed_merge_of_Pissoir_with_Urinal" title="Talk:Urinal">Discuss</a>)<small><i> Proposed since September 2024.</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Men%E2%80%99s_Room_Urinals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Men%E2%80%99s_Room_Urinals.jpg/342px-Men%E2%80%99s_Room_Urinals.jpg" decoding="async" width="342" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Men%E2%80%99s_Room_Urinals.jpg/513px-Men%E2%80%99s_Room_Urinals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Men%E2%80%99s_Room_Urinals.jpg/684px-Men%E2%80%99s_Room_Urinals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Urinals in an office restroom</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>urinal</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ʊəˈr/: 'ur' in 'plurality'">ʊəˈr</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a sanitary <a href="/wiki/Plumbing_fixture" title="Plumbing fixture">plumbing fixture</a> similar to a <a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilet</a>, but for <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">urination</a> only. Urinals are often provided in men's <a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">public restrooms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western countries</a> (less so in <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim countries</a>). They are usually used in a standing position. Urinals can be equipped with manual flushing, automatic flushing, or without flushing, as is the case for waterless urinals. They can be arranged as single sanitary fixtures (with or without privacy walls), or in a trough design without privacy walls. </p><p>Urinals designed for females ("<a href="/wiki/Female_urinal" title="Female urinal">female urinals</a>") also exist but are rare. It is possible for females to use stand-up urinals using a <a href="/wiki/Female_urination_device" title="Female urination device">female urination device</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-restroomsdotorg_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-restroomsdotorg-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "urinal" may also apply to a small building or other structure containing such fixtures. It can also refer to a small container in which urine can be collected for <a href="/wiki/Urinalysis" title="Urinalysis">medical analysis</a>, or for use where access to toilet facilities is not possible, such as in small aircraft, during extended <a href="/wiki/Stakeout" class="mw-redirect" title="Stakeout">stakeouts</a>, or for the <a href="/wiki/Bedridden" title="Bedridden">bedridden</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_103_(4428544487).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Wien_103_%284428544487%29.jpg/220px-Wien_103_%284428544487%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Wien_103_%284428544487%29.jpg/330px-Wien_103_%284428544487%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Wien_103_%284428544487%29.jpg/440px-Wien_103_%284428544487%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="1193" /></a><figcaption>Urinals with privacy barriers in a men's <a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">public toilet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna,_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna, Austria">Vienna, Austria</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sensor-operated-urinals1377p.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sensor-operated-urinals1377p.jpg/220px-Sensor-operated-urinals1377p.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sensor-operated-urinals1377p.jpg/330px-Sensor-operated-urinals1377p.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sensor-operated-urinals1377p.jpg/440px-Sensor-operated-urinals1377p.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Typical arrangement of sensor-operated urinals in a row without partitions</figcaption></figure><p>A stand-up urinal can be used conveniently and appropriately by someone who has a penis or other adaptive means with which to urinate from a standing position. There is no age restriction, and urinals are commonly used by men and boys of all ages. <a href="/wiki/Female_urinal" title="Female urinal">Female urinals</a> also exist but are not common. </p><p>In busy <a href="/wiki/Public_toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Public toilets">public toilets</a>, urinals are installed for efficiency. Compared with <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">urination</a> in a general-purpose toilet, usage is faster and more sanitary because at the urinal there are no fecal germs, no additional doors or locks to touch, and no seat to turn up. Consistent use of urinals also keeps the toilet stalls cleaner and more available for persons who need to defecate. A urinal takes less space, is simpler, and consumes less water per flush (or even no water at all) than a <a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">flush toilet</a>. Large numbers of them are usually installed along a common supply pipe and drain. Urinals may also come in different heights, to accommodate tall and short users. </p><p>Public urinals usually have a plastic mesh guard, which may optionally contain a deodorizing <a href="/wiki/Urinal_deodorizer_block" title="Urinal deodorizer block">urinal deodorizer block</a> or "urinal cake". The mesh is intended to prevent solid objects (such as <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_butt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cigarette butt">cigarette butts</a>, feces, <a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a>, or paper) from being flushed and possibly causing a plumbing stoppage. In some restaurants, bars, and clubs, ice may be put in the urinals, serving some of the same purposes as the deodorizing block without dispensing odorous chemicals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrangement">Arrangement</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floor_standing_urinals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Floor_standing_urinals.jpg/220px-Floor_standing_urinals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Floor_standing_urinals.jpg/330px-Floor_standing_urinals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Floor_standing_urinals.jpg/440px-Floor_standing_urinals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Urinals that extend to the floor, suitable for users of all heights</figcaption></figure> <p>For purposes of space and economic practicality, urinals are not typically placed inside stalls. Unlike in female public toilets that do not have urinals, optimal resource efficiency in male restrooms therefore requires urinating in full visibility of other users. In recent years, it has become more common in some countries for dividers or partitions to be installed between urinals to eliminate any chance of incidental exposure during the process of urination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Urinals in high-capacity public toilets are usually arranged in one or more rows directly opposite the door, so that users have their backs to people entering or standing outside. Often, one or two of the urinals, typically at one end of a long row, will be mounted lower than the others; they are meant for the disabled and other users who cannot reach the regular urinals. In facilities where people of various heights are present, such as schools, urinals that extend down to floor level may be used to allow anyone of any height to use any urinal. </p><p>Instead of individual fixtures, trough urinals may be installed. These designs can be used by a number of people simultaneously, but they do not allow for much privacy. They are often installed where there is a high peak demand, such as in schools, music festivals, theatrical events, sports stadiums, discos, dance clubs, and convention halls. </p><p>Urinals were once installed exclusively in commercial or institutional settings, but are also now available for private homes. They offer the advantages of substantial water savings in residences with many occupants, and reduction of "splash back", making cleaning easier. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urinal_with_urinal_cake_gsu_cit_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urinal with pink-colored urinal cake"><img alt="Urinal with pink-colored urinal cake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Urinal_with_urinal_cake_gsu_cit_2004.jpg/135px-Urinal_with_urinal_cake_gsu_cit_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Urinal_with_urinal_cake_gsu_cit_2004.jpg/202px-Urinal_with_urinal_cake_gsu_cit_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Urinal_with_urinal_cake_gsu_cit_2004.jpg/270px-Urinal_with_urinal_cake_gsu_cit_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urinal with pink-colored <a href="/wiki/Urinal_deodorizer_block" title="Urinal deodorizer block">urinal cake</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Many_urinals_rows_with_amber_lighting_in_the_Tokyo_Cinema%27s_toilet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urinals in Tokyo, Japan; one at far right is fitted with handle bars for people with disabilities"><img alt="Urinals in Tokyo, Japan; one at far right is fitted with handle bars for people with disabilities" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Many_urinals_rows_with_amber_lighting_in_the_Tokyo_Cinema%27s_toilet.jpg/240px-Many_urinals_rows_with_amber_lighting_in_the_Tokyo_Cinema%27s_toilet.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Many_urinals_rows_with_amber_lighting_in_the_Tokyo_Cinema%27s_toilet.jpg/360px-Many_urinals_rows_with_amber_lighting_in_the_Tokyo_Cinema%27s_toilet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Many_urinals_rows_with_amber_lighting_in_the_Tokyo_Cinema%27s_toilet.jpg/480px-Many_urinals_rows_with_amber_lighting_in_the_Tokyo_Cinema%27s_toilet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urinals in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo,_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo, Japan">Tokyo, Japan</a>; one at far right is fitted with handle bars for people with disabilities</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2007-08-cesko-344.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urinals in the Czech Republic"><img alt="Urinals in the Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/2007-08-cesko-344.jpg/240px-2007-08-cesko-344.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/2007-08-cesko-344.jpg/360px-2007-08-cesko-344.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/2007-08-cesko-344.jpg/480px-2007-08-cesko-344.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urinals in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urinal_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trough urinal in Los Angeles"><img alt="Trough urinal in Los Angeles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Urinal_3.jpg/240px-Urinal_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Urinal_3.jpg/360px-Urinal_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Urinal_3.jpg/480px-Urinal_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trough urinal in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urinals_Munich,_Germany.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Train station urinal in Munich, Germany"><img alt="Train station urinal in Munich, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Urinals_Munich%2C_Germany.JPG/240px-Urinals_Munich%2C_Germany.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Urinals_Munich%2C_Germany.JPG/360px-Urinals_Munich%2C_Germany.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Urinals_Munich%2C_Germany.JPG/480px-Urinals_Munich%2C_Germany.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Train station urinal in <a href="/wiki/Munich,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich, Germany">Munich, Germany</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GOMA_toilets_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern trough urinal in an art museum in Brisbane, Australia"><img alt="Modern trough urinal in an art museum in Brisbane, Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/GOMA_toilets_02.jpg/240px-GOMA_toilets_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/GOMA_toilets_02.jpg/360px-GOMA_toilets_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/GOMA_toilets_02.jpg/480px-GOMA_toilets_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern trough urinal in an art museum in <a href="/wiki/Brisbane,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisbane, Australia">Brisbane, Australia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallurinal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old-style wall urinal at Stetson Bowl Stadium in Surrey, British Columbia, Canada"><img alt="Old-style wall urinal at Stetson Bowl Stadium in Surrey, British Columbia, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Wallurinal.jpg/240px-Wallurinal.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Wallurinal.jpg/360px-Wallurinal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Wallurinal.jpg/480px-Wallurinal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old-style wall urinal at <a href="/wiki/Stetson_Bowl_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Stetson Bowl Stadium">Stetson Bowl Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surrey,_British_Columbia" title="Surrey, British Columbia">Surrey, British Columbia</a>, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Historic_American_Buildings_Survey_Cervin_Robinson,_Photographer_June_1959_URINAL_DETAIL,_BOYS%27_TOILET,_BASEMENT_SOUTH_WING_-_Mayhew_School,_Poplar_and_Chambers_Streets,_Boston,_HABS_MASS,13-BOST,67-8.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Vintage urinals in Boston secondary school (c. 1933–1959)"><img alt="Vintage urinals in Boston secondary school (c. 1933–1959)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey_Cervin_Robinson%2C_Photographer_June_1959_URINAL_DETAIL%2C_BOYS%27_TOILET%2C_BASEMENT_SOUTH_WING_-_Mayhew_School%2C_Poplar_and_Chambers_Streets%2C_Boston%2C_HABS_MASS%2C13-BOST%2C67-8.tif/lossy-page1-250px-thumbnail.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey_Cervin_Robinson%2C_Photographer_June_1959_URINAL_DETAIL%2C_BOYS%27_TOILET%2C_BASEMENT_SOUTH_WING_-_Mayhew_School%2C_Poplar_and_Chambers_Streets%2C_Boston%2C_HABS_MASS%2C13-BOST%2C67-8.tif/lossy-page1-375px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey_Cervin_Robinson%2C_Photographer_June_1959_URINAL_DETAIL%2C_BOYS%27_TOILET%2C_BASEMENT_SOUTH_WING_-_Mayhew_School%2C_Poplar_and_Chambers_Streets%2C_Boston%2C_HABS_MASS%2C13-BOST%2C67-8.tif/lossy-page1-500px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3604" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vintage urinals in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> secondary school (c. 1933–1959)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urinal_at_the_school_,showing_boys_and_girls_side._(5075089050).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Outdoor urinals at school for boys (left) and girls (right) in Tamil Nadu, India"><img alt="Outdoor urinals at school for boys (left) and girls (right) in Tamil Nadu, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Urinal_at_the_school_%2Cshowing_boys_and_girls_side._%285075089050%29.jpg/270px-Urinal_at_the_school_%2Cshowing_boys_and_girls_side._%285075089050%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Urinal_at_the_school_%2Cshowing_boys_and_girls_side._%285075089050%29.jpg/406px-Urinal_at_the_school_%2Cshowing_boys_and_girls_side._%285075089050%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Urinal_at_the_school_%2Cshowing_boys_and_girls_side._%285075089050%29.jpg/541px-Urinal_at_the_school_%2Cshowing_boys_and_girls_side._%285075089050%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Outdoor urinals at school for boys (left) and girls (right) in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, India</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urinals_with_flushing">Urinals with flushing</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_man_using_a_urinal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/A_man_using_a_urinal.jpg/220px-A_man_using_a_urinal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/A_man_using_a_urinal.jpg/330px-A_man_using_a_urinal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/A_man_using_a_urinal.jpg/440px-A_man_using_a_urinal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A man using a urinal</figcaption></figure> <p>Most public urinals incorporate a water flushing system to rinse urine from the bowl of the device, to prevent foul odors. The flush can be triggered by one of several methods: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manual_handles">Manual handles</h3></div> <p>This type of flush might be regarded as standard in the United States. Each urinal is equipped with a button or short lever to activate the flush, with users expected to operate it as they leave. Such a directly controlled system is the most efficient, provided that patrons remember to use it. This is far from certain, however, often because of fear of touching the handle, which is located too high to kick.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urinals with foot-activated flushing systems are sometimes found in high-traffic areas; these systems have a button set into the floor or a pedal on the wall at ankle height. The <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Americans with Disabilities Act">Americans with Disabilities Act</a> requires that flush valves be mounted no higher than 44 inches (110 cm) AFF (above the finished floor). Additionally, the urinal is to be mounted no higher than 17 inches (43 cm) AFF, and to have a rim that is tapered and elongated and protrudes at least 14 inches (36 cm) from the wall. This enables users in wheelchairs to straddle the lip of the urinal and urinate without having to "arc" the flow of urine upwards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timed_flush">Timed flush</h3></div> <p>In Germany, the United Kingdom, France, the Republic of Ireland, Hong Kong and some parts of Sweden and Finland, manual flush handles are unusual. Instead, the traditional system is a timed flush that operates automatically at regular intervals. Groups of up to ten or more urinals will be connected to a single overhead cistern, which contains the timing mechanism. A constant drip-feed of water slowly fills the cistern until a tipping point is reached, when the valve opens (or a <a href="/wiki/Siphon" title="Siphon">siphon</a> begins to drain the cistern), and all the urinals in the group are flushed. Electronic controllers performing the same function are also used. </p><p>This system does not require any action from its users, but it is wasteful of water when toilets are used irregularly. However, in these countries users are so used to the automatic system, that attempts to install manual flushes to save water are generally unsuccessful. Users ignore them not through deliberate laziness or fear of infection, but because activating the flush is not habitual.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To help reduce water usage when public toilets are closed, some public toilets with timed flushing use an electric water valve connected to the room's light switch. When the building is in active use during the day and the lights are on, the timed flush operates normally. At night when the building is closed, the lights are turned off and the flushing action stops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Door-regulated_flush">Door-regulated flush</h3></div> <p>This is an older method of water-saving automatic flushing, which only operates when the public toilet has been used. A <a href="/wiki/Push-button" title="Push-button">push-button</a> switch is mounted in the door frame, and triggers the flush valve for all urinals every time the door is opened. While it cannot detect the use of individual urinals, it provides reasonable flushing action without wasting excessive amounts of water when the urinals are not being used. This method requires a spring-operated automatic <a href="/wiki/Door_closer" title="Door closer">door closer</a>, since the flush mechanism only operates when the door opens. </p><p>Alternatively, a flushing system connected to the door can count the number of users, and operate when the number of door opening events reaches a certain value. At night, the door never opens, so flushing never occurs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automatic_flush">Automatic flush</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surveilluminescent_Lights_in_Motion_handwash_faucets_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Surveilluminescent_Lights_in_Motion_handwash_faucets_02.jpg/220px-Surveilluminescent_Lights_in_Motion_handwash_faucets_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Surveilluminescent_Lights_in_Motion_handwash_faucets_02.jpg/330px-Surveilluminescent_Lights_in_Motion_handwash_faucets_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Surveilluminescent_Lights_in_Motion_handwash_faucets_02.jpg/440px-Surveilluminescent_Lights_in_Motion_handwash_faucets_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Long-exposure photography shows how light sensors work.</figcaption></figure> <p>Electronic automatic flushes solve the problems of previous approaches, and are common in new installations. A <a href="/wiki/Passive_infrared_sensor" title="Passive infrared sensor">passive infrared sensor</a> identifies when the urinal has been used, by detecting when someone has stood in front of it and moved away, and then activates the flush. There usually is also a small override button, to allow optional manual flushing. </p><p>Automatic flush facilities can be retrofitted to existing systems. The handle-operated valves of a manual system can be replaced with a suitably designed self-contained electronic valve, often battery-powered to avoid the need to add cables. Older timed-flush installations may add a device that regulates the water flow to the cistern according to the overall activity detected in the room. This does not provide true per-fixture automatic flushing, but is simple and cheap to add because only one device is required for the whole system. </p><p>To prevent false-triggering of the automatic flush, most infrared detectors require that a presence be detected for at least five seconds,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> such as when a person is standing in front of it. This prevents a whole line of automatic flush units from triggering in succession if someone just walks past them. The automatic flush mechanism also typically waits for the presence to go out of sensor range before flushing. This reduces water usage, compared to a sensor that would trigger a continuous flushing action the whole time that a presence is detected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Waterless_urinals"><span id="waterless"></span> Waterless urinals</h2></div> <p>Since about the 1990s urinals have been available on the market that use no water at all. These are called waterless urinals or flushless urinals. </p><p>The first waterless urinal was developed at the end of the 19th century by the German-Austrian Wilhelm Beetz using an oil-based syphon with a liquid that he called Urinol.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Waterless urinals can save between 15,000 and 45,000 US gallons (57,000 and 170,000 L) of water per urinal per year, depending on the amount of water used in the water-flushed urinal for comparison purposes, and the number of uses per day. For example, these numbers assume that the urinal would be used between 40 and 120 times per business day.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Waterless urinals allow the collection of undiluted pure <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> which can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Munch_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munch-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odor_control">Odor control</h3></div> <p>Models of waterless urinals introduced by the Waterless Company in 1991<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others in 2001 by Falcon Waterfree Technologies and <a href="/wiki/Sloan_Valve_Company" title="Sloan Valve Company">Sloan Valve Company</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Duravit" title="Duravit">Duravit</a>, use a trap insert filled with a sealant liquid instead of water. The lighter-than-water sealant floats on top of the urine collected in the U-bend, preventing odors from being released into the air. The cartridge and sealant must be periodically replaced. </p><p>Waterless urinals may also use an outlet system that traps the odor, preventing the smell often present in toilet blocks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another method to eliminate odor was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Caroma" title="Caroma">Caroma</a>, which installed a <a href="/wiki/Urinal_deodorizer_block" title="Urinal deodorizer block">deodorizing block</a> in their waterless urinal that was activated during use.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Odor control in waterless urinals is also achieved with simple one-way valves which are manufactured as a flat rubber tube (the tube opens when urine flows through) or with two silicone "curtain" pieces. The former is used in the waterless urinals by the company Keramag<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Germany (model Centaurus) and the latter is marketed by the company Addicom in South Africa who called it the EcoSmellStop device.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications">Applications</h3></div> <p>Waterless urinals can be installed in high-traffic facilities, and in situations where providing a water supply may be difficult or where <a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">water conservation</a> is desired. </p><p>Waterless urinals have become rather common in Germany since about 2009 and can be found at restaurants, cinemas, highway rest stops, train stations and so forth. It was estimated in 2009 that there are about 6 million urinals in Germany, and about 100,000 of those were of the waterless type in that year.<sup id="cite_ref-EcoUrinal_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EcoUrinal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to high-level <a href="/wiki/Water_restrictions_in_Australia#Queensland" title="Water restrictions in Australia">water restrictions</a> during about 2005-2008 the city council of <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, Australia mandated conversion to waterless urinals. Flush urinals are nowadays rarely seen in Brisbane.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Installation_and_maintenance">Installation and maintenance</h3></div> <p>The drain pipes from waterless urinals need to be installed correctly in terms of diameter, slope and pipe materials in order to prevent buildup of <a href="/wiki/Struvite" title="Struvite">struvite</a> ("urine stone") and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">calcium phosphate</a> precipitates in the pipes, which would cause blockages and could require expensive repairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Munch_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munch-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the undiluted urine is <a href="/wiki/Corrosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosive">corrosive</a> to metals (except for stainless steel), which is why plastic pipes are generally preferred for urine drain pipes.<sup id="cite_ref-Munch_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munch-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most waterless urinals do not prevent odorous staining on the surface of the urinals, and periodic cleaning of the fixture and its surrounds is still required. When maintained according to manufacturers' recommendations, well-designed waterless urinals do not emit any more odors than flushed urinals do. However, some odor-trapping devices work better than others in the longer term. Regular, thorough maintenance of the respective odor control device is needed for all types of waterless urinals, as per the manufacturer's recommendation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situation_in_the_United_States">Situation in the United States</h3></div> <p>US federal law has mandated no more than one gallon per flush since 1994, and the EPA estimates that the average urinal is flushed 20 times per day, which gives an average water use of 7,300 US gallons (28,000 L) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mechanical traps are not allowed by US <a href="/wiki/Building_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Building codes">building codes</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but are allowed in many other countries. </p><p>Plumbers' <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">unions</a> initially opposed waterless urinals, citing concerns about health and safety, which have been debunked by scientists who have studied the devices. Facing opposition to their attempts to have the devices allowed in plumbing codes, manufacturers devised a compromise. The <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Plumbing_Code" title="Uniform Plumbing Code">Uniform Plumbing Code</a> was modified to allow waterless urinals to be installed, provided that unneeded water lines were nevertheless run to the back of the urinals.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows conventional water-flushing urinals to be retrofitted later, if waterless models were judged to be unsatisfactory over time. </p><p>In March 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> reported that the plumbers' union in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> had become upset because developer Liberty Property Trust had decided to use waterless urinals in the <a href="/wiki/Comcast_Center_(office_building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comcast Center (office building)">Comcast Center</a>. Many in the union believed that this would lead to less work for them. The developer cited saving the city 1,600,000 US gallons (6,100,000 L) of water per year as its deciding factor.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2010, the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/California_EPA" class="mw-redirect" title="California EPA">California EPA</a> removed waterless urinals that were installed in 2003 due to "hundreds of complaints", including odors and splashed urine on the floors.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officials blamed the failure of the project on incompatibility with the building's existing plumbing systems.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:McDonald%27s_waterless_urinal.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Waterless urinals used in British McDonald's restaurants"><img alt="Waterless urinals used in British McDonald's restaurants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/McDonald%27s_waterless_urinal.JPG/240px-McDonald%27s_waterless_urinal.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/McDonald%27s_waterless_urinal.JPG/360px-McDonald%27s_waterless_urinal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/McDonald%27s_waterless_urinal.JPG/480px-McDonald%27s_waterless_urinal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Waterless urinals used in British McDonald's restaurants</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterless_urinals_grab_bars_for_disabled.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Waterless urinal (waterless urinal at right is for people with disabilities)"><img alt="Waterless urinal (waterless urinal at right is for people with disabilities)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Waterless_urinals_grab_bars_for_disabled.jpg/271px-Waterless_urinals_grab_bars_for_disabled.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Waterless_urinals_grab_bars_for_disabled.jpg/407px-Waterless_urinals_grab_bars_for_disabled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Waterless_urinals_grab_bars_for_disabled.jpg/542px-Waterless_urinals_grab_bars_for_disabled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="422" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Waterless urinal (waterless urinal at right is for people with disabilities)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterless_urinals_(2921485136).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Waterless urinals in Switzerland"><img alt="Waterless urinals in Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Waterless_urinals_%282921485136%29.jpg/240px-Waterless_urinals_%282921485136%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Waterless_urinals_%282921485136%29.jpg/360px-Waterless_urinals_%282921485136%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Waterless_urinals_%282921485136%29.jpg/480px-Waterless_urinals_%282921485136%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Waterless urinals in Switzerland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 69.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 67.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sloan_Waterfree_urinal.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Waterless urinal in California"><img alt="Waterless urinal in California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sloan_Waterfree_urinal.JPG/101px-Sloan_Waterfree_urinal.JPG" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sloan_Waterfree_urinal.JPG/151px-Sloan_Waterfree_urinal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sloan_Waterfree_urinal.JPG/202px-Sloan_Waterfree_urinal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Waterless urinal in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mingitorios_secos_(6025791175).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Waterless boys' urinals in Argentina"><img alt="Waterless boys' urinals in Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mingitorios_secos_%286025791175%29.jpg/271px-Mingitorios_secos_%286025791175%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mingitorios_secos_%286025791175%29.jpg/407px-Mingitorios_secos_%286025791175%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mingitorios_secos_%286025791175%29.jpg/542px-Mingitorios_secos_%286025791175%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Waterless boys' urinals in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterless_urinal_for_females_(5880398360).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Waterless urinal for women at a station in Frankfurt, Germany"><img alt="Waterless urinal for women at a station in Frankfurt, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Waterless_urinal_for_females_%285880398360%29.jpg/120px-Waterless_urinal_for_females_%285880398360%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Waterless_urinal_for_females_%285880398360%29.jpg/181px-Waterless_urinal_for_females_%285880398360%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Waterless_urinal_for_females_%285880398360%29.jpg/241px-Waterless_urinal_for_females_%285880398360%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Waterless urinal for women at a station in Frankfurt, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_flat_rubber_tube_for_odour_control_in_waterless_urinal_of_Keramag_Centaurus_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flat rubber tube for odor control in waterless urinal of Keramag"><img alt="Flat rubber tube for odor control in waterless urinal of Keramag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_flat_rubber_tube_for_odour_control_in_waterless_urinal_of_Keramag_Centaurus_model.jpg/135px-The_flat_rubber_tube_for_odour_control_in_waterless_urinal_of_Keramag_Centaurus_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_flat_rubber_tube_for_odour_control_in_waterless_urinal_of_Keramag_Centaurus_model.jpg/202px-The_flat_rubber_tube_for_odour_control_in_waterless_urinal_of_Keramag_Centaurus_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_flat_rubber_tube_for_odour_control_in_waterless_urinal_of_Keramag_Centaurus_model.jpg/270px-The_flat_rubber_tube_for_odour_control_in_waterless_urinal_of_Keramag_Centaurus_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flat rubber tube for odor control in waterless urinal of Keramag</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 193.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 191.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urine_stone_in_urinals_from_Uridan_(2957167291).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Urine stone" deposits on plumbing components of a waterless urinal in the Netherlands"><img alt=""Urine stone" deposits on plumbing components of a waterless urinal in the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Urine_stone_in_urinals_from_Uridan_%282957167291%29.jpg/287px-Urine_stone_in_urinals_from_Uridan_%282957167291%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Urine_stone_in_urinals_from_Uridan_%282957167291%29.jpg/430px-Urine_stone_in_urinals_from_Uridan_%282957167291%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Urine_stone_in_urinals_from_Uridan_%282957167291%29.jpg/573px-Urine_stone_in_urinals_from_Uridan_%282957167291%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1867" data-file-height="1173" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Urine stone" deposits on plumbing components of a waterless urinal in the Netherlands</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Street_urinals">Street urinals</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pissoir" title="Pissoir">Pissoir</a></div> <p>In some localities, urinals may be located on public sidewalks or in public areas such as parks. These urinals are often equipped with partitions for the sake of privacy, and some are fully enclosed structures. They may or may not be equipped with water flushing mechanisms. </p><p>The first 'pissoirs' were installed in Paris in the 1830s, and the idea gradually gained popularity in other European cities. From a peak in the 1930s when there were over 1,000 in Paris alone, historic urinals have gradually disappeared, in favour of facilities for both sexes. In the 21st century, public urination by men in some locations was again seen as a nuisance, and modern versions of street urinals have been installed. </p><p>The Netherlands has a number of strategically placed street urinals in various cities, intended to reduce public urination by drunken men. Amsterdam has the largest collection of historic urinals, with about 30 'Plaskrul' ('pisscurl'), a flushless urinal with a curved privacy screen, in the central city. In recent years, urinals that can be retracted into the ground during the day or between special events have been installed, in order to save space when they are not expected to be needed. When closed they look like a large <a href="/wiki/Manhole" title="Manhole">manhole</a> in a sidewalk. Similar retractable models, such as the model by the Dutch company Urilift, are also seen in the UK and other countries. At night when bars are open they rise out of the sidewalk; some time after the bars close, the urinals return to their manhole configuration so that they are unseen by people during the day. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urinoir_et_WC_mobiles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Urinoir_et_WC_mobiles.jpg/220px-Urinoir_et_WC_mobiles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Urinoir_et_WC_mobiles.jpg/330px-Urinoir_et_WC_mobiles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Urinoir_et_WC_mobiles.jpg/440px-Urinoir_et_WC_mobiles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="3192" /></a><figcaption>Plastic movable urinal at a venue next to a traditional porta-john. The four sides allow for four users at any given time.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina">Marikina</a> was the first city to install street urinals in the late 1990s. When Marikina Mayor <a href="/wiki/Bayani_Fernando" title="Bayani Fernando">Bayani Fernando</a> was appointed chair of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Manila_Development_Authority" title="Metropolitan Manila Development Authority">Metropolitan Manila Development Authority</a>, he installed street urinals in the rest of <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_urinal,_Adelaide_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1528654.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern street urinal in London"><img alt="Modern street urinal in London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Public_urinal%2C_Adelaide_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1528654.jpg/240px-Public_urinal%2C_Adelaide_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1528654.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Public_urinal%2C_Adelaide_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1528654.jpg/360px-Public_urinal%2C_Adelaide_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1528654.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Public_urinal%2C_Adelaide_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1528654.jpg/480px-Public_urinal%2C_Adelaide_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1528654.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern street urinal in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urinal_Vauxhall_Cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Street urinal in Vauxhall, London"><img alt="Street urinal in Vauxhall, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Urinal_Vauxhall_Cross.jpg/240px-Urinal_Vauxhall_Cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Urinal_Vauxhall_Cross.jpg/360px-Urinal_Vauxhall_Cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Urinal_Vauxhall_Cross.jpg/480px-Urinal_Vauxhall_Cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Street urinal in <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall" title="Vauxhall">Vauxhall</a>, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_urinal_Urilift_London_Charterhouse_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urilift street urinal can be retracted underground when not needed"><img alt="Urilift street urinal can be retracted underground when not needed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Public_urinal_Urilift_London_Charterhouse_Street.jpg/135px-Public_urinal_Urilift_London_Charterhouse_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Public_urinal_Urilift_London_Charterhouse_Street.jpg/202px-Public_urinal_Urilift_London_Charterhouse_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Public_urinal_Urilift_London_Charterhouse_Street.jpg/270px-Public_urinal_Urilift_London_Charterhouse_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urilift street urinal can be retracted underground when not needed</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_Urinal,_The_Parade,_Watford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714173.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Only a circular ring indicates location of a retracted Urilift urinal when not in use"><img alt="Only a circular ring indicates location of a retracted Urilift urinal when not in use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Public_Urinal%2C_The_Parade%2C_Watford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714173.jpg/231px-Public_Urinal%2C_The_Parade%2C_Watford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714173.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Public_Urinal%2C_The_Parade%2C_Watford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714173.jpg/346px-Public_Urinal%2C_The_Parade%2C_Watford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714173.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Public_Urinal%2C_The_Parade%2C_Watford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714173.jpg/462px-Public_Urinal%2C_The_Parade%2C_Watford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714173.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="499" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Only a circular ring indicates location of a retracted Urilift urinal when not in use</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_street_urinal_Sarah_Stierch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Movable temporary urinal in Amsterdam"><img alt="Movable temporary urinal in Amsterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dutch_street_urinal_Sarah_Stierch.jpg/135px-Dutch_street_urinal_Sarah_Stierch.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dutch_street_urinal_Sarah_Stierch.jpg/202px-Dutch_street_urinal_Sarah_Stierch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dutch_street_urinal_Sarah_Stierch.jpg/270px-Dutch_street_urinal_Sarah_Stierch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Movable temporary urinal in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krul_urinoir_in_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional krul urinal in Amsterdam"><img alt="Traditional krul urinal in Amsterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Krul_urinoir_in_Amsterdam.jpg/165px-Krul_urinoir_in_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Krul_urinoir_in_Amsterdam.jpg/247px-Krul_urinoir_in_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Krul_urinoir_in_Amsterdam.jpg/330px-Krul_urinoir_in_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2263" data-file-height="2470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional <i>krul</i> urinal in Amsterdam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stockholm_urinal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Street urinal in Stockholm"><img alt="Street urinal in Stockholm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Stockholm_urinal.jpg/135px-Stockholm_urinal.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Stockholm_urinal.jpg/202px-Stockholm_urinal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Stockholm_urinal.jpg/270px-Stockholm_urinal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Street urinal in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20111128_Urinoir_Hoge_der_A_Groningen_NL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Street urinal in Groningen"><img alt="Street urinal in Groningen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/20111128_Urinoir_Hoge_der_A_Groningen_NL.jpg/180px-20111128_Urinoir_Hoge_der_A_Groningen_NL.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/20111128_Urinoir_Hoge_der_A_Groningen_NL.jpg/270px-20111128_Urinoir_Hoge_der_A_Groningen_NL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/20111128_Urinoir_Hoge_der_A_Groningen_NL.jpg/360px-20111128_Urinoir_Hoge_der_A_Groningen_NL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Street urinal in <a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pissoir_Spielbudenplatz_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modernist street urinal in Hamburg, Germany"><img alt="Modernist street urinal in Hamburg, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pissoir_Spielbudenplatz_003.jpg/240px-Pissoir_Spielbudenplatz_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pissoir_Spielbudenplatz_003.jpg/360px-Pissoir_Spielbudenplatz_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pissoir_Spielbudenplatz_003.jpg/480px-Pissoir_Spielbudenplatz_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modernist street urinal in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_-_Varanasi_public_toilet_-_2118.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Public Convenience" in Varanasi, Benares, India"><img alt=""Public Convenience" in Varanasi, Benares, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/India_-_Varanasi_public_toilet_-_2118.jpg/270px-India_-_Varanasi_public_toilet_-_2118.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/India_-_Varanasi_public_toilet_-_2118.jpg/405px-India_-_Varanasi_public_toilet_-_2118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/India_-_Varanasi_public_toilet_-_2118.jpg/540px-India_-_Varanasi_public_toilet_-_2118.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Public Convenience" in <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, Benares, India</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_urinals">Special urinals</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urinals_designed_for_females">Urinals designed for females</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Female_urinal" title="Female urinal">Female urinal</a></div> <p>In the Western world, females are generally taught to sit or squat while urinating. Many therefore do not know how – or even that it is possible – for a female to aim her urine stream as would be required to use a stand-up urinal.<sup id="cite_ref-restroomsdotorg_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-restroomsdotorg-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, several different types of urinals have been designed for females that do not require the user to aim their urine stream. A typical user could thus theoretically approach such a urinal squatting backwards over it without necessarily trying to aim their stream. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Femaleurinal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urinals designed for females"><img alt="Urinals designed for females" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Femaleurinal.jpg/401px-Femaleurinal.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Femaleurinal.jpg/602px-Femaleurinal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Femaleurinal.jpg/802px-Femaleurinal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1735" data-file-height="779" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urinals designed for females</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unisex_Urinals.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unisex urinals which can be used by either gender"><img alt="Unisex urinals which can be used by either gender" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Unisex_Urinals.jpg/135px-Unisex_Urinals.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Unisex_Urinals.jpg/202px-Unisex_Urinals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Unisex_Urinals.jpg/270px-Unisex_Urinals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Unisex urinals which can be used by either gender</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urinating_into_urinal_while_standing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A woman urinating into a male urinal in a standing position"><img alt="A woman urinating into a male urinal in a standing position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Urinating_into_urinal_while_standing.jpg/250px-Urinating_into_urinal_while_standing.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Urinating_into_urinal_while_standing.jpg/375px-Urinating_into_urinal_while_standing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Urinating_into_urinal_while_standing.jpg/500px-Urinating_into_urinal_while_standing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A woman urinating into a male urinal in a standing position</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_leight-weight_female_urinal_(5880032249).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A mobile light-weight urinal for females"><img alt="A mobile light-weight urinal for females" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mobile_leight-weight_female_urinal_%285880032249%29.jpg/120px-Mobile_leight-weight_female_urinal_%285880032249%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mobile_leight-weight_female_urinal_%285880032249%29.jpg/179px-Mobile_leight-weight_female_urinal_%285880032249%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mobile_leight-weight_female_urinal_%285880032249%29.jpg/239px-Mobile_leight-weight_female_urinal_%285880032249%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A mobile light-weight urinal for females</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_interactive_urinals">Arts and interactive urinals</h3></div> <p><i>Kisses!</i> is a controversial urinal designed by the female Dutch designer Meike van Schijndel. It is shaped like an open pair of red lips.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early March 2004, the <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a> (NOW) took offense to the new urinals that <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic" title="Virgin Atlantic">Virgin Atlantic</a> decided to install in the Virgin Atlantic clubhouse at <a href="/wiki/John_F_Kennedy_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="John F Kennedy International Airport">John F Kennedy International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After receiving many angry phone calls from female customers, Virgin Atlantic Vice President John Riordan called NOW to apologize.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestors surmised a connection to <a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">oral sex</a> or <a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">urolagnia</a>, and based their complaints on the urinals being sexist. A <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> restaurant in the Netherlands removed them after a customer complained to the head office in the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Interactive_urinal" title="Interactive urinal">Interactive urinals</a> have been developed in a number of countries, allowing users to entertain themselves during urination. One example is the Toylet, a video game system produced by the Japanese company <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> that allows users to play video games using their urine to control the on-screen action.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urinal_mouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Controversial Kisses! urinals were designed by a woman."><img alt="Controversial Kisses! urinals were designed by a woman." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Urinal_mouth.jpg/240px-Urinal_mouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Urinal_mouth.jpg/360px-Urinal_mouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Urinal_mouth.jpg/480px-Urinal_mouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Controversial <i>Kisses!</i> urinals were designed by a woman.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 187.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CaptiveMedia_ExhibitBalham.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Advertising displays for a "captive audience" in London"><img alt="Advertising displays for a "captive audience" in London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/CaptiveMedia_ExhibitBalham.jpg/278px-CaptiveMedia_ExhibitBalham.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/CaptiveMedia_ExhibitBalham.jpg/418px-CaptiveMedia_ExhibitBalham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/CaptiveMedia_ExhibitBalham.jpg/557px-CaptiveMedia_ExhibitBalham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="647" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Advertising displays for a "captive audience" in London</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Makeshift_urinals">Makeshift urinals</h3></div> <p>During military operations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a>, "piss tubes" were used as makeshift urinals. To make one, soldiers would affix an inverted disposable <a href="/wiki/Water_bottle" title="Water bottle">water bottle</a> on one end of a rigid tube, burying the other end. Removing the base of the bottle made a funnel which would be left at the proper height. Deposited urine simply soaked into the ground; when the area became saturated, the device was relocated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_vehicles">In vehicles</h3></div> <p>As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urinal&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the aircraft manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> offered its customers the option of installing urinals in its <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">A380</a> aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pissoir" title="Pissoir">Pissoir</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Marville,_Urinoir_%C3%A0_1_stalle_fonte_et_ma%C3%A7onnerie,_Faubourg_Saint-Martin,_ca._1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_%C3%A0_1_stalle_fonte_et_ma%C3%A7onnerie%2C_Faubourg_Saint-Martin%2C_ca._1865.jpg/170px-Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_%C3%A0_1_stalle_fonte_et_ma%C3%A7onnerie%2C_Faubourg_Saint-Martin%2C_ca._1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_%C3%A0_1_stalle_fonte_et_ma%C3%A7onnerie%2C_Faubourg_Saint-Martin%2C_ca._1865.jpg/255px-Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_%C3%A0_1_stalle_fonte_et_ma%C3%A7onnerie%2C_Faubourg_Saint-Martin%2C_ca._1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_%C3%A0_1_stalle_fonte_et_ma%C3%A7onnerie%2C_Faubourg_Saint-Martin%2C_ca._1865.jpg/340px-Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_%C3%A0_1_stalle_fonte_et_ma%C3%A7onnerie%2C_Faubourg_Saint-Martin%2C_ca._1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3743" data-file-height="5023" /></a><figcaption><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">'Colonne Rambuteau'</i></span>, photographed 1865</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cast_iron_urinal_in_College_Street_Glasgow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cast_iron_urinal_in_College_Street_Glasgow.jpg/220px-Cast_iron_urinal_in_College_Street_Glasgow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cast_iron_urinal_in_College_Street_Glasgow.jpg/330px-Cast_iron_urinal_in_College_Street_Glasgow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cast_iron_urinal_in_College_Street_Glasgow.jpg/440px-Cast_iron_urinal_in_College_Street_Glasgow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>A cast iron urinal in College Street, Glasgow, installed 1850–1854, photographed in 1866</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Marville,_Urinoir_en_fonte_%C3%A0_2_stalles_avec_%C3%A9cran,_Chauss%C3%A9e_de_la_Muette,_ca._1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_fonte_%C3%A0_2_stalles_avec_%C3%A9cran%2C_Chauss%C3%A9e_de_la_Muette%2C_ca._1865.jpg/170px-Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_fonte_%C3%A0_2_stalles_avec_%C3%A9cran%2C_Chauss%C3%A9e_de_la_Muette%2C_ca._1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_fonte_%C3%A0_2_stalles_avec_%C3%A9cran%2C_Chauss%C3%A9e_de_la_Muette%2C_ca._1865.jpg/255px-Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_fonte_%C3%A0_2_stalles_avec_%C3%A9cran%2C_Chauss%C3%A9e_de_la_Muette%2C_ca._1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_fonte_%C3%A0_2_stalles_avec_%C3%A9cran%2C_Chauss%C3%A9e_de_la_Muette%2C_ca._1865.jpg/340px-Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_fonte_%C3%A0_2_stalles_avec_%C3%A9cran%2C_Chauss%C3%A9e_de_la_Muette%2C_ca._1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3653" data-file-height="4976" /></a><figcaption>A later Paris <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pissoir</i></span> in cast iron, photographed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1865</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In the spring of 1830, the city government of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> decided to install the first public urinals on the major boulevards. They were put in place by the summer, but in July of the same year, many were destroyed through their use as materials for street barricades during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolution of 1830">French Revolution of 1830</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The urinals were re-introduced in Paris after 1834, when over 400 were installed by <a href="/wiki/Claude-Philibert_Barthelot,_comte_de_Rambuteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude-Philibert Barthelot, comte de Rambuteau">Claude-Philibert Barthelot, comte de Rambuteau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fet" class="mw-redirect" title="Préfet">Préfet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seine_(department)" title="Seine (department)">Department of the Seine</a>. Having a simple cylindrical shape, built of masonry, open on the street side, and ornately decorated on the other side as well as the cap, they were popularly known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">'colonnes Rambuteau'</i></span> ('Rambuteau columns'). In response, Rambuteau suggested the name <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">'vespasiennes'</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in reference to the 1st century Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Titus Flavius Vespasianus</a>, who placed a tax on urine collected from <a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">public toilets</a> for use in <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a>. This is the usual term by which street urinals are known in the French speaking world, although <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">'pissoir'</i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">'pissotière'</i></span> are also in common use. </p><p>In Paris, the next version was a masonry column that allowed for the pasting of posters on the side facing the footpath, creating a tradition that continues to this day (as a <a href="/wiki/Morris_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris column">Morris column</a>, a column with an elaborate roof and without the urinal). </p><p>Cast iron urinals were developed in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, with the Scottish firm of Walter McFarlane and Company casting urinals at their <a href="/wiki/Saracen_Foundry" title="Saracen Foundry">Saracen Foundry</a> and erecting the first at Paisley Road, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> in October 1850. By the end of 1852, nearly 50 cast iron urinals had been installed in Glasgow, including designs with more than one stall.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Rambuteau's columns, which were entirely open at the front, McFarlane's one-man urinals were designed with spiral cast iron screens that allowed the user to be hidden from sight, and his multi-stall urinals were completely hidden within ornate, modular cast iron panels. Three manufacturers in Glasgow, Walter Macfarlane & Co., George Smith (Sun Foundry) and James Allan Snr & Son (Elmbank Foundry), supplied the majority of cast iron urinals across Britain<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and exported them around the world, including Australia and Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Back in Paris, cast iron urinals were introduced as part of <a href="/wiki/Georges-Eug%C3%A8ne_Haussmann" title="Georges-Eugène Haussmann">Baron Haussmann</a>'s remodelling of the city. A large variety of designs were produced in subsequent decades, housing two to 8 stalls, typically only screening the central portion of the user from public view, with the head and feet still visible. Screens were also added to Rambuteau columns. At the peak of their spread in the 1930s there were 1,230 <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pissoirs</i></span> in Paris, but by 1966 their number had decreased to 329. From 1980 they were replaced systematically with new technology, a unisex, enclosed, automatically self-cleaning unit called the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sanisette" title="Sanisette">Sanisette</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_News_(Australia)_-_10_June_2018_-_'Wild_peeing'_on_the_nose_as_authorities_crack_down_in_Paris_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC_News_(Australia)_-_10_June_2018_-_'Wild_peeing'_on_the_nose_as_authorities_crack_down_in_Paris-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Berlin, the first <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pissoirs</i></span>, in wood, were erected in 1863. In order to provide a design as distinguished as in other cities, several <a href="/wiki/Architectural_design_competition" title="Architectural design competition">architectural design competitions</a> were organised in 1847, 1865 and 1877. The last design, proposed by a city councillor, was the one adopted in 1878, a cast-iron octagonal structure with seven stalls and a peaked roof, known locally as a <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Achteck" title="Café Achteck">Café Achteck</a> ('Octagon Cafe'). In common with British designs, they provided complete enclosure, and were provided with interior lighting. Their number increased to 142 by 1920,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there are now only about a dozen remaining in use.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar design was adopted in Vienna, though simpler, smaller and hexagonal. They were equipped with a novel "oil system", patented by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Beetz_(Bauunternehmer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Beetz (Bauunternehmer) (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Beetz</a> in 1882, where a type of oil was used to neutralise odours, dispensing with the necessity for plumbing.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 15 are still in use, and one has been restored and set up as a display in the Vienna Technical Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In central <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, there are about 35 <a href="/wiki/Pee_curl" title="Pee curl">pee curls</a>, which consist of a raised metal screen that curls in a spiral enclosing a single urinal stall, including some two-person examples with the same details but a simpler shape. Though the design first emerged in the 1870s, an updated design by <a href="/wiki/Joan_van_der_Mey" title="Joan van der Mey">Joan van der Mey</a> dates from 1916. All the remaining examples were restored in 2008. </p><p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Pissoirs</i></span> of various sizes and designs, but mostly in patterned cast-iron, can still be found dotted across the UK, with a few in London, but especially in Birmingham and Bristol. A solitary example of Walter McFarlane's one-man spiral urinal remains in Thorn Park, Plymouth.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number have been restored and relocated to the grounds of various open-air museums and heritage railway lines.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rectangular <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pissoirs</i></span>, with elaborate patterned cast-iron panels, similar in design to some of the UK ones, were installed in the city of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia, in 1880<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia, in the period 1903–1918. Of at least 40 that were made, nine remain in place and in use on the streets in and around central Melbourne, and have been classified by the National Trust since 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, temporary <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pissoirs</i></span> with multiple unscreened urinals around a central column have been introduced in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A temporary <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pissoir</i></span> for women called the 'Peeasy' is used in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the 1990s, street urinals were a common sight in Paris (France), and in the 1930s more than 1200 were in service. They were famous among foreign tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parisians referred to them as <i>vespasiennes</i>, the name being derived from that of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>, who, according to an anecdote, imposed a tax on urine. Beginning in the 1990s, the <i>vespasiennes</i> (renowned for their smell and lack of hygiene) were gradually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Sanisette" title="Sanisette">Sanisettes</a>. Today only one <i>vespasienne</i> remains in the city (on Boulevard Arago), and it is still regularly used. They still exist in other French cities and in other countries. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VespasienneLarge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The last surviving vespasienne, on Boulevard Arago in Paris"><img alt="The last surviving vespasienne, on Boulevard Arago in Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/84/VespasienneLarge.jpg/240px-VespasienneLarge.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/84/VespasienneLarge.jpg/360px-VespasienneLarge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/84/VespasienneLarge.jpg/480px-VespasienneLarge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="602" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The last surviving <i>vespasienne</i>, on Boulevard Arago in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vespasienne_Honfleur.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Vespasienne in Honfleur, France"><img alt="Vespasienne in Honfleur, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vespasienne_Honfleur.JPG/240px-Vespasienne_Honfleur.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vespasienne_Honfleur.JPG/360px-Vespasienne_Honfleur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vespasienne_Honfleur.JPG/480px-Vespasienne_Honfleur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Vespasienne</i> in <a href="/wiki/Honfleur" title="Honfleur">Honfleur</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vespasienne_%C3%A0_Honfleur.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Honfleur vespasienne"><img alt="Interior of Honfleur vespasienne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vespasienne_%C3%A0_Honfleur.JPG/135px-Vespasienne_%C3%A0_Honfleur.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vespasienne_%C3%A0_Honfleur.JPG/202px-Vespasienne_%C3%A0_Honfleur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vespasienne_%C3%A0_Honfleur.JPG/270px-Vespasienne_%C3%A0_Honfleur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of Honfleur <i>vespasienne</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urinal,_Bewdley_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1148738.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vintage British urinal, no longer in service"><img alt="Vintage British urinal, no longer in service" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Urinal%2C_Bewdley_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1148738.jpg/211px-Urinal%2C_Bewdley_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1148738.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Urinal%2C_Bewdley_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1148738.jpg/317px-Urinal%2C_Bewdley_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1148738.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Urinal%2C_Bewdley_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1148738.jpg/423px-Urinal%2C_Bewdley_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1148738.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="545" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vintage British urinal, no longer in service</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Marville,_Urinoir_en_ardoise_%C3%A0_3_stalles,_Chauss%C3%A9e_du_Maine,_ca._1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A pissoir on Avenue du Maine, Paris c. 1865. Photographed by Charles Marville."><img alt="A pissoir on Avenue du Maine, Paris c. 1865. Photographed by Charles Marville." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_ardoise_%C3%A0_3_stalles%2C_Chauss%C3%A9e_du_Maine%2C_ca._1865.jpg/240px-Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_ardoise_%C3%A0_3_stalles%2C_Chauss%C3%A9e_du_Maine%2C_ca._1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_ardoise_%C3%A0_3_stalles%2C_Chauss%C3%A9e_du_Maine%2C_ca._1865.jpg/359px-Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_ardoise_%C3%A0_3_stalles%2C_Chauss%C3%A9e_du_Maine%2C_ca._1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_ardoise_%C3%A0_3_stalles%2C_Chauss%C3%A9e_du_Maine%2C_ca._1865.jpg/479px-Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_ardoise_%C3%A0_3_stalles%2C_Chauss%C3%A9e_du_Maine%2C_ca._1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5242" data-file-height="3939" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Pissoir" title="Pissoir">pissoir</a> on <a href="/wiki/Avenue_du_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Avenue du Maine">Avenue du Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> c. 1865. Photographed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Marville" title="Charles Marville">Charles Marville</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisejo_sur_Largo_de_Ant%C3%B3nio_Cal%C3%A9m_(Porto,_Portugalujo)_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Outdoor urinal in Porto, Portugal"><img alt="Outdoor urinal in Porto, Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pisejo_sur_Largo_de_Ant%C3%B3nio_Cal%C3%A9m_%28Porto%2C_Portugalujo%29_002.jpg/135px-Pisejo_sur_Largo_de_Ant%C3%B3nio_Cal%C3%A9m_%28Porto%2C_Portugalujo%29_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pisejo_sur_Largo_de_Ant%C3%B3nio_Cal%C3%A9m_%28Porto%2C_Portugalujo%29_002.jpg/202px-Pisejo_sur_Largo_de_Ant%C3%B3nio_Cal%C3%A9m_%28Porto%2C_Portugalujo%29_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pisejo_sur_Largo_de_Ant%C3%B3nio_Cal%C3%A9m_%28Porto%2C_Portugalujo%29_002.jpg/270px-Pisejo_sur_Largo_de_Ant%C3%B3nio_Cal%C3%A9m_%28Porto%2C_Portugalujo%29_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Outdoor urinal in <a href="/wiki/Porto,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto, Portugal">Porto, Portugal</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BS_Pissoir_Fallersleber_Tor.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Restored heritage protected public urinal in Braunschweig, Germany"><img alt="Restored heritage protected public urinal in Braunschweig, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/BS_Pissoir_Fallersleber_Tor.JPG/240px-BS_Pissoir_Fallersleber_Tor.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/BS_Pissoir_Fallersleber_Tor.JPG/360px-BS_Pissoir_Fallersleber_Tor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/BS_Pissoir_Fallersleber_Tor.JPG/480px-BS_Pissoir_Fallersleber_Tor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Restored <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">heritage</a> protected public urinal in <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Braunschweig, Germany">Braunschweig, Germany</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cast_Iron_Pissoir_-_Miller%27s_Point,_Sydney,_NSW_(7875768066).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Victorian cast iron urinal in Sydney, Australia (c.1890)"><img alt="Victorian cast iron urinal in Sydney, Australia (c.1890)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cast_Iron_Pissoir_-_Miller%27s_Point%2C_Sydney%2C_NSW_%287875768066%29.jpg/240px-Cast_Iron_Pissoir_-_Miller%27s_Point%2C_Sydney%2C_NSW_%287875768066%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cast_Iron_Pissoir_-_Miller%27s_Point%2C_Sydney%2C_NSW_%287875768066%29.jpg/360px-Cast_Iron_Pissoir_-_Miller%27s_Point%2C_Sydney%2C_NSW_%287875768066%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cast_Iron_Pissoir_-_Miller%27s_Point%2C_Sydney%2C_NSW_%287875768066%29.jpg/480px-Cast_Iron_Pissoir_-_Miller%27s_Point%2C_Sydney%2C_NSW_%287875768066%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Victorian cast iron urinal in <a href="/wiki/Sydney,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney, Australia">Sydney, Australia</a> (c.1890)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothesay_Victorian_Toilets_-_men%27s_urinals.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urinals in the Rothesay Victorian Toilets, Rothesay, Bute (c.1899)"><img alt="Urinals in the Rothesay Victorian Toilets, Rothesay, Bute (c.1899)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rothesay_Victorian_Toilets_-_men%27s_urinals.jpg/231px-Rothesay_Victorian_Toilets_-_men%27s_urinals.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rothesay_Victorian_Toilets_-_men%27s_urinals.jpg/347px-Rothesay_Victorian_Toilets_-_men%27s_urinals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rothesay_Victorian_Toilets_-_men%27s_urinals.jpg/462px-Rothesay_Victorian_Toilets_-_men%27s_urinals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3853" data-file-height="3003" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urinals in the Rothesay Victorian Toilets, <a href="/wiki/Rothesay,_Bute" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothesay, Bute">Rothesay, Bute</a> (c.1899)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <p>Examples of urinals in popular culture include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i> (1917), which some have called the most influential modern artwork, is a urinal which Duchamp signed "R. Mutt".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Police in <a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau County, New York</a> adopted talking urinals in an anti-drunk driving initiative. Using Wizmark, a talking urinal display screen, police can provide bars with free pre-programmed urinal messages urging patrons not to drink and drive.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> converted a urinal from <a href="/wiki/Sloppy_Joe%27s" title="Sloppy Joe's">Sloppy Joe's</a> bar into a water fountain for his cats. The fountain remains a prominent feature at his former home in <a href="/wiki/Key_West,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Key West, Florida">Key West, Florida</a>, a popular tourist destination in the town.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pissoir_(film)" title="Pissoir (film)">Pissoir</a></i>, retitled <i>Urinal</i> in some countries, was the first feature film directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Greyson" title="John Greyson">John Greyson</a>. It was released in 1980 and takes place in a toilet.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Chevallier" title="Gabriel Chevallier">Gabriel Chevallier</a>'s 1934 satirical novel <i><a href="/wiki/Clochemerle" title="Clochemerle">Clochemerle</a></i> deals with the ramifications of plans to install a new urinal in a French village.</li> <li><i>Indiana Urinalysis</i> (1988) is a documentary on the subject of urinals. Topics include "types of urinals, urinal etiquette, usage of <a href="/wiki/Urinal_cakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinal cakes">urinal cakes</a>, why urinals are always white, preference of urinal vs. toilet, and urinals for women, as well as a collection of urinal anecdotes."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It received a Citation Award from the Indiana Film Society in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mystery_of_the_Urinal_Deuce" title="Mystery of the Urinal Deuce">Mystery of the Urinal Deuce</a>" is an episode of the American adult animated sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i>, in which the plot revolves around the elementary school's efforts to establish the identity of a person who defecated in a urinal.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery_of_unusual_or_historical_urinals">Gallery of unusual or historical urinals</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiangxi_Sheng_Bowuguan_20120627-54.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient portable urinal, Western Jin Dynasty (c. 265–316 CE)"><img alt="Ancient portable urinal, Western Jin Dynasty (c. 265–316 CE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Jiangxi_Sheng_Bowuguan_20120627-54.jpg/270px-Jiangxi_Sheng_Bowuguan_20120627-54.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Jiangxi_Sheng_Bowuguan_20120627-54.jpg/405px-Jiangxi_Sheng_Bowuguan_20120627-54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Jiangxi_Sheng_Bowuguan_20120627-54.jpg/540px-Jiangxi_Sheng_Bowuguan_20120627-54.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient portable urinal, <a href="/wiki/Western_Jin_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Jin Dynasty">Western Jin Dynasty</a> (c. 265–316 CE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urinal_in_the_form_of_a_tiger._Stoneware_with_olive_green_(celadon)_glaze._Southern_Dynasties,_500-589_CE._From_China,_Zhejiang._Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urinal in the form of a tiger. Stoneware with olive green (celadon) glaze. Southern Dynasties, 500–589 CE. From China, Zhejiang. Victoria and Albert Museum"><img alt="Urinal in the form of a tiger. Stoneware with olive green (celadon) glaze. Southern Dynasties, 500–589 CE. From China, Zhejiang. Victoria and Albert Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Urinal_in_the_form_of_a_tiger._Stoneware_with_olive_green_%28celadon%29_glaze._Southern_Dynasties%2C_500-589_CE._From_China%2C_Zhejiang._Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/212px-Urinal_in_the_form_of_a_tiger._Stoneware_with_olive_green_%28celadon%29_glaze._Southern_Dynasties%2C_500-589_CE._From_China%2C_Zhejiang._Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Urinal_in_the_form_of_a_tiger._Stoneware_with_olive_green_%28celadon%29_glaze._Southern_Dynasties%2C_500-589_CE._From_China%2C_Zhejiang._Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/318px-Urinal_in_the_form_of_a_tiger._Stoneware_with_olive_green_%28celadon%29_glaze._Southern_Dynasties%2C_500-589_CE._From_China%2C_Zhejiang._Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Urinal_in_the_form_of_a_tiger._Stoneware_with_olive_green_%28celadon%29_glaze._Southern_Dynasties%2C_500-589_CE._From_China%2C_Zhejiang._Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/424px-Urinal_in_the_form_of_a_tiger._Stoneware_with_olive_green_%28celadon%29_glaze._Southern_Dynasties%2C_500-589_CE._From_China%2C_Zhejiang._Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="3290" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urinal in the form of a tiger. Stoneware with olive green (celadon) glaze. Southern Dynasties, 500–589 CE. From China, Zhejiang. Victoria and Albert Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duchamp_Fountaine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fountain, a urinal which Marcel Duchamp exhibited as a controversial artwork"><img alt="Fountain, a urinal which Marcel Duchamp exhibited as a controversial artwork" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Duchamp_Fountaine.jpg/171px-Duchamp_Fountaine.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Duchamp_Fountaine.jpg/256px-Duchamp_Fountaine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Duchamp_Fountaine.jpg/341px-Duchamp_Fountaine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="2499" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i>, a urinal which <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a> exhibited as a controversial artwork</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 86px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 84px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Marville,_Urinoir_en_fonte_%C3%A0_2_stalles_avec_portes,_ca._1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ornate illuminated French urinal, c.1865"><img alt="Ornate illuminated French urinal, c.1865" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_fonte_%C3%A0_2_stalles_avec_portes%2C_ca._1865.jpg/126px-Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_fonte_%C3%A0_2_stalles_avec_portes%2C_ca._1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_fonte_%C3%A0_2_stalles_avec_portes%2C_ca._1865.jpg/189px-Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_fonte_%C3%A0_2_stalles_avec_portes%2C_ca._1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_fonte_%C3%A0_2_stalles_avec_portes%2C_ca._1865.jpg/251px-Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_fonte_%C3%A0_2_stalles_avec_portes%2C_ca._1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3494" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ornate illuminated French urinal, c.1865</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Marville,_Urinoir_en_ardoise_%C3%A0_6_stalles_avec_%C3%A9cran_sur%C3%A9lev%C3%A9,_Place_de_l%27%C3%89glise,_ca._1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basic six-stall Paris urinal, c.1865"><img alt="Basic six-stall Paris urinal, c.1865" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_ardoise_%C3%A0_6_stalles_avec_%C3%A9cran_sur%C3%A9lev%C3%A9%2C_Place_de_l%27%C3%89glise%2C_ca._1865.jpg/223px-Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_ardoise_%C3%A0_6_stalles_avec_%C3%A9cran_sur%C3%A9lev%C3%A9%2C_Place_de_l%27%C3%89glise%2C_ca._1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_ardoise_%C3%A0_6_stalles_avec_%C3%A9cran_sur%C3%A9lev%C3%A9%2C_Place_de_l%27%C3%89glise%2C_ca._1865.jpg/335px-Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_ardoise_%C3%A0_6_stalles_avec_%C3%A9cran_sur%C3%A9lev%C3%A9%2C_Place_de_l%27%C3%89glise%2C_ca._1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_ardoise_%C3%A0_6_stalles_avec_%C3%A9cran_sur%C3%A9lev%C3%A9%2C_Place_de_l%27%C3%89glise%2C_ca._1865.jpg/446px-Charles_Marville%2C_Urinoir_en_ardoise_%C3%A0_6_stalles_avec_%C3%A9cran_sur%C3%A9lev%C3%A9%2C_Place_de_l%27%C3%89glise%2C_ca._1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4783" data-file-height="3859" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Basic six-stall Paris urinal, c.1865</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gothic_urinal_in_the_men%27s_room_at_The_Mini_Bottle_Museum_in_Oslo,_Norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goth-inspired urinal in Oslo"><img alt="Goth-inspired urinal in Oslo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gothic_urinal_in_the_men%27s_room_at_The_Mini_Bottle_Museum_in_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg/220px-Gothic_urinal_in_the_men%27s_room_at_The_Mini_Bottle_Museum_in_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gothic_urinal_in_the_men%27s_room_at_The_Mini_Bottle_Museum_in_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg/331px-Gothic_urinal_in_the_men%27s_room_at_The_Mini_Bottle_Museum_in_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gothic_urinal_in_the_men%27s_room_at_The_Mini_Bottle_Museum_in_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg/441px-Gothic_urinal_in_the_men%27s_room_at_The_Mini_Bottle_Museum_in_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4028" data-file-height="3291" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Goth</a>-inspired urinal in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urinal_at_the_Industrial_Saloon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Steampunk" styled urinal at a bar"><img alt=""Steampunk" styled urinal at a bar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Urinal_at_the_Industrial_Saloon.jpg/135px-Urinal_at_the_Industrial_Saloon.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Urinal_at_the_Industrial_Saloon.jpg/203px-Urinal_at_the_Industrial_Saloon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Urinal_at_the_Industrial_Saloon.jpg/270px-Urinal_at_the_Industrial_Saloon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a>" styled urinal at a bar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_Wash_Sink_on_the_Urinal_in_Mito-SA_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese sink/urinal saves water and physical space"><img alt="Japanese sink/urinal saves water and physical space" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hand_Wash_Sink_on_the_Urinal_in_Mito-SA_2014.jpg/135px-Hand_Wash_Sink_on_the_Urinal_in_Mito-SA_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hand_Wash_Sink_on_the_Urinal_in_Mito-SA_2014.jpg/202px-Hand_Wash_Sink_on_the_Urinal_in_Mito-SA_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hand_Wash_Sink_on_the_Urinal_in_Mito-SA_2014.jpg/270px-Hand_Wash_Sink_on_the_Urinal_in_Mito-SA_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese sink/urinal saves water and physical space</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucket_Urinals.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urinals with a view, at the restaurant UFO in Bratislava"><img alt="Urinals with a view, at the restaurant UFO in Bratislava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bucket_Urinals.jpg/135px-Bucket_Urinals.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bucket_Urinals.jpg/202px-Bucket_Urinals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bucket_Urinals.jpg/270px-Bucket_Urinals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urinals with a view, at the restaurant <a href="/wiki/UFO_(restaurant)" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO (restaurant)">UFO</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_inn_restroom_(5641720565).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fancy decorative urinal at Madonna Inn"><img alt="Fancy decorative urinal at Madonna Inn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Madonna_inn_restroom_%285641720565%29.jpg/268px-Madonna_inn_restroom_%285641720565%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Madonna_inn_restroom_%285641720565%29.jpg/402px-Madonna_inn_restroom_%285641720565%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Madonna_inn_restroom_%285641720565%29.jpg/535px-Madonna_inn_restroom_%285641720565%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="689" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fancy decorative urinal at <a href="/wiki/Madonna_Inn" title="Madonna Inn">Madonna Inn</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Publika_necesejo_en_Jardim_do_Passeio_Alegre_(Porto,_Portugalujo)_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Public urinals in Portugal"><img alt="Public urinals in Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Publika_necesejo_en_Jardim_do_Passeio_Alegre_%28Porto%2C_Portugalujo%29_002.jpg/135px-Publika_necesejo_en_Jardim_do_Passeio_Alegre_%28Porto%2C_Portugalujo%29_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Publika_necesejo_en_Jardim_do_Passeio_Alegre_%28Porto%2C_Portugalujo%29_002.jpg/202px-Publika_necesejo_en_Jardim_do_Passeio_Alegre_%28Porto%2C_Portugalujo%29_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Publika_necesejo_en_Jardim_do_Passeio_Alegre_%28Porto%2C_Portugalujo%29_002.jpg/270px-Publika_necesejo_en_Jardim_do_Passeio_Alegre_%28Porto%2C_Portugalujo%29_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Public urinals in Portugal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victorian_Toilets_Rothesay.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Victorian urinals in Scotland from 1899"><img alt="Victorian urinals in Scotland from 1899" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Victorian_Toilets_Rothesay.jpg/135px-Victorian_Toilets_Rothesay.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Victorian_Toilets_Rothesay.jpg/202px-Victorian_Toilets_Rothesay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Victorian_Toilets_Rothesay.jpg/270px-Victorian_Toilets_Rothesay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Victorian urinals in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> from 1899</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El%C3%A9ments_d%27architecture_-_urinoir_(Biennale_d%27architecture_2014,_Venise)_(15281481685).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neo-baroque style decorated urinal"><img alt="Neo-baroque style decorated urinal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/El%C3%A9ments_d%27architecture_-_urinoir_%28Biennale_d%27architecture_2014%2C_Venise%29_%2815281481685%29.jpg/120px-El%C3%A9ments_d%27architecture_-_urinoir_%28Biennale_d%27architecture_2014%2C_Venise%29_%2815281481685%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/El%C3%A9ments_d%27architecture_-_urinoir_%28Biennale_d%27architecture_2014%2C_Venise%29_%2815281481685%29.jpg/180px-El%C3%A9ments_d%27architecture_-_urinoir_%28Biennale_d%27architecture_2014%2C_Venise%29_%2815281481685%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/El%C3%A9ments_d%27architecture_-_urinoir_%28Biennale_d%27architecture_2014%2C_Venise%29_%2815281481685%29.jpg/240px-El%C3%A9ments_d%27architecture_-_urinoir_%28Biennale_d%27architecture_2014%2C_Venise%29_%2815281481685%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neo-baroque style decorated urinal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_plan_Men%27s_toilet_in_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Open plan public toilet in Japan"><img alt="Open plan public toilet in Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Open_plan_Men%27s_toilet_in_Japan.jpg/269px-Open_plan_Men%27s_toilet_in_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Open_plan_Men%27s_toilet_in_Japan.jpg/403px-Open_plan_Men%27s_toilet_in_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Open_plan_Men%27s_toilet_in_Japan.jpg/538px-Open_plan_Men%27s_toilet_in_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Open plan public toilet in Japan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urinal_in_Tropfenform.Jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Styled urinals in St. Peter Port, Guernsey"><img alt="Styled urinals in St. Peter Port, Guernsey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Urinal_in_Tropfenform.Jpg/240px-Urinal_in_Tropfenform.Jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Urinal_in_Tropfenform.Jpg/360px-Urinal_in_Tropfenform.Jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Urinal_in_Tropfenform.Jpg/480px-Urinal_in_Tropfenform.Jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Styled urinals in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter_Port,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter Port, Guernsey">St. Peter Port, Guernsey</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brewery_urinals.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brewery urinals in Christchurch, New Zealand"><img alt="Brewery urinals in Christchurch, New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Brewery_urinals.jpg/240px-Brewery_urinals.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Brewery_urinals.jpg/360px-Brewery_urinals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Brewery_urinals.jpg/480px-Brewery_urinals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brewery urinals in <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, New Zealand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheap_waterless_urinal_in_Burkina_Faso_(2957045465).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Low-cost waterless portable urinal in Burkina Faso"><img alt="Low-cost waterless portable urinal in Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cheap_waterless_urinal_in_Burkina_Faso_%282957045465%29.jpg/135px-Cheap_waterless_urinal_in_Burkina_Faso_%282957045465%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cheap_waterless_urinal_in_Burkina_Faso_%282957045465%29.jpg/202px-Cheap_waterless_urinal_in_Burkina_Faso_%282957045465%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cheap_waterless_urinal_in_Burkina_Faso_%282957045465%29.jpg/270px-Cheap_waterless_urinal_in_Burkina_Faso_%282957045465%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Low-cost waterless portable urinal in <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_Tower_38th_floor_Men%27s_Room_-Hokkaido_(2008.9.11).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urinal with a 38th floor view in Hokkaido, Japan"><img alt="Urinal with a 38th floor view in Hokkaido, Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/JR_Tower_38th_floor_Men%27s_Room_-Hokkaido_%282008.9.11%29.jpg/119px-JR_Tower_38th_floor_Men%27s_Room_-Hokkaido_%282008.9.11%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/JR_Tower_38th_floor_Men%27s_Room_-Hokkaido_%282008.9.11%29.jpg/179px-JR_Tower_38th_floor_Men%27s_Room_-Hokkaido_%282008.9.11%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/JR_Tower_38th_floor_Men%27s_Room_-Hokkaido_%282008.9.11%29.jpg/239px-JR_Tower_38th_floor_Men%27s_Room_-Hokkaido_%282008.9.11%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urinal with a 38th floor view in <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido,_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaido, Japan">Hokkaido, Japan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Washbasin_%26_Urinal_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stand-up urinals in open arrangement"><img alt="Stand-up urinals in open arrangement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Washbasin_%26_Urinal_panorama.jpg/312px-Washbasin_%26_Urinal_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Washbasin_%26_Urinal_panorama.jpg/468px-Washbasin_%26_Urinal_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Washbasin_%26_Urinal_panorama.jpg/623px-Washbasin_%26_Urinal_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1313" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stand-up urinals in open arrangement</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old-fashioned_urinal_at_AMNH.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urinals in a bathroom in the American Museum of Natural History"><img alt="Urinals in a bathroom in the American Museum of Natural History" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Old-fashioned_urinal_at_AMNH.jpg/135px-Old-fashioned_urinal_at_AMNH.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Old-fashioned_urinal_at_AMNH.jpg/202px-Old-fashioned_urinal_at_AMNH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Old-fashioned_urinal_at_AMNH.jpg/270px-Old-fashioned_urinal_at_AMNH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urinals in a bathroom in the American Museum of Natural History</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 91.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 89.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duo_urinal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A double urinal. One person can urinate on each side."><img alt="A double urinal. One person can urinate on each side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Duo_urinal.jpg/134px-Duo_urinal.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Duo_urinal.jpg/202px-Duo_urinal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Duo_urinal.jpg/269px-Duo_urinal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A double urinal. One person can urinate on each side.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_House_mens_toilets_OR3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An example of floor standing urinals in a men's bathroom"><img alt="An example of floor standing urinals in a men's bathroom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vista_House_mens_toilets_OR3.jpg/143px-Vista_House_mens_toilets_OR3.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vista_House_mens_toilets_OR3.jpg/214px-Vista_House_mens_toilets_OR3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vista_House_mens_toilets_OR3.jpg/285px-Vista_House_mens_toilets_OR3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3270" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An example of floor standing urinals in a men's bathroom</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_urinal" title="Female urinal">Female urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_urinal_communicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive urinal communicator">Interactive urinal communicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">Public toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_excreta" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuse of excreta">Reuse of excreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanistand" title="Sanistand">Sanistand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopic_urinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Telescopic urinal">Telescopic urinal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/urinal">"urinal"</a>. <i>Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TimeOut.com&rft.atitle=Urinal&rft.date=2012-09-10&rft.aulast=M&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeout.com%2Flondon%2Ffilm%2Furinal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrinal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEversonJonesGriff1989" class="citation cs2">Everson, Bart; Jones, Brian; Griff, Hanna (1989), <i>Indiana urinalysis</i>, Bloomington Community Access Television, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56051746">56051746</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indiana+urinalysis&rft.pub=Bloomington+Community+Access+Television&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56051746&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft.au=Jones%2C+Brian&rft.au=Griff%2C+Hanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrinal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rox.com/other/indiana-urinalysis/">"Indiana Urinalysis at rox.com"</a>. <i>rox.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rox.com&rft.atitle=Indiana+Urinalysis+at+rox.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frox.com%2Fother%2Findiana-urinalysis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrinal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Urinals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Urinals">Urinals</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urinal.net">Collection of urinals worldwide</a> (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urinal.net/main_st_sta/">Berlin wall</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urinal.net/naturescall/">flowers</a> and at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urinal.net/south_pole/">South Pole</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/gtzecosan/sets/72157613881735035">Photos of waterless urinals worldwide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urilift.com/">Urilift website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_waste_elimination" title="Template talk:Human waste elimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_waste_elimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human waste elimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Toilets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">Toilets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballcock" title="Ballcock">Ballcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedpan" title="Bedpan">Bedpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">Bidet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidet_shower" title="Bidet shower">Bidet shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_brush" title="Toilet brush">Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern#Toilet" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commode#Toilet" title="Commode">Commode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_bidet" title="Electronic bidet">Electronic bidet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushometer" title="Flushometer">Flushometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_seat" title="Toilet seat">Seat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_seat_riser" title="Toilet seat riser">Toilet seat riser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_cleaner" title="Toilet cleaner">Toilet cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">Toilet paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_roll_holder" title="Toilet roll holder">Holder/dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper_orientation" title="Toilet paper orientation">Orientation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_rim_block" title="Toilet rim block">Toilet rim block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)" title="Trap (plumbing)">Trap (U-bend)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborloo" title="Arborloo">Arborloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_toilet" title="Blair toilet">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucket_toilet" title="Bucket toilet">Bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathole" title="Cathole">Cathole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_toilet" title="Chemical toilet">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container-based_sanitation" title="Container-based sanitation">Container-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_toilet" title="Dry toilet">Dry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_flush_toilet" title="Dual flush toilet">Dual flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EToilet" title="EToilet">EToilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">Flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_toilet" title="Freezing toilet">Freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_(watercraft)" title="Head (watercraft)">Head</a> (boat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudo_(scouting)" title="Hudo (scouting)">Hudo</a> (Scouting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incinerating_toilet" title="Incinerating toilet">Incinerating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_toilet" title="Intelligent toilet">Intelligent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrine" title="Latrine">Latrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-flush_toilet" title="Low-flush toilet">Low-flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_toilet" title="On-board toilet">On-board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_train_toilet" title="Passenger train toilet">Passenger train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_toilet" title="Pay toilet">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_toilet" title="Pig toilet">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">Pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_toilet" title="Portable toilet">Portable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potty_chair" title="Potty chair">Potty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanisette" title="Sanisette">Sanisette</a> (self-cleaning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink-toilet" title="Sink-toilet">Sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squat_toilet" title="Squat toilet">Squat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopic_toilet" title="Telescopic toilet">Telescopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treebog" title="Treebog">Treebog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine-diverting_dry_toilet" title="Urine-diverting dry toilet">Urine-diverting dry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_sewer" title="Vacuum sewer">Vacuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermifilter_toilet" title="Vermifilter toilet">Vermifilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washlet" title="Washlet">Washlet</a> (combined toilet and bidet)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural and<br />policy aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_diaper" title="Adult diaper">Adult diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_privileges" title="Bathroom privileges">Bathroom privileges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_reading" title="Bathroom reading">Bathroom reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeywagon_(vehicle)" title="Honeywagon (vehicle)">Honeywagon (vehicle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incontinence_pad" title="Incontinence pad">Incontinence pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Islamic toilet etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istinja" title="Istinja">Istinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrinalia" title="Latrinalia">Latrinalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_of_public_toilets" title="Privatization of public toilets">Privatization of public toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swachh_Bharat_Mission" title="Swachh Bharat Mission">Swachh Bharat Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_god" title="Toilet god">Toilet god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_humour" title="Toilet humour">Toilet humour</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Skibidi_Toilet" title="Skibidi Toilet">Skibidi Toilet</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_plume" title="Toilet plume">Toilet plume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet-related_injuries_and_deaths" title="Toilet-related injuries and deaths">Toilet-related injuries and deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_Revolution_in_China" title="Toilet Revolution in China">Toilet Revolution in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_Twinning" title="Toilet Twinning">Toilet Twinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilet" title="Unisex public toilet">Unisex public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_truck" title="Vacuum truck">Vacuum truck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jobs and activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manual_scavenging" title="Manual scavenging">Manual scavenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restroom_attendant" title="Restroom attendant">Restroom attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Sanitation worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slopping_out" title="Slopping out">Slopping out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_training" title="Toilet training">Toilet training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toileting" title="Toileting">Toileting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urine-related aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_urinal" title="Female urinal">Female urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_urination_device" title="Female urination device">Female urination device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_urinal" title="Interactive urinal">Interactive urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pissoir" title="Pissoir">Pissoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pee_curl" title="Pee curl">Pee curl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollee" title="Pollee">Pollee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanistand" title="Sanistand">Sanistand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal_deodorizer_block" title="Urinal deodorizer block">Urinal deodorizer block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal_(health_care)" title="Urinal (health care)">Urinal (health care)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">Urination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_collection_device" title="Urine collection device">Urine collection device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_deflector" title="Urine deflector">Urine deflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_diversion" title="Urine diversion">Urine diversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feces-related aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_hygiene" title="Anal hygiene">Anal hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defecation_postures" title="Defecation postures">Defecation postures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_toilet" title="Flying toilet">Flying toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatology" title="Scatology">Scatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haewoojae" title="Haewoojae">Haewoojae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundertwasser_Toilets" title="Hundertwasser Toilets">Hundertwasser Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Museum_of_Bathroom_Tissue" title="Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue">Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Toilet_Restaurant" title="Modern Toilet Restaurant">Modern Toilet Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Poo_Museum" title="National Poo Museum">National Poo Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outhouse" title="Outhouse">Outhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilets_in_Bratislava" title="Public toilets in Bratislava">Public toilets in Bratislava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_area" title="Rest area">Rest area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shit_Museum" title="Shit Museum">Shit Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulabh_International_Museum_of_Toilets" title="Sulabh International Museum of Toilets">Sulabh International Museum of Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_(room)" title="Toilet (room)">Toilet (room)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_History_Museum" title="Toilet History Museum">Toilet History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilets_in_Japan" title="Toilets in Japan">Toilets in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilets_in_New_York_City" title="Toilets in New York City">Toilets in New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Park_restroom" title="Bryant Park restroom">Bryant Park restroom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphedron" title="Aphedron">Aphedron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pot" title="Chamber pot">Chamber pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_stool" title="Close stool">Close stool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansker" title="Dansker">Dansker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garderobe" title="Garderobe">Garderobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_farmer" title="Gong farmer">Gong farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groom_of_the_Stool" title="Groom of the Stool">Groom of the Stool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_soil" title="Night soil">Night soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pail_closet" title="Pail closet">Pail closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_midden" title="Privy midden">Privy midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reredorter" title="Reredorter">Reredorter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changing_room" title="Changing room">Changing room</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_changing_rooms" title="Unisex changing rooms">Unisex changing rooms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_sanitation" title="Ecological sanitation">Ecological sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">History of water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">Improved sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection_prevention_and_control" title="Infection prevention and control">Infection prevention and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_human_excreta" title="Reuse of human excreta">Reuse of human excreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sustainable sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Toilet_Day" title="World Toilet Day">World Toilet Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plumbing" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plumbing" title="Template:Plumbing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plumbing" title="Template talk:Plumbing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plumbing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plumbing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plumbing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_gap_(plumbing)" title="Air gap (plumbing)">Air gap (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backflow" title="Backflow">Backflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_(chemical)" title="Compatibility (chemical)">Compatibility (chemical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain_(plumbing)" title="Drain (plumbing)">Drain (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_loss" title="Friction loss">Friction loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">Grade (slope)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_trap" title="Heat trap">Heat trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_loop" title="Hydrostatic loop">Hydrostatic loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak" title="Leak">Leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_axis" title="Neutral axis">Neutral axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsite_sewage_facility" title="Onsite sewage facility">Onsite sewage facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_gas" title="Sewer gas">Sewer gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">Sewerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siphon" title="Siphon">Siphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_sewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm sewer">Storm sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">Surface tension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">Tap water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)" title="Trap (plumbing)">Trap (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">Venturi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_hammer" title="Water hammer">Water hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazing" title="Brazing">Brazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">British Standard Pipe</a> (BSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron_pipe" title="Cast iron pipe">Cast iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_drain_cleaners" title="Chemical drain cleaners">Chemical drain cleaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_fitting" title="Compression fitting">Compression fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_tubing" title="Copper tubing">Copper tubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">Crimp (joining)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain-waste-vent_system" title="Drain-waste-vent system">Drain-waste-vent system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron_pipe" title="Ductile iron pipe">Ductile iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare_fitting" title="Flare fitting">Flare fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_hose_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden hose thread">Garden Hose Thread</a> (GHT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasket" title="Gasket">Gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak_detection" title="Leak detection">Leak detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pipe_Thread" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pipe Thread">National Pipe Thread</a> (NPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size" title="Nominal Pipe Size">Nominal Pipe Size</a> (NPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakum" title="Oakum">Oakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Pipe (fluid conveyance)">Pipe (fluid conveyance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_dope" title="Pipe dope">Pipe dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_support" title="Pipe support">Pipe support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pipework" title="Plastic pipework">Plastic pipework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-to-pull_compression_fittings" title="Push-to-pull compression fittings">Push-to-pull compression fittings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">Putty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealant" title="Sealant">Sealant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_pumping" title="Sewage pumping">Sewage pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent welding">Solvent welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">Swaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_seal_tape" title="Thread seal tape">Thread seal tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threaded_pipe" title="Threaded pipe">Threaded pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_bending" title="Tube bending">Tube bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_vacuum_breaker" title="Atmospheric vacuum breaker">Atmospheric vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_bleeding_valve" title="Automatic bleeding valve">Automatic bleeding valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_faucet" title="Automatic faucet">Automatic faucet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backflow_prevention_device" title="Backflow prevention device">Backflow prevention device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_valve" title="Ball valve">Ball valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_screw" title="Bleed screw">Bleed screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_valve" title="Butterfly valve">Butterfly valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_valve" title="Check valve">Check valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemigation_valve" title="Chemigation valve">Chemigation valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopper pump">Chopper pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulator_pump" title="Circulator pump">Circulator pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet_flange" title="Closet flange">Closet flange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_reducer" title="Concentric reducer">Concentric reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupling_(piping)" title="Coupling (piping)">Coupling (piping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_valve" title="Diaphragm valve">Diaphragm valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dielectric_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric union">Dielectric union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_check_valve" title="Double check valve">Double check valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccentric_reducer" title="Eccentric reducer">Eccentric reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faucet_aerator" title="Faucet aerator">Faucet aerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_switch" title="Float switch">Float switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Float valve">Float valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_drain" title="Floor drain">Floor drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_limiter" title="Flow limiter">Flow limiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushing_trough" title="Flushing trough">Flushing trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushometer" title="Flushometer">Flushometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_valve" title="Gate valve">Gate valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_valve" title="Globe valve">Globe valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_trap" title="Grease trap">Grease trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinder_pump" title="Grinder pump">Grinder pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_coupling" title="Hose coupling">Hose coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifold_(fluid_mechanics)" title="Manifold (fluid mechanics)">Manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_valve" title="Needle valve">Needle valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_(plumbing)" title="Nipple (plumbing)">Nipple (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_valve" title="Pinch valve">Pinch valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting" title="Piping and plumbing fitting">Piping and plumbing fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_(sanitation)" title="Plug (sanitation)">Plug (sanitation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">Pressure regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_vacuum_breaker" title="Pressure vacuum breaker">Pressure vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-balanced_valve" title="Pressure-balanced valve">Pressure-balanced valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator (heating)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_pressure_zone_device" title="Reduced pressure zone device">Reduced pressure zone device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducer">Reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_valve" title="Relief valve">Relief valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riser_clamp" title="Riser clamp">Riser clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooftop_water_tower" title="Rooftop water tower">Rooftop water tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">Safety valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage pump">Sewage pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_elbow" title="Street elbow">Street elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_(valve)" title="Tap (valve)">Tap (valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_mixing_valve" title="Thermostatic mixing valve">Thermostatic mixing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_drain" title="Trench drain">Trench drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_breaker" title="Vacuum breaker">Vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ejector" title="Vacuum ejector">Vacuum ejector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">Valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_tank" title="Water tank">Water tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_fixture" title="Plumbing fixture">Plumbing fixtures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_bathtub" title="Accessible bathtub">Accessible bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub" title="Bathtub">Bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">Bidet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_water_boiler" title="Electric water boiler">Electric water boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">Garbage disposal unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_storage_tank" title="Hot water storage tank">Hot water storage tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icemaker" title="Icemaker">Icemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_hot_water_dispenser" title="Instant hot water dispenser">Instant hot water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_tub" class="mw-redirect" title="Laundry tub">Laundry tub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shower" title="Shower">Shower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">water recycling shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">Sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_water_heater" title="Storage water heater">Storage water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump_pump" title="Sump pump">Sump pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankless_water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Tankless water heater">Tankless water heater</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washlet" title="Washlet">Washlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_dispenser" title="Water dispenser">Water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_filter" title="Water filter">Water filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Water heater">Water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_softener" class="mw-redirect" title="Water softener">Water softener</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basin_wrench" title="Basin wrench">Basin wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowtorch" title="Blowtorch">Blowtorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borescope" title="Borescope">Borescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain_cleaner" title="Drain cleaner">Drain cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_cap" title="Driving cap">Driving cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare-nut_wrench" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare-nut wrench">Flare-nut wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipecutter" title="Pipecutter">Pipecutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_wrench" title="Pipe wrench">Pipe wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber%27s_snake" title="Plumber's snake">Plumber's snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber_wrench" title="Plumber wrench">Plumber wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunger" title="Plunger">Plunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strap_wrench" title="Strap wrench">Strap wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">Tap and die</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Flow sensor">Flow sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure sensor">Pressure sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_detector" title="Water detector">Water detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_metering" title="Water metering">Water metering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic testing">Hydrostatic testing</a></li> <li><a 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Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSF_International" title="NSF International">NSF International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_%26_Drainage_Institute" title="Plumbing & Drainage Institute">Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Plumbing_Code" title="Uniform Plumbing Code">Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Plumbing_Council" title="World Plumbing Council">World Plumbing Council (WPC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_code" title="Plumbing code">Plumbing code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalding" title="Scalding">Scalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_disease" title="Waterborne disease">Waterborne disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system" title="Fire sprinkler system">Fire sprinkler system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">Piping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC">Template:HVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health" title="Template:Public health">Template:Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sewerage" title="Template:Sewerage">Template:Sewerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Toilets">Template:Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wastewater" title="Template:Wastewater">Template:Wastewater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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