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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaskets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaskets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gaskets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaskets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_piping_and_plumbing_fittings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_piping_and_plumbing_fittings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Common piping and plumbing fittings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_piping_and_plumbing_fittings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Common piping and plumbing fittings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Common_piping_and_plumbing_fittings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adapter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adapter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Adapter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adapter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elbow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elbow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Elbow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elbow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coupling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coupling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Coupling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coupling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nipple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nipple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Nipple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nipple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reducer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reducer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Reducer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reducer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bushing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bushing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Bushing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bushing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Tee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diverter_tee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diverter_tee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Diverter tee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diverter_tee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Cross</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Cap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plug" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plug"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Plug</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plug-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Barb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Valve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drain-waste-vent_(DWV)_and_related_fittings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drain-waste-vent_(DWV)_and_related_fittings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Drain-waste-vent (DWV) and related fittings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Drain-waste-vent_(DWV)_and_related_fittings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Drain-waste-vent (DWV) and related fittings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Drain-waste-vent_(DWV)_and_related_fittings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slip-joint_fitting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slip-joint_fitting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Slip-joint fitting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slip-joint_fitting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweep_elbow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweep_elbow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sweep elbow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweep_elbow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closet_flange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closet_flange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Closet flange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closet_flange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clean-out" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clean-out"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Clean-out</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clean-out-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trap_primer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trap_primer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Trap primer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trap_primer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combo_tee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combo_tee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Combo tee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combo_tee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanitary_tee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanitary_tee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Sanitary tee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanitary_tee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baffle_tee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baffle_tee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Baffle tee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baffle_tee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_sanitary_tee_(sanitary_cross)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_sanitary_tee_(sanitary_cross)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Double sanitary tee (sanitary cross)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_sanitary_tee_(sanitary_cross)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wye_(Y)_or_tee-wye_(TY)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wye_(Y)_or_tee-wye_(TY)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Wye (Y) or tee-wye (TY)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wye_(Y)_or_tee-wye_(TY)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_inlet_tee-wye_(TY)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_inlet_tee-wye_(TY)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Side inlet tee-wye (TY)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_inlet_tee-wye_(TY)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydraulic_fittings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydraulic_fittings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hydraulic fittings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydraulic_fittings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connection_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Connection methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Connection_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Connection methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Connection_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fasteners_and_supports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fasteners_and_supports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Fasteners and supports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fasteners_and_supports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threaded_pipe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threaded_pipe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Threaded pipe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threaded_pipe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solvent_welding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solvent_welding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Solvent welding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solvent_welding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soldering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soldering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Soldering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soldering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Welding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compression_fittings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compression_fittings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Compression fittings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compression_fittings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Push-to-pull_compression_fittings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Push-to-pull_compression_fittings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Push-to-pull compression fittings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Push-to-pull_compression_fittings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flare_fittings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flare_fittings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Flare fittings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flare_fittings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flange_fittings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flange_fittings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>Flange fittings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flange_fittings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_fittings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_fittings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.10</span> <span>Mechanical fittings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_fittings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressed_or_crimped_fittings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressed_or_crimped_fittings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.11</span> <span>Pressed or crimped fittings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressed_or_crimped_fittings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaded_hub_fittings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaded_hub_fittings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.12</span> <span>Leaded hub fittings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaded_hub_fittings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rubber_sleeve_fittings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rubber_sleeve_fittings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.13</span> <span>Rubber sleeve fittings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rubber_sleeve_fittings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Piping and plumbing fitting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A9" title="تركيب الأنابيب والسباكة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركيب الأنابيب والسباكة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitting" title="Fitting – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fitting" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinetterie" title="Robinetterie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robinetterie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbe_pa%E1%BB%8Bp%E1%BB%A5_na_pa%E1%BB%8Bp%E1%BB%A5" title="Igbe paịpụ na paịpụ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Igbe paịpụ na paịpụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitting" title="Fitting – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fitting" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%B7%A5%E6%A9%9F%E6%9D%90" title="管工機材 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="管工機材" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiting" title="Fiting – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fiting" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kszta%C5%82tka" title="Kształtka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kształtka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acess%C3%B3rios_para_tubula%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Acessórios para tubulações – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Acessórios para tubulações" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Фитинг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фитинг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Connecting pieces in pipe systems</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kupferfittings_4062.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kupferfittings_4062.jpg/220px-Kupferfittings_4062.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kupferfittings_4062.jpg/330px-Kupferfittings_4062.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kupferfittings_4062.jpg/440px-Kupferfittings_4062.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Copper fittings for soldered joints</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robinetterie-raccords.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Robinetterie-raccords.JPG/220px-Robinetterie-raccords.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Robinetterie-raccords.JPG/330px-Robinetterie-raccords.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Robinetterie-raccords.JPG/440px-Robinetterie-raccords.JPG 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Pipe fittings: 1) Copper (solder); 2) Iron or brass (threaded); 3) Brass (compression); 4) Brass (compression to solder); 5) Brass adapters</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kszta%C5%82tki_hydrauliczne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="dark-colored PVC fittings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kszta%C5%82tki_hydrauliczne.jpg/220px-Kszta%C5%82tki_hydrauliczne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kszta%C5%82tki_hydrauliczne.jpg/330px-Kszta%C5%82tki_hydrauliczne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kszta%C5%82tki_hydrauliczne.jpg/440px-Kszta%C5%82tki_hydrauliczne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3131" data-file-height="2361" /></a><figcaption>PVC fittings</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>fitting</b> or <b>adapter</b> is used in pipe systems to connect sections of <a href="/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Pipe (fluid conveyance)">pipe</a> (designated by <a href="/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size" title="Nominal Pipe Size">nominal size</a>, with greater <a href="/wiki/Engineering_tolerance" title="Engineering tolerance">tolerances</a> of variance) or <a href="/wiki/Tube_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Tube (fluid conveyance)">tube</a> (designated by actual size, with lower tolerance for variance), adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes such as regulating (or measuring) <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a> flow.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fittings are used in <a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">plumbing</a> to manipulate the conveyance of <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> for <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">potatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cooling" title="Cooling">refrigerative</a> purposes, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">liquid waste</a>, or any other liquid or gaseous substances required in domestic or commercial environments, within a system of pipes or tubes, connected by various methods, as dictated by the material of which these are made, the material being conveyed, and the particular environmental context in which they will be used, such as <a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">soldering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortaring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oakum" title="Oakum">caulking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">plastic welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interference_fit" title="Interference fit">friction fittings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Threaded_pipe" title="Threaded pipe">threaded fittings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Compression_fitting" title="Compression fitting">compression fittings</a>. </p><p>Fittings allow multiple pipes to be connected to cover longer distances, increase or decrease the size of the pipe or tube, or extend a network by branching, and make possible more complex systems than could be achieved with only individual pipes. <a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">Valves</a> are specialized fittings that permit regulating the flow of fluid within a plumbing system. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting" title="Special:EditPage/Piping and plumbing fitting">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Geographical_imbalance plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-geographical-imbalance" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may not provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">balanced coverage</a> on the world</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit">improve this article</a> or discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Piping_and_plumbing_fitting" title="Talk:Piping and plumbing fitting">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Standard codes are followed when designing (or manufacturing) a piping system. Organizations which promulgate piping standards include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASME" class="mw-redirect" title="ASME">ASME</a>: American Society of Mechanical Engineers <ul><li>A112.19.1 Enameled cast-iron and steel plumbing fixtures standards</li> <li>A112.19.2 Ceramic plumbing fixtures standard</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a>: American Society for Testing and Materials</li> <li>API: <a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a></li> <li>AWS: <a href="/wiki/American_Welding_Society" title="American Welding Society">American Welding Society</a></li> <li>AWWA: <a href="/wiki/American_Water_Works_Association" title="American Water Works Association">American Water Works Association</a></li> <li>MSS: Manufacturers Standardization Society</li> <li>ANSI: <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a></li> <li>NFPA: <a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a></li> <li>EJMA: <a href="/wiki/Expansion_Joint_Manufacturers_Association" title="Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association">Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association</a></li> <li>CGA: <a href="/wiki/Compressed_Gas_Association" title="Compressed Gas Association">Compressed Gas Association</a></li> <li>PCA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ablis.business.gov.au/service/ag/the-plumbing-code-of-australia-pca-/31066">Plumbing Code of Australia</a></li></ul> <p>Pipes must conform to the dimensional requirements of: </p> <ul><li>ASME B36.10M: Welded and seamless wrought-steel pipe</li> <li>ASME B36.19M: Stainless-steel pipe</li> <li>ASME B31.3 2008: Process piping</li> <li>ASME B31.4 XXXX: Power piping</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials">Materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BritanniaIronWorksTubeFittings.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Plumbing fittings on a board" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BritanniaIronWorksTubeFittings.JPG/170px-BritanniaIronWorksTubeFittings.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BritanniaIronWorksTubeFittings.JPG/255px-BritanniaIronWorksTubeFittings.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BritanniaIronWorksTubeFittings.JPG/340px-BritanniaIronWorksTubeFittings.JPG 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Display of threaded cast-iron fittings</figcaption></figure> <p>The material with which a pipe is manufactured is often the basis for choosing a pipe. Materials used for manufacturing pipes include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">Carbon</a> (CS) and <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">galvanized</a> steel</li> <li>Impact-tested carbon steel (ITCS)</li> <li>Low-temperature carbon steel (LTCS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a> (SS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malleable_iron" title="Malleable iron">Malleable iron</a></li> <li>Chrome-molybdenum (alloy) steel (generally used for high-temperature service)</li> <li>Non-ferrous metals (includes <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inconel" title="Inconel">inconel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incoloy" title="Incoloy">incoloy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cupronickel" title="Cupronickel">cupronickel</a>)</li> <li>Non-metallic (includes <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">acrylonitrile butadiene styrene</a> (ABS), <a href="/wiki/Fibre-reinforced_plastic" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">fibre-reinforced plastic</a> (FRP), <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC), <a href="/wiki/Chlorinated_polyvinyl_chloride" title="Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride">chlorinated polyvinyl chloride</a> (CPVC), <a href="/wiki/High-density_polyethylene" title="High-density polyethylene">high-density polyethylene</a> (HDPE), <a href="/wiki/Cross-linked_polyethylene" title="Cross-linked polyethylene">Cross-linked polyethylene</a> (PEX), and <a href="/wiki/Toughened_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Toughened glass">toughened glass</a>; <a href="/wiki/Polybutylene" title="Polybutylene">polybutylene</a> has also been used, but is now banned in North America because of poor reliability)</li></ul> <p>The bodies of fittings for pipe and tubing are often the same base material as the pipe or tubing connected: copper, steel, PVC, CPVC, or ABS. Any material permitted by the plumbing, health, or building <a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">code</a> (as applicable) may be used, but it must be compatible with the other materials in the system, the fluids being transported, and the temperature and pressure inside (and outside) the system. <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> fittings are common in copper piping and plumbing systems. <a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">Fire resistance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> resistance, mechanical ruggedness, theft resistance, and other factors also influence the choice of pipe and fitting materials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaskets">Gaskets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gaskets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gasket" title="Gasket">Gaskets</a> are mechanical seals, usually <a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">ring-shaped</a>, which seal flange joints.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaskets vary by construction, materials and features. Commonly used gaskets are non-metallic (ASME B 16.21), spiral-wound (ASME B 16.20) and ring-joint (ASME B 16.20). Non-metallic gaskets are used with flat- or raised-face flanges. Spiral-wound gaskets are used with raised-face flanges, and ring-joint gaskets are used with ring-type joint (RTJ) flanges. Stress develops between an RTJ gasket and the flange groove when the gasket is bolted to a flange, leading to plastic deformation of the gasket.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender"><span class="anchor" id="Gender_of_fittings"></span>Gender</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gender_of_connectors_and_fasteners" title="Gender of connectors and fasteners">Gender of connectors and fasteners</a></div> <p>Piping or tubing is usually inserted into fittings to make connections. Connectors are assigned a gender, abbreviated M or F. An example of this is a "<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>-inch female adapter <a href="/wiki/National_pipe_thread" title="National pipe thread">NPT</a>", which would have a corresponding male connection of the same size and thread standard (in this case also NPT). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_piping_and_plumbing_fittings">Common piping and plumbing fittings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Common piping and plumbing fittings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Common_fittings_for_both_piping_and_plumbing"></span> This section discusses fittings primarily used in pressurized piping systems, though there is some overlap with fittings for low-pressure or non-pressurized systems. Specialized fittings for the latter setups are discussed in the next major subsection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adapter">Adapter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adapter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_threaded_adapters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Copper_threaded_adapters.jpg/220px-Copper_threaded_adapters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Copper_threaded_adapters.jpg/330px-Copper_threaded_adapters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Copper_threaded_adapters.jpg/440px-Copper_threaded_adapters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Two threaded adapters for connecting copper pipe (sweat) to a female thread</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbed_Christmas_tree_oxygen_adapter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Barbed_Christmas_tree_oxygen_adapter.png/220px-Barbed_Christmas_tree_oxygen_adapter.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Barbed_Christmas_tree_oxygen_adapter.png/330px-Barbed_Christmas_tree_oxygen_adapter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Barbed_Christmas_tree_oxygen_adapter.png/440px-Barbed_Christmas_tree_oxygen_adapter.png 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Tapered barbed adapter used for oxygen devices</figcaption></figure> <p>In plumbing, an <i>adapter</i> is generally a fitting that interfaces two different parts. The term commonly refers to: </p> <ul><li>any fitting that connects pipes of different materials, including:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b>expansion adapters</b> which have a flexible section to absorb expansion or contraction from two dissimilar pipe materials<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>mechanical joint (MJ) adapters</b> for joining polyethylene pipe to another material<sup id="cite_ref-pe-handbook_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pe-handbook-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 349">: 349 </span></sup></li> <li><b>bell adapters</b> which are like mechanical joint adapters but contain a stainless steel backup ring to maintain a positive seal against the mating flange<sup id="cite_ref-pe-handbook_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pe-handbook-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 347">: 347 </span></sup></li> <li><b>flange adapters</b> which attach to a polyethylene pipe with butt fusion to stiffen a junction and allow another flanged pipe or fitting to be bolted on<sup id="cite_ref-pe-handbook_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pe-handbook-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 341">: 341 </span></sup></li></ul></li> <li>a fitting that connects pipes of different diameters, genders, or threads (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#Coupling">§ Coupling</a> below</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b>adapter spools</b> (also called <b>crossover spools</b>), used on oilfields and pressure control, have different diameters, pressure ratings or designs at each end<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>adapters to convert <a href="/wiki/National_Pipe_Thread" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pipe Thread">NPT</a> to <a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">BSP</a> pipe threads are available<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>a fitting that connects threaded and non-threaded pipe<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elbow">Elbow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Elbow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Street_elbow" title="Street elbow">Street elbow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5041.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Short, 45-degree copper elbow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5041.jpg/170px-1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5041.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5041.jpg/255px-1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>Short-radius (or regular) 45° elbow (copper sweat)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5002-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large copper elbow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5002-18.jpg/170px-1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5002-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5002-18.jpg/255px-1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5002-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5002-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Long-radius (or sweep) 90° elbow (copper sweat)</figcaption></figure> <p>An elbow is installed between two lengths of pipe (or tubing) to allow a change of direction, usually a 90° or 45° <a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">angle</a>; 22.5° elbows are also available. The ends may be machined for <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">butt welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Threaded_pipe" title="Threaded pipe">threaded</a> (usually <a href="/wiki/Gender_of_connectors_and_fasteners" title="Gender of connectors and fasteners">female</a>), or socketed. When the ends differ in size, it is known as a reducing (or reducer) elbow. </p><p>Clarity on the difference between plumbing terminologies and geometric angles: </p><p>In plumbing, the term "45-degree elbow" for example, refers to the angle of bend from the original straight pipe position (0 degrees) to the new position (45 degrees), not the actual angle formed by the joint. </p><p>On a protractor, the actual angle of the above joint is 135 degrees, an obtuse angle. </p><p>This naming convention applies to other plumbing elbows, such as: </p><p>- "88 degree elbow" = 92 degrees on a protractor. Visualise bending the left end of the pipe up 88 degrees. Now turn the piece of pipe around so the horizontal piece of pipe is in line with the zero degrees line on the protractor. The protractor will read 92 degrees. </p><p>The key point is that the plumbing term focuses on the degree of bend from the original straight pipe, not the resulting angle. </p><p>Elbows are also categorized by length. The <a href="/wiki/Radius_of_curvature" title="Radius of curvature">radius of curvature</a> of a long-radius (LR) elbow is 1.5 times the pipe diameter, but a short-radius (SR) elbow has a radius equal to the pipe diameter. Wide available short elbows are typically used in pressurized systems and physically tight locations. </p><p>Long elbows are used in low-pressure gravity-fed systems and other applications where low turbulence and minimum deposition of entrained solids are of concern. They are available in <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">acrylonitrile butadiene styrene</a> (ABS plastic), <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC), <a href="/wiki/Chlorinated_polyvinyl_chloride" title="Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride">chlorinated polyvinyl chloride</a> (CPVC), and copper, and are used in <a href="/wiki/Drain-waste-vent_system" title="Drain-waste-vent system">DWV systems</a>, sewage, and <a href="/wiki/Central_vacuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Central vacuum">central vacuum</a> systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coupling">Coupling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coupling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coupling_(piping)" title="Coupling (piping)">Coupling (piping)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5270.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Short copper tube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5270.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="132" /></a><figcaption>Pipe coupling (copper sweat)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Coupling_(piping)" title="Coupling (piping)">coupling</a> connects two pipes. The fitting is known as a <b>reducing coupling</b>, <b>reducer</b>, or <b>adapter</b> if their sizes differ. There are two types of collars: "regular" and "slip". A regular coupling has a small ridge or stops internally to prevent the over-insertion of a pipe and, thus, under-insertion of the other pipe segment (which would result in an unreliable connection). </p><p>A <b>slip coupling</b> (sometimes also called a <b>repair coupling</b>) is deliberately made without this internal stop to allow it to be slipped into place in tight locations, such as the repair of a pipe that has a small leak due to <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">freeze</a> bursting, or which had to be cut temporarily for some reason. Since the alignment stop is missing, it is up to the installer to carefully measure the final location of the slip coupling to ensure that it is located correctly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union">Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verschraubung_4072.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two identical couplings, one assembled and one disassembled" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Verschraubung_4072.jpg/220px-Verschraubung_4072.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Verschraubung_4072.jpg/330px-Verschraubung_4072.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Verschraubung_4072.jpg/440px-Verschraubung_4072.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Combination union and reducer (brass threaded)</figcaption></figure> <p>A union also connects two pipes but is quite different from a coupling, as it allows future disconnection of the pipes for maintenance. In contrast to a coupling requiring <a href="/wiki/Solvent_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent welding">solvent welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">soldering</a>, or rotation (for threaded couplings), a union allows easy connection and disconnection multiple times if needed. It consists of three parts: a nut, a female, and a male end. When the female and male ends are joined, the nut seals the joint by pressing the two ends tightly together. Unions are a type of very compact flange connector. </p><p><b>Dielectric unions</b>, with <a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a> insulation, separate dissimilar metals (such as copper and galvanized steel) to prevent <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_corrosion" title="Galvanic corrosion">galvanic corrosion</a>. When two dissimilar metals are in contact with an electrically conductive solution (ordinary tap water is conductive), they form an electrochemical couple which generates a voltage by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a>. When the metals are in direct contact with each other, the <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> from one to the other also moves metallic <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> from one to the other; this dissolves one metal, depositing it on the other. A dielectric union breaks the electrical path with a plastic liner between its halves, limiting galvanic corrosion. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rotary_union" title="Rotary union">Rotary unions</a> allow mechanical <a href="/wiki/Rotation_around_a_fixed_axis" title="Rotation around a fixed axis">rotation</a> of one of the joined parts while resisting leakage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nipple">Nipple</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nipple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nipple_(plumbing)" title="Nipple (plumbing)">Nipple (plumbing)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plumbing_Nipple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Plumbing_Nipple.jpg/100px-Plumbing_Nipple.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Plumbing_Nipple.jpg/150px-Plumbing_Nipple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Plumbing_Nipple.jpg/200px-Plumbing_Nipple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>Nipple</figcaption></figure> <p>A nipple is a short stub of pipe, usually male-threaded <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, brass, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), or copper (occasionally unthreaded copper), which connects two other fittings. A nipple with continuous uninterrupted threading is known as a <b>close nipple</b>. Nipples are commonly used with plumbing and hoses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reducer">Reducer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reducer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reduzierstuecke_4055.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Reduzierstuecke_4055.jpg/220px-Reduzierstuecke_4055.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Reduzierstuecke_4055.jpg/330px-Reduzierstuecke_4055.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Reduzierstuecke_4055.jpg/440px-Reduzierstuecke_4055.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Bronze threaded (at left) and copper <a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">sweat</a> (at right) reducers</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Reducer" redirects here. For the chemistry concept, see <a href="/wiki/Reducer_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducer (chemistry)">Reducer (chemistry)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Concentric_reducer" title="Concentric reducer">Concentric reducer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eccentric_reducer" title="Eccentric reducer">Eccentric reducer</a></div> <p>A <b>reducer</b> reduces the <a href="/wiki/Pipe_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipe (material)">pipe</a> size from a larger to a smaller bore (inner <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a>). Alternatively, <i>reducer</i> may refer to any fitting which causes a change in pipe diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change may be intended to meet <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> flow requirements of the system or adapt to existing piping of a different size. The reduction length is usually equal to the average of the larger and smaller pipe diameters. Although reducers are usually <a href="/wiki/Concentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentric">concentric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eccentric_reducer" title="Eccentric reducer">eccentric reducers</a> are used as needed to maintain the top- or bottom-of-pipe level. </p><p>A reducer can also be used either as a nozzle or diffuser, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Mach_number" title="Mach number">mach number</a> of the flow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bushing">Bushing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bushing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A double-tapped bushing, commonly shortened to bushing, is a fitting which serves as a <a href="/wiki/Reducer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducer">reducer</a>. It is a sleeve similar to a <a href="#Nipple">close nipple</a>, but is <a href="/wiki/Pipe_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipe thread">threaded</a> on both its inner and outer circumferences. Like a reducer, a double-tapped bushing has two threads of different sizes. A common type of this style fitting is a "hex bushing" with a hex head for installation with a pipe wrench. </p><p>A double-tapped bushing is more compact than a reducer but not as flexible. While a double-tapped bushing has a more minor female thread concentric to a larger male thread (and thus couples a smaller male end to a larger female), a reducer may have large and small ends of either gender. If both ends are the same gender, it is a <i>gender-changing reducer</i>. </p><p>There are similar fittings for both sweat and solvent joinery. Since they are not "tapped" (threaded), they are simply called '<i>reducing bushings</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tee">Tee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Olets"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5130-22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="T-shaped connector" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5130-22.jpg/220px-1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5130-22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5130-22.jpg/330px-1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5130-22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5130-22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Copper sweat tee</figcaption></figure> <p>A tee combines or divides fluid flow. Tees can connect pipes of different diameters, change the direction of a pipe run, or both. Available in various materials, sizes and finishes, they may also be used to transport two-fluid mixtures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (March 2017)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Tees may be equal or unequal in size of their three connections, with equal tees the most common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diverter_tee">Diverter tee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diverter tee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This specialized type of tee fitting is used primarily in pressurized <a href="/wiki/Hydronic_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydronic heating">hydronic heating</a> systems to divert a portion of the flow from the main line into a side branch connected to a radiator or heat exchanger. The diverter tee allows the flow in the main line, even when the side branch is shut down and not calling for heat. Diverter tees must be heeded with directional markings; a tee installed backwards will function very poorly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross">Cross</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cross"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crosses, also known as <b>four-way fittings</b> or <b>cross branch lines</b>, have one inlet and three outlets (or vice versa), and often have a solvent-welded sockets or female-threaded ends. Cross fittings may stress pipes as temperatures change because they are at the center of four connection points. A tee is steadier than a cross; it behaves like a three-legged stool, and a cross behaves like a four-legged stool. <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">Geometrically</a>, any three non-<a href="/wiki/Collinear" class="mw-redirect" title="Collinear">collinear</a> points can self-consistently define a plane; three legs are inherently stable, whereas four points overdetermine a plane and can be inconsistent, resulting in physical stress on a fitting. </p><p>Crosses are common in <a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler" title="Fire sprinkler">fire sprinkler</a> systems (where stress caused by thermal expansion is not generally an issue),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (March 2017)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> but are not common in plumbing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cap">Cap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Cap"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5301.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/1-1111_CU-solderfitting-type_5301.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption>Copper sweat cap</figcaption></figure> <p>Caps, usually liquid- or gas-tight, cover the otherwise open end of a pipe. The exterior of an industrial cap may be round, square, rectangular, U- or I-shaped, or may have a handgrip. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plug">Plug</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Plug"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Plug_(sanitation)" title="Plug (sanitation)">Plug (sanitation)</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Plug"></span> A <b>plug</b> is a short barbed fitting with a blank end that can only be used with PEX piping to end the continuation of a water line that is no longer in use due to tying in elsewhere within the system or to seal the end of a water line which may be used for future use in the case of additional facilities. All plugs are sealed watertight with a PEX crimp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barb">Barb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Barb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hose_barb" title="Hose barb">Hose barb</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brass_Crimp_Fittings.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ten different hose barbs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Brass_Crimp_Fittings.JPG/170px-Brass_Crimp_Fittings.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Brass_Crimp_Fittings.JPG/255px-Brass_Crimp_Fittings.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Brass_Crimp_Fittings.JPG/340px-Brass_Crimp_Fittings.JPG 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>These brass fittings for PEX tubing are very similar to, but not necessarily interchangeable with hose barbs</figcaption></figure> <p>A barb (or <a href="/wiki/Hose_barb" title="Hose barb">hose barb</a>), which connects flexible hose or tubing to pipes, typically has a male-threaded end which mates with female threads. The other end of the fitting has a single- or multi-barbed tube—a <a href="/wiki/Truncated_cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Truncated cone">long tapered cone</a> with ridges, which is inserted into a flexible hose. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valve">Valve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Valve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Valves"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">Valve</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitchen_renovation_leaky_valve_beneath_kitchen_sink.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kitchen_renovation_leaky_valve_beneath_kitchen_sink.JPG/220px-Kitchen_renovation_leaky_valve_beneath_kitchen_sink.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kitchen_renovation_leaky_valve_beneath_kitchen_sink.JPG/330px-Kitchen_renovation_leaky_valve_beneath_kitchen_sink.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kitchen_renovation_leaky_valve_beneath_kitchen_sink.JPG/440px-Kitchen_renovation_leaky_valve_beneath_kitchen_sink.JPG 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>These compression connections on water shutoff valves under a kitchen sink show evidence of slow seepage (greenish deposits).</figcaption></figure> <p>Valves stop (or regulate) the flow of liquids or gases. They are categorized by application, such as isolation, throttling, and non-return. </p><p>Isolation valves temporarily disconnect part of a piping system to allow maintenance or repair, for example. Isolation valves are typically left in either a fully open or closed position. A given isolation valve may be in place for many years without being operated but must be designed to be readily operable whenever needed, including for emergency use. </p><p>Throttling valves control the amount or pressure of a fluid allowed to pass through and are designed to withstand the stress and wear caused by this operation. Because they may wear out in this usage, they are often installed alongside isolation valves which can temporarily disconnect a failing throttling valve from the rest of the system, so it can be refurbished or replaced. </p><p>Non-return or check valves allow the free flow of a fluid in one direction but prevent its flow in a reverse direction. They are often seen in drainage or sewage systems but may also be used in pressurized systems. </p><p>Valves are available in several types, based on design and purpose: </p> <ul><li>Gate, plug, or ball valves – Isolation</li> <li>Globe valve – Throttling</li> <li>Needle valve – Throttling, usually with high precision but low flow</li> <li>Butterfly or diaphragm valves – Isolation and throttling</li> <li>Check valve – Preventing reverse flow (non-return)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drain-waste-vent_(DWV)_and_related_fittings"><span id="Drain-waste-vent_.28DWV.29_and_related_fittings"></span>Drain-waste-vent (DWV) and related fittings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Drain-waste-vent (DWV) and related fittings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cast-iron_plumbing_pipe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cast-iron_plumbing_pipe.jpg/170px-Cast-iron_plumbing_pipe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cast-iron_plumbing_pipe.jpg/255px-Cast-iron_plumbing_pipe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cast-iron_plumbing_pipe.jpg/340px-Cast-iron_plumbing_pipe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>This view looking upwards through a hole in the ceiling shows a traditional leaded hub joint (at top) and a more recent rubber-sleeved hubless connection (at lower right).</figcaption></figure> <p>Because they operate at low <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> and rely on <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> to move fluids (and entrained solids), <a href="/wiki/Drain-waste-vent_system" title="Drain-waste-vent system">drain-waste-vent systems</a> use fittings whose interior surfaces are as smooth as possible. The fittings may be "belled" (expanded slightly in diameter) or otherwise shaped to accommodate the insertion of pipe or tubing without forming a sharp interior ridge that might catch debris or accumulate material, and cause a clog or blockage.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freshly cut ends of pipe segments are carefully deburred to remove projecting slivers of material which may snag debris (such as hair or fibers) which can build up to cause blockages. This internal smoothness also makes it easier to "snake out" or "rod out" a clogged pipe with a <a href="/wiki/Plumber%27s_snake" title="Plumber's snake">plumber's snake</a>. </p><p>Underground piping systems for <a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscaping</a> <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> or the disposal of <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> or <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> also use low-pressure gravity flow, so fittings for these systems resemble larger-scale DWV fittings. With high peak-flow volumes, the design and construction of these systems may resemble those of <a href="/wiki/Storm_sewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm sewer">storm sewers</a>. </p><p>Fittings for <a href="/wiki/Central_vacuum_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Central vacuum system">central vacuum systems</a> are similar to DWV fittings but usually have thinner and lighter construction because the weight of the materials conveyed is less. Vacuum-system designs share with DWV designs the need to eliminate internal ridges, burrs, sharp turns, or other obstructions which might create clogs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slip-joint_fitting">Slip-joint fitting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Slip-joint fitting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Slip_joint_fitting"></span> Slip-joint fittings are frequently used in kitchen, bathroom and tub drainage systems.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include a detached (movable) slip nut and slip-joint washer; the washer is made of rubber or nylon.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An advantage of this type of fitting is that the pipe it is connecting to does not need to be cut to a precise length; the slip joint can attach within a range of the end of the inserting pipe. Many slip fittings may be tightened or loosened by hand for easier access to residential drainpipe systems (for example, to clean out a trap or access a drain line past a trap). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweep_elbow">Sweep elbow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sweep elbow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DWV elbows are usually long-radius ("sweep") types.<sup id="cite_ref-TPC_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> To reduce flow resistance and solid deposits when the direction of flow is changed, they use a shallow curve with a large <a href="/wiki/Radius_of_curvature" title="Radius of curvature">radius of curvature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TPC_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a well-designed system will often use two 45° elbows instead of one 90° elbow (even a sweep 90° elbow) to reduce flow disruption as much as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-TPC_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> </p><p>Central vacuum system inlet fittings are intentionally designed with a tighter curvature radius than other bends in the system. If vacuumed debris becomes stuck, it will jam at the inlet, where it is easy to find and remove. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closet_flange">Closet flange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Closet flange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Closet_flange" title="Closet flange">closet flange</a> (the drainpipe <a href="/wiki/Flange" title="Flange">flange</a> to which a <a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">flush toilet</a> is attached) is a specialized flange designed to be flush with the floor, allowing a toilet to be installed above it. The flange must be mechanically strong to accommodate slight misalignments or movements and resist corrosion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clean-out">Clean-out</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Clean-out"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Clean-outs"></span> Clean-outs are fittings with removable elements, allowing access to drains without removing plumbing fixtures. They are used to allow an auger (or <a href="/wiki/Plumber%27s_snake" title="Plumber's snake">plumber's snake</a>) to clean out a plugged drain. Since clean-out augers are limited in length, clean-outs should be placed in accessible locations at regular intervals throughout a drainage system (including outside the building). Minimum requirements are typically at the end of each branch in piping, just ahead of each water closet, at the base of each vertical stack and inside and outside the building in the main drain or sewer. Clean-outs usually have screw-on caps or screw-in plugs. They are also known as "rodding eyes", because of the eye-shaped cover plates often used on external versions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trap_primer">Trap primer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Trap primer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Trap_primers"></span> A <a href="/wiki/Trap_primer" title="Trap primer">trap primer</a> automatically injects water into a <a href="/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)" title="Trap (plumbing)">trap</a>, maintaining a water seal to keep <a href="/wiki/Sewer_gas" title="Sewer gas">sewer gas</a> out of buildings. It must be installed in an easily accessible place for adjustment, replacement, and repair. A trap primer, a specialized <a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">valve</a>, is usually connected to a clean-water supply in addition to a DWV system.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the dual connection, it must be designed to resist the accidental <a href="/wiki/Backflow" title="Backflow">backflow</a> of contaminated water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combo_tee">Combo tee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Combo tee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Combo-tee"></span> A combination tee (combo tee, combo wye, tee-wye, long-sweep wye, or combi) is a tee with a gradually curving central connecting joint: a wye plus an additional 1/8 bend (45°), combined in one 90° unit. It is used in drains for a smooth, gradually curving path to reduce the likelihood of clogs, to ease the pushing of a <a href="/wiki/Plumber%27s_snake" title="Plumber's snake">plumber's snake</a> through a drain system and to encourage water flow in the direction of the drain.<sup id="cite_ref-Pro_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165">: 165 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanitary_tee">Sanitary tee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sanitary tee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sanitary tee has a curved center section. In drainage systems, it is primarily used to connect horizontal drains (including fixture trap arms) to vertical drains. The center connection is generally to the pipe leading to a trap (the trap arm). It must not connect a vertical drain to a horizontal drain because of the likelihood that solids will accumulate at the bottom of the junction and cause a blockage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baffle_tee">Baffle tee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Baffle tee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also called a tee with a diverter baffle, a waste tee or an end-outlet tee, it typically connects waste lines before they enter the trap and has a baffle to keep water from one waste pipe from entering the other at the connection.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_sanitary_tee_(sanitary_cross)"><span id="Double_sanitary_tee_.28sanitary_cross.29"></span>Double sanitary tee (sanitary cross)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Double sanitary tee (sanitary cross)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This fitting differs from a standard cross in that two ports have curved inlets. Although it has been used in the past for connecting the drains of back-to-back fixtures (such as back-to-back sinks), some current codes—including the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Plumbing_Code" title="Uniform Plumbing Code">Uniform Plumbing Code</a> in the United States—prohibit the use of this fitting for that purpose and require a double-fixture fitting (double combination wye) to minimize wastewater from one side flowing into the other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wye_(Y)_or_tee-wye_(TY)"><span id="Wye_.28Y.29_or_tee-wye_.28TY.29"></span>Wye (Y) or tee-wye (TY)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Wye (Y) or tee-wye (TY)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Wye_("></span><span class="anchor" id="Wye_fitting"></span><span class="anchor" id="Y_fitting"></span> </p><p>Tee-wyes are similar to tees, except for angling the branch line to reduce friction and turbulence. They are commonly used to attach a vertical drainpipe to a horizontal one, reducing the deposition of entrained solids at the junction.<sup id="cite_ref-Pro_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 159, 165">: 159, 165 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pro_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165">: 165 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wyes and combo wyes follow a long-sweep pattern relative to sanitary tees and other short-sweep bends, which have a smaller radius and require less space.<sup id="cite_ref-Pro_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165">: 165 </span></sup> </p><p>Wyes also have industrial applications. Although low-priced wyes are often <a href="/wiki/Spot_welding" title="Spot welding">spot-welded</a>, industrial-strength wyes are <a href="/wiki/Flash_welding" title="Flash welding">flash-welded</a> at each seam. In long-distance pipeline applications, a specialized wye is used to allow insertion of <a href="/wiki/Pigging" title="Pigging">pigging</a> to keep pipes clear and flowing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Side_inlet_tee-wye_(TY)"><span id="Side_inlet_tee-wye_.28TY.29"></span>Side inlet tee-wye (TY)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Side inlet tee-wye (TY)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This fitting (also known as a "bungalow fitting" or a "cottage fitting") is a sanitary tee that allows two trap arms to be connected at the same level. A toilet is the main connection, with the option of a right or left-hand outlet to the 3" inlet with a choice of 1-1/2" or 2" in size. It is used to keep stack-vented fixtures high to the joist space and thus conserves the headroom in a basement. As the water closet must be the lowest fixture, the smaller side outlet (usually used to connect the bathtub trap arm) enters slightly above the larger connection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydraulic_fittings">Hydraulic fittings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Hydraulic fittings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">Hydraulic machinery</a></div> <p>Hydraulic systems use high fluid pressure, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_cylinder" title="Hydraulic cylinder">hydraulic actuators</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bulldozer" title="Bulldozer">bulldozers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Backhoe" title="Backhoe">backhoes</a>. Their hydraulic fittings are designed and rated for much greater pressure than that experienced in general piping systems, and they are generally not compatible with those used in plumbing. Hydraulic fittings are designed and constructed to resist high-pressure leakage and sudden failure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connection_methods">Connection methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Connection methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the work of installing a piping or plumbing system involves making leakproof, reliable connections, and most piping requires mechanical support against <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> and other forces (such as <a href="/wiki/Wind_load" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind load">wind loads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>) which might disrupt an installation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the connection technology and application, basic skills may be sufficient, or specialized skills and <a href="/wiki/Professional_licensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional licensing">professional licensure</a> may be legally required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fasteners_and_supports">Fasteners and supports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Fasteners and supports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pipe_support" title="Pipe support">Pipe support</a></div> <p>Fasteners join, or affix, two or more objects. Although they are usually used to attach pipe and fittings to mechanical supports in buildings, they do not connect the pipes. Fasteners commonly used with piping are a stud bolt <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with nuts (usually fully threaded, with two heavy, hexagonal nuts); a machine bolt and nut; or a <a href="/wiki/Powder-actuated_tool" title="Powder-actuated tool">powder-actuated tool</a> (PAT) fastener (usually a <a href="/wiki/Nail_(fastener)" title="Nail (fastener)">nail</a> or <a href="/wiki/Threaded_rod" title="Threaded rod">threaded stud</a>, driven into concrete or masonry). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threaded_pipe">Threaded pipe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Threaded pipe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_pipe_thread" title="National pipe thread">National pipe thread</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">British Standard Pipe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malefemalepipe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Threaded pipe and elbow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Malefemalepipe.jpg/220px-Malefemalepipe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Malefemalepipe.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption>Male threaded pipe and female threaded elbow</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Threaded_pipe" title="Threaded pipe">threaded pipe</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Screw_thread" title="Screw thread">screw thread</a> at one or both ends for assembly. Steel pipe is often joined with threaded connections; tapered threads are cut into the end of the pipe, and sealant is applied in the form of <a href="/wiki/Pipe_dope" title="Pipe dope">thread-sealing compound</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thread_seal_tape" title="Thread seal tape">thread seal tape</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">PTFE</a> or Teflon tape) and the pipe is screwed into a threaded fitting with a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_wrench" title="Pipe wrench">pipe wrench</a>. </p><p>Threaded steel pipe is widely used in buildings to convey <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> fuel and is also a popular choice in <a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler" title="Fire sprinkler">fire sprinkler</a> systems due to its resistance to mechanical damage and high heat (including the threaded joints). Threaded steel pipe may still be used in high-security or exposed locations because it is more resistant to vandalism, more difficult to remove, and its scrap value is much lower than copper or brass. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Galvanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanized">galvanized</a> coating of metallic <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> was often used to protect steel water pipes from <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>, but this protective coating eventually would dissolve away, exposing the iron to deterioration. Pipes used to convey fuel gas are often made of "black iron", which has been chemically treated to reduce corrosion, but this treatment does not resist erosion from flowing water. Despite its ruggedness, steel pipe is no longer preferred for conveying drinking water because corrosion can eventually cause leakage (especially at threaded joints), deposits on internal surfaces will eventually restrict flow, and corrosion will shed black or <a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rusty</a> residues into the flowing water. </p><p>These disadvantages are less problematic for fire sprinkler installations because standing water in the steel pipes does not flow, except during occasional tests or activation by a fire. Introducing oxygen dissolved in freshwater supplies will cause some corrosion, but this soon stops without any source of additional water-borne oxygen. </p><p>In older installations, the threaded <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> pipe was similarly used and was considered superior to steel for drinking water because it was more resistant to <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> and shed much fewer residues into the flowing water. </p><p>Assembling threaded pipe is labor-intensive, and requires skill and planning to allow lengths of pipe to be screwed together in sequence. Most threaded-pipe systems require strategically located pipe-union fittings in final assembly. The threaded pipe is heavy and requires adequate attachment to support its weight. </p><p>To ensure a comprehensive pressure test, it is crucial to explicitly request a 3.1 certificate in accordance with EN HFF 10204:2004. This certificate attests that the 'metallic products' meet the stipulated order requirements and provides detailed test results. Typically, each fitting is associated with a unique heat number, which corresponds to the information documented in the 3.1 certificate datasheet.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solvent_welding">Solvent welding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Solvent welding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding#Solvent_welding" title="Plastic welding">Solvent welding</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polypropylene-PPR-Pipe-Tee_173369-480x360_(5000534776).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three white plastic fittings: two tees and a union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Polypropylene-PPR-Pipe-Tee_173369-480x360_%285000534776%29.jpg/220px-Polypropylene-PPR-Pipe-Tee_173369-480x360_%285000534776%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Polypropylene-PPR-Pipe-Tee_173369-480x360_%285000534776%29.jpg/330px-Polypropylene-PPR-Pipe-Tee_173369-480x360_%285000534776%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Polypropylene-PPR-Pipe-Tee_173369-480x360_%285000534776%29.jpg/440px-Polypropylene-PPR-Pipe-Tee_173369-480x360_%285000534776%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Polypropylene fittings for solvent welding</figcaption></figure> <p>A solvent is applied to <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorinated_polyvinyl_chloride" title="Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride">CPVC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">ABS</a> or other plastic piping to partially dissolve and fuse the adjacent surfaces of piping and fitting. Solvent welding is usually used with a sleeve-type joint to connect pipe and fittings made of the same (or compatible) material. </p><p>Unlike metal welding, solvent welding is relatively easy to perform (although care is needed to make reliable joints). Solvents typically used for plastics are usually <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and may be <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogenic">carcinogenic</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">flammable</a>, requiring adequate ventilation. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soldering">Soldering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Soldering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_Brass_Fitting_Soldering.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Copper_Brass_Fitting_Soldering.JPG/220px-Copper_Brass_Fitting_Soldering.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Copper_Brass_Fitting_Soldering.JPG/330px-Copper_Brass_Fitting_Soldering.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Copper_Brass_Fitting_Soldering.JPG/440px-Copper_Brass_Fitting_Soldering.JPG 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>Brass fitting soft-soldered to copper pipe</figcaption></figure> <p>To make a <a href="/wiki/Plumbing_solder" class="mw-redirect" title="Plumbing solder">solder</a> connection, a chemical <a href="/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)" title="Flux (metallurgy)">flux</a> is applied to the inner sleeve of a joint and the pipe is inserted. The joint is then heated, typically by using a <a href="/wiki/Propane_torch" title="Propane torch">propane</a> or <a href="/wiki/MAPP_gas" title="MAPP gas">MAPP gas</a> torch, although electrically heated soldering tools are sometimes used. Once the fitting and pipe have reached sufficient temperature, solder is applied to the heated joint, and the molten solder is drawn into the joint by <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary action</a> as the flux vaporizes. "Sweating" is a term sometimes used to describe the soldering of pipe joints.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where many connections must be made in a short period (such as plumbing of a new building), soldering is quicker and less expensive joinery than compression or flare fittings. A degree of skill is needed to make several reliable soldered joints quickly. If flux residue is thoroughly cleaned, soldering can produce a long-lasting connection at a low cost. However, using an open flame for heating joints can present fire and health hazards to building occupants and requires adequate ventilation. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welding">Welding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Welding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pipe_root_weld_with_HAZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pipe_root_weld_with_HAZ.jpg/170px-Pipe_root_weld_with_HAZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pipe_root_weld_with_HAZ.jpg/255px-Pipe_root_weld_with_HAZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pipe_root_weld_with_HAZ.jpg/340px-Pipe_root_weld_with_HAZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Partially-welded steel pipe joint</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a> of metals differs from soldering and brazing in that the joint is made without adding a lower-melting-point material (e.g. solder); instead, the pipe or tubing material is partially melted, and the fitting and piping are directly fused. This generally requires piping and fitting to be the same (or compatible) material. Skill is required to melt the joint sufficiently to ensure good fusion while not deforming or damaging the joined pieces. </p><p>Properly welded joints are considered reliable and durable. Pipe welding is often performed by specially licensed workers whose skills are retested periodically. For critical applications, every joint is tested with <a href="/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">nondestructive</a> methods. Because of the skills required, welded pipe joints are usually restricted to high-performance applications such as <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reactor" title="Chemical reactor">chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>. </p><p>Adequate <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a> is essential to remove <a href="/wiki/Metal_fume_fever" title="Metal fume fever">metal fumes</a> from welding operations, and <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a> must be worn. Because the high temperatures during welding can often generate intense <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a>, dark goggles or full face shields must be used to protect the eyes. Precautions must also be taken to avoid fires caused by stray sparks and hot welding debris. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compression_fittings">Compression fittings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Compression fittings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Compression_fitting" title="Compression fitting">Compression fitting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compression_fittings" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression fittings">Compression fittings</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compression_fitting_isolating_valve_15mm_screwdriver_turn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Disassembled three-piece valve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Compression_fitting_isolating_valve_15mm_screwdriver_turn.jpg/220px-Compression_fitting_isolating_valve_15mm_screwdriver_turn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Compression_fitting_isolating_valve_15mm_screwdriver_turn.jpg/330px-Compression_fitting_isolating_valve_15mm_screwdriver_turn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Compression_fitting_isolating_valve_15mm_screwdriver_turn.jpg/440px-Compression_fitting_isolating_valve_15mm_screwdriver_turn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption>Compression connectors on an isolating valve; the reddish part is a copper compression ring</figcaption></figure> <p>Compression fittings (sometimes called "lock-bush fittings") consist of a tapered, concave conical seat; a hollow, barrel-shaped compression ring (sometimes called a ferrule); and a compression nut which is threaded onto the body of the fitting and tightened to make a leakproof connection. They are typically brass or plastic, but stainless steel or other materials may be used. </p><p>Although compression connections are less durable than soldered (aka sweated) connections, they are easy to install with simple tools. However, they take longer to install than soldered joints and sometimes require re-tightening to stop slow leaks which may develop over time. Because of this possible leakage, they are generally restricted to accessible locations (such as under a kitchen or bathroom sink) and are prohibited in concealed locations such as the interiors of walls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Push-to-pull_compression_fittings">Push-to-pull compression fittings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Push-to-pull compression fittings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Push-to-pull_compression_fittings" title="Push-to-pull compression fittings">Push-to-pull compression fittings</a></div> <p>Push-to-pull fittings are easily removed compression fitting that allows pipes to be connected with minimal tools. These fittings are similar to regular compression fittings but use an <a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-ring</a> for sealing and a grip ring to hold the pipe. The main advantage is that it can easily be removed and re-used, it is easy to assemble, and the joints are still rotatable even after assembly. The pipe end should be square, so it sits against the stop in the fittings and does not create turbulence, and needs to be a clean cut to avoid damaging the O-ring during insertion.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flare_fittings">Flare fittings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Flare fittings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flare_fitting" title="Flare fitting">Flare fitting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flare_koppeling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flare_koppeling.png/220px-Flare_koppeling.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flare_koppeling.png/330px-Flare_koppeling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flare_koppeling.png/440px-Flare_koppeling.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>Flare connection: 1) Screw thread; 2) O-ring; 3) Body; 4) Nut; 5) Seal interface; 6) Support ring (sleeve), and 7) Flared tubing</figcaption></figure> <p>Flared connectors should not be confused with compression connectors, which are generally not interchangeable. Lacking a compression ring, they use a <a href="/wiki/Truncated_cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Truncated cone">tapered conical</a> shaped connection instead. A specialized flaring tool is used to enlarge tubing into a 45º tapered bell shape matching the projecting shape of the flare fitting.<sup id="cite_ref-Pro_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup> The flare nut, which had previously been installed over the tubing, is then tightened over the fitting to force the tapered surfaces tightly together. Flare connectors are typically brass or plastic, but stainless steel or other materials may be used. </p><p>Although flare connections are labor-intensive, they are durable and reliable. Considered more secure against leaks and sudden failure, they are used in <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_brake" title="Hydraulic brake">hydraulic brake</a> systems and in other high-pressure, high-reliability applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flange_fittings">Flange fittings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Flange fittings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasket.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of fitting, indicating direction of flow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gasket.svg/220px-Gasket.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gasket.svg/330px-Gasket.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gasket.svg/440px-Gasket.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Flange connection with a gasket</figcaption></figure> <p>Flange fittings are generally used to connect valves, inline instruments or equipment nozzles. Two surfaces are joined tightly together with threaded <a href="/wiki/Screw" title="Screw">bolts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wedge_(mechanical_device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge (mechanical device)">wedges</a>, clamps, or other means of applying high <a href="/wiki/Compression_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression (physical)">compressive</a> force.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a <a href="/wiki/Gasket" title="Gasket">gasket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seal_(mechanical)" title="Seal (mechanical)">packing</a>, or <a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-ring</a> may be installed between the flanges to prevent leakage, it is sometimes possible to use only a special grease or nothing at all (if the mating surfaces are sufficiently precisely formed). Although flange fittings are bulky, they perform well in demanding applications such as large <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">water supply networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> systems. </p><p>Flanges are rated at 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 <a href="/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">psi</a>; or 10, 15, 25, 40, 64, 100, and 150 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bars</a> of pressure. Various types of flanges are available, depending on construction. Flanges used in piping (orifice, threaded, slip-on, blind, <a href="/wiki/Weld_neck_flange" title="Weld neck flange">weld neck</a>, socket weld, lap-joint, and reducing) are available with a variety of facings, such as raised, flat, and ring-joint. </p><p>Flange connections tend to be expensive because they require the precision forming of metal. Factory-installed flanges must meet carefully measured dimensional specifications, and pipe segments cut to length on-site require skilled precision welding to attach flanges under more-difficult field conditions. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_fittings">Mechanical fittings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Mechanical fittings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VictaulicPiping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large pipes connected with clamps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/VictaulicPiping.jpg/170px-VictaulicPiping.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/VictaulicPiping.jpg/255px-VictaulicPiping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/VictaulicPiping.jpg/340px-VictaulicPiping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Mechanical sleeve clamps</figcaption></figure> <p>Manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/Victaulic" title="Victaulic">Victaulic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grinnell_Grooved_Products" class="mw-redirect" title="Grinnell Grooved Products">Grinnell</a> produce sleeve-clamp fittings, which replace many flange connections. They attach to the end of a pipe segment via circumferential grooves pressed (or cut) around the end of the pipe to be joined. They are widely used on larger steel pipes and can also be used with other materials. </p><p>The chief advantage of these connectors is that they can be installed after cutting the pipe to length in the field. This can save time and considerable expense compared to flange connections, which must be factory- or field-welded to pipe segments. However, mechanically fastened joints are sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Residual_stress" title="Residual stress">residual</a> and thickness stresses caused by dissimilar metals and temperature changes. </p><p>A grooved fitting, also known as a grooved coupling, has four elements: grooved pipe, gasket, coupling housing, and nuts and bolts. The groove is made by cold-forming (or machining) a groove at the end of a pipe. A gasket encompassed by coupling housing is wrapped around the two pipe ends, with the coupling engaging the groove; the bolts and nuts are tightened with a <a href="/wiki/Socket_wrench" title="Socket wrench">socket</a> or <a href="/wiki/Impact_wrench" title="Impact wrench">impact wrench</a>. The installed coupling housing encases the gasket and engages the grooves around the pipe to create a leakproof seal in a self-restrained pipe joint. There are two types of grooved coupling; a flexible coupling allows a limited amount of angular movement, and a rigid coupling does not allow movement and may be used where joint immobility is required (similar to a flange or welded joint). </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressed_or_crimped_fittings">Pressed or crimped fittings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Pressed or crimped fittings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Press-connect_fittings"></span><span class="anchor" id="Press-connect_fitting"></span><span class="anchor" id="Press_fittings"></span><span class="anchor" id="Press_fitting"></span><span class="anchor" id="Pressed_fittings"></span><span class="anchor" id="Pressed_fitting"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pince_%C3%A0_sertir_le_tube_cuivre..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pince_%C3%A0_sertir_le_tube_cuivre..jpg/170px-Pince_%C3%A0_sertir_le_tube_cuivre..jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pince_%C3%A0_sertir_le_tube_cuivre..jpg/255px-Pince_%C3%A0_sertir_le_tube_cuivre..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pince_%C3%A0_sertir_le_tube_cuivre..jpg/340px-Pince_%C3%A0_sertir_le_tube_cuivre..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1236" /></a><figcaption>Fitting being crimped using a specialized tool</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stainless_Steel_Pressfittings_GDPRESS_Swiss_Fittings_AG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stainless Steel Pressfittings Fittings dead space Example" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Stainless_Steel_Pressfittings_GDPRESS_Swiss_Fittings_AG.jpg/220px-Stainless_Steel_Pressfittings_GDPRESS_Swiss_Fittings_AG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Stainless_Steel_Pressfittings_GDPRESS_Swiss_Fittings_AG.jpg/330px-Stainless_Steel_Pressfittings_GDPRESS_Swiss_Fittings_AG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Stainless_Steel_Pressfittings_GDPRESS_Swiss_Fittings_AG.jpg/440px-Stainless_Steel_Pressfittings_GDPRESS_Swiss_Fittings_AG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2062" /></a><figcaption>Pressfittings connection with dead space around the O-ring</figcaption></figure> <p>Crimped or pressed connections to use special fittings permanently attached to tubing with a powered crimper. The fittings, manufactured with a pre-installed sealant or <a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-ring</a>, slide over the tubing to be connected. High pressure is used to deform the fitting and compress the sealant against the inner tubing, creating a leakproof seal.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The advantages of this method are durability, speed, neatness, and safety. The connection can be made even when the tubing is wet. Crimped fittings are suitable for drinking water pipes and other hot-and-cold systems (including central heating). They are more expensive than sweated fittings. </p><p>Press fittings with either V and M profile (or contour) in stainless steel, carbon steel, and copper are trendy in Europe, and several manufacturers such as Viega, Geberit, Swiss Fittings, and ISOTUBI, distribute proprietary systems of press fittings. Compared to other connection types, press fittings have the advantages of installation speed and safety. Pressing a stainless steel fitting can be completed within five seconds with the correct equipment. Primary pressing of fittings to pipes or other fittings is performed using electrically powered press equipment, but mechanically driven press equipment is also available. Swiss Fittings is legally protected the German Brand "Pressfittings aus Edelstahl" in the USA. <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Press fittings of some major brands carry a plastic slip<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> around the sleeves on each end of the fitting which falls off when the fitting has been compressed. This allows for a simple identification whether a press fitting has securely been installed. </p><p>Press fittings with appropriate and region-specific certification may be used for gas lines. Stainless steel and carbon steel press fittings can withstand up to 16 bars of pressure. </p><p>A disadvantage of press fittings is the dead space between the pipe and the fitting, which can possibly rule out use for beverage and food applications. </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="7">Types of Pressfittings </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Connection Type</b> </td> <td>All Pressends </td> <td>Pressend / Male Thread </td> <td>Pressend / Female Thread </td> <td>Valve Connection </td> <td>Flange </td> <td>End-Connector </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Elbow 90°, F/F & F/M <p>Elbow 45°, F/F & F/M </p><p>Bend 15°, 45°, 75° M/M </p><p>Coupling </p><p>Coupling Long </p><p>Tee </p> </td> <td>Elbow 90° Male Coupling <p>Bend 90° Male Thread </p><p>Tee Male </p><p>Union Male Coupling </p><p>Male Straight Connector </p> </td> <td>Elbow 90° Female Coupling <p>Double Tap Connector 90/90 with Female Thread </p><p>Elbow 90° Female Adapter Coupling </p><p>Female Straight Connector </p><p>Adapter Female Coupling (ISO 228) </p><p>Female Coupling </p><p>Tee Female </p><p>Union Female </p> </td> <td>3-PC HFF Ball Valve </td> <td>Flange Coupling </td> <td>Cap </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaded_hub_fittings">Leaded hub fittings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Leaded hub fittings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaded_hub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/Leaded_hub.jpg/220px-Leaded_hub.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/Leaded_hub.jpg/330px-Leaded_hub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/Leaded_hub.jpg/440px-Leaded_hub.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing the construction of a typical leaded hub joint</figcaption></figure> <p>Cast iron piping was traditionally made with one "spigot" end (plain, which was cut to length as needed) and one "socket" or "hub" end (cup-shaped). The larger-diameter hub was also called a "bell" because of its shape. </p><p>In use, the spigot of one segment was placed into the socket of the preceding one, and a ring of <a href="/wiki/Oakum" title="Oakum">oakum</a> was forced down into the joint with a <a href="/wiki/Caulking_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Caulking iron">caulking iron</a>. Then the remainder of the space in the hub was filled up. Ideally, this would be done by pouring molten <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, allowing it to set, and hammering it tightly with a caulking tool. If this was not possible due to position or some other constraint, the joint could be filled with <a href="/wiki/Lead_wool" title="Lead wool">lead wool</a> or rope, which was forcibly compacted one layer at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This labor-intensive technique was durable if appropriately done but required time, skill, and patience for each joint to be made up. Quicker and lower-cost methods, such as rubber sleeve joints, have replaced mainly leaded hub connections of cast-iron piping in most new installations, but the older technology may still be used for some repairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Pro_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 149">: 149 </span></sup> In addition, some conservative plumbing codes still require leaded hub joints for final connections where the sewer main leaves a building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rubber_sleeve_fittings">Rubber sleeve fittings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Rubber sleeve fittings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cast_fe_and_cu_dwv_piping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pipes under a floor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cast_fe_and_cu_dwv_piping.jpg/220px-Cast_fe_and_cu_dwv_piping.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cast_fe_and_cu_dwv_piping.jpg/330px-Cast_fe_and_cu_dwv_piping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cast_fe_and_cu_dwv_piping.jpg/440px-Cast_fe_and_cu_dwv_piping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4694" data-file-height="3061" /></a><figcaption>Flexible rubber sleeves are used to connect this cast-iron and copper DWV installation</figcaption></figure> <p>Cast iron DWV pipe and fittings are still used in premium construction because they muffle the sound of wastewater rushing through them,<sup id="cite_ref-Pro_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 149">: 149 </span></sup> but today they are rarely joined with traditional lead joints.<sup id="cite_ref-Pro_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 149">: 149 </span></sup> Instead, pipe and fittings with plain (non-belled) connections are butted against each other, and clamped with special rubber sleeve (or "no-hub") fittings.<sup id="cite_ref-TPC_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71">: 71 </span></sup> The rubber sleeves are typically secured with stainless steel <a href="/wiki/Worm_drive" title="Worm drive">worm drive</a> clamping bands, which compress the rubber to make a tight seal around the pipes and fittings. These pipe clamps are similar to <a href="/wiki/Hose_clamp" title="Hose clamp">hose clamps</a>, but are heavier-duty and ideally are made completely of stainless steel (including the screw) to provide maximum service life.<sup id="cite_ref-Pro_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 149">: 149 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TPC_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71">: 71 </span></sup> Optionally, the entire rubber sleeve may be jacketed with thin sheet metal, to provide extra stiffness, durability, and resistance to accidental penetration by a misplaced nail or screw.<sup id="cite_ref-Pro_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 149">: 149 </span></sup> Although the fittings are not cheap, they are reasonably durable (the rubber is typically <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a> or flexible <a href="/wiki/PVC" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC">PVC</a>). </p><p>An alternative design also allows the selective use of belled fittings made entirely of flexible rubber, including more-complex shapes such as wyes or tee-wyes.<sup id="cite_ref-TPC_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup> They are secured to cast iron pipe segments by use of stainless steel worm drive clamps. Because these fittings are not as stiff as traditional cast-iron fittings, the heavy pipe segments may need better anchoring and support to prevent unwanted movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Pro_22-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 150">: 150 </span></sup> The lighter rubber fittings may not muffle sound as well as the heavy cast-iron fittings. </p><p>An advantage of flexible rubber fittings is that they can accommodate small misalignments and can be flexed slightly for installation in tight locations.<sup id="cite_ref-Pro_22-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 147, 149">: 147, 149 </span></sup> A flexible fitting may be preferred to connect a shower or heavy tub to the drainage system without transmitting slight movements or stresses, which could eventually cause cracking.<sup id="cite_ref-Pro_22-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 159">: 159 </span></sup> Flexible fittings may also be used to reduce the transmission of vibration into the DWV system. </p><p>If necessary, clamped joints can be disassembled later, and the fittings and pipe may be reconfigured. However, it is often not customary to re-use the clamps and rubber sleeves, which their previous installation may deform and may not seal well after rearranging. Clamped fittings may occasionally need to be disassembled to provide access for "<a href="/wiki/Plumber%27s_snake" title="Plumber's snake">snaking</a>" or "rodding-out" with a unique tool to clear blockage or clogs.<sup id="cite_ref-TPC_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup> This is also an indication that a clean-out fitting could be installed to provide easier future access. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_ring_fitting" title="Cutting ring fitting">Cutting ring fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain_(plumbing)" title="Drain (plumbing)">Drain (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_cap" title="Driving cap">Driving cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flange" title="Flange">Flange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladhand_connector" title="Gladhand connector">Gladhand connector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Pipe (fluid conveyance)">Pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipefitter" title="Pipefitter">Pipefitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_support" title="Pipe support">Pipe support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Rainwater, surface, and subsurface water drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Septic system">Septic systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_drainage_venting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plumbing drainage venting">Traps, Drains, and Vents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victaulic" title="Victaulic">Victaulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Water cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_water_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic water system">Water supply systems</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.safeplumbing.org/technical/glossary#faq-24">"Glossary"</a>. <i>Plumbing Manufacturers International (PMI)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plumbing+Manufacturers+International+%28PMI%29&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.safeplumbing.org%2Ftechnical%2Fglossary%23faq-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiping+and+plumbing+fitting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331124604/http://www.plumbingmart.com/plumbing-glossary-a.html">"Plumbing Glossary"</a>. <i>PlumbingMart</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plumbingmart.com/plumbing-glossary-a.html">the original</a> on 2022-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PlumbingMart&rft.atitle=Plumbing+Glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plumbingmart.com%2Fplumbing-glossary-a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiping+and+plumbing+fitting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19630226&id=kf5HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=eYAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6577,5763223">"Proper Replacement Of Gaskets Important"</a>. <i>The Victoria Advocate</i>. Feb 26, 1963<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Victoria+Advocate&rft.atitle=Proper+Replacement+Of+Gaskets+Important&rft.date=1963-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D861%26dat%3D19630226%26id%3Dkf5HAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DeYAMAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6577%2C5763223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiping+and+plumbing+fitting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wermac.org/gaskets/gaskets.html">"Gaskets General – Non-Metallic Flat, Spiral Wound Gaskets, Camprofile Gaskets, Metal-Jacketed Gaskets and Metallic Gaskets -"</a>. <i>wermac.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wermac.org&rft.atitle=Gaskets+General+%E2%80%93+Non-Metallic+Flat%2C+Spiral+Wound+Gaskets%2C+Camprofile+Gaskets%2C+Metal-Jacketed+Gaskets+and+Metallic+Gaskets+-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wermac.org%2Fgaskets%2Fgaskets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiping+and+plumbing+fitting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Design Guide: Residential PEX Water Supply Plumbing Systems</i> (2nd ed.). Home Innovation Research Labs. 2013. p. 89. <q>Several varieties of fitting adapters are available for simple transition between piping systems, such as solder, threaded, and polybutylene adapters</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+Guide%3A+Residential+PEX+Water+Supply+Plumbing+Systems&rft.pages=89&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Home+Innovation+Research+Labs&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiping+and+plumbing+fitting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plumbingmart.com/plumbing-glossary-a.html">"Plumbing Glossary"</a>. <i>PlumbingMart</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In: plumbingandhvac.ca</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=98579698&caseSearchType=US_APPLICATION&caseType=DEFAULT&searchType=statusSearch">https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=98579698&caseSearchType=US_APPLICATION&caseType=DEFAULT&searchType=statusSearch</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Damm, John A. and Waugaman, Charles H. (1948) <i>The Practical and Technical Encyclopedia</i> Wm. H. Wise & Co., Inc. New York. pg. 94,395,396</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piping_and_plumbing_fitting&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plumbing" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plumbing" title="Template:Plumbing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plumbing" title="Template talk:Plumbing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plumbing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plumbing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plumbing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_gap_(plumbing)" title="Air gap (plumbing)">Air gap (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backflow" title="Backflow">Backflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_(chemical)" title="Compatibility (chemical)">Compatibility (chemical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain_(plumbing)" title="Drain (plumbing)">Drain (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_loss" title="Friction loss">Friction loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">Grade (slope)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_trap" title="Heat trap">Heat trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_loop" title="Hydrostatic loop">Hydrostatic loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak" title="Leak">Leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_axis" title="Neutral axis">Neutral axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsite_sewage_facility" title="Onsite sewage facility">Onsite sewage facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_gas" title="Sewer gas">Sewer gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">Sewerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siphon" title="Siphon">Siphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_sewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm sewer">Storm sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">Surface tension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">Tap water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)" title="Trap (plumbing)">Trap (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">Venturi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_hammer" title="Water hammer">Water hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazing" title="Brazing">Brazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">British Standard Pipe</a> (BSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron_pipe" title="Cast iron pipe">Cast iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_drain_cleaners" title="Chemical drain cleaners">Chemical drain cleaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_fitting" title="Compression fitting">Compression fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_tubing" title="Copper tubing">Copper tubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">Crimp (joining)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain-waste-vent_system" title="Drain-waste-vent system">Drain-waste-vent system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron_pipe" title="Ductile iron pipe">Ductile iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare_fitting" title="Flare fitting">Flare fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_hose_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden hose thread">Garden Hose Thread</a> (GHT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasket" title="Gasket">Gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak_detection" title="Leak detection">Leak detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pipe_Thread" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pipe Thread">National Pipe Thread</a> (NPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size" title="Nominal Pipe Size">Nominal Pipe Size</a> (NPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakum" title="Oakum">Oakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Pipe (fluid conveyance)">Pipe (fluid conveyance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_dope" title="Pipe dope">Pipe dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_support" title="Pipe support">Pipe support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pipework" title="Plastic pipework">Plastic pipework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-to-pull_compression_fittings" title="Push-to-pull compression fittings">Push-to-pull compression fittings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">Putty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealant" title="Sealant">Sealant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_pumping" title="Sewage pumping">Sewage pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent welding">Solvent welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">Swaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_seal_tape" title="Thread seal tape">Thread seal tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threaded_pipe" title="Threaded pipe">Threaded pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_bending" title="Tube bending">Tube bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_vacuum_breaker" title="Atmospheric vacuum breaker">Atmospheric vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_bleeding_valve" title="Automatic bleeding valve">Automatic bleeding valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_faucet" title="Automatic faucet">Automatic faucet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backflow_prevention_device" title="Backflow prevention device">Backflow prevention device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_valve" title="Ball valve">Ball valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_screw" title="Bleed screw">Bleed screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_valve" title="Butterfly valve">Butterfly valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_valve" title="Check valve">Check valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemigation_valve" title="Chemigation valve">Chemigation valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopper pump">Chopper pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulator_pump" title="Circulator pump">Circulator pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet_flange" title="Closet flange">Closet flange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_reducer" title="Concentric reducer">Concentric reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupling_(piping)" title="Coupling (piping)">Coupling (piping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_valve" title="Diaphragm valve">Diaphragm valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dielectric_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric union">Dielectric union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_check_valve" title="Double check valve">Double check valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccentric_reducer" title="Eccentric reducer">Eccentric reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faucet_aerator" title="Faucet aerator">Faucet aerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_switch" title="Float switch">Float switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Float valve">Float valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_drain" title="Floor drain">Floor drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_limiter" title="Flow limiter">Flow limiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushing_trough" title="Flushing trough">Flushing trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushometer" title="Flushometer">Flushometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_valve" title="Gate valve">Gate valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_valve" title="Globe valve">Globe valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_trap" title="Grease trap">Grease trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinder_pump" title="Grinder pump">Grinder pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_coupling" title="Hose coupling">Hose coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifold_(fluid_mechanics)" title="Manifold (fluid mechanics)">Manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_valve" title="Needle valve">Needle valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_(plumbing)" title="Nipple (plumbing)">Nipple (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_valve" title="Pinch valve">Pinch valve</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piping and plumbing fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_(sanitation)" title="Plug (sanitation)">Plug (sanitation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">Pressure regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_vacuum_breaker" title="Pressure vacuum breaker">Pressure vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-balanced_valve" title="Pressure-balanced valve">Pressure-balanced valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator (heating)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_pressure_zone_device" title="Reduced pressure zone device">Reduced pressure zone device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducer">Reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_valve" title="Relief valve">Relief valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riser_clamp" title="Riser clamp">Riser clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooftop_water_tower" title="Rooftop water tower">Rooftop water tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">Safety valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage pump">Sewage pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_elbow" title="Street elbow">Street elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_(valve)" title="Tap (valve)">Tap (valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_mixing_valve" title="Thermostatic mixing valve">Thermostatic mixing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_drain" title="Trench drain">Trench drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_breaker" title="Vacuum breaker">Vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ejector" title="Vacuum ejector">Vacuum ejector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">Valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_tank" title="Water tank">Water tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_fixture" title="Plumbing fixture">Plumbing fixtures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_bathtub" title="Accessible bathtub">Accessible bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub" title="Bathtub">Bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">Bidet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_water_boiler" title="Electric water boiler">Electric water boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">Garbage disposal unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_storage_tank" title="Hot water storage tank">Hot water storage tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icemaker" title="Icemaker">Icemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_hot_water_dispenser" title="Instant hot water dispenser">Instant hot water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_tub" class="mw-redirect" title="Laundry tub">Laundry tub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shower" title="Shower">Shower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">water recycling shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">Sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_water_heater" title="Storage water heater">Storage water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump_pump" title="Sump pump">Sump pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankless_water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Tankless water heater">Tankless water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal" title="Urinal">Urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washlet" title="Washlet">Washlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_dispenser" title="Water dispenser">Water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_filter" title="Water filter">Water filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Water heater">Water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_softener" class="mw-redirect" title="Water softener">Water softener</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basin_wrench" title="Basin wrench">Basin wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowtorch" title="Blowtorch">Blowtorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borescope" title="Borescope">Borescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain_cleaner" title="Drain cleaner">Drain cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_cap" title="Driving cap">Driving cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare-nut_wrench" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare-nut wrench">Flare-nut wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipecutter" title="Pipecutter">Pipecutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_wrench" title="Pipe wrench">Pipe wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber%27s_snake" title="Plumber's snake">Plumber's snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber_wrench" title="Plumber wrench">Plumber wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunger" title="Plunger">Plunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strap_wrench" title="Strap wrench">Strap wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">Tap and die</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Flow sensor">Flow sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure sensor">Pressure sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_detector" title="Water detector">Water detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_metering" title="Water metering">Water metering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic testing">Hydrostatic testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak_detection" title="Leak detection">Leak detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_marking" title="Pipe marking">Pipe marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipefitter" title="Pipefitter">Pipefitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipelayer" title="Pipelayer">Pipelayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations <br />and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Plumbing_and_Mechanical_Officials" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials">International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSF_International" title="NSF International">NSF International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_%26_Drainage_Institute" title="Plumbing & Drainage Institute">Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Plumbing_Code" title="Uniform Plumbing Code">Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Plumbing_Council" title="World Plumbing Council">World Plumbing Council (WPC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_code" title="Plumbing code">Plumbing code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalding" title="Scalding">Scalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_disease" title="Waterborne disease">Waterborne disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system" title="Fire sprinkler system">Fire sprinkler system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">Piping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC">Template:HVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health" title="Template:Public health">Template:Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sewerage" title="Template:Sewerage">Template:Sewerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Toilets">Template:Toilets</a></li> <li><a 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