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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Transcendental Club</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcendental_Club-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_wave_of_transcendentalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_wave_of_transcendentalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Second wave of transcendentalists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_wave_of_transcendentalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Beliefs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beliefs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transcendental_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcendental_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Transcendental knowledge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcendental_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Individualism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Indian religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idealism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idealism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Idealism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idealism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_of_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_of_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Importance of nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance_of_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_other_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_other_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence on other movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_other_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Major figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transcendentalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transendentalisme" title="Transendentalisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Transendentalisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فلسفة متعالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسفة متعالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վեհանցականութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վեհանցականութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trescendentalismu" title="Trescendentalismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Trescendentalismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsendentalizm" title="Transsendentalizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Transsendentalizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="তুরীয়বাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুরীয়বাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhiau-oa%CC%8Dt-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Chhiau-oa̍t-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiau-oa̍t-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Трансцендентализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трансцендентализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalisme" title="Transcendentalisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transcendentalisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalismus" title="Transcendentalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Transcendentalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trosgynoliaeth" title="Trosgynoliaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Trosgynoliaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalisme" title="Transcendentalisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Transcendentalisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transzendentalismus" title="Transzendentalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Transzendentalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtsendentalism" title="Transtsendentalism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Transtsendentalism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Υπερβατισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπερβατισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trascendentalismo" title="Trascendentalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trascendentalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendismo" title="Transcendismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Transcendismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="تعالی‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تعالی‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendantalisme_(%C3%89tats-Unis)" title="Transcendantalisme (États-Unis) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transcendantalisme (États-Unis)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transendintalisme" title="Transendintalisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Transendintalisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%9B%94%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="초월주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초월주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Տրանսցենդենտալիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրանսցենդենտալիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalizam" title="Transcendentalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Transcendentalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transendentalisme" title="Transendentalisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transendentalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trascendentalismo" title="Trascendentalismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trascendentalismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Трансцендентальдық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Трансцендентальдық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalismus" title="Transcendentalismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Transcendentalismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalizmas" title="Transcendentalizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Transcendentalizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transzcendentalizmus" title="Transzcendentalizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Transzcendentalizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Трансцендентализам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трансцендентализам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trascendentalismo" title="Trascendentalismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Trascendentalismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalisme" title="Transcendentalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Transcendentalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%B5%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="超絶主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="超絶主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalisme" title="Transcendentalisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Transcendentalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%AA_(%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87/%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="ماورائيت (د ماوراء الطبيعت فلسفه/د لوړوالي اند) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماورائيت (د ماوراء الطبيعت فلسفه/د لوړوالي اند)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalizm" title="Transcendentalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transcendentalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalismo" title="Transcendentalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transcendentalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalism_american" title="Transcendentalism american – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Transcendentalism american" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Трансцендентализм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Трансцендентализм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Трансцендентализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трансцендентализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalizmi" title="Transcendentalizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Transcendentalizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalizmus" title="Transcendentalizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Transcendentalizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalizam" title="Transcendentalizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Transcendentalizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Transcendentalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transandantalizm" title="Transandantalizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Transandantalizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Трансценденталізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трансценденталізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuy%E1%BA%BFt_si%C3%AAu_vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Thuyết siêu việt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuyết siêu việt" 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searchaux" style="display:none">19th century US philosophical movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 19th-century American movement. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Transcendence (disambiguation)">Transcendence (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Spirituality" title="Category:Spirituality">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_spirituality" title="Outline of spirituality">Outline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditional</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_religion" title="Elite religion">Elite religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Merkabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidism">Hasidism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_spirituality" title="Catholic spirituality">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Modern</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_spirituality" title="Secular spirituality">Secular spirituality</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">Spiritual but not religious</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Spiritual experience</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lived_religion" title="Lived religion">Lived religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical experience">Mystical experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_feeling" title="Oceanic feeling">Oceanic feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_practice" title="Spiritual practice">Spiritual practice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Spiritual development</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego_death" title="Ego death">Ego death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">Individuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">Self-actualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_activism" title="Spiritual activism">Spiritual activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual development">Spiritual development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:120%;background:lavender;"> Influences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Western</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"><b>General</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Antiquity</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Medieval</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Early modern</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennial philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Modern</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Boehmian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Boehmian)">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Orientalist</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Advaita" title="Neo-Advaita">Neo-Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nonduality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Asian</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"><b>Pre-historic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <p><b>Iran</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> <p><b>India</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_jnana" title="Kevala jnana">Kevala jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul> <p><b>East-Asia</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other non-Western</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totemism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Psychological</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">Self-help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_self_and_false_self" title="True self and false self">True self and false self</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:120%;background:lavender;"> Research</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Neurological</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_psychosis" title="Mystical psychosis">Mystical psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neuroscience of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geschwind_syndrome" title="Geschwind syndrome">Geschwind syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology of religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border:none;padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spirituality" title="Category:Spirituality">Category</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spirituality_sidebar" title="Template:Spirituality sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spirituality_sidebar" title="Template talk:Spirituality sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Transcendentalism</b> is a philosophical, spiritual, and literary movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A core belief is in the inherent <a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">goodness</a> of people and nature,<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and while society and its institutions have corrupted the purity of the <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individual</a>, people are at their best when truly "<a href="/wiki/Self-Reliance" title="Self-Reliance">self-reliant</a>" and independent. Transcendentalists saw divine experience inherent in the everyday. Transcendentalists saw physical and spiritual phenomena as part of dynamic processes rather than discrete entities. </p><p>Transcendentalism is one of the first philosophical currents that emerged in the United States;<sup id="cite_ref-Coviello_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coviello-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is therefore a key early point in the history of <a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American philosophy</a>. Emphasizing subjective <a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">intuition</a> over objective <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a>, its adherents believe that individuals are capable of generating completely original insights with little attention and deference to past transcendentalists. Its rise was a protest against the general state of <a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">intellectualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> church as taught at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard Divinity School</a> was closely related. </p><p>Transcendentalism emerged from "English and German <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a>, the skepticism of <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">transcendental philosophy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Perry_Miller" title="Perry Miller">Perry Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Versluis" title="Arthur Versluis">Arthur Versluis</a> regard <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a> as pervasive influences on transcendentalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller195049_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller195049-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersluis200117_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersluis200117-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transcendentalism is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>, a religious movement in Boston in the early nineteenth century. It started to develop after Unitarianism took hold at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, following the elections of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ware_(Unitarian)" title="Henry Ware (Unitarian)">Henry Ware</a> as the Hollis Professor of Divinity in 1805 and of <a href="/wiki/John_Thornton_Kirkland" title="John Thornton Kirkland">John Thornton Kirkland</a> as President in 1810. Transcendentalism was not a rejection of Unitarianism; rather, it developed as an organic consequence of the Unitarian emphasis on free conscience and the value of intellectual reason. The transcendentalists were not content with the <a href="/wiki/Sobriety" title="Sobriety">sobriety</a>, mildness, and calm <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> of Unitarianism. Instead, they wanted a more intense spiritual experience. Thus, transcendentalism was not born as a counter-movement to Unitarianism, but as a parallel movement to the very ideas introduced by the Unitarians.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transcendental_Club">Transcendental Club</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transcendental Club"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Transcendentalism##" title="Talk:Transcendentalism">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_ca1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_ca1857.jpg/220px-Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_ca1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_ca1857.jpg/330px-Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_ca1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_ca1857.jpg/440px-Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_ca1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Transcendentalism became a coherent movement and a sacred organization with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Club" title="Transcendental Club">Transcendental Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, on September 12, 1836, by prominent New England intellectuals, including George Putnam,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Henry_Hedge" title="Frederic Henry Hedge">Frederic Henry Hedge</a>. Other members of the club included <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Ripley" title="Sophia Ripley">Sophia Ripley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Peabody" title="Elizabeth Peabody">Elizabeth Peabody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Sturgis_Hooper" title="Ellen Sturgis Hooper">Ellen Sturgis Hooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Sturgis_Tappan" title="Caroline Sturgis Tappan">Caroline Sturgis Tappan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcott" title="Amos Bronson Alcott">Amos Bronson Alcott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orestes_Brownson" title="Orestes Brownson">Orestes Brownson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker">Theodore Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Channing" title="William Henry Channing">William Henry Channing</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Freeman_Clarke" title="James Freeman Clarke">James Freeman Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Pearse_Cranch" title="Christopher Pearse Cranch">Christopher Pearse Cranch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convers_Francis" title="Convers Francis">Convers Francis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Judd" title="Sylvester Judd">Sylvester Judd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jones_Very" title="Jones Very">Jones Very</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stearns_Wheeler" title="Charles Stearns Wheeler">Charles Stearns Wheeler</a>. From 1840, the group frequently published in their journal <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dial" title="The Dial">The Dial</a></i>, along with other venues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_wave_of_transcendentalists">Second wave of transcendentalists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second wave of transcendentalists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late 1840s, Emerson believed that the movement was dying out, and even more so after the death of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a> in 1850. "All that can be said", Emerson wrote, "is that she represents an interesting hour and group in American cultivation."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was, however, a second wave of transcendentalists later in the 19th century, including <a href="/wiki/Moncure_Conway" class="mw-redirect" title="Moncure Conway">Moncure Conway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octavius_Brooks_Frothingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavius Brooks Frothingham">Octavius Brooks Frothingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Longfellow" title="Samuel Longfellow">Samuel Longfellow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Benjamin_Sanborn" title="Franklin Benjamin Sanborn">Franklin Benjamin Sanborn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transcendence of the spirit, most often evoked by the poet's prosaic voice, is said to endow in the reader a sense of purpose. This is the underlying theme in the majority of transcendentalist essays and papers—all of which are centered on subjects which assert a love for individual expression.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group was mostly made up of struggling <a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">aesthetes</a>, the wealthiest among them being <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gray_Ward" title="Samuel Gray Ward">Samuel Gray Ward</a>, who, after a few contributions to <i>The Dial</i>, focused on his banking career.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transcendentalists are strong believers in the power of the individual and are primarily concerned with <a href="/wiki/Personal_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal freedom">personal freedom</a>. Their beliefs are closely linked with those of the <a href="/wiki/Romantics" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantics">Romantics</a>, but differ by an attempt to embrace or, at least, to not oppose the empiricism of science. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transcendental_knowledge">Transcendental knowledge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transcendental knowledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transcendentalists desire to ground their religion and philosophy in principles based upon the German <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a>. Transcendentalism merged "<a href="/wiki/English_Romanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="English Romanticism">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a> of Herder and Schleiermacher, the skepticism of <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the transcendental philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> (and of <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a> more generally), interpreting Kant's <i>a priori</i> categories as <a href="/wiki/A_priori_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="A priori knowledge"><i>a priori</i> knowledge</a>. Early transcendentalists were largely unacquainted with <a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German philosophy</a> in the original and relied primarily on the writings of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Cousin" title="Victor Cousin">Victor Cousin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Germaine de Staël</a>, and other English and French commentators for their knowledge of it. The transcendental movement can be described as an American outgrowth of English Romanticism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individualism">Individualism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Individualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transcendentalists believe that society and its institutions—particularly <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">organized religion</a> and political parties—corrupt the purity of the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have faith that people are at their best when truly self-reliant and independent. It is only from such real individuals that true community can form.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Even with this necessary individuality, transcendentalists also believe that all people are outlets for the "<a href="/wiki/The_Over-Soul" title="The Over-Soul">Over-Soul</a>". Because the Over-Soul is one, this unites all people as one being.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (July 2015)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> Emerson alludes to this concept in the introduction of the <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Scholar" title="The American Scholar">American Scholar</a></i> address, "that there is One Man, – present to all particular men only partially, or through one faculty; and that you must take the whole society to find the whole man".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such an ideal is in harmony with Transcendentalist individualism, as each person is empowered to behold within him or herself a piece of the divine Over-Soul.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In recent years, there has been a distinction made between individuality and <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>. Both advocate the unique capacity of the individual. Yet individualism is decidedly anti-government, whereas individuality sees all facets of society necessary, or at least acceptable for the development of the true individualistic person. Whether the Transcendentalists believed in individualism or individuality remains to be determined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_religions">Indian religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indian religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While firmly rooted in the western philosophical traditions of <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a>, Transcendentalism was also directly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersluis1993_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersluis1993-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersluis20013_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersluis20013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thoreau in <i><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></i> spoke of the Transcendentalists' debt to Indian religions directly: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_David_Thoreau_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Henry_David_Thoreau_2.jpg/220px-Henry_David_Thoreau_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Henry_David_Thoreau_2.jpg/330px-Henry_David_Thoreau_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Henry_David_Thoreau_2.jpg/440px-Henry_David_Thoreau_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1978" data-file-height="2081" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the morning I bathe my intellect in the stupendous and cosmogonal philosophy of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavat Geeta</a>, since whose composition years of the gods have elapsed, and in comparison with which our modern world and its literature seem puny and trivial; and I doubt if that philosophy is not to be referred to a previous state of existence, so remote is its sublimity from our conceptions. I lay down the book and go to my well for water, and lo! there I meet the servant of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a>, priest of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, who still sits in his temple on the Ganges reading the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, or dwells at the root of a tree with his crust and water-jug. I meet his servant come to draw water for his master, and our buckets as it were grate together in the same well. The pure Walden water is mingled with the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">sacred water</a> of the Ganges.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1844, the first English translation of the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a> was included in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dial" title="The Dial">The Dial</a></i>, a publication of the New England Transcendentalists, translated from French by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Peabody" title="Elizabeth Peabody">Elizabeth Palmer Peabody</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idealism">Idealism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Idealism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transcendentalists differ in their interpretations of the practical aims of will. Some adherents link it with utopian social change; <a href="/wiki/Orestes_Brownson" title="Orestes Brownson">Brownson</a>, for example, connected it with early <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, but others consider it an exclusively individualist and idealist project. Emerson believed the latter. In his 1842 lecture "<a href="/wiki/The_Transcendentalist" title="The Transcendentalist">The Transcendentalist</a>", he suggested that the goal of a purely transcendental outlook on life was impossible to attain in practice: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You will see by this sketch that there is no such thing as a transcendental <i>party</i>; that there is no pure transcendentalist; that we know of no one but prophets and heralds of such a philosophy; that all who by strong bias of nature have leaned to the spiritual side in doctrine, have stopped short of their goal. We have had many harbingers and forerunners; but of a purely spiritual life, history has afforded no example. I mean, we have yet no man who has leaned entirely on his character, and eaten angels' food; who, trusting to his sentiments, found life made of miracles; who, working for universal aims, found himself fed, he knew not how; clothed, sheltered, and weaponed, he knew not how, and yet it was done by his own hands. ... Shall we say, then, that transcendentalism is the <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a> or excess of Faith; the presentiment of a faith proper to man in his integrity, excessive only when his imperfect obedience hinders the satisfaction of his wish.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Importance_of_nature">Importance of nature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Importance of nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Transcendentalists have a deep gratitude and appreciation for nature, not only for aesthetic purposes, but also as a tool to observe and understand the structured inner workings of the natural world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emerson emphasizes the Transcendental beliefs in the holistic power of the natural landscape in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(essay)" title="Nature (essay)">Nature</a>:</i></p><blockquote><p>In the woods, we return to reason and faith. There I feel that nothing can befall me in life, – no disgrace, no calamity, (leaving me my eyes,) which nature cannot repair. Standing on the bare ground, – my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, – all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>Influenced by Emerson and the importance of nature, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stearns_Wheeler" title="Charles Stearns Wheeler">Charles Stearns Wheeler</a> built a shanty at <a href="/wiki/Flints_Pond" title="Flints Pond">Flint's Pond</a> in 1836. Considered the first Transcendentalist outdoor living experiment, Wheeler used his shanty during his summer vacations from Harvard from 1836 to 1842. Thoreau stayed at Wheeler's shanty for six weeks during the summer of 1837, and got the idea that he wanted to build his own cabin (later realized at Walden in 1845).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact location of the Wheeler shanty site was discovered by Jeff Craig in 2018, after a five-year search effort.<sup id="cite_ref-Landrigan_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landrigan-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conservation of an undisturbed natural world is also extremely important to the Transcendentalists. The idealism that is a core belief of Transcendentalism results in an inherent skepticism of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">westward expansion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">industrialization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1843, in <i><a href="/wiki/Summer_on_the_Lakes" title="Summer on the Lakes">Summer on the Lakes</a>,</i> Margaret Fuller noted that "the noble trees are gone already from this island to feed this caldron",<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1854, in <i>Walden,</i> Thoreau regarded the <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">trains being built across America's landscape</a> as a "winged horse or fiery dragon" that "sprinkle[d] all the restless men and floating merchandise in the country for seed".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_other_movements">Influence on other movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Influence on other movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Thought" title="Category:New Thought">a series of articles</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_prayer" title="Affirmative prayer">Affirmative prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_visualization" title="Creative visualization">Creative visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">Higher consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_New_Thought_terms" title="Glossary of New Thought terms">Glossary of New Thought terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Thought" title="History of New Thought">History of New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_(New_Age)" title="Huna (New Age)">Huna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of Attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">Life force ("energy")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Thought_beliefs" title="Category:New Thought beliefs">New Thought beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Thought_literature" title="Category:New Thought literature">New Thought literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Positive thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Movement</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Thought_denominations_and_independent_centers" title="List of New Thought denominations and independent centers">Denominations</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Divine_Science" title="Church of Divine Science">Divine Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Jewish Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Science" title="Religious Science">Religious Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicho-no-Ie" title="Seicho-no-Ie">Seicho-no-Ie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Church" title="Unity Church">Unity</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Thought_churches" title="Category:New Thought churches">Churches</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affiliated_New_Thought_Network" title="Affiliated New Thought Network">Affiliated New Thought Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_International_Spiritual_Center" title="Agape International Spiritual Center">Agape International Spiritual Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Spiritual_Living" title="Centers for Spiritual Living">Centers for Spiritual Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Truth" title="Church of the Truth">Church of the Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_New_Thought_Alliance" title="International New Thought Alliance">International New Thought Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Foundation_for_Better_Living" title="Universal Foundation for Better Living">Universal Foundation for Better Living</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Schools</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affiliated_New_Thought_Network#Emerson_Theological_Institute" title="Affiliated New Thought Network">Emerson Theological Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Village,_Missouri" title="Unity Village, Missouri">Unity Village, Missouri</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Thought_organizations" title="Category:New Thought organizations">Other groups</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affiliated_New_Thought_Network" title="Affiliated New Thought Network">Affiliated New Thought Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Global_New_Thought" title="Association for Global New Thought">Association for Global New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_of_Truth" title="Home of Truth">Home of Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Divine_Science_Association" title="International Divine Science Association">International Divine Science Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_New_Thought_Alliance" title="International New Thought Alliance">International New Thought Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_for_the_Larger_Life" title="League for the Larger Life">League for the Larger Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Civilization_Church" title="New Civilization Church">New Civilization Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Infinite_Way" title="The Infinite Way">The Infinite Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Thought_writers" title="List of New Thought writers">List of New Thought writers</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Walker_Atkinson" title="William Walker Atkinson">William Walker Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nona_L._Brooks" title="Nona L. Brooks">Nona L. Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Emilie_Cady" title="H. Emilie Cady">H. Emilie Cady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Carnegie" title="Dale Carnegie">Dale Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Collier_(author)" title="Robert Collier (author)">Robert Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malinda_Cramer" title="Malinda Cramer">Malinda Cramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Dresser" title="Horatio Dresser">Horatio Dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Dresser" title="Julius Dresser">Julius Dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annetta_Seabury_Dresser" title="Annetta Seabury Dresser">Annetta Seabury Dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Drummond_(evangelist)" title="Henry Drummond (evangelist)">Henry Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Felt_Evans" title="Warren Felt Evans">Warren Felt Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fillmore_(Unity_Church)" title="Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)">Charles Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtle_Fillmore" title="Myrtle Fillmore">Myrtle Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Joseph_Green" title="Perry Joseph Green">Perry Joseph Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Haanel" title="Charles F. Haanel">Charles F. Haanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Channing_Haddock" title="Frank Channing Haddock">Frank Channing Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Hill" title="Napoleon Hill">Napoleon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_Fox" title="Emmet Fox">Emmet Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Holmes" title="Ernest Holmes">Ernest Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenwicke_Holmes" title="Fenwicke Holmes">Fenwicke Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Curtis_Hopkins" title="Emma Curtis Hopkins">Emma Curtis Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_D._Larson" title="Christian D. Larson">Christian D. Larson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Parkhurst_Quimby" title="Phineas Parkhurst Quimby">Phineas Parkhurst Quimby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smiles" title="Samuel Smiles">Samuel Smiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Towne" title="Elizabeth Towne">Elizabeth Towne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Trine" title="Ralph Waldo Trine">Ralph Waldo Trine</a></li> <li>'Three Initiates' (authors of the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kybalion" title="The Kybalion">Kybalion</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Troward" title="Thomas Troward">Thomas Troward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Wattles" title="Wallace Wattles">Wallace Wattles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilian_Whiting" title="Lilian Whiting">Lilian Whiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Wheeler_Wilcox" title="Ella Wheeler Wilcox">Ella Wheeler Wilcox</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Modern</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beckwith" title="Michael Beckwith">Michael Beckwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Cole-Whittaker" title="Terry Cole-Whittaker">Terry Cole-Whittaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Dyer" title="Wayne Dyer">Wayne Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fox_(priest)" title="Matthew Fox (priest)">Matthew Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dillet_Freeman" title="James Dillet Freeman">James Dillet Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Golas" title="Thaddeus Golas">Thaddeus Golas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_S._Goldsmith" title="Joel S. Goldsmith">Joel S. Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Grayson" title="Stuart Grayson">Stuart Grayson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Hay" title="Louise Hay">Louise Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Hicks" title="Esther Hicks">Esther and Jerry Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Houston" title="Jean Houston">Jean Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Katie" title="Byron Katie">Byron Katie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Mozumdar" title="A. K. Mozumdar">A. K. Mozumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Myss" title="Caroline Myss">Caroline Myss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Nightingale" title="Earl Nightingale">Earl Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Ponder" title="Catherine Ponder">Catherine Ponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Della_Reese" title="Della Reese">Della Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Scovel_Shinn" title="Florence Scovel Shinn">Florence Scovel Shinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaharu_Taniguchi" title="Masaharu Taniguchi">Masaharu Taniguchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckhart_Tolle" title="Eckhart Tolle">Eckhart Tolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyanla_Vanzant" title="Iyanla Vanzant">Iyanla Vanzant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neale_Donald_Walsch" title="Neale Donald Walsch">Neale Donald Walsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Wilde" title="Stuart Wilde">Stuart Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Zukav" title="Gary Zukav">Gary Zukav</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficacy_of_prayer" title="Efficacy of prayer">Efficacy of prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">Placebo effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective idealism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Thought" title="Category:New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Thought_beliefs" title="Category:New Thought beliefs">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Thought_churches" title="Category:New Thought churches">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Thought_literature" title="Category:New Thought literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Thought_organizations" title="Category:New Thought organizations">Other groups</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Thought" title="Template:New Thought"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Thought" title="Template talk:New Thought"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Thought" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Thought"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Thought" title="History of New Thought">History of New Thought</a></div> <p>Transcendentalism is, in many aspects, the first notable American intellectual movement. It has inspired succeeding generations of American intellectuals, as well as some literary movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Coviello_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coviello-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transcendentalism influenced the growing movement of "Mental Sciences" of the mid-19th century, which would later become known as the <a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a> movement. New Thought considers Emerson its intellectual father.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emma_Curtis_Hopkins" title="Emma Curtis Hopkins">Emma Curtis Hopkins</a> ("the teacher of teachers"), <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Holmes" title="Ernest Holmes">Ernest Holmes</a> (founder of <a href="/wiki/Religious_Science" title="Religious Science">Religious Science</a>), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fillmore_(Unity_Church)" title="Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)">Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myrtle_Fillmore" title="Myrtle Fillmore">Myrtle Fillmore</a> (founders of <a href="/wiki/Unity_Church" title="Unity Church">Unity</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Malinda_Cramer" title="Malinda Cramer">Malinda Cramer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nona_L._Brooks" title="Nona L. Brooks">Nona L. Brooks</a> (founders of <a href="/wiki/Divine_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Science">Divine Science</a>) were all greatly influenced by Transcendentalism.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transcendentalism is also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a> (1772–1833), the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a>, rejected Hindu mythology, but also the Christian trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2009268_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2009268-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found that <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a> came closest to true Christianity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2009268_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2009268-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had a strong sympathy for the Unitarians,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipf19793_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipf19793-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were closely connected to the Transcendentalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersluis1993_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersluis1993-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ram Mohan Roy founded a missionary committee in Calcutta, and in 1828 asked for support for missionary activities from the American Unitarians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipf19797–8_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipf19797–8-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1829, Roy had abandoned the Unitarian Committee,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipf197915_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipf197915-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but after Roy's death, the Brahmo Samaj kept close ties to the Unitarian Church,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2009268–269_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2009268–269-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who strove towards a rational faith, social reform, and the joining of these two in a renewed religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipf19793_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipf19793-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its theology was called "<a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">neo-Vedanta</a>" by Christian commentators,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass19959_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass19959-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004192_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004192-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been highly influential in the modern popular understanding of Hinduism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also of modern western spirituality, which re-imported the Unitarian influences in the disguise of the seemingly age-old <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf1995_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1995-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2000_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2000-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_figures">Major figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Major figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarah_Margaret_Fuller_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sarah_Margaret_Fuller_engraving.jpg/220px-Sarah_Margaret_Fuller_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sarah_Margaret_Fuller_engraving.jpg/330px-Sarah_Margaret_Fuller_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sarah_Margaret_Fuller_engraving.jpg/440px-Sarah_Margaret_Fuller_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Major figures in the transcendentalist movement were <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcott" title="Amos Bronson Alcott">Amos Bronson Alcott</a>. Some other prominent transcendentalists included <a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Timothy_Brooks" title="Charles Timothy Brooks">Charles Timothy Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orestes_Brownson" title="Orestes Brownson">Orestes Brownson</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing_(poet)" title="William Ellery Channing (poet)">William Ellery Channing</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Channing" title="William Henry Channing">William Henry Channing</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Freeman_Clarke" title="James Freeman Clarke">James Freeman Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Pearse_Cranch" title="Christopher Pearse Cranch">Christopher Pearse Cranch</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_Dwight" title="John Sullivan Dwight">John Sullivan Dwight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convers_Francis" title="Convers Francis">Convers Francis</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Furness" title="William Henry Furness">William Henry Furness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Henry_Hedge" title="Frederic Henry Hedge">Frederic Henry Hedge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Judd" title="Sylvester Judd">Sylvester Judd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker">Theodore Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Palmer_Peabody" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Palmer Peabody">Elizabeth Palmer Peabody</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">George Ripley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Treadwell_Stone" title="Thomas Treadwell Stone">Thomas Treadwell Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jones_Very" title="Jones Very">Jones Very</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in the movement's history, the term "transcendentalists" was used as a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pejorative" class="extiw" title="wikt:pejorative">pejorative</a> term by critics, who were suggesting their position was beyond sanity and reason.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a> wrote a novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blithedale_Romance" title="The Blithedale Romance">The Blithedale Romance</a></i> (1852), satirizing the movement, and based it on his experiences at <a href="/wiki/Brook_Farm" title="Brook Farm">Brook Farm</a>, a short-lived utopian community founded on transcendental principles.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe's</a> satires "How to Write a Blackwood Article" (1838) and "<a href="/wiki/Never_Bet_the_Devil_Your_Head" title="Never Bet the Devil Your Head">Never Bet the Devil Your Head</a>" (1841), the author ridicules transcendentalism,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> elsewhere calling its followers "Frogpondians" after the pond on <a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter story specifically mentions the movement and its flagship journal <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dial" title="The Dial">The Dial</a></i>, though Poe denied that he had any specific targets.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe attacked the transcendentalist's writings by calling them "metaphor-run mad", lapsing into "obscurity for obscurity's sake" or "<a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> for mysticism's sake".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Poe's essay "<a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Composition" title="The Philosophy of Composition">The Philosophy of Composition</a>" (1846), he offers criticism denouncing "the excess of the suggested meaning... which turns into prose (and that of the very flattest kind) the so-called poetry of the so-called transcendentalists".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_romanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark romanticism">Dark romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Immanentism">Immanentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Supernaturalism" title="Natural Supernaturalism">Natural Supernaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">Self-transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence (religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitlands_(transcendental_center)" title="Fruitlands (transcendental center)">Fruitlands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Machine_in_the_Garden" title="The Machine in the Garden">The Machine in the Garden</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Versluis: "In <i>American Transcendentalism and Asian religions</i>, I detailed the immense impact that the Euro-American discovery of Asian religions had not only on European Romanticism, but above all, on American Transcendentalism. There I argued that the Transcendentalists' discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad-Gita" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavad-Gita">Bhagavad-Gita</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, and other world scriptures was critical in the entire movement, pivotal not only for the well-known figures like Emerson and Thoreau, but also for lesser known figures like Samuel Johnson and William Rounsville Alger. That Transcendentalism emerged out of this new knowledge of the world's religious traditions I have no doubt."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersluis20013_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersluis20013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stanford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Goodman, Russell (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/transcendentalism/">"Transcendentalism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100711124255/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/transcendentalism/">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transcendentalism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftranscendentalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span> "Transcendentalism is an American literary, political, and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century, centered around Ralph Waldo Emerson."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayne2006" class="citation book cs1">Wayne, Tiffany K., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hckauAdkix0C"><i>Encyclopedia of Transcendentalism</i></a>. Facts On File's Literary Movements. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438109169" title="Special:BookSources/9781438109169"><bdi>9781438109169</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208234812/https://books.google.com/books?id=hckauAdkix0C">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Transcendentalism&rft.pub=Facts+On+File%27s+Literary+Movements&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781438109169&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhckauAdkix0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/transcendentalism">"Transcendentalism"</a>. <i>Merriam Webster</i>. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128101748/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/transcendentalism">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transcendentalism&rft.btitle=Merriam+Webster&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftranscendentalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span>"a philosophy which says that thought and spiritual things are more real than ordinary human experience and material things"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coviello-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coviello_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coviello_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coviello, Peter. "Transcendentalism" <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature</i>. Oxford University Press, 2004. <i>Oxford Reference Online</i>. Web. 23 Oct. 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinseth" class="citation web cs1">Finseth, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130416154939/http://thoreau.eserver.org/amertran.html">"American Transcendentalism"</a>. Excerpted from "Liquid Fire Within Me": Language, Self and Society in Transcendentalism and Early Evangelicalism, 1820–1860, – M.A. Thesis, 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thoreau.eserver.org/amertran.html">the original</a> on 16 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Transcendentalism&rft.pub=Excerpted+from+%22Liquid+Fire+Within+Me%22%3A+Language%2C+Self+and+Society+in+Transcendentalism+and+Early+Evangelicalism%2C+1820%E2%80%931860%2C+%E2%80%93+M.A.+Thesis%2C+1995.&rft.aulast=Finseth&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthoreau.eserver.org%2Famertran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller195049-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller195049_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1950">Miller 1950</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersluis200117-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersluis200117_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVersluis2001">Versluis 2001</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinseth" class="citation web cs1">Finseth, Ian Frederick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230718205554/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA95/finseth/trans.html">"The Emergence of Transcendentalism"</a>. <i>American Studies @ The University of Virginia</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Virginia">The University of Virginia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma95/finseth/trans.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Studies+%40+The+University+of+Virginia&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Transcendentalism&rft.aulast=Finseth&rft.aufirst=Ian+Frederick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxroads.virginia.edu%2F~ma95%2Ffinseth%2Ftrans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"George Putnam", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130305153702/http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/Heralds/George-Putnam.php"><i>Heralds</i></a>, Harvard Square Library, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/Heralds/George-Putnam.php">the original</a> on March 5, 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+Putnam&rft.btitle=Heralds&rft.pub=Harvard+Square+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvardsquarelibrary.org%2FHeralds%2FGeorge-Putnam.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1981" class="citation cs2">Rose, Anne C (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transcendentalis0000rose/page/208"><i>Transcendentalism as a Social Movement, 1830–1850</i></a>, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transcendentalis0000rose/page/208">208</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02587-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02587-4"><bdi>0-300-02587-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcendentalism+as+a+Social+Movement%2C+1830%E2%80%931850&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-300-02587-4&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Anne+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftranscendentalis0000rose%2Fpage%2F208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGura2007" class="citation cs2">Gura, Philip F (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americantranscen00gura/page/8"><i>American Transcendentalism: A History</i></a>, New York: Hill and Wang, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americantranscen00gura/page/8">8</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-3477-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-3477-2"><bdi>978-0-8090-3477-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Transcendentalism%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-3477-2&rft.aulast=Gura&rft.aufirst=Philip+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericantranscen00gura%2Fpage%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevenson, Martin K. "Empirical Analysis of the American Transcendental movement". New York: Penguin, 2012:303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wayne, Tiffany. <i>Encyclopedia of Transcendentalism: The Essential Guide to the Lives and Works of Transcendentalist Writers</i>. New York: Facts on File, 2006: 308. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5626-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-5626-9">0-8160-5626-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacksSacks2003" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, Kenneth S.; Sacks, Professor Kenneth S. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingeme0000sack"><i>Understanding Emerson: 'The American Scholar' and His Struggle for Self-reliance</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691099828" title="Special:BookSources/9780691099828"><bdi>9780691099828</bdi></a>. <q>institutions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Emerson%3A+%27The+American+Scholar%27+and+His+Struggle+for+Self-reliance&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780691099828&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+S.&rft.au=Sacks%2C+Professor+Kenneth+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingeme0000sack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson" class="citation web cs1">Emerson, Ralph Waldo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416112312/http://transcendentalism-legacy.tamu.edu/authors/emerson/essays/oversoul.html">"The Over-Soul"</a>. <i>American Transcendentalism Web</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcendentalism-legacy.tamu.edu/authors/emerson/essays/oversoul.html">the original</a> on 16 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Transcendentalism+Web&rft.atitle=The+Over-Soul&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Waldo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscendentalism-legacy.tamu.edu%2Fauthors%2Femerson%2Fessays%2Foversoul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213134859/http://transcendentalism-legacy.tamu.edu/authors/emerson/essays/amscholar.html">"Emerson – 'The American Scholar'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>transcendentalism-legacy.tamu.edu</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=transcendentalism-legacy.tamu.edu&rft.atitle=Emerson+%E2%80%93+%27The+American+Scholar%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscendentalism-legacy.tamu.edu%2Fauthors%2Femerson%2Fessays%2Famscholar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersluis1993-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersluis1993_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersluis1993_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVersluis1993">Versluis 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersluis20013-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersluis20013_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersluis20013_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVersluis2001">Versluis 2001</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thoreau, Henry David. <i><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></i>. Boston: Ticknor&Fields, 1854. p. 279. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tricycle.org/magazine/lotus-sutra-history/">"The Life of the Lotus Sutra"</a>. <i>Tricycle Magazine</i> (Winter). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128095709/https://tricycle.org/magazine/lotus-sutra-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tricycle+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+the+Lotus+Sutra&rft.issue=Winter&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftricycle.org%2Fmagazine%2Flotus-sutra-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmersonFullerRipley1844" class="citation journal cs1">Emerson, Ralph Waldo; Fuller, Margaret; Ripley, George (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VnsAAAAAYAAJ">"The Preaching of Buddha"</a>. <i>The Dial</i>. <b>4</b>: 391. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208234705/https://books.google.com/books?id=VnsAAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dial&rft.atitle=The+Preaching+of+Buddha&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=391&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Waldo&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Ripley%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVnsAAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson" class="citation web cs1">Emerson, Ralph Waldo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.vcu.edu/english/engweb/transcendentalism/authors/emerson/essays/naturetext.html#1">"Nature"</a>. <i>American Transcendentalism Web</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903162823/https://archive.vcu.edu/english/engweb/transcendentalism/authors/emerson/essays/naturetext.html#1">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Transcendentalism+Web&rft.atitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Waldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.vcu.edu%2Fenglish%2Fengweb%2Ftranscendentalism%2Fauthors%2Femerson%2Fessays%2Fnaturetext.html%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEidson1951" class="citation book cs1">Eidson, John Olin (1951). <i>Charles Stearns Wheeler – Friend of Emerson</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Stearns+Wheeler+%E2%80%93+Friend+of+Emerson&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Eidson&rft.aufirst=John+Olin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landrigan-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Landrigan_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandrigan2021" class="citation web cs1">Landrigan, Leslie (2021-10-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/charles-stearns-wheeler/">"Charles Stearns Wheeler, the Transcendentalist Pioneer Who Inspired Walden"</a>. <i>New England Historical Society</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230508172946/https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/charles-stearns-wheeler/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+England+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Charles+Stearns+Wheeler%2C+the+Transcendentalist+Pioneer+Who+Inspired+Walden&rft.date=2021-10-22&rft.aulast=Landrigan&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewenglandhistoricalsociety.com%2Fcharles-stearns-wheeler%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1967" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Perry (1967). <i>Nature's nation</i>. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674605500" title="Special:BookSources/0674605500"><bdi>0674605500</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6571892">6571892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+nation&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6571892&rft.isbn=0674605500&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Perry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11526/11526-h/11526-h.htm">"The Project Gutenberg eBook of Summer on the Lakes, by S. M. Fuller"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191004034339/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11526/11526-h/11526-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=The+Project+Gutenberg+eBook+of+Summer+on+the+Lakes%2C+by+S.+M.+Fuller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F11526%2F11526-h%2F11526-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/205/205-h/205-h.htm#chap18">"Walden, by Henry David Thoreau"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411155614/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/205/205-h/205-h.htm#chap18">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=Walden%2C+by+Henry+David+Thoreau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F205%2F205-h%2F205-h.htm%23chap18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"New Thought", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091102072530/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571544/New_Thought.html"><i>MSN Encarta</i></a>, Microsoft, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571544/New_Thought.html">the original</a> on 2009-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">Nov 16,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Thought&rft.btitle=MSN+Encarta&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761571544%2FNew_Thought.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000824113817/http://websyte.com/alan/intachrt.htm"><i>INTA New Thought History Chart</i></a>, Websyte, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.websyte.com/alan/intachrt.htm">the original</a> on 2000-08-24</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=INTA+New+Thought+History+Chart&rft.pub=Websyte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.websyte.com%2Falan%2Fintachrt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2009268-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2009268_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2009268_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2009">Harris 2009</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipf19793-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipf19793_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipf19793_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKipf1979">Kipf 1979</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipf19797–8-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipf19797–8_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKipf1979">Kipf 1979</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipf197915-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipf197915_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKipf1979">Kipf 1979</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2009268–269-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2009268–269_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2009">Harris 2009</a>, pp. 268–269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass19959-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass19959_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalbfass1995">Halbfass 1995</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart2004192-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart2004192_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinehart2004">Rinehart 2004</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing2002">King 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1995-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf1995_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharf1995">Sharf 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2000-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2000_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharf2000">Sharf 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gura, Philip F. <i>American Transcendentalism: A History</i>. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 7–8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8090-3477-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8090-3477-8">0-8090-3477-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoving1999" class="citation cs2">Loving, Jerome (1999), <i>Walt Whitman: The Song of Himself</i>, University of California Press, p. 185, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22687-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22687-9"><bdi>0-520-22687-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walt+Whitman%3A+The+Song+of+Himself&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-520-22687-9&rft.aulast=Loving&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarland2004" class="citation cs2">McFarland, Philip (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hawthorneinconco00mcfa/page/149"><i>Hawthorne in Concord</i></a>, New York: Grove Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hawthorneinconco00mcfa/page/149">149</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-1776-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-1776-7"><bdi>0-8021-1776-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawthorne+in+Concord&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8021-1776-7&rft.aulast=McFarland&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhawthorneinconco00mcfa%2Fpage%2F149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLjunquist2002" class="citation cs2">Ljunquist, Kent (2002), "The poet as critic", in Hayes, Kevin J (ed.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe</i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 15, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79727-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79727-6"><bdi>0-521-79727-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+poet+as+critic&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Edgar+Allan+Poe&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-79727-6&rft.aulast=Ljunquist&rft.aufirst=Kent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyot2002" class="citation cs2">Royot, Daniel (2002), "Poe's humor", in Hayes, Kevin J (ed.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 61–62, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79727-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79727-6"><bdi>0-521-79727-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poe%27s+humor&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Edgar+Allan+Poe&rft.pages=61-62&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-79727-6&rft.aulast=Royot&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSova2001" class="citation cs2">Sova, Dawn B (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgarallanpoetoz0000sova/page/170"><i>Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z</i></a>, New York: Checkmark Books, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgarallanpoetoz0000sova/page/170">170</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4161-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4161-X"><bdi>0-8160-4161-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe%3A+A+to+Z&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8160-4161-X&rft.aulast=Sova&rft.aufirst=Dawn+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedgarallanpoetoz0000sova%2Fpage%2F170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaym2007" class="citation cs2">Baym, Nina; et al., eds. (2007), <i>The Norton Anthology of American Literature</i>, vol. B (6th ed.), New York: Norton</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Norton+Anthology+of+American+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalbfass1995" class="citation cs2">Halbfass, Wilhelm (1995), <i>Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedānta</i>, SUNY Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philology+and+Confrontation%3A+Paul+Hacker+on+Traditional+and+Modern+Ved%C4%81nta&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Halbfass&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2009" class="citation cs2">Harris, Mark W. (2009), <i>The A to Z of Unitarian Universalism</i>, Scarecrow Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Unitarian+Universalism&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._King" title="Richard E. King">King, Richard</a> (2002), <i>Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East"</i>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism+and+Religion%3A+Post-Colonial+Theory%2C+India+and+%22The+Mystic+East%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKipf1979" class="citation cs2">Kipf, David (1979), <i>The Brahmo Samaj and the shaping of the modern Indian mind</i>, Atlantic Publishers & Distri</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brahmo+Samaj+and+the+shaping+of+the+modern+Indian+mind&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distri&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Kipf&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1950" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Perry, ed. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vhPUUOh5NgYC"><i>The Transcendentalists: An Anthology</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674903333" title="Special:BookSources/9780674903333"><bdi>9780674903333</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208234821/https://books.google.com/books?id=vhPUUOh5NgYC">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transcendentalists%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=9780674903333&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvhPUUOh5NgYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinehart2004" class="citation cs2">Rinehart, Robin (2004), <i>Contemporary Hinduism: ritual, culture, and practice</i>, ABC-CLIO</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Hinduism%3A+ritual%2C+culture%2C+and+practice&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Rinehart&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharf1995" class="citation cs2">Sharf, Robert H. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412103407/http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1995,%20Buddhist%20Modernism.pdf">"Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Numen_(journal)" title="Numen (journal)">Numen</a></i>, <b>42</b> (3): 228–283, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568527952598549">10.1163/1568527952598549</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F43810">2027.42/43810</a></span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1995,%20Buddhist%20Modernism.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-01</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Modernism+and+the+Rhetoric+of+Meditative+Experience&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=228-283&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F43810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568527952598549&rft.aulast=Sharf&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhiststudies.berkeley.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fsharf%2Fdocuments%2FSharf1995%2C%2520Buddhist%2520Modernism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharf2000" class="citation cs2">Sharf, Robert H. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513104227/http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1998,%20Religious%20Experience.pdf">"The Rhetoric of Experience and the Study of Religion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies" title="Journal of Consciousness Studies">Journal of Consciousness Studies</a></i>, <b>7</b> (11–12): 267–287, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1998,%20Religious%20Experience.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-01</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Experience+and+the+Study+of+Religion&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=267-287&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sharf&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhiststudies.berkeley.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fsharf%2Fdocuments%2FSharf1998%2C%2520Religious%2520Experience.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersluis1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Versluis" title="Arthur Versluis">Versluis, Arthur</a> (1993), <i>American Transcendentalism and Asian Religions</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Transcendentalism+and+Asian+Religions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Versluis&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersluis2001" class="citation cs2">Versluis, Arthur (2001), <i>The Esoteric Origins of the American Renaissance</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Esoteric+Origins+of+the+American+Renaissance&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Versluis&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dillard, Daniel, "The American Transcendentalists: A Religious Historiography", <i>49th Parallel</i> (Birmingham, England), 28 (Spring 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140709074042/http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/">Archived</a> 2014-07-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Gura, Philip F. <i>American Transcendentalism: A History</i> (2007) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Harrison, C. G. <i>The Transcendental Universe, six lectures delivered before the Berean Society</i> (London, 1894) 1993 edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0940262584" title="Special:BookSources/0940262584">0940262584</a> (US), ISBN 0904693449 (UK)</li> <li>Rose, Anne C. Social Movement, 1830–1850<i> (Yale University Press, 1981) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/transcendentalism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/transcendentalism">transcendentalism</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Transcendentalism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a 1920 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i> article about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Transcendental_Philosophy" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Transcendental Philosophy">Transcendentalism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Topic sites</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.vcu.edu/english/engweb/transcendentalism/index.html"><i>The web of American Transcendentalism</i></a>, VCU</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+web+of+American+Transcendentalism&rft.pub=VCU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.vcu.edu%2Fenglish%2Fengweb%2Ftranscendentalism%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"What Is Transcendentalism?", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090907164042/http://womenshistory.about.com/bltranscend.htm"><i>Women's History</i></a>, About, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://womenshistory.about.com/bltranscend.htm">the original</a> on 2009-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-01</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Is+Transcendentalism%3F&rft.btitle=Women%27s+History&rft.pub=About&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwomenshistory.about.com%2Fbltranscend.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/ihas/icon/transcend.html"><i>The American Renaissance and Transcendentalism</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Renaissance+and+Transcendentalism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fihas%2Ficon%2Ftranscend.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Encyclopedias</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/am-trans">"American Transcendentalism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=American+Transcendentalism&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fam-trans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Transcendentalism", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/transcendentalism/"><i>Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>, Stanford, 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transcendentalism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Stanford&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftranscendentalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendentalism" class="Z3988"></span>}</li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19971023000604/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA95/finseth/thesis.html">Ian Frederick Finseth (1995), <i>Liquid Fire Within Me: Language, Self and Society in Transcendentalism and early Evangelicalism, 1820–1860</i>, M.A. Thesis in English, University of Virginia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" 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href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />of religion</a></div><br />(by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />1990<br />2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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4em">Branches</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Branches" title="Outline of philosophy">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_philosophy" title="Applied philosophy">Applied philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_philosophy" title="Practical philosophy">Practical philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_philosophy" title="Theoretical philosophy">Theoretical philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_theory_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional theory of art">Institutionalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_particularism" title="Epistemological particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontology" title="Deontology">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_determinism" title="Hard determinism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incompatibilism" title="Incompatibilism">Incompatibilism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_incompatibilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard incompatibilism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Normativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By era</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">By era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Chinese naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greco-</a><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Roman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Skepticism">Academic Skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Sextii" title="School of the Sextii">School of the Sextii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Syādvāda">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivadā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" title="Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika and Prasangika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neotaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Anti-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective_idealism" title="Objective idealism">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaardianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krausism" title="Krausism">Krausism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzscheanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_philosophy" title="Experimental philosophy">Experimental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Quinean naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" title="Postanalytic philosophy">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactionalism" title="Transactionalism">Transactionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Developments_in_the_20th_century" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>By region</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Philosophic_traditions_by_region" title="Outline of philosophy">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africana_philosophy" title="Africana philosophy">Africana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Taiwan" title="Philosophy in Taiwan">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_philosophy" title="Middle Eastern philosophy">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" 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