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aria-controls="toc-Ancient_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ancient religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egyptian_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egyptian_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient Egyptian religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egyptian_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greek_and_Roman_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greek_and_Roman_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ancient Greek and Roman religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greek_and_Roman_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norse_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norse_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Norse religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norse_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Abrahamic religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sheol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sheol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Sheol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sheol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_to_Come" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_to_Come"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>World to Come</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_to_Come-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reincarnation_in_Jewish_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reincarnation_in_Jewish_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Reincarnation in Jewish tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reincarnation_in_Jewish_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>The Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limbo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limbo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Limbo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limbo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purgatory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purgatory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Purgatory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purgatory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthodox_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Orthodox Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jehovah's_Witnesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Jehovah's Witnesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh-day_Adventists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>Seventh-day Adventists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ahmadiyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahmadiyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Ahmadiyya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahmadiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Sufism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Indian religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indian_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indian religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Others-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Others subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Confucianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confucianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Confucianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confucianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Gnosticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shinto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shinto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Shinto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shinto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Spiritualism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Taoism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_African_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_African_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Traditional African religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_African_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unitarian_Universalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unitarian_Universalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Unitarian Universalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unitarian_Universalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wicca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wicca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Wicca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wicca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parapsychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parapsychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Parapsychology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parapsychology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parapsychology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parapsychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mediumship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediumship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mediumship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediumship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Near_death_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near_death_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Near death research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near_death_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_life_regression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_life_regression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Past life regression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_life_regression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Modern philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Process philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Science subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Near_death_experiences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near_death_experiences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Near death experiences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near_death_experiences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiernamaals" title="Hiernamaals – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hiernamaals" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9)" title="الحياة الآخرة (فلسفة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحياة الآخرة (فلسفة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l%C3%BCmd%C9%99n_sonrak%C4%B1_h%C9%99yat" title="Ölümdən sonrakı həyat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ölümdən sonrakı həyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="মৃত্যু পরবর্তী জীবন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মৃত্যু পরবর্তী জীবন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2i-s%C3%A8" title="Lâi-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâi-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Живот след смъртта – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Живот след смъртта" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida_despr%C3%A9s_de_la_mort" title="Vida després de la mort – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vida després de la mort" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posmrtn%C3%BD_%C5%BEivot" title="Posmrtný život – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Posmrtný život" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bywyd_ar_%C3%B4l_marwolaeth" title="Bywyd ar ôl marwolaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bywyd ar ôl marwolaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livet_efter_d%C3%B8den" title="Livet efter døden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Livet efter døden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leben_nach_dem_Tod" title="Leben nach dem Tod – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leben nach dem Tod" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teispoolsus" title="Teispoolsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teispoolsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%AE" title="Μεταθανάτια ζωή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταθανάτια ζωή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida_despu%C3%A9s_de_la_muerte" title="Vida después de la muerte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vida después de la muerte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmorto" title="Postmorto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Postmorto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilondoko_bizitza" title="Hilondoko bizitza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hilondoko bizitza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="زندگی پس از مرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زندگی پس از مرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vie_apr%C3%A8s_la_mort" title="Vie après la mort – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vie après la mort" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libben_nei_de_dea" title="Libben nei de dea – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Libben nei de dea" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A9n" title="Alén – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alén" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%B4%EC%84%B8" title="내세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="내세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%AB%D6%81_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8" title="Կյանք մահից հետո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կյանք մահից հետո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot_poslije_smrti" title="Život poslije smrti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Život poslije smrti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehidupan_setelah_kematian" title="Kehidupan setelah kematian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kehidupan setelah kematian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA" title="חיים לאחר המוות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיים לאחר המוות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B8" title="Бақи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бақи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahera" title="Ahera – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ahera" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavi_apr%C3%A8_lanm%C3%B2" title="Lavi aprè lanmò – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lavi aprè lanmò" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Акырет – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Акырет" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_post_mortem" title="Vita post mortem – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vita post mortem" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomirtinis_gyvenimas" title="Pomirtinis gyvenimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pomirtinis gyvenimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuolendanj%C3%A4lgehine_elos" title="Kuolendanjälgehine elos – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kuolendanjälgehine elos" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAlvil%C3%A1g" title="Túlvilág – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Túlvilág" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Задгробен живот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Задгробен живот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiainana_aorian%27_ny_fahafatesana" title="Fiainana aorian' ny fahafatesana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiainana aorian' ny fahafatesana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="മരണാനന്തരജീവിതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മരണാനന്തരജീവിതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leven_na_de_dood_(begrip)" title="Leven na de dood (begrip) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leven na de dood (begrip)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%96" title="来世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="来世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="حیات بعد الموت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حیات بعد الموت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBycie_po%C5%9Bmiertne" title="Życie pośmiertne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Życie pośmiertne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida_ap%C3%B3s_a_morte" title="Vida após a morte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vida após a morte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via%C8%9Ba_de_apoi" title="Viața de apoi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Viața de apoi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Жизнь после смерти – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жизнь после смерти" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%92_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="موت دے بعد زندگی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="موت دے بعد زندگی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeta_e_p%C3%ABrtejme" title="Jeta e përtejme – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jeta e përtejme" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Afterlife" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aakhiro" title="Aakhiro – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Aakhiro" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot_posle_smrti" title="Život posle smrti – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Život posle smrti" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuolemanj%C3%A4lkeinen_el%C3%A4m%C3%A4" title="Kuolemanjälkeinen elämä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuolemanjälkeinen elämä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livet_efter_detta" title="Livet efter detta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Livet efter detta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabilang_buhay" title="Kabilang buhay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kabilang buhay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="வாழ்க்கைக்கு பிறகு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாழ்க்கைக்கு பிறகு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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data-title="Життя після смерті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="حیات بعد الموت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیات بعد الموت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bi_b%C3%AAn_kia" title="Thế giới bên kia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế giới bên kia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Afterlife_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Afterlife (disambiguation)">Afterlife (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/After_death_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="After death (disambiguation)">After death (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_after_death_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Life after death (disambiguation)">Life after death (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hereafter_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hereafter (disambiguation)">Hereafter (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Afterlife" title="Special:EditPage/Afterlife">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Afterlife" title="Talk:Afterlife">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Afterlife#Afterlife#Heaven_and_Hell" title="Talk:Afterlife">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Religious_text_primary plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>uses <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts from within a religion or faith system</a></b> without referring to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PSTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PSTS">secondary sources</a> that critically analyze them.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit">improve this article</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idris_the_prophet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Idris_the_prophet.jpg/220px-Idris_the_prophet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Idris_the_prophet.jpg/330px-Idris_the_prophet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Idris_the_prophet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of <a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idris</a> visiting Heaven and Hell from an <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a> version of the Islamic text <i><a href="/wiki/Stories_of_the_Prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Stories of the Prophets">Stories of the Prophets</a></i> (1577)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophy of religion">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religious</a> concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief"><span class="wrap">Religious belief</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Religious faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text"><span class="wrap">Scripture (religious text)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Challenges</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;;padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Ethical egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">eschatological</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff; font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds"><span class="wrap">Best of all possible worlds</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;;padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropopathism" title="Anthropopathism">Anthropopathism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divinely simple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Maltheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasionalism" title="Occasionalism">Occasionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process-theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summum_bonum" title="Summum bonum">Summum bonum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;"> Arguments for</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis%27s_trilemma" title="Lewis's trilemma">Trilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">kalām</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">contingency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Metaphysical_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Cosmological argument">metaphysical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Existential choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuned universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_God" title="Mathematics and God">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley#Theology" title="George Berkeley">Mystical idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seddiqin_argument" title="Seddiqin argument">Seddiqin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor#Religion" title="Occam's razor">Occam's Razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_ontological_proof" title="Gödel's ontological proof">Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument#Modal_versions_of_the_ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proslogion" title="Proslogion">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meinongian_argument" title="Meinongian argument">Meinongian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Mulla Sadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza#Ontological_argument" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis / Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_responses_to_the_problem_of_evil" title="Religious responses to the problem of evil">Responses to evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junkyard_tornado" title="Junkyard tornado">Junkyard</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;"> Arguments against</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_wager" title="Atheist's wager">Atheist's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_the_creator_of_God" title="Problem of the creator of God">Creator of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_God_challenge" title="Evil God challenge">Evil God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchens%27s_razor" title="Hitchens's razor">Hitchens's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incompatible-properties_argument" title="Incompatible-properties argument">Incompatible properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations"><span class="wrap">Inconsistency</span></a></li> <li>No limits fallacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox"><span class="wrap">Omnipotence paradox</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-weight:normal;"> By religion</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Mandaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories of religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">secular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Shrine_Theory" title="Secular Shrine Theory">Secular Shrine Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shendao_shejiao" title="Shendao shejiao">Shendao shejiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers of religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;;padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.1em 1.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.1em 1.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.1em 1.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">Usman dan Fodio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.1em 1.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J. L. Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Godel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt Godel">Kurt Godel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Oppy" title="Graham Oppy">Graham Oppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Schellenberg" title="J. L. Schellenberg">J. L. Schellenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Draper_(philosopher)" title="Paul Draper (philosopher)">Paul Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Philipse" title="Herman Philipse">Herman Philipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Nielsen_(philosopher)" title="Kai Nielsen (philosopher)">Kai Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yujin_Nagasawa" title="Yujin Nagasawa">Yujin Nagasawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wraplinks"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">Philosophy of religion article index</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion_sidebar" title="Template:Philosophy of religion sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion_sidebar" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender; padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/220px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/330px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/440px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="2148" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Basic concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas" title="Communitas">Communitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_language" title="Divine language">Divine language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">Laying on of hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">Liminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_cultures)" title="Mana (Oceanian cultures)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nympholepsy" title="Nympholepsy">Nympholepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred%E2%80%93profane_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred–profane dichotomy">Sacred–profane dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred site">Sacred site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_dualism" title="Soul dualism">Soul dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Case studies</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt>Magic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Gardens_and_Their_Magic" title="Coral Gardens and Their Magic">Coral Gardens and Their Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of<br />Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Neo-Paganism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ritual</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angakkuq" title="Angakkuq">Angakkuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">Babaylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobohizan" title="Bobohizan">Bobohizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomoh" title="Bomoh">Bomoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_(Australian)" title="Bora (Australian)">Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukun" title="Dukun">Dukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">Miko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jh%C4%81kri" title="Jhākri">Jhākri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawang" title="Pawang">Pawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slametan" title="Slametan">Slametan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(shaman)" title="Wu (shaman)">Wu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Revitalization movements</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">Cargo cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handsome_Lake" title="Handsome Lake">Handsome Lake</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Elementary_Forms_of_the_Religious_Life" title="The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life">The Elementary Forms<br />of the Religious Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purity_and_Danger" title="Purity and Danger">Purity and Danger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_religion_and_ritual" title="Archaeology of religion and ritual">Archaeology of religion and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pole" title="Ceremonial pole">Poles in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lived_religion" title="Lived religion">Lived religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_religion" title="Elite religion">Elite religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major theorists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ahmed" title="Akbar Ahmed">Akbar S. Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talal_Asad" title="Talal Asad">Talal Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Douglas" title="Mary Douglas">Mary Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_van_Gennep" title="Arnold van Gennep">Arnold van Gennep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James Frazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_W._G._Horton" title="Robin W. G. Horton">Robin Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ranulph_Marett" title="Robert Ranulph Marett">Robert Marett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ozment" title="Steven Ozment">Steven Ozment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Rappaport" title="Roy Rappaport">Roy Rappaport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_Mahmood" title="Saba Mahmood">Saba Mahmood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melford_Spiro" title="Melford Spiro">Melford Spiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jeyaraja_Tambiah" title="Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah">Stanley Tambiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Turner" title="Victor Turner">Victor Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Martin_Varisco" title="Daniel Martin Varisco">Daniel Martin Varisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_F._C._Wallace" title="Anthony F. C. Wallace">Anthony F. C. Wallace</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Journals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_Perspectives_on_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological Perspectives on Religion">Anthropological Perspectives on Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Folklore_Society" title="The Folklore Society">Folklore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hibbert_Journal" title="The Hibbert Journal">The Hibbert Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Religion" title="The Journal of Religion">The Journal of Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oceania_(journal)" title="Oceania (journal)">Oceania</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaska Native religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">Atua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Böö mörgöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanitu" title="Hanitu">Hanitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noaidi" title="Noaidi">Noaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Shindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Shamanism in Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template talk:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>afterlife</b> or <b>life after death</b> is a purported existence in which the essential part of an individual's <a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(psychology)" title="Stream of consciousness (psychology)">stream of consciousness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">identity</a> continues to exist after the death of their physical body.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving essential aspect varies between belief systems; it may be some partial element, or the entire <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> or spirit, which carries with it one's personal identity. </p><p>In some views, this continued existence takes place in a <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">spiritual</a> realm, while in others, the individual may be reborn into <a href="/wiki/World#Religion" title="World">this world</a> and begin the life cycle over again in a process referred to as <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>, likely with no memory of what they have done in the past. In this latter view, such rebirths and deaths may take place over and over again continuously until the individual gains entry to a spiritual realm or <a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">otherworld</a>. Major views on the afterlife derive from religion, <a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">esotericism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>. </p><p>Some belief systems, such as those in the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic tradition</a>, hold that the dead go to a specific place (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">paradise</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a>) after death, as determined by their god, based on their <a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">actions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">beliefs</a> during life. In contrast, in systems of reincarnation, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>, the nature of the continued existence is determined directly by the actions of the individual in the ended life. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Different_metaphysical_models">Different metaphysical models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Different metaphysical models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theist</a> <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortalists</a> generally believe some afterlife awaits people when they die. Members of some generally non-theistic religions believe in an afterlife without reference to a deity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many religions, such as <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and various pagan belief systems, believe in the soul's existence in another world, while others, like many forms of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, believe in reincarnation. In both cases, these religions hold that one's status in the afterlife is determined by their conduct during life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reincarnation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></div> <p>Reincarnation is the philosophical or religious concept that an aspect of a living being starts a new life in a different <a href="/wiki/Physical_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical body">physical body</a> or form after each death. This concept is also known as rebirth or transmigration and is part of the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a>/karma doctrine of cyclic existence. Samsara refers to the process in which souls (<a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">jivas</a>) go through a sequence of human and animal forms. Traditional Hinduism teaches that each life helps the soul (jivas) learn until the soul becomes purified to the point of <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">liberation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All major <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> have their own interpretations of the idea of reincarnation.<sup id="cite_ref-Gross1993p148_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross1993p148-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human idea of reincarnation is found in many diverse ancient cultures,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a belief in rebirth/<a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a> was held by historic Greek figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a common belief of various ancient and modern religions, such as <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Boehmian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Boehmian)">theosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a>. It is found as well in many tribal societies around the world, in places such as Australia, East Asia, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_bhavachakra_wall_mural_of_Yama_holding_the_wheel_of_life,_Buddha_pointing_the_way_out.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This Bhavachakra mural depicts the six realms of existence for reincarnation in Buddhism, with Yama holding the Wheel of Life." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Traditional_bhavachakra_wall_mural_of_Yama_holding_the_wheel_of_life%2C_Buddha_pointing_the_way_out.jpg/220px-Traditional_bhavachakra_wall_mural_of_Yama_holding_the_wheel_of_life%2C_Buddha_pointing_the_way_out.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Traditional_bhavachakra_wall_mural_of_Yama_holding_the_wheel_of_life%2C_Buddha_pointing_the_way_out.jpg/330px-Traditional_bhavachakra_wall_mural_of_Yama_holding_the_wheel_of_life%2C_Buddha_pointing_the_way_out.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Traditional_bhavachakra_wall_mural_of_Yama_holding_the_wheel_of_life%2C_Buddha_pointing_the_way_out.jpg/440px-Traditional_bhavachakra_wall_mural_of_Yama_holding_the_wheel_of_life%2C_Buddha_pointing_the_way_out.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="2029" /></a><figcaption>The twelve nidanas in Buddhist artwork</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aztec_-_Mask_-_Walters_2009201.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aztec wooden mask" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aztec_-_Mask_-_Walters_2009201.jpg/220px-Aztec_-_Mask_-_Walters_2009201.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aztec_-_Mask_-_Walters_2009201.jpg/330px-Aztec_-_Mask_-_Walters_2009201.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aztec_-_Mask_-_Walters_2009201.jpg/440px-Aztec_-_Mask_-_Walters_2009201.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Aztec mask depicting transformation and rebirth</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the majority of denominations within the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> of Judaism, Christianity, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> do not believe that individuals reincarnate, particular groups within these religions do refer to reincarnation; these groups include the mainstream historical and contemporary followers of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosicrucians">Rosicrucians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical relations between these sects and the beliefs about reincarnation that were characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">neoplatonism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manicheanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicheanism">Manicheanism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman era">Roman era</a> as well as the Indian religions have been the subject of scholarly research.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Unity_Church" title="Unity Church">Unity Church</a> and its founder <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fillmore_(Unity_Church)" title="Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)">Charles Fillmore</a> teach reincarnation. </p><p>Rosicrucians<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> speak of a <a href="/wiki/Life_review" title="Life review">life review</a> period occurring immediately after death and before entering the afterlife's <a href="/wiki/Plane_(esotericism)" title="Plane (esotericism)">planes of existence</a> (before the <a href="/wiki/Silver_cord" title="Silver cord">silver cord</a> is broken), followed by a <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment#Esoteric_Christian_traditions" title="Last Judgment">judgment</a>, more akin to a final review or end report over one's life.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heaven_and_Hell">Heaven and Hell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Heaven and Hell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgin_Fran%C3%A7ois,_The_3_Roads_to_Eternity,_1825_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1040_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Georgin_Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_The_3_Roads_to_Eternity%2C_1825_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1040_01.jpg/220px-Georgin_Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_The_3_Roads_to_Eternity%2C_1825_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1040_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Georgin_Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_The_3_Roads_to_Eternity%2C_1825_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1040_01.jpg/330px-Georgin_Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_The_3_Roads_to_Eternity%2C_1825_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1040_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Georgin_Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_The_3_Roads_to_Eternity%2C_1825_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1040_01.jpg/440px-Georgin_Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_The_3_Roads_to_Eternity%2C_1825_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1040_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3318" /></a><figcaption>Georgin François, <i>The 3 Roads to Eternity</i>, 1825</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>, the heavens, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Heavens" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Heavens">Seven Heavens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">pure lands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a>, or <a href="/wiki/The_Summerland" title="The Summerland">the Summerland</a>, is a common <a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">religious, cosmological</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">transcendent</a> place where beings such as <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">gods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">venerated ancestors</a> are said to originate, be <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">enthroned</a>, or live. According to the beliefs of some religions, heavenly beings can descend to earth or <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnate</a>, and earthly beings can ascend to heaven in the afterlife, or in exceptional cases, enter heaven alive. </p><p>Heaven is often described as a "higher place", the <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">holiest</a> place, a <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">paradise</a>, in contrast to hell or the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a> or the "low places", and <a href="/wiki/Universal_reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal reconciliation">universally</a> or conditionally accessible by earthly beings according to various standards of <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">goodness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">piety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtues</a> or <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">right beliefs</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Will_of_God" title="Will of God">will of God</a>. Some believe in the possibility of a heaven on Earth in a <a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">world to come</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, heaven is termed <i><a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">Svarga loka</a></i>. There are seven positive regions and seven negative regions to which the soul can go after death.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After completing its stay in the respective region, the soul is subjected to <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">rebirth</a> in different living forms according to its <i><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a></i>. This cycle can be broken after a soul achieves <i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></i>. Any place of existence, either of humans, souls or deities, outside the tangible world (heaven, hell, or other) is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">otherworld</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>, in many religious and <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folkloric</a> traditions, is a place of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a> in the afterlife. Religions with a <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history#Philosophy_of_chronology" title="Philosophy of history">linear divine history</a> often depict hell as an <a href="/wiki/Eternal_damnation" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal damnation">eternal destination</a>, while religions with a <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">cyclic history</a> often depict a hell as an intermediary period between incarnations. Typically, these traditions locate hell in another dimension or under the Earth's surface and often include entrances to hell from the land of the living. Other afterlife destinations include <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">limbo</a>. </p><p>Traditions that do not conceive of the afterlife as a place of punishment or reward merely describe hell as an <a href="/wiki/Bosom_of_Abraham" title="Bosom of Abraham">abode of the dead</a>, the grave, a neutral place (for example, <a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>) located under the surface of Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-EECO_2018_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EECO_2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_religions">Ancient religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Egyptian_religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient Egyptian religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion#Afterlife" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion § Afterlife</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osiris,_God_of_the_Dead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Osiris%2C_God_of_the_Dead.jpg/220px-Osiris%2C_God_of_the_Dead.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Osiris%2C_God_of_the_Dead.jpg/330px-Osiris%2C_God_of_the_Dead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Osiris%2C_God_of_the_Dead.jpg/440px-Osiris%2C_God_of_the_Dead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Judgment of the Dead in <a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg/220px-El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg/330px-El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg/440px-El_pesado_del_coraz%C3%B3n_en_el_Papiro_de_Hunefer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>This detail scene from the <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hunefer" title="Hunefer">Hunefer</a> (c. 1375 BC) shows <a href="/wiki/Hunefer" title="Hunefer">Hunefer</a>'s heart being weighed on the scale of <a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Feather_of_truth" class="mw-redirect" title="Feather of truth">feather of truth</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Jackal" title="Jackal">jackal</a>-headed <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ibis" title="Ibis">ibis</a>-headed <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods">gods</a>, records the result. If his heart is lighter than the feather, <a href="/wiki/Hunefer" title="Hunefer">Hunefer</a> is allowed to pass into the afterlife. If not, he is eaten by the waiting <a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vignette_(graphic_design)" title="Vignette (graphic design)">Vignettes</a> such as these were a common <a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">illustration</a> in Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the dead">books of the dead</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The afterlife played an important role in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a>, and its belief system is one of the earliest known in recorded history. When the body died, parts of its soul known as <i>ka</i> (body double) and the <i>ba</i> (personality) would go to the Kingdom of the Dead. While the soul dwelt in the <a href="/wiki/Aaru" title="Aaru">Fields of Aaru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> demanded work as restitution for the protection he provided. Statues were placed in the tombs to serve as substitutes for the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arriving at one's reward in afterlife was a demanding ordeal, requiring a sin-free heart and the ability to recite the spells, passwords, and formulae of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a>. In the Hall of Two Truths, the deceased's heart was weighed against the <i>Shu</i> feather of truth and justice taken from the headdress of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Ma%27at" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'at">Ma'at</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the heart was lighter than the feather, they could pass on, but if it were heavier they would be devoured by the demon <a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egyptians also believed that being mummified and put in a <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> (an ancient Egyptian "coffin" carved with complex symbols and designs, as well as pictures and hieroglyphs) was the only way to have an afterlife. What are referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Coffin_Texts" title="Coffin Texts">Coffin Texts</a>, are inscribed on a coffin and serve as a guide for the challenges in the afterlife. The Coffin texts are more or less a duplication of the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a>, which would serve as a guide for Egyptian pharaohs or queens in the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only if the corpse had been properly <a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">embalmed</a> and entombed in a <a href="/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba">mastaba</a>, could the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the Dead">dead live again</a> in the Fields of Yalu and accompany the Sun on its daily ride. Due to the dangers the afterlife posed, the Book of the Dead was placed in the tomb with the body as well as food, jewelry, and 'curses'. They also used the "opening of the mouth".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient Egyptian civilization was based on religion. The belief in the rebirth after death became the driving force behind funeral practices; for them, death was a temporary interruption rather than complete cessation of life. Eternal life could be ensured by means like piety to the gods, preservation of the physical form through <a href="/wiki/Mummification" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummification">mummification</a>, and the provision of statuary and other funerary equipment. Each human consisted of the physical body, the <i>ka</i>, the <i>ba</i>, and the <i>akh</i>. The Name and Shadow were also living entities. To enjoy the afterlife, all these elements had to be sustained and protected from harm.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 March 2010, a spokesman for the Egyptian Culture Ministry claimed it had unearthed a large red granite door in Luxor with inscriptions by <a href="/wiki/User_(ancient_Egyptian_official)" title="User (ancient Egyptian official)">User</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a powerful adviser to the <a href="/wiki/18th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Dynasty">18th Dynasty</a> Queen <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a> who ruled between 1479 BC and 1458 BC, the longest of any woman. It believes the <a href="/wiki/False_door" title="False door">false door</a> is a 'door to the Afterlife'. According to the archaeologists, the door was reused in a structure in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greek_and_Roman_religions">Ancient Greek and Roman religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient Greek and Roman religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Greek underworld</a></div> <p>The Greek god <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> is known in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> as the king of the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>, a place where souls live after death.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek god <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, the messenger of the gods, would take the dead soul of a person to the underworld (sometimes called Hades or the House of Hades). Hermes would leave the soul on the banks of the River <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a>, the river between life and death.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charon (mythology)">Charon</a>, also known as the ferry-man, would take the soul across the river to Hades, if the soul had gold: Upon burial, the family of the dead soul would put coins under the deceased's tongue. Once crossed, the soul would be judged by <a href="/wiki/Aeacus" title="Aeacus">Aeacus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhadamanthus" title="Rhadamanthus">Rhadamanthus</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a>. The soul would be sent to <a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Asphodel_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphodel Fields">Asphodel Fields</a>. The Elysian Fields were for the ones that lived pure lives. It consisted of green fields, valleys and mountains, everyone there was peaceful and contented, and the Sun always shone there. Tartarus was for the people that blasphemed against the gods or were rebellious and consciously evil.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> InTartarus, the soul would be punished by being burned in lava or stretched on racks. The Asphodel Fields were for a varied selection of human souls including those whose sins equaled their goodness, those who were indecisive in their lives, and those who were not judged. </p><p>Some heroes of Greek legend are allowed to visit the underworld. The Romans had a similar belief system about the afterlife, with Hades becoming known as <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a>. In the ancient Greek myth about the <a href="/wiki/Labours_of_Heracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Labours of Heracles">Labours of Heracles</a>, the hero <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> had to travel to the underworld to capture <a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a>, the three-headed guard dog, as one of his tasks. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_Scipio" class="mw-redirect" title="Dream of Scipio">Dream of Scipio</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> describes what seems to be an <a href="/wiki/Out_of_body_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of body experience">out of body experience</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> traveling high above the Earth, looking down at the small planet, from far away.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Book VI of <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>, the hero, <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, travels to the underworld to see his father. By the River Styx, he sees the souls of those not given a proper burial, forced to wait by the river until someone buries them. While down there, along with the dead, he is shown the place where the wrongly convicted reside, the <a href="/wiki/Fields_of_sorrow" title="Fields of sorrow">fields of sorrow</a> where those who committed suicide and now regret it reside, including Aeneas' former lover, the warriors and shades, Tartarus (where the titans and powerful non-mortal enemies of the Olympians reside) where he can hear the groans of the imprisoned, the palace of <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a>, and the fields of Elysium where the descendants of the divine and bravest heroes reside. He sees the river of forgetfulness, <a href="/wiki/Lethe" title="Lethe">Lethe</a>, which the dead must drink to forget their life and begin anew. Lastly, his father shows him all of the future heroes of Rome who will live if Aeneas fulfills his destiny in founding the city. </p><p>Other eschatological views populate the ancient-Greek worldview. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> argued for reincarnation in several dialogues, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norse_religion">Norse religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Norse religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death in Norse paganism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Afterlife" title="Special:EditPage/Afterlife">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Eddas</a>, the oldest sources for information on the Norse concept of the afterlife, vary in their description of the several realms that are described as falling under this topic. The most well-known are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a>: (lit. "Hall of the Slain" i.e. "the Chosen Ones") Half the warriors who die in battle join the god <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> who rules over a majestic hall called Valhalla in <a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a>: (lit. "Field of the Host") The other half join the goddess <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> in a great meadow known as Fólkvangr.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflhel" title="Niflhel">Niflhel</a>: (lit. "The Dark" or "Misty Hel"). Niflhel is believed to be a place of punishment, where the oathbreakers and other wicked people go.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(realm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hel (realm)">Hel</a>: (lit. "The Covered Hall"). Hel was the daughter of god Loki and her kingdom was located in downward and northward. Snorri Sturluson's <i><a href="/wiki/Gylfaginning" title="Gylfaginning">Gylfaginning</a></i> tells of evil men going to Niflhel via Hel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Eschatology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Eschatology">Jewish Eschatology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sheol">Sheol</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sheol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, is a place of darkness (<a href="/wiki/Job_10" title="Job 10">Job 10</a>:21–22) to which all the dead go—both the righteous and the unrighteous—regardless of the moral choices made in life (Genesis 35:37; <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> 32; <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 16; <a href="/wiki/Job_30" title="Job 30">Job 30</a>:23), a place of stillness (<a href="/wiki/Psalm_88" title="Psalm 88">Psalm 88</a>:13, <a href="/wiki/Psalm_94" title="Psalm 94">94</a>:17; <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> 9:10), at the longest possible distance from Heaven (<a href="/wiki/Job_11" title="Job 11">Job 11</a>:8; <a href="/wiki/Amos_9" title="Amos 9">Amos 9</a>:2; <a href="/wiki/Psalm_139" title="Psalm 139">Psalm 139</a>:8).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inhabitants of Sheol were the "shades" (<i><a href="/wiki/Rephaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rephaim">rephaim</a></i>), entities without personality or strength. Under some circumstances, they were thought to be able to be contacted by the living (as the <a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a> contacts the shade of <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a> for <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>), but such practices were forbidden (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 18:10).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerdichevsky201622_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerdichevsky201622-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whereas the Hebrew Bible appears to describe Sheol as the permanent place of the dead, in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> (roughly 500 BC – 70 AD), a more diverse set of ideas developed. In some texts, Sheol is considered to be the home of both the righteous and the wicked, separated into respective compartments; in others, it was considered a place of punishment, meant for the wicked dead alone.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Hebrew scriptures were translated into <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Greek</a> in ancient <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> around 200 BC, the word "<a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>" (the <a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Greek underworld</a>) was substituted for Sheol. This is reflected in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> where Hades is both the underworld of the dead and the personification of the <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> it represents.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_to_Come">World to Come</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: World to Come"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> offers several thoughts relating to the afterlife. After death, the soul is brought for judgment. Those who have led pristine lives immediately enter the <i>Olam Haba</i> or <a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">world to come</a>. Most do not enter the world to come immediately but experience a period of reflection on their earthly actions and are made aware of what they have done wrong. Some view this period as "re-schooling", with the soul gaining wisdom as one's errors are reviewed. Others view this period as spiritual discomfort caused by past wrongs. At the end of this period, not longer than one year, the soul then takes its place in the world to come. Although discomforts are made part of certain Jewish conceptions of the afterlife, the concept of eternal <a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">damnation</a> is not a tenet of the Jewish afterlife. According to the Talmud, <a href="/wiki/Kareth" title="Kareth">extinction of the soul</a> is reserved for a far smaller group of malicious and evil leaders whose very evil deeds go way beyond norms or who lead large groups of people to utmost evil.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith#Maimonides'_13_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Maimonides' 13 principles of faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-perek-helek-c_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perek-helek-c-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> describes the <i>Olam Haba</i> in spiritual terms, relegating the prophesied physical resurrection to the status of a future miracle unrelated to the afterlife or the <a href="/wiki/Messianic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic era">Messianic era</a>. According to Maimonides, an afterlife continues for the soul of every human being: soul now separated from the body in which it was "housed" during its earthly existence.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a> describes <a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a> not as a place of punishment for the wicked but as a place of spiritual purification for souls.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reincarnation_in_Jewish_tradition">Reincarnation in Jewish tradition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reincarnation in Jewish tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there is no reference to reincarnation in the Talmud or any prior writings,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to rabbis such as Avraham Arieh Trugman, reincarnation is recognized as being part and parcel of Jewish tradition. Trugman explains that it is through oral tradition that the meanings of the Torah, its commandments, and stories are known and understood. The classic work of Jewish mysticism,<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Zohar, is quoted liberally in all Jewish learning; in the Zohar, the idea of reincarnation is mentioned repeatedly. Trugman states that in the last five centuries, the concept of reincarnation, which until then had been a much-hidden tradition within Judaism, was given open exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shraga_Simmons" title="Shraga Simmons">Shraga Simmons</a> commented that within the Bible itself, the idea [of reincarnation] is intimated in Deut. 25:5–10, Deut. 33:6 and Isaiah 22:14, 65:6.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yirmiyahu Ullman wrote that reincarnation is an "ancient, mainstream belief in Judaism". The Zohar makes frequent and lengthy references to reincarnation. <a href="/wiki/Onkelos" title="Onkelos">Onkelos</a>, a righteous convert and authoritative commentator of the same period, explained the verse, "Let Reuben live and not die ..." (Deuteronomy 33:6) to mean that Reuben should merit the World to Come directly and not have to die again as a result of being reincarnated. Torah scholar, commentator and kabbalist, <a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a> (Ramban 1195–1270), attributed Job's suffering to reincarnation, as hinted in Job's saying "God does all these things twice or three times with a man, to bring back his soul from the pit to... the light of the living' (Job 33:29–30)."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reincarnation, called <i><a href="/wiki/Gilgul" title="Gilgul">gilgul</a></i>, became popular in <a href="/wiki/Folk_belief" title="Folk belief">folk belief</a> and is found in much <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> literature among <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>. Among a few kabbalists, it was posited that some human souls could end up being reincarnated into non-human bodies. These ideas were found in several Kabbalistic works from the 13th century and among many mystics in the late 16th century. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>'s early collection of stories of the <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a>'s life includes several that refer to people reincarnating in successive lives.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among well-known (generally non-kabbalist or anti-kabbalist) rabbis who rejected the idea of reincarnation are <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Kimhi" title="David Kimhi">David Kimhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a>, Yedayah Bedershi (early 14th century), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_Jehiel" title="Asher ben Jehiel">Rosh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leon_de_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon de Modena">Leon de Modena</a>. Saadia Gaon, in <a href="/wiki/Emunoth_ve-Deoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Emunoth ve-Deoth">Emunoth ve-Deoth</a> (Hebrew: "beliefs and opinions"), concludes Section VI with a refutation of the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a> (reincarnation). While rebutting reincarnation, Saadia Gaon further states that Jews who hold to reincarnation have adopted non-Jewish beliefs. By no means do all Jews today believe in reincarnation, but belief in reincarnation is not uncommon among many Jews, including Orthodox. </p><p>Other well-known rabbis who are reincarnationists include <a href="/wiki/Yonassan_Gershom" title="Yonassan Gershom">Yonassan Gershom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a>, Talmud scholar Adin Steinsaltz, DovBer Pinson, David M. Wexelman, <a href="/wiki/Zalman_Schachter-Shalomi" title="Zalman Schachter-Shalomi">Zalman Schachter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many others. Reincarnation is cited by authoritative Biblical commentators, including Ramban (Nachmanides), Menachem Recanti, and Rabbenu Bachya. </p><p>Among the many volumes of Yitzchak Luria, most of which come down from the pen of his primary disciple, Chaim Vital, are insights explaining issues related to reincarnation. His <i><a href="/wiki/Shaar_HaGilgulim" title="Shaar HaGilgulim">Shaar HaGilgulim</a></i> ("The Gates of Reincarnation") is a book devoted exclusively to the subject of reincarnation in Judaism. </p><p>Rabbi Naftali Silberberg of The <a href="/wiki/Rohr_Jewish_Learning_Institute" title="Rohr Jewish Learning Institute">Rohr Jewish Learning Institute</a> notes that "Many ideas that originate in other religions and belief systems have been popularized in the media and are taken for granted by unassuming Jews."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">Eternal life (Christianity)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven in Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">Christian views on Hell</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Afterlife%22+Christianity">"Afterlife" Christianity</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Afterlife%22+Christianity+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Afterlife%22+Christianity&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Afterlife%22+Christianity+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Afterlife%22+Christianity">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Afterlife%22+Christianity&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainstream Christianity">Mainstream Christianity</a> professes belief in the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_versions_of_the_Nicene_Creed_in_current_use" class="mw-redirect" title="English versions of the Nicene Creed in current use">English versions of the Nicene Creed in current use</a> include the phrase: "We look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come." </p><p>When questioned by the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a> (in a context relating to who one's spouse would be if one had been married several times in life), Jesus said that marriage would be irrelevant after the resurrection as the resurrected will be like the <a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">angels</a> in Heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boulaouali_147–158_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boulaouali_147–158-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jesus also maintained that the time would come when the dead would hear the voice of the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a>, and all who were in the tombs would come out; those who have heard his "[commandments] and believes in the one who sent [Him]" to the "resurrection of life", but those who do not to the "resurrection of condemnation".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> describes Sheol as divided into four compartments for four types of the dead: the faithful saints who await resurrection in <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, the merely virtuous who await their reward, the wicked who await punishment, and the wicked who have already been punished and will not be resurrected on Judgment Day.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Book of Enoch is considered apocryphal by most denominations of Christianity and all of Judaism. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">book of 2 Maccabees</a> clearly describes the dead waiting for future resurrection and judgment, along with <a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">prayers</a> and offerings for the deceased to alleviate their sins. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domenico_Beccafumi_056.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Domenico_Beccafumi_056.jpg/220px-Domenico_Beccafumi_056.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Domenico_Beccafumi_056.jpg/330px-Domenico_Beccafumi_056.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Domenico_Beccafumi_056.jpg/440px-Domenico_Beccafumi_056.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2473" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Beccafumi" title="Domenico Beccafumi">Domenico Beccafumi</a>'s <i>Inferno</i>: a Christian vision of hell</figcaption></figure> <p>The author of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> recounts the story of <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_and_Dives" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazarus and Dives">Lazarus and the rich man</a>, which shows people in Hades awaiting the resurrection either in comfort or torment. The author of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> writes about God and the angels versus <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demons" class="mw-redirect" title="Demons">demons</a> in an epic battle at the end of times when all souls are judged. There is mention of ghostly bodies of the prophets and the <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">transfiguration</a>. </p><p>The non-canonical <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul_and_Thecla" title="Acts of Paul and Thecla">Acts of Paul and Thecla</a> speak of the efficacy of <a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">prayer for the dead</a> so that they might be "translated to a state of happiness".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a> pictures the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Hades</a>) as a place where the righteous dead, waiting in the <a href="/wiki/Bosom_of_Abraham" title="Bosom of Abraham">bosom of Abraham</a> for their resurrection, rejoice at their future prospect; the unrighteous are tormented at the sight of the "<a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">lake of unquenchable fire</a>" into which they are destined to be cast. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a> discusses the long-before-believed possibility of purification of souls after death.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pope Gregory I repeats the concept, articulated over a century earlier by Gregory of Nyssa, that the saved suffer purification after death. In connection with this, he wrote of "purgatorial flames." </p><p>The noun <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">"purgatorium"</a> (Latin: place of cleansing<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is used for the first time to describe a state of painful purification of the saved afterlife. The same word in adjectival form (<i>purgatorius -a -um</i>, cleansing), which appears also in non-religious writing,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was already used by Christians such as Augustine of Hippo and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> to refer to an after-death cleansing. </p><p>Theologians and philosophers presented various philosophies and beliefs during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>. A notable example is <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a> who wrote some 18 theological works which describe in detail the nature of the afterlife according to his claimed spiritual experiences, the most famous of which is <i><a href="/wiki/Heaven_and_Hell_(Swedenborg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaven and Hell (Swedenborg)">Heaven and Hell</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-swedenborgdigitallibrary.org_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swedenborgdigitallibrary.org-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His report of life there covers a wide range of topics, such as marriage in heaven (where all <a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">angels</a> are married), children in heaven (where they are raised by angel parents), time and <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a> in heaven (there are none), the after-death awakening process in the World of Spirits (a place halfway between Heaven and Hell and where people first wake up after death), the allowance of a free will choice between Heaven or Hell (as opposed to being sent to either one by God), the <a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">eternity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> (one could leave but would never want to), and that all angels or devils were once people on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-swedenborgdigitallibrary.org_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swedenborgdigitallibrary.org-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Catholic_Church">The Catholic Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Catholic conception of the afterlife teaches that <a href="/wiki/Particular_judgment" title="Particular judgment">after the body dies, the soul is judged</a>, the righteous and free of sin enter Heaven. However, those who die in unrepented <a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">mortal sin</a> go to hell. In the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> defined hell not as punishment imposed on the sinner but rather as the sinner's self-exclusion from God. Unlike other Christian groups, the Catholic Church teaches that those who die in a state of grace but still carry <a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">venial sin</a> go to a place called <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>, where they undergo purification to enter Heaven. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Limbo">Limbo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Limbo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">Limbo</a></div> <p>Despite popular opinion, Limbo, which was elaborated upon by theologians beginning in the Middle Ages, was never recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, yet, at times, it has been a very popular theological theory within the Church. Limbo is a theory that <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">unbaptized</a> but innocent souls, such as those of infants or <a href="/wiki/Virtue#Christianity" title="Virtue">virtuous</a> individuals who lived before <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Jesus Christ was born</a>, exist in neither Heaven nor Hell proper. Therefore, these souls neither merit the <a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">beatific vision</a> nor are subjected to any punishment because they are not guilty of any personal <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> although they have not received baptism, so they still bear <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>. So, they are generally seen as existing in a state of natural, but not supernatural, happiness until the end of time. </p><p>In other <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a>, it has been described as an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_state_(Christianity)" title="Intermediate state (Christianity)">intermediate place</a> or state of confinement in oblivion and neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Purgatory">Purgatory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Purgatory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></div> <p>The notion of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> is associated mainly with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. In the Catholic Church, all those who die in God's grace and friendship but are still imperfectly purified are indeed assured of their eternal salvation. Still, after death, they undergo purification to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven or the final purification of the elect, which is entirely different from the punishment of the damned. The tradition of the church, by reference to specific texts of scripture, speaks of a "cleansing fire", but it is not always called purgatory. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglicans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a> tradition generally also hold to the belief. <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>, believed in an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_state_(Christianity)" title="Intermediate state (Christianity)">intermediate state</a> between death and the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a> and in the possibility of "continuing to grow in holiness there", but Methodism does not officially affirm this belief and denies the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">helping by prayer</a> any who may be in that state.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orthodox_Christianity">Orthodox Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Orthodox Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Orthodox Church is intentionally reticent about the afterlife, as it acknowledges the mystery, especially of things that have not yet occurred. Beyond the second coming of Jesus, bodily resurrection, and final judgment, all of which are affirmed in the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> (325 AD), Orthodoxy does not teach much else in any definitive manner. Unlike Western forms of Christianity, however, Orthodoxy is traditionally non-dualist and does not teach that there are two separate literal locations of heaven and hell, but instead acknowledges that "the 'location' of one's final destiny—heaven or hell—as being figurative."<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_P._Klager_2011_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew_P._Klager_2011-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead, Orthodoxy teaches that the final judgment is one's uniform encounter with divine love and mercy, but this encounter is experienced multifariously depending on the extent to which one has been transformed, partaken of divinity, and is therefore compatible or incompatible with God. "The monadic, immutable, and ceaseless object of eschatological encounter is therefore the love and mercy of God, his glory which infuses the heavenly temple, and it is the subjective human reaction which engenders multiplicity or any division of experience."<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_P._Klager_2011_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew_P._Klager_2011-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <a href="/wiki/St._Isaac_the_Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Isaac the Syrian">St. Isaac the Syrian</a> observes in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ascetical_Homilies_of_Isaac_the_Syrian" title="The Ascetical Homilies of Isaac the Syrian">Ascetical Homilies</a></i> that "those who are punished in Gehenna, are scourged by the scourge of love. ... The power of love works in two ways: it torments sinners ... [as] bitter regret. But love inebriates the souls of the sons of Heaven by its delectability."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense, the divine action is always, immutably, and uniformly love, and if one experiences this love negatively, the experience is then one of self-condemnation because of free will rather than condemnation by God. </p><p>Orthodoxy therefore uses the description of Jesus' judgment in John 3:19–21 as their model: "19 And this is the judgment: the light has come into the world, and people loved the darkness rather than the light because their works were evil. 20 For everyone who does wicked things hates the light and does not come to the light, lest his works should be exposed. 21 But whoever does what is true comes to the light, so that it may be clearly seen that his works have been carried out in God." As a characteristically Orthodox understanding, then, Fr. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hopko" title="Thomas Hopko">Thomas Hopko</a> writes, "[I]t is precisely the presence of God's mercy and love which cause the torment of the wicked. God does not punish; he forgives... In a word, God has mercy on all, whether all like it or not. If we like it, it is paradise; if we do not, it is hell. Every knee will bend before the Lord. Everything will be subject to Him. God in Christ will indeed be 'all and in all,' with boundless mercy and unconditional pardon. But not all will rejoice in God's gift of forgiveness, and that choice will be judgment, the self-inflicted source of their sorrow and pain."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, Orthodoxy includes a prevalent tradition of <i><a href="/wiki/Apokatastasis" title="Apokatastasis">apokatastasis</a></i>, or the restoration of all things in the end. This has been taught most notably by <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, but also many other Church fathers and Saints, including <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a> (553 AD) affirmed the orthodoxy of Gregory of Nyssa while simultaneously condemning Origen's brand of universalism because it taught the restoration back to our pre-existent state, which Orthodoxy does not teach. It is also a teaching of such eminent Orthodox theologians as <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Cl%C3%A9ment" title="Olivier Clément">Olivier Clément</a>, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Kallistos_Ware" title="Kallistos Ware">Kallistos Ware</a>, and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Hilarion_Alfeyev" title="Hilarion Alfeyev">Hilarion Alfeyev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although apokatastasis is not a dogma of the church but instead a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/theologoumenon#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:theologoumenon">theologoumenon</a>, it is no less a teaching of the Orthodox Church than its rejection. As Met. Kallistos Ware explains, "It is heretical to say that all must be saved, for this is to deny free will; but, it is legitimate to hope that all may be saved,"<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as insisting on torment without end also denies free will. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints)">Plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">Exaltation (Mormonism)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">Degrees of glory</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:000_preach-my-gospel_1207575_tmb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/000_preach-my-gospel_1207575_tmb.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="92" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="92" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Salvation in LDS Religion</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Smith" title="Joseph F. Smith">Joseph F. Smith</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> presents an elaborate vision of the afterlife. It is revealed as the scene of an extensive missionary effort by righteous spirits in paradise to redeem those still in darkness—a spirit prison or "hell" where the souls of the dead remain until judgment. It is divided into two parts: Spirit Prison and Paradise. These are also known as the Spirit World (also Abraham's Bosom; see Luke 16:19–25). They believe that Christ visited the spirit prison <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/nt/1-pet/3.18-20?lang=eng">(1 Peter 3:18–20)</a> and opened the gate for those who repent to cross over to Paradise. This is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a> doctrine of some mainstream Christian faiths.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Spirit Prison and Paradise are temporary according to Latter-day Saint beliefs. After the resurrection, spirits are assigned "permanently" to three degrees of heavenly glory, determined by how they lived – Celestial, Terrestrial, and Telestial. (1 Cor 15:44–42; Doctrine and Covenants, Section 76) <a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition_(Mormonism)" title="Son of perdition (Mormonism)">Sons of Perdition</a>, or those who have known and seen God and deny it, will be sent to the realm of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, which is called Outer Darkness, where they shall live in misery and agony forever.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to the beliefs of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, most persons lack the amount of knowledge to commit the <a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a> and are therefore incapable of becoming sons of perdition.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Celestial Kingdom is believed to be where the righteous can live eternally with their families. Progression does not end once one has entered the Celestial Kingdom but extends eternally. According to "True to the Faith" (a handbook on doctrines in the LDS faith), "The celestial kingdom is the place prepared for those who have "received the testimony of Jesus" and been "made perfect through Jesus the mediator of the new covenant, who wrought out this perfect atonement through the shedding of his own blood" (Doctrine and Covenants, 76:51, 69). To inherit this gift, we must receive the ordinances of salvation, keep the commandments, and repent of our sins."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jehovah's_Witnesses"><span id="Jehovah.27s_Witnesses"></span>Jehovah's Witnesses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Jehovah's Witnesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> occasionally use terms such as "afterlife"<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to refer to any hope for the dead, but they understand <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> 9:5 to preclude belief in an immortal soul.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals judged by God to be wicked, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Flood">Great Flood</a> or at <a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a>, are given no hope of an afterlife. However, they believe that after Armageddon, there will be a bodily resurrection of "both righteous and unrighteous" dead (but not the "wicked"). Survivors of Armageddon and those who are resurrected are then to restore the Earth to a paradise gradually.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Armageddon, unrepentant sinners are punished with eternal death (non-existence). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seventh-day_Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Seventh-day Adventists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_And_Death_Equation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Life_And_Death_Equation.jpg/220px-Life_And_Death_Equation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Life_And_Death_Equation.jpg/330px-Life_And_Death_Equation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Life_And_Death_Equation.jpg/440px-Life_And_Death_Equation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Creation and Death Equation</figcaption></figure> <p>The Seventh-day Adventist Church's beliefs regarding the afterlife differ from those of other Christian churches. Rather than ascend to Heaven or descend to Hell, Adventists believe the dead "remain unconscious until the return of Christ in judgement". The concept that the dead remain dead until resurrection is one of the fundamental beliefs of Seventh-day Adventism.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adventists believe that death is an unconscious state (a "sleep"). This is based on Matt. 9:24; Mark 5:39; John 11:11–14; 1 Cor. 15:51, 52; 1 Thess. 4:13–17; 2 Peter 3:4; Eccl. 9:5, 6, 10. At death, all consciousness ends. The dead person does not know anything and does not do anything.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe that death is a decreation, or an undoing of what was created. This is described in Ecclesiastes 12:7: "When a person dies, the body turns to dust again, and the spirit goes back to God, who gave it." The spirit of every person who dies—whether saved or unsaved—returns to God at death. The spirit that returns to God at death is the breath of life.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> (the holy book of Islam) emphasizes the insignificance of worldly life (<i>ḥayāt ad-dunyā</i> usually translated as "this world") vis-a-vis the hereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A central doctrine of Islamic faith is the <a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam" title="Judgement Day in Islam">Judgement Day</a> (<i>al-yawm al-ākhir</i>, also known by other names),<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on which the world will come to an end and God will raise all mankind (as well as the <i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a></i>) from the dead and evaluate their worldly actions. The resurrected will be judged according to their deeds, records of which are kept on two books compiled for every human being—one for their good deeds and one for their evil ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boulaouali_147–158_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boulaouali_147–158-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having been judged, the resurrected will cross the bridge of <a href="/wiki/As-Sir%C4%81t" title="As-Sirāt">As-Sirāt</a> over the pit of hell; when the condemned attempt to they will be made to fall off into hellfire below, while the righteous will have no trouble and continue on to their eternal abode of heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afterlife in Islam actually begins before the Last Day. After death, humans will be questioned about their faith by two angels, <a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakīr</a>. Those who die as martyrs go immediately to paradise.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others who have died and been buried will receive a taste of their eternal reward from the <i>al-qabr</i> or "the grave" (compare the <a href="#Judaism">Jewish concept</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a>). Those bound for hell will suffer "<a href="/wiki/Punishment_of_the_Grave" title="Punishment of the Grave">Punishment of the Grave</a>", while those bound for heaven will find the grave "peaceful and blessed".<sup id="cite_ref-JACBMM2014:46_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JACBMM2014:46-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamic scripture—the Quran and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> (reports of the words and deeds of the Islamic Prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> who is believed to have visited heaven and hell during his <a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Isra and Mi'raj</a> journey) – give vivid descriptions of the pleasures of paradise (<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a>) and sufferings of hell (<i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i>). The gardens of Jannah have cool shade,<sup>[Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/36?startingVerse=56">36:56–57</a>]</sup> adorned couchs and cushions,<sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/18?startingVerse=31">18:31</a>]</sup> rich carpets spread out, cups<sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/88?startingVerse=10">88:10–16</a>]</sup> full of wine,<sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/52?startingVerse=23">52:23</a>]</sup> and every meat<sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/52?startingVerse=22">52:22</a>]</sup> and fruit<sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/36?startingVerse=56">36:56–57</a>]</sup>. Men will be provided with perpetually youthful, beautiful <i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">ḥūr</a></i>, "untouched beforehand by man or jinn",<sup id="cite_ref-Rustomji_2017_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rustomji_2017-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/55?startingVerse=56">55:56</a>]</sup> with large, beautiful eyes<sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/37?startingVerse=48">37:48</a>]</sup>. (In recent years some have argued that the term <i>ḥūr</i> refers both to pure men and pure women,<sup id="cite_ref-dawn-houri-20_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawn-houri-20-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and/or that Quranic references to "immortal boys" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/56?startingVerse=17">56:17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/76?startingVerse=19">76:19</a>) or "young men" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/52?startingVerse=24">52:24</a>) (<i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">ghilmān</a></i>, <i>wildān</i>, and <i>suqāh</i>) who serve <a href="/wiki/Wine#Islam" title="Wine">wine</a> and meals to the <a href="/wiki/Blessing#Islam" title="Blessing">blessed</a>, are the male equivalents of hur.)<sup id="cite_ref-Rustomji_2017_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rustomji_2017-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, those in <a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a> will dwell in a land infested with thousands of serpents and scorpions;<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> be "burnt" by "scorching fire" <sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/88?startingVerse=1">88:1-7</a>]</sup> and when "their skins are roasted through, We shall change them for fresh skins" to repeat the process forever <sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=56">4:56</a>]</sup>; they will have nothing to drink but "boiling water and running sores"<sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/78?startingVerse=21">78:21–30</a>]</sup>;<sup id="cite_ref-hughes-DoI_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hughes-DoI-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their cries of remorse and pleading for forgiveness will be in vain<sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/26?startingVerse=96">26:96–106</a>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-ItQ-233_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ItQ-233-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally <i>Jannah</i> and <i>Jahannam</i> are thought to have different levels. Eight gates and eight levels in <i>Jannah</i>, where the higher the level the better it is and the happier you are. <i>Jahannam</i> possess seven layers. Each layer more horrible than the one above. </p><p>The Quran teaches that the purpose of Man's creation is to worship God and God alone.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those it describes as being punished in hell are "most typically" unbelievers, including those who worship others besides Allah<sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/10?startingVerse=24">10:24</a>]</sup>, those who deny the divine origin of the Quran <sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/74?startingVerse=16">74:16–26</a>]</sup>, or the coming of Judgement Day<sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/25?startingVerse=11">25:11–14</a>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ETISN2009_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETISN2009-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 404">: 404 </span></sup> </p><p>Straightforward crimes/sins against other people are also grounds for going to hell: the murder of a believer<sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=93">4:93</a>]</sup><sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=21">3:21</a>]</sup>, usury (Q.2:275)<sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=275">2:275</a>]</sup>, devouring the property of an orphan <sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=10">4:10</a>]</sup>, and slander <sup>[Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/104?startingVerse=">104</a>]</sup>, particularly of a chaste woman<sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/24?startingVerse=23">24:23</a>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-ETISN2009:405_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETISN2009:405-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is a common belief among Muslims that whatever crimes/sins Muslims may have committed, their punishment in hell will be temporary. Only unbelievers will reside in hell permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Jahannam combines both the concept of an eternal hell (for unbelievers), and what is known in Christian Catholicism as <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> (for believers eventually destined for heaven after punishment for their sins).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The common belief holds that <i>Jahannam</i> coexists with the temporal world.<sup id="cite_ref-Islamic_Traditions_p._12_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Traditions_p._12-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainstream Islam teaches the continued existence of the soul and a transformed physical existence after death. The resurrection that will take place on the Last Day is physical, and is explained by suggesting that God will re-create the decayed body ("Have they not realized that Allah, Who created the heavens and the earth, can ˹easily˺ re-create them?" <sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/17?startingVerse=99">17:99</a>]</sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ahmadiyya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi Muslims</a> believe that the afterlife is not material but of a spiritual nature. According to <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a>, the soul will give birth to another rarer entity and will resemble the life on this earth in the sense that this entity will bear a similar relationship to the soul as the soul bears relationship with the human existence on earth. On earth, if a person leads a righteous life and submits to the will of God, his or her tastes become attuned to enjoying spiritual pleasures as opposed to carnal desires. With this, an "embryonic soul" begins to take shape. Different tastes are said to be born which a person given to carnal passions finds no enjoyment. For example, sacrifice of one's own rights over that of others becomes enjoyable, or that forgiveness becomes second nature. In such a state a person finds contentment and peace at heart and at this stage, according to Ahmadiyya beliefs, it can be said that a soul within the soul has begun to take shape.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sufism">Sufism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sufism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sufi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi Islam">Sufi Muslim</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Arabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Arabi">Ibn 'Arabi</a> defined <a href="/wiki/Barzakh#Sufism" title="Barzakh">Barzakh</a> as the intermediate realm or "isthmus". It is between the world of corporeal bodies and the world of spirits, and is a means of contact between the two worlds. Without it, there would be no contact between the two and both would cease to exist. He described it as simple and luminous, like the world of spirits, but also able to take on many different forms just like the world of corporeal bodies can. In broader terms Barzakh, "is anything that separates two things". It has been called the dream world in which the dreamer is in both life and death.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibn_Al-Arabi_2006_29n,_50n,_59,_64–68,_73,_75–78,_82,_102_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Al-Arabi_2006_29n,_50n,_59,_64–68,_73,_75–78,_82,_102-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_on_life_after_death" title="Baháʼí Faith on life after death">Baháʼí Faith on life after death</a></div> <p>The teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> state that the nature of the afterlife is beyond the understanding of those living, just as an unborn fetus cannot understand the nature of the world outside of the <a href="/wiki/Womb" class="mw-redirect" title="Womb">womb</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_literature" title="Baháʼí literature">Baháʼí writings</a> state that the soul is immortal and after death it will continue to progress until it finally attains <a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">God's presence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Baháʼí belief, souls in the afterlife will continue to retain their individuality and consciousness and will be able to recognize and communicate spiritually with other souls whom they have made deep profound friendships with, such as their spouses.<sup id="cite_ref-PSmith_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSmith-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Baháʼí scriptures also state there are distinctions between souls in the afterlife, and that souls will recognize the worth of their own deeds and understand the consequences of their actions. It is explained that those souls that have turned toward God will experience gladness, while those who have lived in error will become aware of the opportunities they have lost. Also, in the Baháʼí view, souls will be able to recognize the accomplishments of the souls that have reached the same level as themselves, but not those that have achieved a rank higher than them.<sup id="cite_ref-PSmith_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSmith-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_religions">Indian religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Indian religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a></div> <p>Early Indian religions were characterized by the belief in an afterlife, <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">Ancestor worship</a>, and related rites. These concepts started to significantly change after the period of the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist eschatology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Afterlife" title="Special:EditPage/Afterlife">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Afterlife in Buddhism consists of intermediated spirit realm that's beyond spatial means, which includes the six realms of existence, the 31 planes of existence, Naraka, Tengoku and the <a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">pure land</a> after achieving <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">Ancestor worship</a>, and links to one's ancestors, was once an important component of early Buddhism, but became less relevant already before the formation of the different Buddhist streams. The concepts and importance of afterlife vary among modern Buddhist teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-Sayers_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sayers-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buddhists maintain that <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">rebirth</a> takes place without an unchanging <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Buddhism)">self</a> or soul passing from one form to another.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The type of rebirth will be conditioned by the moral tone of the person's actions (<a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">kamma or karma</a>). For example, if a person has committed harmful actions by body, speech and mind based on greed, hate and delusion, would have his/her rebirth in a lower realm, i.e. an animal, a <a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">hungry ghost</a> or a hell realm, is to be expected. On the other hand, where a person has performed skillful actions based on generosity, loving-kindness (<a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">metta</a>), compassion and wisdom, rebirth in a happy realm, i.e. human or one of the many heavenly realms, can be expected.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the mechanism of rebirth with Kamma is not deterministic. It depends on various levels of kamma. The most important moment that determines where a person is reborn into is the last thought moment. At that moment, heavy kamma would ripen if there were performed. If not, near death kamma would ripen, and if not death kamma, then habitual kamma would ripen. Finally if none of the above happened, then residual kamma from previous actions can ripen.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism, there are 31 realms of existence that one can be reborn into. According to these, 31 existences comprise 20 existences of supreme deities (Brahmas); 6 existences of deities (Devas); the human existence (Manussa); and, lastly, 4 existences of deprivation or unhappiness (Apaya). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> believes in a special place apart from the 31 planes of existence called <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Land">Pure Land</a>. It is believed that each Buddha has their own pure land, created out of their merits for the sake of sentient beings who recall them mindfully to be able to be reborn in their pure land and train to become a Buddha there. Thus the main practice of pure land Buddhism is to chant a Buddha's name. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bardo_Thodol" title="Bardo Thodol">Tibetan Book of the Dead</a> explains the intermediate state of humans between death and reincarnation. The deceased will find the bright light of wisdom, which shows a straightforward path to move upward and leave the cycle of reincarnation. There are various reasons why the deceased do not follow that light. Some had no briefing about the intermediate state in the former life. Others only used to follow their basic instincts like animals. And some have fear, which results from foul deeds in the former life or from insistent haughtiness. In the intermediate state the awareness is very flexible, so it is important to be virtuous, adopt a positive attitude, and avoid negative ideas. Ideas which are rising from subconsciousness can cause extreme tempers and cowing visions. In this situation they have to understand, that these manifestations are just reflections of the inner thoughts. No one can really hurt them, because they have no more material body. The deceased get help from different <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a> who show them the path to the bright light. The ones who do not follow the path after all will get hints for a better reincarnation. They have to release the things and beings on which or whom they still hang from the life before. It is recommended to choose a family where the parents trust in the <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a> and to reincarnate with the will to care for the welfare of all beings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu eschatology</a></div> <p>There are two major views of an afterlife in Hinduism: mythical and philosophical. The philosophies of Hinduism consider each individual consists of <a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">three bodies</a>: physical body compose of water and bio-matter (<i>sthūla śarīra</i>), an energetic/psychic/mental/subtle body (<i>sūkṣma-śarīra</i>) and a causal body (<i>kāraṇa śarīra</i>) comprising subliminal stuff i.e. mental impressions etc.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The individual is a stream of consciousness (<a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)"><i>Ātman</i></a>), which flows through all the physical changes of the body and at the death of the physical body, flows on into another physical body. The two components that transmigrate are the subtle body and the causal body. </p><p>The thought that occupies the mind at the time of death determines the quality of our rebirth (antim smaraṇa), hence Hinduism advises to be mindful of one's thoughts and cultivate positive wholesome thoughts – mantra chanting (<a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">japa</a>) is commonly practiced for this. </p><p>The mythical includes the philosophical but adds heaven and hell myths. </p><p>When one leaves the physical body at death he appears in the court of <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (Hinduism)">Yama</a>, the God of Death, for an exit interview. The panel consists of Yama and <a href="/wiki/Chitragupta" title="Chitragupta">Chitragupta</a> – the cosmic accountant, he has a book which consists the history of the dead persons according to his/her mistakes the Yama decides the punishment is and <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>, the cosmic intelligence officer. He is counseled about his life, achievements and failures and is shown a mirror in which his entire life is reflected. Philosophically, these three men are projections of one's mind. Yama sends him to a heavenly realm (<a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">Svarga</a>) if he has been exceptionally benevolent and beneficent for a period of rest and recreation. His period is limited in time by the weight of his <a href="/wiki/Punya_(Hinduism)" title="Punya (Hinduism)">good deeds</a>. If he has been exceptionally malevolent and caused immense suffering to other beings, then he is sent to a hell realm (<a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Hinduism)" title="Naraka (Hinduism)">Naraka</a>) for his sins. After one has exhausted his karma, he takes birth again to continue his <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">spiritual evolution.</a> However, the belief in rebirth was not a part of early Vedic religions and texts. It was later developed by <i><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">rishi</a></i>s (sages) who challenged the idea of one's life as being simplistic. </p><p>Rebirth can take place as a god (<a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">deva</a>), a human (manuṣya) an animal (tiryak)—but it is generally taught that the spiritual evolution takes place from lower to higher species. In certain cases of traumatic death a person can take the form of a <a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">preta</a> or hungry ghost – and remains in an earth-bound state interminably – until certain ceremonies are done to liberate them. This mythological part is extensively elaborated in the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> are the first scriptures in Hinduism which explicitly mention the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, a famous Hindu scripture, says that just as a man discards his old clothes and wears new ones; similarly the Atman discards the old body and takes on a new one. In Hinduism, the belief is that the body is nothing but a shell, the consciousness inside is immutable and indestructible and takes on different lives in a cycle of birth and death. The end of this cycle is called <i>mukti</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">मुक्ति</span>) and staying finally with the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">ultimate reality</a> forever is <i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a></i> (Sanskrit: <span lang="sa">मोक्ष</span>) or liberation. </p><p>The (diverse) views of modern Hinduism in part differ significantly from the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sayers_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sayers-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> also believes in the afterlife. They believe that the soul takes on a body form based on previous karmas or actions performed by that soul through eternity. Jains believe the soul is eternal and that the freedom from the cycle of reincarnation is the means to attain eternal bliss.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Afterlife" title="Special:EditPage/Afterlife">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The essential doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> is to experience the divine through simple living, meditation, and contemplation while being alive. Sikhism also has the belief of being in union with God while living. Accounts of afterlife are considered to be aimed at the popular prevailing views of the time so as to provide a referential framework without necessarily establishing a belief in the afterlife. Thus while it is also acknowledged that living the life of a householder is above the metaphysical truth, Sikhism can be considered agnostic to the question of an afterlife. Some scholars also interpret the mention of reincarnation to be naturalistic akin to the <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical cycles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But if one analyses the Sikh Scriptures carefully, one may find that on many occasions the afterlife and the existence of heaven and hell are mentioned and criticised in <i><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></i> and in <i><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></i> as non-true man made ideas, so from that it can be concluded that Sikhism does not believe in the existence of heaven and hell; however, heaven and hell are created to temporarily reward and punish, and one will then take birth again until one merges in God. According to the Sikh scriptures, the human form is the closet form to God if the Guru is read and understood,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the best opportunity for a human being to attain salvation and merge back with God and fully understand Him. Sikh Gurus said that nothing dies, nothing is born, everything is ever present, and it just changes forms. Like standing in front of a wardrobe, you pick up a dress and wear it and then you discard it. You wear another one. Thus, in the view of Sikhism, your soul is never born and never dies. Your soul is a part of God and hence lives forever.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Others">Others</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confucianism">Confucianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Confucianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> did not directly discuss the afterlife. Nonetheless, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a> has had a strong influence on <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, so adherents believe that their ancestors become deified spirits after death.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">Ancestor veneration in China</a> is widespread. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Gnosticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> teachings humans contain a <a href="/wiki/Divine_spark" title="Divine spark">divine spark</a> within them said to have been trapped in their bodies by the creator of the material universe known as the <a href="/wiki/Demiurge#Gnosticism" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a>. It was believed that this spark could be released from the material world and enter into the heavenly spiritual world beyond it if special knowledge or <a href="/wiki/Gnosis#Gnosticism" title="Gnosis">gnosis</a> was attained.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a>, for example, viewed <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> as a trap made by <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, who tricked <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> from the heavenly realm into entering the physical bodies of humans. They viewed the purpose of life as a way to escape the constant cycle of spiritual incarnations by letting go of worldly attachments.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shinto">Shinto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Shinto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shinto#Cosmology_and_afterlife" title="Shinto">Shinto § Cosmology and afterlife</a></div> <p>It is common for families to participate in ceremonies for children at a shrine, yet have a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_funeral" title="Japanese funeral">Buddhist funeral</a> at the time of death. In old Japanese legends, it is often claimed that the dead go to a place called <i><a href="/wiki/Yomi" title="Yomi">yomi</a></i> (黄泉), a gloomy underground realm with a river separating the living from the dead mentioned in the legend of Izanami and Izanagi. This <i>yomi</i> very closely resembles the Greek <a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Hades</a>; however, later myths include notions of resurrection and even <a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysium</a>-like descriptions such as in the legend of <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckuninushi" title="Ōkuninushi">Ōkuninushi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susanoo-no-Mikoto" title="Susanoo-no-Mikoto">Susanoo</a>. Shinto tends to hold negative views on death and corpses as a source of pollution called <i>kegare</i>. However, death is also viewed as a path towards <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">apotheosis</a> in Shintoism as can be evidenced by how legendary individuals become enshrined after death. Perhaps the most famous would be <a href="/wiki/Emperor_%C5%8Cjin" title="Emperor Ōjin">Emperor Ōjin</a> who was enshrined as <a href="/wiki/Hachiman" title="Hachiman">Hachiman</a> the God of War after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritualism">Spiritualism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Spiritualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">spirit world</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">spiritualism</a>, is the world or realm inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Non-physical_entity" title="Non-physical entity">spirits</a>, both good or evil of various spiritual manifestations. This spirit world is regarded as an external environment for spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spiritualism religious <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">movement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Long_nineteenth_century" title="Long nineteenth century">nineteenth century</a> espoused a belief in an afterlife where individual's awareness persists beyond <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taoism">Taoism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Taoism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> views life as an illusion and death as a transformation into immortality. Taoists believe that immortality of the soul can be achieved by living a virtuous life in harmony with the <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a>. They are taught not to fear death, as it is simply part of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_African_religions">Traditional African religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Traditional African religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional African religion">Traditional African religions</a> are diverse in their beliefs in an afterlife. <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherer</a> societies such as the <a href="/wiki/Hadza_people" title="Hadza people">Hadza</a> have no particular belief in an afterlife, and the death of an individual is a straightforward end to their existence.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestor cults</a> are found throughout <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, including cultures like the <a href="/wiki/Yombe_people" title="Yombe people">Yombe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mand%C3%A9_peoples_of_Africa" title="List of Mandé peoples of Africa">Beng</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a>, "[T]he belief that the dead come back into life and are reborn into their families is given concrete expression in the personal names that are given to children....What is reincarnated are some of the dominant characteristics of the ancestor and not his soul. For each soul remains distinct and each birth represents a new soul."<sup id="cite_ref-Opoku_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opoku-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yoruba, <a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon</a> and LoDagoa have eschatological ideas similar to Abrahamic religions, "but in most African societies, there is a marked absence of such clear-cut notions of heaven and hell, although there are notions of God judging the soul after death."<sup id="cite_ref-Opoku_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opoku-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some societies like the <a href="/wiki/Mende_people" title="Mende people">Mende</a>, multiple beliefs coexist. The Mende believe that people die twice: once during the process of joining the <a href="/wiki/Mende_people#Secret_societies" title="Mende people">secret society</a>, and again during biological death after which they become ancestors. However, some Mende also believe that after people are created by God they live ten consecutive lives, each in progressively descending worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One cross-cultural theme is that the ancestors are part of the world of the living, interacting with it regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unitarian_Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Unitarian Universalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitarian Universalist">Unitarian Universalists</a> believe in <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">universalism</a>: that all souls will ultimately be saved and that there are no torments of hell.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unitarian Universalists differ widely in their theology hence there is no exact same stance on the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Unitarians historically believed in a literal hell, and Universalists historically believed that everyone goes to heaven, modern Unitarian Universalists can be categorized into those believing in a heaven, reincarnation and oblivion. Most Unitarian Universalists believe that heaven and hell are symbolic places of consciousness and the faith is largely focused on the worldly life rather than any possible afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wicca">Wicca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Wicca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Wiccan afterlife is most commonly described as <a href="/wiki/The_Summerland" title="The Summerland">The Summerland</a>. Here, souls rest, recuperate from life, and reflect on the experiences they had during their lives. After a period of rest, the souls are reincarnated, and the memory of their previous lives is erased. Many Wiccans see The Summerland as a place to reflect on their life actions. It is not a place of reward, but rather the end of a life journey at an end point of incarnations.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></div><p>Zoroastrianism states that the <i>urvan</i>, the disembodied spirit, lingers on earth for three days before departing downward to the kingdom of the dead that is ruled by Yima.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the three days that it rests on Earth, righteous souls sit at the head of their body, chanting the <a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Ustavaiti Gathas</a> with joy, while a wicked person sits at the feet of the corpse, wails and recites the <a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a>. Zoroastrianism states that for the righteous souls, a beautiful maiden, which is the personification of the soul's good thoughts, words and deeds, appears. For a wicked person, a very old, ugly, naked hag appears. After three nights, the soul of the wicked is taken by the demon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizaresa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vizaresa (page does not exist)">Vizaresa</a> (Vīzarəša), to Chinvat bridge, and is made to go to darkness (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Yima</a> is believed to have been the first king on earth to rule, as well as the first man to die. Inside of Yima's realm, the spirits live a shadowy existence, and are dependent on their own descendants which are still living on Earth. Their descendants are to satisfy their hunger and clothe them, through rituals done on earth. </p><p>Rituals which are done on the first three days are vital and important, as they protect the soul from evil powers and give it strength to reach the underworld. After three days, the soul crosses <a href="/wiki/Chinvat_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinvat bridge">Chinvat bridge</a> which is the <a href="/wiki/Final_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Judgment">Final Judgment</a> of the soul. Rashnu and <a href="/wiki/Sraosha" title="Sraosha">Sraosha</a> are present at the final judgment. The list is expanded sometimes, and include <a href="/wiki/Bahman" title="Bahman">Vahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ormazd</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rashnu" title="Rashnu">Rashnu</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">yazata</a> who holds the scales of justice. If the good deeds of the person outweigh the bad, the soul is worthy of paradise. If the bad deeds outweigh the good, the bridge narrows down to the width of a blade-edge, and a horrid hag pulls the soul in her arms, and takes it down to hell with her. </p><p>Misvan Gatu is the "place of the mixed ones" where the souls lead a gray existence, lacking both joy and sorrow. A soul goes here if his/her good deeds and bad deeds are equal, and Rashnu's scale is equal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Parapsychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a> was founded in 1882 with the express intention of investigating phenomena relating to Spiritualism and the afterlife. Its members continue to conduct scientific research on the paranormal to this day. Some of the earliest attempts to apply <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific methods</a> to the study of phenomena relating to an afterlife were conducted by this organization. Its earliest members included noted scientists like <a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a>, and philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Henry Sidgwick</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Parapsychological investigation of the afterlife includes the study of <a href="/wiki/Haunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Haunting">haunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">apparitions</a> of the deceased, instrumental trans-communication, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">electronic voice phenomena</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">mediumship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/21_grams_experiment" title="21 grams experiment">study</a> conducted in 1901 by physician <a href="/wiki/Duncan_MacDougall_(doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan MacDougall (doctor)">Duncan MacDougall</a> sought to measure the weight lost by a human when the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> "departed the body" upon death.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacDougall weighed dying patients in an attempt to prove that the soul was material, tangible and thus measurable. Although MacDougall's results varied considerably from "21 grams", for some people this figure has become synonymous with the measure of a soul's mass.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title of the 2003 movie <i><a href="/wiki/21_Grams" title="21 Grams">21 Grams</a></i> is a reference to MacDougall's findings. His results have never been reproduced, and are generally regarded either as meaningless or considered to have had little if any scientific merit.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frank_Tipler" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Tipler">Frank Tipler</a> has argued that physics can explain immortality, although such arguments are not <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">falsifiable</a> and, in <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>'s views, they do not qualify as science.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 25 years of parapsychological research <a href="/wiki/Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Susan Blackmore</a> came to the conclusion that, according to her experiences, there is not enough <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a> for many of these cases.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediumship">Mediumship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Mediumship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mediums purportedly act as a vessel for communications from spirits in other realms. <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a> is not specific to one culture or religion; it can be identified in several belief systems, most notably <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a>. While the practice gained popularity in Europe and North America in the 19th century, evidence of mediumship dates back thousands of years in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mediums who claim to have contact with deceased people include <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Henry" title="Tyler Henry">Tyler Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Voggenhuber" title="Pascal Voggenhuber">Pascal Voggenhuber</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near_death_research">Near death research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Near death research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Near_death_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Near death experience">Near death experience</a></div> <p>Research also includes the study of the near death experience. Scientists who have worked in this area include <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Moody" title="Raymond Moody">Raymond Moody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Parnia" title="Sam Parnia">Sam Parnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sabom" title="Michael Sabom">Michael Sabom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Greyson" title="Bruce Greyson">Bruce Greyson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fenwick_(neuropsychologist)" title="Peter Fenwick (neuropsychologist)">Peter Fenwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Long" title="Jeffrey Long">Jeffrey Long</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Susan Blackmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tart" title="Charles Tart">Charles Tart</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Stevenson" title="Ian Stevenson">Ian Stevenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Persinger" title="Michael Persinger">Michael Persinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pim_van_Lommel" title="Pim van Lommel">Pim van Lommel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penny_Sartori" title="Penny Sartori">Penny Sartori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_van_Laack" title="Walter van Laack">Walter van Laack</a> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_life_regression">Past life regression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Past life regression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></div> <p><b>Past life regression</b> is a method that uses <a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">hypnosis</a> to recover what practitioners believe are <a href="/wiki/Past_life_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Past life memory">memories of past lives</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">incarnations</a>. The technique used during past-life regression involves the subject answering a series of questions while hypnotized to reveal identity and events of alleged past lives, a method similar to that used in <a href="/wiki/Recovered_memory_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Recovered memory therapy">recovered memory therapy</a> and one that, similarly, often misrepresents memory as a faithful recording of previous events rather than a constructed set of recollections. </p><p>However, medical experts and practitioners do not agree that the past life memories gained from past life regressions are truly from past lives; experts generally regard claims of recovered memories of past lives as fantasies or delusions or a type of <a href="/wiki/Confabulation" title="Confabulation">confabulation</a>, because the use of hypnosis and <a href="/wiki/Suggestive_question" title="Suggestive question">suggestive questions</a> can tend to leave the subject particularly likely to hold distorted or false memories.<sup id="cite_ref-Skepdic_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skepdic-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cordon_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordon-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_philosophy">Modern philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Modern philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a view based on the philosophical question of <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">personal identity</a>, termed <a href="/wiki/Open_individualism" title="Open individualism">open individualism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kolak" title="Daniel Kolak">Daniel Kolak</a>, that concludes that individual conscious experience is illusory, and because consciousness continues after death in all conscious beings, <i>you</i> do not die. This position has allegedly been supported by physicists such as <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain problems arise with the idea of a particular person continuing after death. <a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a>, in his argument regarding resurrection, notes that the materialist must have some sort of physical continuity.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Hick" title="John Hick">John Hick</a> also raises questions regarding personal identity in his book, <i>Death and Eternal Life</i>, using an example of a person ceasing to exist in one place while an exact replica appears in another. If the replica had all the same experiences, traits, and physical appearances of the first person, we would all attribute the same identity to the second, according to Hick.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Process_philosophy">Process philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Process philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Panentheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Panentheistic">panentheistic</a> model of <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">process philosophy</a> and theology the writers <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a> rejected the idea that the universe was made of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">substance</a>, instead saying reality is composed of living experiences (occasions of experience). According to Hartshorne people do not experience subjective (or personal) immortality in the afterlife, but they do have objective immortality because their experiences live on forever in God, who contains all that was. However other process philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/David_Ray_Griffin" title="David Ray Griffin">David Ray Griffin</a> have written that people may have subjective experience after death.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science">Science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psychological proposals for the origin of a belief in an afterlife include cognitive disposition, cultural learning, and as an intuitive religious idea.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear of death">Fear of death</a> or death anxiety is hypothesized to be a primary motivator for afterlife beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jamin Halberstadt finds that one function of religion is to alleviate death anxiety via afterlife beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There also is research about afterlife beliefs from an evolutionary perspective, i.e. in the context of <a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">group selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near_death_experiences">Near death experiences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Near death experiences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, a large-scale study conducted by the University of Southampton involving 2,060 patients from 15 hospitals in the United Kingdom, United States and Austria was launched. The AWARE (AWAreness during REsuscitation) study examined the broad range of mental experiences in relation to death. In a large study, researchers also tested the validity of conscious experiences for the first time using objective markers, to determine whether claims of awareness compatible with out-of-body experiences correspond with real or hallucinatory events.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results revealed that 40% of those who survived a cardiac arrest were aware during the time that they were clinically dead and before their hearts were restarted. One patient also had a verified out-of-body experience (over 80% of patients did not survive their cardiac arrest or were too sick to be interviewed), but his cardiac arrest occurred in a room without markers. Dr. Parnia in the interview stated, "The evidence thus far suggests that in the first few minutes after death, consciousness is not annihilated."<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AWARE study drew the following primary conclusions: </p> <ol><li>In some cases of cardiac arrest, memories of visual awareness compatible with so called out-of-body experiences may correspond with actual events.</li> <li>A number of NDErs may have vivid death experiences, but do not recall them due to the effects of brain injury or sedative drugs on memory circuits.</li> <li>The recalled experience surrounding death merits a genuine investigation without prejudice.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Studies have also been done on the widely reported phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Near_death_experiences" class="mw-redirect" title="Near death experiences">near death experiences</a> (NDE). Experiencers commonly report being transported to a different "realm" or "plane of existence" and they have been shown to display a lasting positive aftereffect on most experiencers.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_the_long_spoons" title="Allegory of the long spoons">Allegory of the long spoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brig_of_Dread" title="Brig of Dread">Brig of Dread</a> (Bridge of Dread)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">Exaltation (Mormonism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Hensler" title="Rebecca Hensler">Rebecca Hensler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mictlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mictlan">Mictlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Point" title="Omega Point">Omega Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence" title="Pre-existence">Pre-existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_flight" title="Soul flight">Soul flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_retrieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul retrieval">Soul retrieval</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spiritism_(book)" title="Spiritism (book)">Spiritism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_animation" title="Suspended animation">Suspended animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">some of the verses are: <ul><li>"... but compared with the Hereafter the life of this world is but a [trifling] enjoyment" <sup>[Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/13?startingVerse=26">13:26</a>]</sup></li> <li>" ...The life of this world is nothing but the wares of delusion." <sup>[Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=185">3:185–186</a>]</sup></li> <li>" ...Know that the life of this world is mere diversion and play, glamour and mutual vainglory among you and rivalry for wealth and children" (Q.57:20)<sup>[Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/57?startingVerse=20">57:20</a>]</sup></li> <li>" ...Seek the abode of the Hereafter by means of what Allah has given you, while not forgetting your share of this world. <sup>[Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/28?startingVerse=77">28:77</a>]</sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Last Day has a number of other names. It is also called the Encompassing Day (<i>al-yawm al-muḥīṭ</i>), more commonly known as the "<a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Day of Resurrection</a>" (<i>yawm al-qiyāma</i>), "<a href="/wiki/Day_of_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Judgment">Day of Judgment</a>" (<i>yawm ad-dīn</i>), and "Day of Reckoning" (<i>yawm al-ḥisāb</i>), as well as both the "Day of Separation" (<i>yawm al-faṣl</i>) and "Day of Gathering" (<i>yawm al-jamʿ</i>), and is also referred to as <i>as-Sāʿah</i>, meaning "the Hour" signaled by the blowing of the horn/trumpet.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"I have created the jinn and humankind only for My worship."<sup>[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/51?startingVerse=56">51:56</a>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"One should note there was a near consensus among Muslim theologians of the later periods that punishment for Muslim grave sinners would only be temporary; eventually after a purgatory sojourn in hell's top layer they would be admitted into paradise."<sup id="cite_ref-CLLHiIT2016:7_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CLLHiIT2016:7-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to that, theologians of the Kharijite and Mu'tazilite schools insisted that the "sinful" and "unrepentant" should be punished even if they were believers, but this position has been "lastingly defeated and erased" by mainstream Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-CLLHiIT2016:8_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CLLHiIT2016:8-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft News">Microsoft News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/near-death-experience-expert-says-he-s-proven-there-is-an-afterlife-without-a-doubt/ar-AA1fYNDY?ocid=winp1taskbar&cvid=ebde2a3cdba34acd8f7f9001061c6450&ei=25">Near-death experience expert says he’s proven there is an afterlife ‘without a doubt’</a>. Retrieved 1 Sept., 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAiken2000" class="citation book cs1">Aiken, Lewis R. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dyingdeathbereav0000aike_h4a8"><i>Dying, death, and bereavement</i></a></span> (4th ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-30171-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-30171-9"><bdi>0-585-30171-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45729833">45729833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying%2C+death%2C+and+bereavement&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45729833&rft.isbn=0-585-30171-9&rft.aulast=Aiken&rft.aufirst=Lewis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdyingdeathbereav0000aike_h4a8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gross1993p148-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gross1993p148_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRita_M._Gross1993" class="citation book cs1">Rita M. Gross (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhismafterpat00gros"><i>Buddhism After Patriarchy: A Feminist History, Analysis, and Reconstruction of Buddhism</i></a></span>. State University of New York Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhismafterpat00gros/page/148">148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0513-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0513-1"><bdi>978-1-4384-0513-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+After+Patriarchy%3A+A+Feminist+History%2C+Analysis%2C+and+Reconstruction+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-0513-1&rft.au=Rita+M.+Gross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhismafterpat00gros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnakwue2018" class="citation journal cs1">Anakwue, Nicholas Chukwudike (22 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25159%2F2413-3086%2F2361">"The African Origins of Greek Philosophy: Ancient Egypt in Retrospect"</a>. <i>Phronimon</i>. <b>18</b>: 167–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25159%2F2413-3086%2F2361">10.25159/2413-3086/2361</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2413-3086">2413-3086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phronimon&rft.atitle=The+African+Origins+of+Greek+Philosophy%3A+Ancient+Egypt+in+Retrospect&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=167-180&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25159%2F2413-3086%2F2361&rft.issn=2413-3086&rft.aulast=Anakwue&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Chukwudike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.25159%252F2413-3086%252F2361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClelland2018" class="citation book cs1">McClelland, Norman (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC"><i>Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 1–320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786456758" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786456758"><bdi>978-0786456758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Reincarnation+and+Karma&rft.pages=1-320&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0786456758&rft.aulast=McClelland&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS_Leq4U5ihkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper, Philip L. Quinn, <i>A Companion to Philosophy of Religion</i>. John Wiley and Sons, 2010, p. 640, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SSCx-67Tk6cC&pg=PA640">Google Books</a> For Plato, see Kamtekar 2016 and Campbell 2022. Kamtekar, Rachana. "The Soul's (After-) Life," <i>Ancient Philosophy</i> 36 (2016): 1–18. Campbell, Douglas R. "Plato's Theory of Reincarnation: Eschatology and Natural Philosophy," <i>Review of Metaphysics</i> 75 4 (2022): 643–665.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gananath Obeyesekere, <i>Imagining Karma: Ethical Transformation in Amerindian, Buddhist, and Greek Rebirth</i>. University of California Press, 2002, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitti, Philip K (2007) [1924]. <i><a href="//archive.org/details/originsofdruzepe0000hitt" class="extiw" title="iarchive:originsofdruzepe0000hitt">Origins of the Druze People and Religion, with Extracts from their Sacred Writings (New Edition)</a></i>. Columbia University Oriental Studies. <b>28</b>. London: Saqi. pp. 13–14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86356-690-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86356-690-1">0-86356-690-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Heindel" title="Max Heindel">Heindel, Max</a> (1985) [1939, 1908] <i><a href="//archive.org/details/rosicrucianchris0000hein" class="extiw" title="iarchive:rosicrucianchris0000hein">The Rosicrucian Christianity Lectures (Collected Works)</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosicrucian.com/rcl/rcleng01.htm#lecture1">The Riddle of Life and Death</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100629063357/http://www.rosicrucian.com/rcl/rcleng01.htm#lecture1">Archived</a> 29 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Oceanside, California. 4th edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911274-84-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-911274-84-7">0-911274-84-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An important recent work discussing the mutual influence of ancient Greek and Indian philosophy regarding these matters is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shape_of_Ancient_Thought" title="The Shape of Ancient Thought">The Shape of Ancient Thought</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McEvilley" title="Thomas McEvilley">Thomas McEvilley</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Heindel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosicrucian.com/zineen/death5.htm">Death and Life in Purgatory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060711223116/http://www.rosicrucian.com/zineen/death5.htm">Archived</a> 11 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosicrucian.com/zineen/death6.htm">Life and Activity in Heaven</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060711223133/http://www.rosicrucian.com/zineen/death6.htm">Archived</a> 11 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiritualresearchfoundation.org/spiritual-research/afterlife/life-after-death/">"Life After Death Revealed – What Really Happens in the Afterlife"</a>. <i>Spiritual Science Research Foundation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141042/https://www.spiritualresearchfoundation.org/spiritual-research/afterlife/life-after-death/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiritual+Science+Research+Foundation&rft.atitle=Life+After+Death+Revealed+%E2%80%93+What+Really+Happens+in+the+Afterlife&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiritualresearchfoundation.org%2Fspiritual-research%2Fafterlife%2Flife-after-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EECO_2018-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EECO_2018_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomov2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Somov, Alexey (2018). "Afterlife". In Hunter, David G.; van Geest, Paul J. J.; Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan (eds.). <i>Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00000067">10.1163/2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00000067</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2589-7993">2589-7993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afterlife&rft.btitle=Brill+Encyclopedia+of+Early+Christianity+Online&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00000067&rft.issn=2589-7993&rft.aulast=Somov&rft.aufirst=Alexey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard P. Taylor, <i>Death and the afterlife: A Cultural Encyclopedia</i>, ABC-CLIO, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87436-939-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87436-939-8">0-87436-939-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBard1999" class="citation book cs1">Bard, Katheryn (1999). <i>Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bard&rft.aufirst=Katheryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathryn Demeritt, <i>Ptah's Travels: Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt</i>, 2005, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShushan2011" class="citation book cs1">Shushan, Gregory (2011). <i>Conceptions of the Afterlife in Early Civilizations: Universalism, Constructivism and Near-Death Experience</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441130884" title="Special:BookSources/9781441130884"><bdi>9781441130884</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conceptions+of+the+Afterlife+in+Early+Civilizations%3A+Universalism%2C+Constructivism+and+Near-Death+Experience&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+Plc&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781441130884&rft.aulast=Shushan&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glennys Howarth, Oliver Leaman, <i>Encyclopedia of death and dying</i>, 2001, p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Natalie Lunis, <i>Tut's Deadly Tomb</i>, 2010, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fergus Fleming, Alan Lothian, <i>Ancient Egypt's Myths and Beliefs</i>, 2011, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706110016/http://www.meeja.com.au/articles/door-to-afterlife-found-in-egyptian-tomb">"Door to Afterlife found in Egyptian tomb"</a>. meeja.com.au. 30 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meeja.com.au/articles/door-to-afterlife-found-in-egyptian-tomb">the original</a> on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Door+to+Afterlife+found+in+Egyptian+tomb&rft.pub=meeja.com.au&rft.date=2010-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meeja.com.au%2Farticles%2Fdoor-to-afterlife-found-in-egyptian-tomb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. P. Retief and L. Cilliers, "Burial customs, the afterlife and the pollution of death in ancient Greece", <i>Acta Theologica</i> <b>26</b>(2), 2006, p. 45 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajol.info/index.php/actat/article/viewFile/52560/41166">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083809/http://www.ajol.info/index.php/actat/article/viewFile/52560/41166">Archived</a> 6 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Social Studies School Service, <i>Ancient Greece</i>, 2003, pp. 49–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry L. Westmoreland, <i>Ancient Greek Beliefs</i>, 2007, pp. 68–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Sabir, <i>Heaven Hell Or</i>, 2010, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Timaeus</i> 90–92. For a recent scholarly treatment, see Douglas R. Campbell, "Plato's Theory of Reincarnation: Eschatology and Natural Philosophy," <i>Review of Metaphysics</i> 75 (4): 643–665. 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515211313/http://www.viking-mythology.com/theNineWorlds.php">"Norse Mythology | The Nine Worlds"</a>. <i>www.viking-mythology.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viking-mythology.com/theNineWorlds.php">the original</a> on 15 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.viking-mythology.com&rft.atitle=Norse+Mythology+%7C+The+Nine+Worlds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viking-mythology.com%2FtheNineWorlds.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spangenhelm.com/folkvangr-freyjas-field-warriors/">"Fólkvangr, Freyja welcomes you to the Field of the Host"</a>. <i>Spangenhelm</i>. 20 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915104336/http://spangenhelm.com/folkvangr-freyjas-field-warriors/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spangenhelm&rft.atitle=F%C3%B3lkvangr%2C+Freyja+welcomes+you+to+the+Field+of+the+Host&rft.date=2016-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspangenhelm.com%2Ffolkvangr-freyjas-field-warriors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13563-sheol">"SHEOL - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.jewishencyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918204814/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13563-sheol">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=SHEOL+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F13563-sheol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerdichevsky201622-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerdichevsky201622_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerdichevsky2016">Berdichevsky 2016</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1938" class="citation journal cs1">Pearson, Fred (1938). "Sheol and Hades in Old and New Testament". <i>Review & Expositor</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 304–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003463733803500304">10.1177/003463733803500304</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147690674">147690674</a> – via SAGE journals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+%26+Expositor&rft.atitle=Sheol+and+Hades+in+Old+and+New+Testament&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=304-314&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F003463733803500304&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147690674%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerdichevsky2016" class="citation book cs1">Berdichevsky, Norman (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f1_TCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23"><i>Modern Hebrew: The Past and Future of a Revitalized Language</i></a>. McFarland. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2629-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2629-1"><bdi>978-1-4766-2629-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Hebrew%3A+The+Past+and+Future+of+a+Revitalized+Language&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2629-1&rft.aulast=Berdichevsky&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df1_TCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/tsa/tsa37.htm">"Tractate Sanhedrin: Interpolated Section: Those Who have no Share in the World to Come"</a>. Sacred-texts.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020131637/https://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/tsa/tsa37.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tractate+Sanhedrin%3A+Interpolated+Section%3A+Those+Who+have+no+Share+in+the+World+to+Come&rft.pub=Sacred-texts.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fjud%2Ftsa%2Ftsa37.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0011_0_10049.html">"Jehoiakim"</a>. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109045833/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0011_0_10049.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jehoiakim&rft.pub=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0011_0_10049.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perek-helek-c-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-perek-helek-c_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides' Introduction to Perek Helek, publ. and transl. by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides_Heritage_Center" title="Maimonides Heritage Center">Maimonides Heritage Center</a>, p. 22-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaull_Raphael2019" class="citation book cs1">Paull Raphael, Simcha (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ESOJDwAAQBAJ&q=maimonides+olam+haba&pg=PA178"><i>Jewish Views of the Afterlife</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 177–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538103463" title="Special:BookSources/9781538103463"><bdi>9781538103463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Views+of+the+Afterlife&rft.pages=177-180&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781538103463&rft.aulast=Paull+Raphael&rft.aufirst=Simcha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DESOJDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmaimonides%2Bolam%2Bhaba%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/06-Jewish-Thought/section-9.html">"soc.culture.jewish FAQ: Jewish Thought (6/12) Section – Question 12.8: What do Jews say happens when a person dies? Do Jews believe in reincarnation? In hell or heaven? Purgatory?"</a>. Faqs.org. 8 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212192206/http://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/06-Jewish-Thought/section-9.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=soc.culture.jewish+FAQ%3A+Jewish+Thought+%286%2F12%29+Section+%E2%80%93+Question+12.8%3A+What+do+Jews+say+happens+when+a+person+dies%3F+Do+Jews+believe+in+reincarnation%3F+In+hell+or+heaven%3F+Purgatory%3F&rft.pub=Faqs.org&rft.date=2012-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faqs.org%2Ffaqs%2Fjudaism%2FFAQ%2F06-Jewish-Thought%2Fsection-9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saadia Gaon in Emunoth ve-Deoth Section vi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-youtube.com-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mM8dn68vgD8"><span class="plainlinks">Reincarnation in the Jewish Tradition</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309003453/http://judaism.about.com/library/3_askrabbi_o/bl_simmons_reincarnation.htm">"Ask the Rabbi – Reincarnation"</a>. Judaism.about.com. 17 December 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judaism.about.com/library/3_askrabbi_o/bl_simmons_reincarnation.htm">the original</a> on 9 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ask+the+Rabbi+%E2%80%93+Reincarnation&rft.pub=Judaism.about.com&rft.date=2009-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjudaism.about.com%2Flibrary%2F3_askrabbi_o%2Fbl_simmons_reincarnation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYirmiyahu2003" class="citation web cs1">Yirmiyahu, Rabbi (12 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohr.edu/yhiy/article.php/1077">"Reincarnation " Ask! " Ohr Somayach"</a>. Ohr.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309003907/http://ohr.edu/yhiy/article.php/1077">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reincarnation+%22+Ask%21+%22+Ohr+Somayach&rft.pub=Ohr.edu&rft.date=2003-07-12&rft.aulast=Yirmiyahu&rft.aufirst=Rabbi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fohr.edu%2Fyhiy%2Farticle.php%2F1077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Buber, "Legende des Baalschem" in <i>Die Chassidischen Bücher</i>, Hellerau 1928, especially <i>Die niedergestiegene Seele</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716181413/http://www.sytekcom.com/rooster/bta-faq1.html">"Reincarnation and the Holocaust FAQ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sytekcom.com/rooster/bta-faq1.html">the original</a> on 16 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reincarnation+and+the+Holocaust+FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sytekcom.com%2Frooster%2Fbta-faq1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westhartfordnews.com/articles/2015/10/14/news/doc561ecaa6934c1312697232.txt">"Where does the soul go? New course explores spiritual existence"</a>. Middletown, CT. West Hartford News. 14 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101640/http://www.westhartfordnews.com/articles/2015/10/14/news/doc561ecaa6934c1312697232.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Where+does+the+soul+go%3F+New+course+explores+spiritual+existence&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westhartfordnews.com%2Farticles%2F2015%2F10%2F14%2Fnews%2Fdoc561ecaa6934c1312697232.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=matthew%2022:23-33;&version=47;">"Matthew 22:23–33"</a>. Biblegateway.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matthew+22%3A23%E2%80%9333&rft.pub=Biblegateway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3Dmatthew%252022%3A23-33%3B%26version%3D47%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boulaouali_147–158-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boulaouali_147–158_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boulaouali_147–158_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulaouali2022" class="citation journal cs1">Boulaouali, Tijani (3 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/kt/article/view/19851">"Biblical Eschatology and Qur'anic 'Ākhirāh: A Comparative Approach of the Concepts Afterlife, Death and the Day of Judgement"</a>. <i>Khazanah Theologia</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 147–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15575%2Fkt.v4i3.19851">10.15575/kt.v4i3.19851</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2715-9701">2715-9701</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255287161">255287161</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108124609/https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/kt/article/view/19851">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Khazanah+Theologia&rft.atitle=Biblical+Eschatology+and+Qur%27anic+%27%C4%80khir%C4%81h%3A+A+Comparative+Approach+of+the+Concepts+Afterlife%2C+Death+and+the+Day+of+Judgement&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=147-158&rft.date=2022-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255287161%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2715-9701&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15575%2Fkt.v4i3.19851&rft.aulast=Boulaouali&rft.aufirst=Tijani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.uinsgd.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fkt%2Farticle%2Fview%2F19851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John 5:24<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0839/__PXD.HTM">"The New American Bible"</a>. Vatican.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130802022938/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0839/__PXD.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+American+Bible&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0839%2F__PXD.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Emerson_Fosdick" title="Harry Emerson Fosdick">Fosdick, Harry Emerson</a>. A guide to understanding the Bible. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1956. p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/thecla.html">Acts of Paul and Thecla</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606225812/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/thecla.html">Archived</a> 6 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 8:5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He wrote that a person "may afterward in a quite different manner be very much interested in what is better, when, <i>after his departure out of the body</i>, he gains knowledge of the difference between virtue and vice and finds that he is not able to partake of divinity until he has been <i>purged of the filthy contagion in his soul by the purifying fire</i>" (emphasis added)—Sermon on the Dead, AD 382, quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.com/library/Roots_of_Purgatory.asp">The Roots of Purgatory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070527235028/http://www.catholic.com/library/Roots_of_Purgatory.asp">Archived</a> 27 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/purgatory">"purgatory"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070317200253/http://www.answers.com/topic/purgatory">Archived</a> 17 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 6 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3D%2339625">"Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, <i>A Latin Dictionary</i>"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080221225206/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3D%2339625">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charlton+T.+Lewis%2C+Charles+Short%2C+A+Latin+Dictionary&rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0059%253Aentry%253D%252339625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swedenborgdigitallibrary.org-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-swedenborgdigitallibrary.org_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-swedenborgdigitallibrary.org_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwedenborg,_E.2000" class="citation web cs1">Swedenborg, E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newchristianbiblestudy.org/exposition/translation/heaven-and-hell-dole/contents/10">"Heaven and Hell"</a>. Swedenborg Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208175232/https://newchristianbiblestudy.org/exposition/translation/heaven-and-hell-dole/contents/10">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heaven+and+Hell&rft.pub=Swedenborg+Foundation&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Swedenborg%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewchristianbiblestudy.org%2Fexposition%2Ftranslation%2Fheaven-and-hell-dole%2Fcontents%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/limbo">"limbo – definition of limbo by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia"</a>. Thefreedictionary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515065128/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/limbo">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=limbo+%E2%80%93+definition+of+limbo+by+the+Free+Online+Dictionary%2C+Thesaurus+and+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Thefreedictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Flimbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ted Campbell, Methodist Doctrine: The Essentials (Abingdon 1999), quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umportal.org/article.asp?id=5101">Feature article by <i>United Methodist Reporter</i> Managing Editor Robin Russell</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722154244/http://www.umportal.org/article.asp?id=5101">Archived</a> 22 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=4746355&content_id=%7B94F6F768-0EA6-4C1B-B6B6-0C88EC04E8A2%7D&notoc=1">FAQ Belief: What happens immediately after a person dies?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160613074435/http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=4746355&content_id=%7B94F6F768-0EA6-4C1B-B6B6-0C88EC04E8A2%7D&notoc=1">Archived</a> 13 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrew_P._Klager_2011-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_P._Klager_2011_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_P._Klager_2011_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarion-journal.com/files/new-klager-compassionate-eschatology-with-biblioklager-1.pdf#page=19">"Andrew P. Klager, "Orthodox Eschatology and St. Gregory of Nyssa's <i>De vita Moysis</i>: Transfiguration, Cosmic Unity, and Compassion," In <i>Compassionate Eschatology: The Future as Friend</i>, eds. Ted Grimsrud & Michael Hardin, 230–52 (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2011), 245"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325232147/http://www.clarion-journal.com/files/new-klager-compassionate-eschatology-with-biblioklager-1.pdf#page=19">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andrew+P.+Klager%2C+%22Orthodox+Eschatology+and+St.+Gregory+of+Nyssa%27s+De+vita+Moysis%3A+Transfiguration%2C+Cosmic+Unity%2C+and+Compassion%2C%22+In+Compassionate+Eschatology%3A+The+Future+as+Friend%2C+eds.+Ted+Grimsrud+%26+Michael+Hardin%2C+230%E2%80%9352+%28Eugene%2C+OR%3A+Wipf+%26+Stock%2C+2011%29%2C+245.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarion-journal.com%2Ffiles%2Fnew-klager-compassionate-eschatology-with-biblioklager-1.pdf%23page%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St. Isaac the Syrian, "Homily 28," In <i>The Ascetical Homilies of Saint Isaac the Syrian,</i> trans. Dana Miller (Brookline, MA: Holy Transfiguration Monastery Press, 1984), 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fr. Thomas Hopko, "Foreword," in <i>The Orthodox Church</i>, Sergius Bulgakov (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1988), xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarion-journal.com/files/new-klager-compassionate-eschatology-with-biblioklager-1.pdf#page=25">"Andrew P. Klager, "Orthodox Eschatology and St. Gregory of Nyssa's <i>De vita Moysis</i>: Transfiguration, Cosmic Unity, and Compassion," In <i>Compassionate Eschatology: The Future as Friend</i>, eds. Ted Grimsrud & Michael Hardin, 230–52 (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2011), 251"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325232147/http://www.clarion-journal.com/files/new-klager-compassionate-eschatology-with-biblioklager-1.pdf#page=25">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andrew+P.+Klager%2C+%22Orthodox+Eschatology+and+St.+Gregory+of+Nyssa%27s+De+vita+Moysis%3A+Transfiguration%2C+Cosmic+Unity%2C+and+Compassion%2C%22+In+Compassionate+Eschatology%3A+The+Future+as+Friend%2C+eds.+Ted+Grimsrud+%26+Michael+Hardin%2C+230%E2%80%9352+%28Eugene%2C+OR%3A+Wipf+%26+Stock%2C+2011%29%2C+251.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarion-journal.com%2Ffiles%2Fnew-klager-compassionate-eschatology-with-biblioklager-1.pdf%23page%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kallistos Ware, The Orthodox Church (New York: Penguin, 1997), 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulsenCookChristensen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Paulsen, David L.; Cook, Roger D.; Christensen, Kendel J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants%2C+Section+76.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fdc-testament%2Fdc%2F76%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_W._Kimball" title="Spencer W. Kimball">Spencer W. Kimball</a>: The Miracle of Forgiveness, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/true-to-the-faith/kingdoms-of-glory.p1?lang=eng">"Kingdoms of Glory"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112061937/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/true-to-the-faith/kingdoms-of-glory.p1?lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingdoms+of+Glory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Ftrue-to-the-faith%2Fkingdoms-of-glory.p1%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2011252">"Is Gehenna a Place of Fiery Torment?"</a>. <i>The Watchtower</i>: 31. 1 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231095604/http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2011252">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Brown, <i>Misquoting Muhammad</i>, 2014</a>: p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rustomji_2017-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rustomji_2017_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rustomji_2017_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRustomji2017" class="citation book cs1">Rustomji, Nerina (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5_MoDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA297">"Beauty in the Garden: Aesthetics and the <i>Wildān</i>, <i>Ghilmān</i>, and <i>Ḥūr</i>"</a>. In Günther, Sebastian; Lawson, Todd (eds.). <i>Roads to Paradise: Eschatology and Concepts of the Hereafter in Islam</i>. Islamic History and Civilization. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beauty+in+the+Garden%3A+Aesthetics+and+the+Wild%C4%81n%2C+Ghilm%C4%81n%2C+and+%E1%B8%A4%C5%ABr&rft.btitle=Roads+to+Paradise%3A+Eschatology+and+Concepts+of+the+Hereafter+in+Islam&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Islamic+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=297-307&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004333154_014&rft.issn=0929-2403&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016047258&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33315-4&rft.aulast=Rustomji&rft.aufirst=Nerina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5_MoDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dawn-houri-20-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dawn-houri-20_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/635343">"Are all 'houris' female?"</a>. <i>Dawn.com</i>. 9 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422220337/https://www.dawn.com/news/635343">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn.com&rft.atitle=Are+all+%27houris%27+female%3F&rft.date=2011-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F635343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghazālī, Iḥyāʾ, v.157, trans. Winter p.221-2; quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CLLHiIT2016" class="citation book cs1">Lange, Christian (2016). "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies". In Christian Lange (ed.). <i>Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions</i>. BRILL. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-30121-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7">10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introducing+Hell+in+Islamic+Studies&rft.btitle=Locating+Hell+in+Islamic+Traditions&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctt1w8h1w3.7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30121-4&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hughes-DoI-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hughes-DoI_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2020" class="citation web cs1">Hughes, Thomas Patrick (27 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61526/61526-h/61526-h.htm#hell">"Project Gutenberg's A Dictionary of Islam. Hell"</a>. <i>gutenberg.org/</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130194648/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61526/61526-h/61526-h.htm#hell">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gutenberg.org%2F&rft.atitle=Project+Gutenberg%27s+A+Dictionary+of+Islam.+Hell&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F61526%2F61526-h%2F61526-h.htm%23hell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ItQ-233-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ItQ-233_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaltner2011" class="citation book cs1">Kaltner, John, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CBFKDjJgh9UC&q=jahannam"><i>Introducing the Qur'an: For Today's Reader</i></a>. Fortress Press. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451411386" title="Special:BookSources/9781451411386"><bdi>9781451411386</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+Qur%27an%3A+For+Today%27s+Reader&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781451411386&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCBFKDjJgh9UC%26q%3Djahannam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ash-Shu%27ara" title="Ash-Shu'ara">Surah Ash-Shu'ara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/26?startingVerse=96">26:96-102</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fussilat" title="Fussilat">Surah Fussilat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/41?startingVerse=24">41:24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/17?startingVerse=10">17:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ETISN2009-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ETISN2009_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ETISN2009" class="citation journal cs1">Thomassen, Einar (2009). "Islamic Hell". <i>Numen</i>. <b>56</b> (2–3): 401–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852709X405062">10.1163/156852709X405062</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27793798">27793798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Islamic+Hell&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=401-416&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852709X405062&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27793798%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thomassen&rft.aufirst=Einar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ETISN2009:405-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ETISN2009:405_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ETISN2009">Thomassen, "Islamic Hell", Numen, 56, 2009</a>: p.405</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A F Klein <i>Religion Of Islam</i> Routledge 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-09954-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-09954-0">978-1-136-09954-0</a> page 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CLLHiIT2016:7-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CLLHiIT2016:7_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CLLHiIT2016">Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016</a>: p.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CLLHiIT2016:8-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CLLHiIT2016:8_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CLLHiIT2016">Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016</a>: p.8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Renard The Handy Islam Answer Book Visible Ink Press 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-578-59544-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-578-59544-0">978-1-578-59544-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Islamic_Traditions_p._12-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Islamic_Traditions_p._12_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange2016" class="citation book cs1">Lange, Christian (2016). "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies". <i>Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions</i>. BRILL. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-30121-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7">10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introducing+Hell+in+Islamic+Studies&rft.btitle=Locating+Hell+in+Islamic+Traditions&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctt1w8h1w3.7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30121-4&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirza_Tahir_Ahmad1997" class="citation book cs1">Mirza Tahir Ahmad (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iU1Yn4sSXEkC&q=elementary%20study%20of%20islam"><i>An Elementary Study of Islam</i></a>. Islam International Publications. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85372-562-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85372-562-3"><bdi>978-1-85372-562-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230123256/https://books.google.com/books?id=iU1Yn4sSXEkC&q=elementary%20study%20of%20islam#v=snippet&q=elementary%20study%20of%20islam&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Elementary+Study+of+Islam&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Islam+International+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85372-562-3&rft.au=Mirza+Tahir+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiU1Yn4sSXEkC%26q%3Delementary%2520study%2520of%2520islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibn_Al-Arabi_2006_29n,_50n,_59,_64–68,_73,_75–78,_82,_102-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Al-Arabi_2006_29n,_50n,_59,_64–68,_73,_75–78,_82,_102_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Al-Arabi2006" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Al-Arabi, Muhyiddin (2006). Angela Jaffray (ed.). <i>The Universal Tree and The Four Birds</i>. Anqa Publishing. pp. 29n, 50n, 59, 64–68, 73, 75–78, 82, 102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universal+Tree+and+The+Four+Birds&rft.pages=29n%2C+50n%2C+59%2C+64-68%2C+73%2C+75-78%2C+82%2C+102&rft.pub=Anqa+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ibn+Al-Arabi&rft.aufirst=Muhyiddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gleanings_from_the_Writings_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Gleanings from the Writings of Baháʼu'lláh">Gleanings from the Writings of Baháʼu'lláh</a>, ed. by US Baháʼí Publishing Trust, 1990, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSmith-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSmith_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSmith_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/96">"burial, "death and afterlife", evil, evil spirits, sin"</a>. <i>A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith</i>. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/96">96–97, 118–19, 135–36, 322–23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6"><bdi>978-1-85168-184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=burial%2C+%22death+and+afterlife%22%2C+evil%2C+evil+spirits%2C+sin&rft.btitle=A+concise+encyclopedia+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=96-97%2C+118-19%2C+135-36%2C+322-23&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-184-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope0000smit%2Fpage%2F96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayers2013" class="citation book cs1">Sayers, Matthew R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feeding+the+Dead%3A+Ancestor+Worship+in+Ancient+India&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2013-09-12&rft.isbn=978-0-19-989643-1&rft.aulast=Sayers&rft.aufirst=Matthew+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3AOBwiZBjRMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sayers-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sayers_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sayers_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayers2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Sayers, Matthew R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Feeding+the+ancestors%3A+ancestor+worship+in+ancient+Hinduism+and+Buddhism&rft.degree=Thesis&rft.date=2008-05&rft.aulast=Sayers&rft.aufirst=Matthew+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositories.lib.utexas.edu%2Fhandle%2F2152%2F3945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dying, Death and the Afterlife in Dharma Traditions and Western Religions (pp.29–44) Deepak Heritage Books, January 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1993" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Carl B. 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Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. p. viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-03949-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-03949-7"><bdi>978-0-585-03949-7</bdi></a>. <q>Buddhists believe in karma and rebirth, and yet they deny the existence of permanent souls.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+the+circle%3A+death+and+the+afterlife+in+Buddhism&rft.place=Carbondale&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-585-03949-7&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Carl+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebuddhistsociety.org/page/kamma-actions-and-results">"The Buddhist Society: Kamma – Actions and Results"</a>. <i>www.thebuddhistsociety.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120071730/https://www.thebuddhistsociety.org/page/kamma-actions-and-results">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thebuddhistsociety.org&rft.atitle=The+Buddhist+Society%3A+Kamma+%E2%80%93+Actions+and+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebuddhistsociety.org%2Fpage%2Fkamma-actions-and-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tusitainternational.net/zh/workings-of-kamma-rev2-chapter-iii-order-of-effect/">"ORDER OF EFFECT | Dhamma Earth 法域"</a> (in Chinese (China)). 24 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120071729/https://tusitainternational.net/zh/workings-of-kamma-rev2-chapter-iii-order-of-effect/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ORDER+OF+EFFECT+%7C+Dhamma+Earth+%E6%B3%95%E5%9F%9F&rft.date=2011-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftusitainternational.net%2Fzh%2Fworkings-of-kamma-rev2-chapter-iii-order-of-effect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/indian-religions/hinduism/hindu-concept-three-bodies-body-mind-existence/">"The Hindu Concept of Three Bodies – Body, Mind and Existence"</a>. <i>Sanskriti – Hinduism and Indian Culture Website</i>. 6 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120220631/https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/indian-religions/hinduism/hindu-concept-three-bodies-body-mind-existence/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sanskriti+%E2%80%93+Hinduism+and+Indian+Culture+Website&rft.atitle=The+Hindu+Concept+of+Three+Bodies+%E2%80%93+Body%2C+Mind+and+Existence&rft.date=2016-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskritimagazine.com%2Findian-religions%2Fhinduism%2Fhindu-concept-three-bodies-body-mind-existence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"When the body becomes weak and goes into oblivion as it were, the Atman departs, and following it, the vital breath departs ... he becomes a pure consciousness, and with this consciousness, he proceeds. His past learning and deeds as well subtle memory accompany him. Just as a worm upon reaching the tip of a blade of grass, reaches out towards another blade of grass by way of support, so also does this Jiva end this body, becomes imperceptible, and then obtains another body by way of support, and pulls itself together." – Brhadaranyaka Upanishad 4.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJhaveri" class="citation web cs1">Jhaveri, Pujya Gurudevshri Rakeshbhai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shrimadrajchandramission.org/pujya-gurudevshri/pearls-of-wisdom/death-the-awakener-2110.htm">"Death the Awakener"</a>. <i>Shrimad Rajchandra Mission Dharampur</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026171833/http://www.shrimadrajchandramission.org/pujya-gurudevshri/pearls-of-wisdom/death-the-awakener-2110.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shrimad+Rajchandra+Mission+Dharampur&rft.atitle=Death+the+Awakener&rft.aulast=Jhaveri&rft.aufirst=Pujya+Gurudevshri+Rakeshbhai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shrimadrajchandramission.org%2Fpujya-gurudevshri%2Fpearls-of-wisdom%2Fdeath-the-awakener-2110.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iuscanada.com/journal/archives/2011/j1312p52.pdf">"Concept of reincarnation in Guru Nanak's philosophy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Understanding Sikhism – the Research Journal</i>. <b>13</b> (1–2). IUS Canada: 52–9. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.iuscanada.com/journal/archives/2011/j1312p52.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Understanding+Sikhism+%E2%80%93+the+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Concept+of+reincarnation+in+Guru+Nanak%27s+philosophy&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=52-9&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iuscanada.com%2Fjournal%2Farchives%2F2011%2Fj1312p52.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">God in Sikhism</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khalsadarbar.com/PDFs/SriGuruGranthSahibJiDarpanEnglish.pdf"><i>Sentence By Sentence English Translation & Transliteration of Siri Guru Granth Sahib</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by Khalsa, Singh Sahib Sant Singh. p. 267. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720021817/http://khalsadarbar.com/PDFs/SriGuruGranthSahibJiDarpanEnglish.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sentence+By+Sentence+English+Translation+%26+Transliteration+of+Siri+Guru+Granth+Sahib&rft.pages=267&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khalsadarbar.com%2FPDFs%2FSriGuruGranthSahibJiDarpanEnglish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107165521/http://www.realsikhism.com/index.php?subaction=showfull&id=1248308791&ucat=7">"Sikhism: What happens after death?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realsikhism.com/index.php?subaction=showfull&id=1248308791&ucat=7">the original</a> on 7 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+What+happens+after+death%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realsikhism.com%2Findex.php%3Fsubaction%3Dshowfull%26id%3D1248308791%26ucat%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemmon2023" class="citation web cs1">Lemmon, Cheyenne (12 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/hachiman-japanese-god-war-mythology-symbol.html">"Hachiman, Japanese God of War | History & Symbol"</a>. <i>Study.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030140229/https://study.com/academy/lesson/hachiman-japanese-god-war-mythology-symbol.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Study.com&rft.atitle=Hachiman%2C+Japanese+God+of+War+%7C+History+%26+Symbol&rft.date=2023-02-12&rft.aulast=Lemmon&rft.aufirst=Cheyenne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Fhachiman-japanese-god-war-mythology-symbol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossbach2019" class="citation book cs1">Rossbach, Stefan (7 August 2019) [1999]. <i>Gnostic Wars</i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474472180" title="Special:BookSources/9781474472180"><bdi>9781474472180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnostic+Wars&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2019-08-07&rft.isbn=9781474472180&rft.aulast=Rossbach&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Mark2019" class="citation web cs1">J. Mark, Joshua (2 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Cathars/">"Cathars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220923052100/https://www.worldhistory.org/Cathars/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cathars&rft.pub=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft.aulast=J.+Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FCathars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsays2015" class="citation web cs1">says, Ōmiya Hachiman-Schrein| Ways to Japan (16 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thomasgittel.wordpress.com/2015/07/16/omiya-hachiman-shrine-%e5%a4%a7%e5%ae%ae%e5%85%ab%e5%b9%a1%e5%ae%ae-engl/">"Ōmiya Hachiman-Shrine (大宮八幡宮) (Engl.)"</a>. <i>Ways to Japan</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030140230/https://thomasgittel.wordpress.com/2015/07/16/omiya-hachiman-shrine-%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%AE%E5%85%AB%E5%B9%A1%E5%AE%AE-engl/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ways+to+Japan&rft.atitle=%C5%8Cmiya+Hachiman-Shrine+%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%AE%E5%85%AB%E5%B9%A1%E5%AE%AE%29+%28Engl.%29&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft.aulast=says&rft.aufirst=%C5%8Cmiya+Hachiman-Schrein%7C+Ways+to+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthomasgittel.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F07%2F16%2Fomiya-hachiman-shrine-%25e5%25a4%25a7%25e5%25ae%25ae%25e5%2585%25ab%25e5%25b9%25a1%25e5%25ae%25ae-engl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1918" class="citation book cs1">Hill, J. Arthur (1918). <i>Spiritualism - Its History, Phenomena, And Doctrine</i>. London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne: Cassell and Company, Ltd. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4067-0162-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4067-0162-9"><bdi>1-4067-0162-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritualism+-+Its+History%2C+Phenomena%2C+And+Doctrine&rft.place=London%2C+New+York%2C+Toronto+and+Melbourne&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Cassell+and+Company%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1918&rft.isbn=1-4067-0162-9&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=J.+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">Melton, J. Gordon</a>, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofoc0002unse_h4m2/page/1463/mode/1up"><i>Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology</i></a>. Vol. 2 (5th ed.). US: Gale Group. p. 1463. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810394898" title="Special:BookSources/0810394898"><bdi>0810394898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Occultism+%26+Parapsychology&rft.place=US&rft.pages=1463&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0810394898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofoc0002unse_h4m2%2Fpage%2F1463%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong1997" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Eva (1997). <i>The Shambhala guide to Taoism</i> (First ed.). Boston: Shambhala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1570621691" title="Special:BookSources/1570621691"><bdi>1570621691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shambhala+guide+to+Taoism&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1570621691&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1992" class="citation book cs1">Bond, George C. (1992). "Living with Spirits: Death and Afterlife in African Religions". In Obayashi, Hiroshi (ed.). <i>Death and Afterlife: Perspectives of World Religions</i>. New York: Greenwood Press. pp. 3–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27906-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27906-5"><bdi>978-0-313-27906-5</bdi></a>. <q>The entire process of death and burial is simple, without elaborate rituals and beliefs in an afterlife. The social and spiritual existence of the person ends with the burial of the corpse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Living+with+Spirits%3A+Death+and+Afterlife+in+African+Religions&rft.btitle=Death+and+Afterlife%3A+Perspectives+of+World+Religions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3-18&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-313-27906-5&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1992" class="citation book cs1">Bond, George C. (1992). "Living with Spirits: Death and Afterlife in African Religions". In Obayashi, Hiroshi (ed.). <i>Death and Afterlife: Perspectives of World Religions</i>. New York: Greenwood Press. pp. 3–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27906-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27906-5"><bdi>978-0-313-27906-5</bdi></a>. <q>The belief in the ancestors remains a strong and active spiritual and moral force in the daily lives of the Yombe; the ancestors are thought to intervene in the affairs of the living.... The afterlife is this world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Living+with+Spirits%3A+Death+and+Afterlife+in+African+Religions&rft.btitle=Death+and+Afterlife%3A+Perspectives+of+World+Religions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3-18&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-313-27906-5&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottliebGrahamGottlieb-Graham1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gottlieb, Alma; Graham, Philip; Gottlieb-Graham, Nathaniel (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218175427/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a12b/7183cff1ee6eba57710ad30325152762e481.pdf">"Infants, Ancestors, and the Afterlife: Fieldwork's Family Values in Rural West Africa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anthropology and Humanism</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fahu.1998.23.2.121">10.1525/ahu.1998.23.2.121</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154032549">154032549</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a12b/7183cff1ee6eba57710ad30325152762e481.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 February 2020. <q>But Kokora Kouassi, an old friend and respected Master of the Earth in the village of Asagbé, came to our compound early one morning to describe the dream he had just had: he had been visited by the revered and ancient founder of his matriclan, Denju, who confided that Nathaniel was his reincarnation and so should be given his name. The following morning a small ritual was held, and Nathaniel was officially announced to the world not only as Denju but as N'zri Denju—Grandfather Denju—an honorific that came to be used even by Nathaniel's closest playing companions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+and+Humanism&rft.atitle=Infants%2C+Ancestors%2C+and+the+Afterlife%3A+Fieldwork%27s+Family+Values+in+Rural+West+Africa&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fahu.1998.23.2.121&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154032549%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gottlieb&rft.aufirst=Alma&rft.au=Graham%2C+Philip&rft.au=Gottlieb-Graham%2C+Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2Fa12b%2F7183cff1ee6eba57710ad30325152762e481.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opoku-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Opoku_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opoku_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpoku1987" class="citation book cs1">Opoku, Kofi Asare (1987). "Death and Immortality in the African Religious Heritage". In Badham, Paul; Badham, Linda (eds.). <i>Death and Immortality in the Religions of the World</i>. New York: Paragon House. pp. 9–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913757-54-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913757-54-3"><bdi>978-0-913757-54-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25695134M">25695134M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Death+and+Immortality+in+the+African+Religious+Heritage&rft.btitle=Death+and+Immortality+in+the+Religions+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9-23&rft.pub=Paragon+House&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25695134M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-913757-54-3&rft.aulast=Opoku&rft.aufirst=Kofi+Asare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1992" class="citation book cs1">Bond, George C. (1992). "Living with Spirits: Death and Afterlife in African Religions". In Obayashi, Hiroshi (ed.). <i>Death and Afterlife: Perspectives of World Religions</i>. New York: Greenwood Press. pp. 3–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27906-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27906-5"><bdi>978-0-313-27906-5</bdi></a>. <q>The process of being born, dying, and moving to a lower level of earth continues through ten lives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Living+with+Spirits%3A+Death+and+Afterlife+in+African+Religions&rft.btitle=Death+and+Afterlife%3A+Perspectives+of+World+Religions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3-18&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-313-27906-5&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1992" class="citation book cs1">Bond, George C. (1992). "Living with Spirits: Death and Afterlife in African Religions". In Obayashi, Hiroshi (ed.). <i>Death and Afterlife: Perspectives of World Religions</i>. New York: Greenwood Press. pp. 3–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27906-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27906-5"><bdi>978-0-313-27906-5</bdi></a>. <q>The ancestors are of people, whereas God is external to creation. They are of this world and close to the living. The Yombe believe that the afterlife of the ancestors lies in this world and that they are a spiritual and moral force within it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Living+with+Spirits%3A+Death+and+Afterlife+in+African+Religions&rft.btitle=Death+and+Afterlife%3A+Perspectives+of+World+Religions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3-18&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-313-27906-5&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1992" class="citation book cs1">Bond, George C. (1992). "Living with Spirits: Death and Afterlife in African Religions". In Obayashi, Hiroshi (ed.). <i>Death and Afterlife: Perspectives of World Religions</i>. New York: Greenwood Press. pp. 3–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27906-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27906-5"><bdi>978-0-313-27906-5</bdi></a>. <q>Death represents a transition from corporeal to incorporeal life in the religious heritage of Africa and the incorporeal life is taken to be as real as the corporeal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Living+with+Spirits%3A+Death+and+Afterlife+in+African+Religions&rft.btitle=Death+and+Afterlife%3A+Perspectives+of+World+Religions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3-18&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-313-27906-5&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEphirim-Donkor2012" class="citation book cs1">Ephirim-Donkor, Anthony (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ndxOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA26"><i>African Religion Defined a Systematic Study of Ancestor Worship among the Akan</i></a> (2nd ed.). Lanham: University Press of America. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-6058-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-6058-7"><bdi>978-0-7618-6058-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Religion+Defined+a+Systematic+Study+of+Ancestor+Worship+among+the+Akan.&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=26&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-6058-7&rft.aulast=Ephirim-Donkor&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DndxOAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond2004" class="citation web cs1">Bond, Jon (13 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106125811/http://en.allexperts.com/q/Unitarians-945/unitarian-view-afterlife.htm">"Unitarians: unitarian view of afterlife, unitarian universalist association uua, unitarian universalist association"</a>. En.allexperts.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.allexperts.com/q/Unitarians-945/unitarian-view-afterlife.htm">the original</a> on 6 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unitarians%3A+unitarian+view+of+afterlife%2C+unitarian+universalist+association+uua%2C+unitarian+universalist+association&rft.pub=En.allexperts.com&rft.date=2004-06-13&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.allexperts.com%2Fq%2FUnitarians-945%2Funitarian-view-afterlife.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark W. Harris (2009). <i>The A to Z of Unitarian Universalism</i>. p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robyn E. Lebron (2012). <i>Searching for Spiritual Unity ... Can There Be Common Ground?</i> p. 582,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Solitary Wicca For Life: Complete Guide to Mastering the Craft on Your Own</i> p. 162, Arin Murphy-Hiscock (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHintze2017" class="citation cs2">Hintze, Almut (18 May 2017), Moreman, Christopher M. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317528883/chapters/10.4324/9781315723747-10">"Zoroastrian afterlife beliefs and funerary practices"</a>, <i>The Routledge Companion to Death and Dying</i> (1 ed.), Routledge, pp. 86–97, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315723747-10">10.4324/9781315723747-10</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-72374-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-72374-7"><bdi>978-1-315-72374-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Death+and+Dying&rft.atitle=Zoroastrian+afterlife+beliefs+and+funerary+practices&rft.pages=86-97&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315723747-10&rft.isbn=978-1-315-72374-7&rft.aulast=Hintze&rft.aufirst=Almut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9781317528883%2Fchapters%2F10.4324%2F9781315723747-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Fontana (2005): Is there an afterlife. A comprehensive overview of the evidence.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2005" class="citation book cs1">Roach, Mary (2005). <i>Spook – Science Tackles the Afterlife</i>. W. W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05962-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05962-5"><bdi>978-0-393-05962-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spook+%E2%80%93+Science+Tackles+the+Afterlife&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05962-5&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/religion/soulweight.asp">Urban Legends</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140630064537/http://www.snopes.com/religion/soulweight.asp">Archived</a> 30 June 2014 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> – Reference Page (Soul man).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2010" class="citation book cs1">Park, Robert Ezra (2010). <i>Superstition: Belief in the Age of Science</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14597-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14597-6"><bdi>978-0-691-14597-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superstition%3A+Belief+in+the+Age+of+Science&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14597-6&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Robert+Ezra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTipler1997" class="citation book cs1">Tipler, Franl J. (1997). <i>The Physics of Immortality – Modern Cosmology, God and the Resurrection of the Dead</i>. Anchor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-46799-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-46799-5"><bdi>978-0-385-46799-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physics+of+Immortality+%E2%80%93+Modern+Cosmology%2C+God+and+the+Resurrection+of+the+Dead&rft.pub=Anchor&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-385-46799-5&rft.aulast=Tipler&rft.aufirst=Franl+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.susanblackmore.co.uk/Chapters/Kurtz.htm">"Skeptical Odysseys: Personal Accounts by the World's Leading Paranormal Inquirers pp. 85–94"</a>. Susanblackmore.co.uk. 25 March 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140406225824/http://www.susanblackmore.co.uk/Chapters/Kurtz.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skeptical+Odysseys%3A+Personal+Accounts+by+the+World%27s+Leading+Paranormal+Inquirers+pp.+85%E2%80%9394&rft.pub=Susanblackmore.co.uk&rft.date=2002-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.susanblackmore.co.uk%2FChapters%2FKurtz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtz2001" class="citation book cs1">Kurtz, Paul (2001). <i>Skeptical Odysseys: Personal Accounts by the World's Leading Paranormal Inquirers</i>. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-884-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-884-7"><bdi>978-1-57392-884-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skeptical+Odysseys%3A+Personal+Accounts+by+the+World%27s+Leading+Paranormal+Inquirers&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57392-884-7&rft.aulast=Kurtz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">David Marks</a>. (2000). <i>The Psychology of the Psychic</i>. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-798-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-798-7">978-1-57392-798-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicola Holt, Christine Simmonds-Moore, David Luke, <a href="/wiki/Chris_French" title="Chris French">Christopher French</a>. (2012). <i>Anomalistic Psychology (Palgrave Insights in Psychology)</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30150-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30150-4">978-0-230-30150-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Millais_Culpin" title="Millais Culpin">Millais Culpin</a>. (1920). <i>Spiritualism and the New Psychology, an Explanation of Spiritualist Phenomena and Beliefs in Terms of Modern Knowledge</i>. Kennelly Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4460-5651-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4460-5651-6">978-1-4460-5651-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://profezie3m.altervista.org/archivio/TheLancet_NDE.htm">"Near-death experience in survivors of cardiac arrest: a prospective study in the Netherlands"</a>. Profezie3m.altervista.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140713092829/http://profezie3m.altervista.org/archivio/TheLancet_NDE.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Near-death+experience+in+survivors+of+cardiac+arrest%3A+a+prospective+study+in+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=Profezie3m.altervista.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprofezie3m.altervista.org%2Farchivio%2FTheLancet_NDE.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7463606.stm">"Nurse writes book on near-death"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 19 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090331144411/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7463606.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nurse+writes+book+on+near-death&rft.date=2008-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2F7463606.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skepdic-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skepdic_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll_RT2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll" title="Robert Todd Carroll">Carroll RT</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary"><i>The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions</i></a>. New York: Wiley. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6FPqDFx40vYC&pg=PA276">276–7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27242-7"><bdi>978-0-471-27242-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Skeptic%27s+Dictionary%3A+A+Collection+of+Strange+Beliefs%2C+Amusing+Deceptions%2C+and+Dangerous+Delusions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=276-7&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-471-27242-7&rft.au=Carroll+RT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cordon-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cordon_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordón_LA2005" class="citation book cs1">Cordón LA (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularpsycholog0000cord/page/183"><i>Popular Psychology: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Westport, Conn.: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularpsycholog0000cord/page/183">183–5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32457-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32457-4"><bdi>978-0-313-32457-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Psychology%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=183-5&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32457-4&rft.au=Cord%C3%B3n+LA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopularpsycholog0000cord%2Fpage%2F183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinseShermer2002" class="citation book cs1">Linse P, Shermer M (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr4snwg7iaEC&pg=PA206"><i>The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</i></a>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. 206–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-653-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-653-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-653-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230123318/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr4snwg7iaEC&pg=PA206">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Skeptic+Encyclopedia+of+Pseudoscience&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=206-7&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-653-8&rft.aulast=Linse&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Shermer%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGr4snwg7iaEC%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolak2005" class="citation book cs1">Kolak, Daniel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-1-4020-3014-7"><i>I Am You: The Metaphysical Foundations for Global Ethics</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-2999-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-2999-8"><bdi>978-1-4020-2999-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Am+You%3A+The+Metaphysical+Foundations+for+Global+Ethics&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-2999-8&rft.aulast=Kolak&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspringer_10.1007-978-1-4020-3014-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_van_Inwagen" class="citation web cs1">Peter van Inwagen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610012631/http://philosophy.nd.edu/people/all/profiles/van-inwagen-peter/documents/Resurrection.doc">"I Look for the Resurrection of the Dead and the Life of the World to Come"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophy.nd.edu/people/all/profiles/van-inwagen-peter/documents/Resurrection.doc">the original</a> on 10 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+Look+for+the+Resurrection+of+the+Dead+and+the+Life+of+the+World+to+Come&rft.au=Peter+van+Inwagen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilosophy.nd.edu%2Fpeople%2Fall%2Fprofiles%2Fvan-inwagen-peter%2Fdocuments%2FResurrection.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHick1994" class="citation book cs1">Hick, John (1994). <i>Death and eternal life</i>. Westminster/J. Knox Press. pp. 279–294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25509-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25509-1"><bdi>978-0-664-25509-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/878755693">878755693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+eternal+life&rft.pages=279-294&rft.pub=Westminster%2FJ.+Knox+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F878755693&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25509-1&rft.aulast=Hick&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Hartshorne, Omnipotence and Other Theological Mistakes (Albany: State University of New York, 1984) p. 32–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Griffin, "The Possibility of Subjective Immortality in Whitehead's Philosophy," in The Modern Schoolman, LIII, November. 1975, pp. 39–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=3040&C=2598">What Is Process Theology? by Robert B. Mellert</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130109062948/http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=3040&C=2598">Archived</a> 9 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=2736&C=2480">A Whiteheadian Conception of Immortality by Forrest Wood, Jr.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111205005800/http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=2736&C=2480">Archived</a> 5 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereiraFaíscade_Sá-Saraiva2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pereira, Vera; Faísca, Luís; de Sá-Saraiva, Rodrigo (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sapientia.ualg.pt/bitstream/10400.1/4894/1/Immortality%20of%20the%20soul%20as%20an%20intuitive%20idea.%20Towards%20a%20psychological%20explanation%20of%20the%20origins%20of%20afterlife%20beliefs.pdf">"Immortality of the Soul as an Intuitive Idea: Towards a Psychological Explanation of the Origins of Afterlife Beliefs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Cognition and Culture</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853712X633956">10.1163/156853712X633956</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10400.1%2F4894">10400.1/4894</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://sapientia.ualg.pt/bitstream/10400.1/4894/1/Immortality%20of%20the%20soul%20as%20an%20intuitive%20idea.%20Towards%20a%20psychological%20explanation%20of%20the%20origins%20of%20afterlife%20beliefs.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cognition+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Immortality+of+the+Soul+as+an+Intuitive+Idea%3A+Towards+a+Psychological+Explanation+of+the+Origins+of+Afterlife+Beliefs&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10400.1%2F4894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853712X633956&rft.aulast=Pereira&rft.aufirst=Vera&rft.au=Fa%C3%ADsca%2C+Lu%C3%ADs&rft.au=de+S%C3%A1-Saraiva%2C+Rodrigo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsapientia.ualg.pt%2Fbitstream%2F10400.1%2F4894%2F1%2FImmortality%2520of%2520the%2520soul%2520as%2520an%2520intuitive%2520idea.%2520Towards%2520a%2520psychological%2520explanation%2520of%2520the%2520origins%2520of%2520afterlife%2520beliefs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJong2021" class="citation journal cs1">Jong, Jonathan (1 August 2021). "Death anxiety and religion". <i>Current Opinion in Psychology</i>. <b>40</b>: 40–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.copsyc.2020.08.004">10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.08.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-250X">2352-250X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Death+anxiety+and+religion&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=40-44&rft.date=2021-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.copsyc.2020.08.004&rft.issn=2352-250X&rft.aulast=Jong&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongRossPhilipChang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jong, Jonathan; Ross, Robert; Philip, Tristan; Chang, Si-Hua; Simons, Naomi; Halberstadt, Jamin (2 January 2018). 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Tauris and Cornell University Press, 2015.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerdichevsky2014" class="citation book cs1">Berdichevsky, Norman (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f1_TCwAAQBAJ"><i>Modern Hebrew: The Past and Future of a Revitalized Language</i></a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47662-629-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47662-629-1"><bdi>978-1-47662-629-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Hebrew%3A+The+Past+and+Future+of+a+Revitalized+Language&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-47662-629-1&rft.aulast=Berdichevsky&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df1_TCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="JACBMM2014" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Jonathan A.C. 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"Plato's Theory of Reincarnation: Eschatology and Natural Philosophy," <i>Review of Metaphysics</i> 75 (4): 643–665. 2022.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Cohn-Sherbok" title="Dan Cohn-Sherbok">Dan Cohn-Sherbok</a> and Christopher Lewis, (eds.), <i>Beyond Death: Theological and Philosophical Reflections on Life after Death</i>, Pelgrave-MacMillan, 1995.</li> <li>David Fontana, <i>Is there an afterlife: a comprehensive overview of the evidence</i>, O Books 2005.</li> <li>Jane Idelman Smith and Yazbeck Haddad, <i>The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection</i>. Oxford UP, 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Martin_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Martin (philosopher)">Michael Martin</a> and Keith Augustine (eds.), <i>The Myth of an Afterlife: The Case against Life After Death</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8677-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8677-3">978-0-8108-8677-3</a>.</li> <li>John J. McGraw, <i>Brain & Belief: An Exploration of the Human Soul</i>, Aegis Press, 2004.</li> <li>Mark Mirabello, <i>A Traveler's Guide to the Afterlife: Traditions and Beliefs on Death, Dying, and What Lies Beyond</i>, Inner Traditions. 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62055-597-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62055-597-2">978-1-62055-597-2</a></li> <li>Christopher M. Moreman, <i>Beyond the Threshold: Afterlife Beliefs and Experiences in World Religions</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, 2008.</li> <li>Robert A. Morey, <i>Death and the Afterlife</i>, Minneapolis, Minn.: Bethany House Publishers, 1984. 315 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87123-433-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87123-433-5">0-87123-433-5</a></li> <li>Hiroshi Obayashi (ed.), <i>Death and Afterlife: Perspectives of World Religions</i>, Praeger, 1991.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatzinger1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ratzinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Ratzinger">Ratzinger, Joseph</a> (1988) [1977]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BH_pDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67">"Part II: Death and Immortality – The Individual Dimension of Eschatology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eschatology:_Death_and_Eternal_Life" title="Eschatology: Death and Eternal Life">Eschatology: Death and Eternal Life</a></i> (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_University_of_America_Press" title="The Catholic University of America Press">The Catholic University of America Press</a>. pp. 67–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813216447" title="Special:BookSources/9780813216447"><bdi>9780813216447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II%3A+Death+and+Immortality+%E2%80%93+The+Individual+Dimension+of+Eschatology&rft.btitle=Eschatology%3A+Death+and+Eternal+Life&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=67-163&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780813216447&rft.aulast=Ratzinger&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBH_pDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_F._Segal" title="Alan F. Segal">Alan F. Segal</a>, <i>Life After Death: A History of the Afterlife in Western Religion</i>, Doubleday, 2004.</li> <li>Gregory Shushan, <i>Conceptions of the Afterlife in Early Civilizations: Universalism, Constructivism and Near-Death Experience</i>, New York & London, Continuum, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4073-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4073-0">978-0-8264-4073-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/19082">The Destiny of the Soul: A Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span> (Extensive 1878 text by <a href="/wiki/William_Rounseville_Alger" title="William Rounseville Alger">William Rounseville Alger</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings2023" class="citation book cs1">Jennings, Ken (2023). <i>100 Places to See After You Die: A Travel Guide to the Afterlife</i>. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501131585" title="Special:BookSources/9781501131585"><bdi>9781501131585</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1347430851">1347430851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Places+to+See+After+You+Die%3A+A+Travel+Guide+to+the+Afterlife&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1347430851&rft.isbn=9781501131585&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afterlife&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Afterlife" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Afterlife">Afterlife</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Afterlife" class="extiw" title="q:Afterlife">Afterlife</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/afterlife" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:afterlife">afterlife</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hereafter" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hereafter">hereafter</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasker" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hasker, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/afterlife/">"Afterlife"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afterlife&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Hasker&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fafterlife%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfterlife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive-ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a12.htm">Vatican.va: Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islam-guide.com/life-after-deaty-by-wamy.htm">Islamic Guide: Life After Death</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewfaq.org/olamhaba.htm">Judaism 101: Olam Ha-Ba: The Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Salmond" title="Stewart Salmond">Stewart Salmond</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christiandoctri04salmgoog"><i>Christian Doctrine of Immortality</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311081839/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-76"><i>Dictionary of the History of Ideas</i>: "Death and Immortality"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newchristianbiblestudy.org/exposition/translation/heaven-and-hell-dole/contents/10">Online searchable edition of Swedenborg's <i>Heaven and Hell</i></a> (Swedenborg Foundation 2000)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23935">Collection: Heaven, Hell, and Afterlives</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Art" title="University of Michigan Museum of Art">University of Michigan Museum of Art</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_an_afterlife" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_an_afterlife" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to an afterlife</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Afterlife_locations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afterlife" title="Template:Afterlife"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afterlife" title="Template talk:Afterlife"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afterlife" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afterlife"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Afterlife_locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afterlife</a> locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic<br />religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden#Other_views" title="Garden of Eden">Gan Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gehinnom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gehinnom">Gehinnom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_heavens" title="Seven heavens">Seven heavens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Heaven" title="Third Heaven">Third Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_God" title="Throne of God">Throne of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">Limbo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearly_gates" title="Pearly gates">Pearly gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades" title="Christian views on Hades">Hades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araf_(Islam)" title="Araf (Islam)">Araf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sir%C4%81t" title="As-Sirāt">As-Sirāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzakh" title="Barzakh">Barzakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakut" title="Malakut">Malakut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntaha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory#Celestial_kingdom" title="Degrees of glory">Celestial Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory#Terrestrial_kingdom" title="Degrees of glory">Terrestrial Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory#Telestial_kingdom" title="Degrees of glory">Telestial Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)">Spirit world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">European<br />mythologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Otherworld" title="Celtic Otherworld">Otherworld</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annwn" title="Annwn">Annwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_na_n%C3%93g" title="Tír na nÓg">Tír na nÓg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mag_Mell" title="Mag Mell">Mag Mell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donn" title="Donn">Tech Duinn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Finnic_mythologies" title="Finnic mythologies">Finnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuonela" title="Tuonela">Tuonela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorxnawang" title="Neorxnawang">Neorxnawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giml%C3%A9" title="Gimlé">Gimlé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphodel_Meadows" title="Asphodel Meadows">Asphodel Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Er" title="Myth of Er">Myth of Er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empyrean" title="Empyrean">Empyrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Isles" title="Fortunate Isles">Fortunate Isles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iriy" title="Iriy">Iriy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav_(Slavic_folklore)" title="Nav (Slavic folklore)">Nav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyraj">Vyraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern/Asian<br />religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desire_realm" title="Desire realm">Desire Realm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Pretaloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81ma" title="Yāma">Yāma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology#Form_Realm_(Rūpadhātu)" title="Buddhist cosmology">Form Realm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā worlds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology#Formless_Realm_(Ārūpyadhātu_आरूपधातु)" title="Buddhist cosmology">Formless Realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">Pure land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhavati" title="Sukhavati">Sukhavati</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loka" title="Loka">14 planetary systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Ādi Śeṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">Svarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Hinduism)" title="Naraka (Hinduism)">Naraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshardham_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshardham (religion)">Akshardham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jainism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trilok_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilok (Jainism)">Three Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology#Urdhva_Loka,_the_upper_world" title="Jain cosmology">Urdhva Loka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology#Madhya_Loka,_the_middle_world" title="Jain cosmology">Madhya Loka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">Adho Loka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sach_Khand" title="Sach Khand">Sach Khand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotto-heavens" title="Grotto-heavens">Grotto-heavens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">Diyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youdu" title="Youdu">Youdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Japanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yomi" title="Yomi">Yomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamistagan" title="Hamistagan">Hamistagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%A7mag" title="Uçmag">Uçmag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamag" title="Tamag">Tamağ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mictl%C4%81n" title="Mictlān">Mictlān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamoanchan" title="Tamoanchan">Tamoanchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Heavens" title="Thirteen Heavens">Thirteen Heavens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tl%C4%81l%C5%8Dc%C4%81n" title="Tlālōcān">Tlālōcān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xibalba" title="Xibalba">Xibalba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hunting_ground" title="Happy hunting ground">Happy hunting ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Tupi_people" title="Tupi people">Tupi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Land without evil</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Summerland#Summerland_in_Wicca" title="The Summerland">The Summerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Summerland#Summerland_in_Theosophy" title="The Summerland">Summerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devachan" title="Devachan">Devachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion#Mythology" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaru" title="Aaru">Aaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plane_(esotericism)" title="Plane (esotericism)">Existential planes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guf" title="Guf">Guf</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Mythological places</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">Otherworld</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spirits_in_prison" title="Spirits in prison">Spirits in prison</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">Utopianism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Souls" title="Well of Souls">Well of Souls</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li>or <a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">religious belief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />of religion</a></div><br />(by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />1990<br />2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophy of religion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Death" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death" title="Template:Death"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death" title="Template talk:Death"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cell_death" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_necrosis" title="Temporal lobe necrosis">Temporal lobe necrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activation-induced_cell_death" title="Activation-induced cell death">AICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoikis" title="Anoikis">Anoikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">Autophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_apoptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic apoptosis">Intrinsic apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">Necroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraptosis" title="Paraptosis">Paraptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthanatos" title="Parthanatos">Parthanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoptosis" title="Phenoptosis">Phenoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoapoptosis" title="Pseudoapoptosis">Pseudoapoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroptosis" title="Pyroptosis">Pyroptosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">Autolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoschizis" title="Autoschizis">Autoschizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">Eschar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogenic_cell_death" title="Immunogenic cell death">Immunogenic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cell_death" title="Ischemic cell death">Ischemic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophe" title="Mitotic catastrophe">Mitotic catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_gene" title="Suicide gene">Suicide gene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">Accidental death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">Brainstem death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">Clinical death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_on_arrival" title="Dead on arrival">DOA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Death by natural causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_sign" title="Lazarus sign">Lazarus sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_syndrome" title="Lazarus syndrome">Lazarus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death#Medical_declaration" title="Legal death">Medical declaration of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">Terminal illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Unnatural death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Death-related_lists" title="Category:Death-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">Causes of death by rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deaths_by_year" title="Lists of deaths by year">Notable deaths by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">Expressions related to death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" title="Lists of people by cause of death">People by cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">Premature obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unusual deaths">Unusual deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_dishonor_the_dead" title="List of ways people dishonor the dead">List of ways people dishonor the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_honor_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ways people honor the dead">List of ways people honor the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_effect" title="Birthday effect">Birthday effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">Maternal mortality in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromort" title="Micromort">Micromort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk_adjusted_mortality_rate" title="Risk adjusted mortality rate">RAMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Body</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropreservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropreservation">Neuropreservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">Maceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">Disposal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(body_disposal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)">Resomation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beating_heart_cadaver" title="Beating heart cadaver">Beating heart cadaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_donation" title="Body donation">Body donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaveric_spasm" title="Cadaveric spasm">Cadaveric spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">Dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmortem_caloricity" title="Postmortem caloricity">Postmortem caloricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_interval" title="Post-mortem interval">Post-mortem interval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other aspects</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">Carrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_customs" title="Category:Death customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_midwife" title="Death midwife">Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">Mourning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_mourning" title="Online mourning">Online mourning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">Obituary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">Palingenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paranormal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reincarnation_research" title="Template:Reincarnation research">Reincarnation research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">Cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">Death certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Declared death <i>in absentia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">Inquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_dying" title="Prohibition of dying">Prohibition of dying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death tech (page does not exist)">Death tech</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Tech" class="extiw" title="pt:Death Tech">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">Funeral director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Necrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostratinomy" title="Biostratinomy">Biostratinomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatology" title="Thanatology">Thanatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_burial_money" title="Chinese burial money">Chinese burial money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_for_the_dead" title="Coins for the dead">Coins for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">Death anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personification of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Death camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">Death from laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_hoax" title="Death hoax">Death hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_messenger" title="Death messenger">Death messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_notification" title="Death notification">Death notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_panel" title="Death panel">Death panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonic_death_pose" title="Opisthotonic death pose">Death pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-positive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-positive movement">Death-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_death" title="Dignified death">Dignified death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_death" title="Hierarchy of death">Hierarchy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Death" title="Museum of Death">Museum of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophobia" title="Necrophobia">Necrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_death" title="Philosophy of death">Philosophy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanabot (page does not exist)">Thanabot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief_bot" class="extiw" title="ca:Grief bot">ca</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatosensitivity" title="Thanatosensitivity">Thanatosensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Death" title="Category:Death">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_death" title="Outline of death">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theology" title="Template:Theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theology" title="Template talk:Theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a 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