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<li id="toc-1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1946" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1946"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1946</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1946-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1947" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1947"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1947</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1947-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1948" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1948"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1948</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1948-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Third Czechoslovak Republic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechoslowakische_Republik_(1945-1948)" title="Tschechoslowakische Republik (1945-1948) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tschechoslowakische Republik (1945-1948)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="الجمهورية التشيكوسلوفاكية الثالثة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجمهورية التشيكوسلوفاكية الثالثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-sa%E2%81%BF_Cheskoslovakia_Ki%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4-kok" title="Tē-saⁿ Cheskoslovakia Kiōng-hô-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-saⁿ Cheskoslovakia Kiōng-hô-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Rep%C3%BAblica_Txecoslovaca" title="Tercera República Txecoslovaca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tercera República Txecoslovaca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%99et%C3%AD_%C4%8Ceskoslovensk%C3%A1_republika" title="Třetí Československá republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Třetí Československá republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dritte_Tschechoslowakische_Republik" title="Dritte Tschechoslowakische Republik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dritte Tschechoslowakische Republik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Rep%C3%BAblica_checoslovaca" title="Tercera República checoslovaca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tercera República checoslovaca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txekoslovakiako_Hirugarren_Errepublika" title="Txekoslovakiako Hirugarren Errepublika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txekoslovakiako Hirugarren Errepublika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="سومین جمهوری چکسلواکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سومین جمهوری چکسلواکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_R%C3%A9publique_(Tch%C3%A9coslovaquie)" title="Troisième République (Tchécoslovaquie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Troisième République (Tchécoslovaquie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%B0%94%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C3%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="체코슬로바키아 제3공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체코슬로바키아 제3공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%87a_%C4%8Cehoslova%C4%8Dka_Republika" title="Treća Čehoslovačka Republika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Treća Čehoslovačka Republika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Cekoslowakia_Ketiga" title="Republik Cekoslowakia Ketiga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Cekoslowakia Ketiga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terza_Repubblica_cecoslovacca" title="Terza Repubblica cecoslovacca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terza Repubblica cecoslovacca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A6%27%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הרפובליקה הצ'כוסלובקית השלישית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה הצ'כוסלובקית השלישית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ჩეხოსლოვაკიის მესამე რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩეხოსლოვაკიის მესამე რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehoslov%C4%81kijas_Tre%C5%A1%C4%81_republika" title="Čehoslovākijas Trešā republika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čehoslovākijas Trešā republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%8Dioji_%C4%8Cekoslovakijos_respublika" title="Trečioji Čekoslovakijos respublika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trečioji Čekoslovakijos respublika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трета Чехословачка Република – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трета Чехословачка Република" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Ketiga_Czechoslovakia" title="Republik Ketiga Czechoslovakia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik Ketiga Czechoslovakia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derde_Tsjecho-Slowaakse_Republiek" title="Derde Tsjecho-Slowaakse Republiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Derde Tsjecho-Slowaakse Republiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzecia_Republika_Czechos%C5%82owacka" title="Trzecia Republika Czechosłowacka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trzecia Republika Czechosłowacka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terceira_Rep%C3%BAblica_da_Checoslov%C3%A1quia" title="Terceira República da Checoslováquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terceira República da Checoslováquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Третья Чехословацкая Республика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Третья Чехословацкая Республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretia_%C4%8Desko-slovensk%C3%A1_republika" title="Tretia česko-slovenská republika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tretia česko-slovenská republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%87a_%C4%8Cehoslova%C4%8Dka_Republika" title="Treća Čehoslovačka Republika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Treća Čehoslovačka Republika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredje_tjeckoslovakiska_republiken" title="Tredje tjeckoslovakiska republiken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tredje tjeckoslovakiska republiken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7%C3%BCnc%C3%BC_%C3%87ekoslovak_Cumhuriyeti" title="Üçüncü Çekoslovak Cumhuriyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üçüncü Çekoslovak Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Третя чехословацька республіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Третя чехословацька республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%87_Tam_C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_Ti%E1%BB%87p_Kh%E1%BA%AFc" title="Đệ Tam Cộng hòa Tiệp Khắc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đệ Tam Cộng hòa Tiệp Khắc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="捷克斯洛伐克第三共和國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="捷克斯洛伐克第三共和國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2454585#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Czechoslovak Republic</div><div class="ib-country-names">Československá republika</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1945–1948</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Czechoslovakia"><img alt="Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Czechoslovakia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia.svg/80px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia.svg/120px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia.svg/160px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="608" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia">Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><i><a href="/wiki/Truth_prevails" title="Truth prevails">Pravda vítězí / Pravda víťazí</a></i><br /><small>"Truth prevails"</small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs"><a href="/wiki/Kde_domov_m%C5%AFj" title="Kde domov můj">Kde domov můj</a></i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Czech)</span></li><li><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.35em;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Where my home is</i></span></span></li><li><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=sr-el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr-Latn" label="srpski (latinica) ‪(sr-el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=yi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="yi" label="ייִדיש ‪(yi)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></li></ul></div> <span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk"><a href="/wiki/Nad_Tatrou_sa_bl%C3%BDska" title="Nad Tatrou sa blýska">Nad Tatrou sa blýska</a></i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>)</span><br /><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Lightning Over the Tatras</i></span></span><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="85" data-mwtitle="Lightning_over_the_Tatras.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Lightning_over_the_Tatras.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Lightning_over_the_Tatras.ogg/Lightning_over_the_Tatras.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALightning_over_the_Tatras.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALightning_over_the_Tatras.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALightning_over_the_Tatras.ogg&lang=sk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sk" label="slovenčina ‪(sk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALightning_over_the_Tatras.ogg&lang=tok&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tok" label="toki pona ‪(tok)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Czechoslovakia_1945-1948.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Territory of the Third Czechoslovak Republic"><img alt="Territory of the Third Czechoslovak Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Czechoslovakia_1945-1948.png/250px-Czechoslovakia_1945-1948.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Czechoslovakia_1945-1948.png/375px-Czechoslovakia_1945-1948.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Czechoslovakia_1945-1948.png/500px-Czechoslovakia_1945-1948.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2027" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Territory of the Third Czechoslovak Republic</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_language" title="Czechoslovak language">Czechoslovak</a> (Czech and Slovak)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Czechoslovakia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Czechoslovakia">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1945–1948 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1" title="Edvard Beneš">Edvard Beneš</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1945–1946 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Fierlinger" title="Zdeněk Fierlinger">Zdeněk Fierlinger</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1946–1948 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Nazi Germany</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 May 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Communist seizure of power</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 February 1948</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_koruna" title="Czechoslovak koruna">Czechoslovak koruna</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Provisional Government of Czechoslovakia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Fourth Czechoslovak Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Category:History of Czechoslovakia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of <span class="fn org label">Czechoslovakia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918-1938_and_1945-1961).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg/100px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg/150px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg/200px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Origins of Czechoslovakia">Origins of Czechoslovakia</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_declaration_of_independence" title="Czechoslovak declaration of independence">Washington Declaration</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1918–1938</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1938</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second Czechoslovak Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1938–1939</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1938–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak government-in-exile</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third Czechoslovak Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1945–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1948–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>/<a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Invasion</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">Post-revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1989–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Federative Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1990–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1992</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Template:History of Czechoslovakia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Template talk:History of Czechoslovakia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Czechoslovakia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Third Czechoslovak Republic</b> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Třetí Československá republika</i>; <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">Tretia česko-slovenská republika</i>), officially the <b>Czechoslovak Republic</b> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Československá republika</i>; <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">Československá republika</i>), was a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> from April 1945 to February 1948 following the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>After the fall of Nazi Germany, the country was reformed and reassigned coterminous borders as its pre-war predecessor state, <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a>; it likewise restored the predecessor's international recognition. Due to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a> (KSČ), Czechoslovakia fell within the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_sphere_of_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet sphere of influence">Soviet sphere of influence</a>, and this circumstance dominated any plans or strategies for post-war reconstruction. Consequently, the political and economic organisation of Czechoslovakia became largely a matter of negotiations between <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1" title="Edvard Beneš">Edvard Beneš</a> and the Communist Party members exiled in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. </p><p>In February 1948, the Communist Party seized full power in a <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the country's official name remaining the <i>Czechoslovak Republic</i> until 1960, when it was changed to the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a>, events of February 1948 are considered the end of the Third Republic. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Czechoslovak_Republic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945">1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Czechoslovak_Republic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Third Republic came into being in April 1945 with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice_Program" title="Košice Program">Košice Programme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the remaining German armed forces also surrendered to the Allies on 8 May 1945. President <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1" title="Edvard Beneš">Beneš</a> flew from his exile in London to <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, which had been taken by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and which became the <a href="/wiki/Temporary_capital" title="Temporary capital">temporary capital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Košice the new <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Czechoslovakia)" title="National Front (Czechoslovakia)">National Front</a> government was formed, based on discussions dating back to 1943,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Beneš remaining president, <a href="/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Fierlinger" title="Zdeněk Fierlinger">Zdeněk Fierlinger</a> becoming prime minister with <a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a> as deputy premier.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the National Front coalition three socialist parties—KSČ, Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party, and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_National_Social_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak National Social Party">Czechoslovak National Social Party</a>—predominated. The Slovak Popular Party was banned as collaborationist with the Nazis. Other conservative yet democratic parties, such as the Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants (RSZML), were prevented from resuming activities in the postwar period.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain acceptable nonsocialist parties were included in the coalition; among them were the Catholic People's Party (in Moravia) and the Slovak Democratic Party. </p><p>The government moved back to <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> after its <a href="/wiki/Prague_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague Offensive">liberation</a> on 10 May. Beneš was pressured by the Soviet Union to grant them the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> territory as a sort of <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparation</a>, and a treaty was signed on 29 June 1945 annexing it to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Industries, employing 61.2 percent of the industrial labour force, were nationalised.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>14 October 1945 saw a new provisional national assembly voted in.<sup id="cite_ref-Jessup_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jessup-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beneš had compromised with the KSČ to avoid a postwar coup; he naïvely hoped that the democratic process would restore a more equitable distribution of power. Beneš had negotiated the Soviet alliance, but at the same time he hoped to establish Czechoslovakia as a "bridge" between East and West, capable of maintaining contacts with both sides. The KSČ leader <a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a>, however, professed commitment to a "gradualist" approach, that is, to a KSČ assumption of power by democratic means. </p><p>The popular enthusiasm evoked by the Soviet armies of liberation benefited the KSČ. Czechs, bitterly disappointed by the West at the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, responded favourably to both the KSČ and the Soviet alliance. Communists secured strong representation in the popularly elected national committees, the new organs of local administration. The KSČ organised and centralised the trades union movement; of 120 representatives to the Central Council of Trades Unions, 94 were communists. The party worked to acquire a mass membership, including peasants and the <a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">petite bourgeoisie</a>, as well as the proletariat. Between May 1945 and May 1946, KSČ membership grew from 27,000 to over 1.1 million. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1946">1946</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Czechoslovak_Republic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1946"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_parliamentary_election,_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1946">May 1946 election</a>, the KSČ won in the Czech part of the country (40.17%), while the anti-Communist Democratic Party won in Slovakia (62%). In sum, however, the KSČ won a plurality of 38 percent of the vote at the Czechoslovak level. Beneš continued as president of the republic, and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Masaryk" title="Jan Masaryk">Jan Masaryk</a>, son of the revered founding father, continued as foreign minister. Gottwald became prime minister. Most important, although the communists held only a minority of portfolios, they were able to gain control over such key ministries as information, internal trade, finance and interior (including the police apparatus). Through these ministries, the communists were able to suppress noncommunist opposition, place party members in positions of power, and create a solid basis for a takeover attempt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1947">1947</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Czechoslovak_Republic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1947"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passport_czechoslovakia_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Passport_czechoslovakia_1947.jpg/200px-Passport_czechoslovakia_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Passport_czechoslovakia_1947.jpg/300px-Passport_czechoslovakia_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Passport_czechoslovakia_1947.jpg/400px-Passport_czechoslovakia_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Czechoslovakian passport issued in 1947</figcaption></figure> <p>The year that followed was uneventful. The KSČ continued to proclaim its <i>national</i> and <i>democratic</i> orientation. The turning point came in the summer of 1947. In July, the Czechoslovak government, with KSČ approval, accepted an <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">Anglo</a>-<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> invitation to attend preliminary discussions of the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>. The Soviet Union responded immediately to the Czechoslovak move to continue the Western alliance: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> summoned Gottwald to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. </p><p>Upon his return to Prague, the KSČ reversed its decision. In subsequent months, the party demonstrated a significant radicalisation of its tactics. The KSČ argued that a reactionary coup was imminent, and that immediate action was necessary to prevent it. Through media and police means, they intensified their activity. Originally announced by Gottwald at the KSČ Central Committee meeting in November 1947, news of the "reactionary plot" was disseminated throughout the country by the communist press. </p><p>From June of that year, and especially after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a> in November, Czechoslovakia <a href="/wiki/Arms_shipments_from_Czechoslovakia_to_Israel_1947%E2%80%931949" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms shipments from Czechoslovakia to Israel 1947–1949">began to sell arms</a> to the Palestinian Jewish <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> defense force. It was the only foreign state to do so. This policy, continued after the declaration of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a> the following year, would play an important role in the victory of the Jewish state in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1948">1948</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Czechoslovak_Republic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1948"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></div> <p>In January 1948, the communist-controlled Ministry of Interior proceeded to purge the Czechoslovak security forces, substituting noncommunists with communists. Simultaneously, the KSČ began agitating for increased nationalisation and for a new land reform limiting landholdings to fifty <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a>. </p><p>A cabinet crisis precipitated the February coup. Backed by all non-communist parties, the National Social ministers said that the communists were using the Ministry of Interior's police and security forces to suppress non-communists, and demanded a halt to this. Prime Minister Gottwald, however, repeatedly forestalled discussion of the police issue. On 21 February, National Socialists resigned from the cabinet in protest. The Catholic People's Party and the Slovak Democratic Party followed suit. </p><p>The twelve noncommunist ministers resigned, in part, to induce Beneš to call for early elections. Communist losses were anticipated owing to popular disapproval of recent KSČ tactics. A January poll indicated a 10-percent decline in Communist electoral support. Yet the Czechoslovak National Socialists made their move without adequate coordination with Beneš. The democratic parties, in addition, made no effort to rally popular support. </p><p>The non-Communists believed that Beneš would refuse to accept their resignations and keep them in a caretaker government, which would presumably force Gottwald to either back down or resign. Beneš initially refused to accept the resignations and declared that no government could be formed without non-Communist ministers. However, in the days that followed, he shunned the non-Communist ministers to avoid accusation of collusion. The Czechoslovak Army remained neutral. </p><p>In the meantime, the KSČ garnered its forces. The communist-controlled Ministry of Interior deployed police regiments to sensitive areas and equipped a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Militias_(Czechoslovakia)" title="People's Militias (Czechoslovakia)">workers' militia</a>. The communist-controlled Ministry of Information refused broadcasting time to noncommunist officials. Ministries held by noncommunist parties were secured by communist "action committees." The action committees also purged all governmental and political party organs of unreliable elements. Gottwald threatened to call a general strike unless Beneš appointed a new, Communist-dominated government. </p><p>On 26 February, Beneš, perhaps fearing civil war and/or Soviet intervention, capitulated. He accepted the resignations of the dissident ministers and appointed a new cabinet from a list submitted by Gottwald. The new cabinet was dominated by Communists and pro-Soviet Social Democrats. Members of the People's, National Socialist and Czech Democratic parties were also included, so the government was still nominally a coalition. However, the ministers using those labels were <a href="/wiki/Fellow_traveller" title="Fellow traveller">fellow travellers</a> working hand in glove with the Communists. This act marked the onset of out-and-out Communist rule in Czechoslovakia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Czechoslovak_Republic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFConnelly2024" class="citation cs2">Connelly, John (2024), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197760789.003.0006">"The Failures of Czech Democracy, 1918–1948"</a>, <i>When Democracy Breaks</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">161–</span>188, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197760789.003.0006">10.1093/oso/9780197760789.003.0006</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-776078-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-776078-9"><bdi>978-0-19-776078-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=When+Democracy+Breaks&rft.atitle=The+Failures+of+Czech+Democracy%2C+1918%E2%80%931948&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197760789.003.0006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-776078-9&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197760789.003.0006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Czechoslovak+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.radio.cz/kosice-manifesto-1945-document-sealed-czechoslovakias-eastern-orientation-8134240">"The Košice manifesto – the 1945 document that sealed Czechoslovakia's eastern orientation"</a>. Radio Prague. 4 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ko%C5%A1ice+manifesto+%E2%80%93+the+1945+document+that+sealed+Czechoslovakia%27s+eastern+orientation&rft.pub=Radio+Prague&rft.date=2019-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.radio.cz%2Fkosice-manifesto-1945-document-sealed-czechoslovakias-eastern-orientation-8134240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Czechoslovak+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton2002" class="citation book cs1">Crampton, Richard J. (2002). <i>Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – And After</i> (second ed.). London: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">235–</span>236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-71221-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-71221-2"><bdi>978-1-134-71221-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+in+the+Twentieth+Century+%E2%80%93+And+After&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-71221-2&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Czechoslovak+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukes1993" class="citation journal cs1">Lukes, Igor (1993). "Stalin and Beneš at the End of September 1938: New Evidence from the Prague Archives". <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>52</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">28–</span>48, page 34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2499583">10.2307/2499583</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2499583">2499583</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163953051">163953051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Stalin+and+Bene%C5%A1+at+the+End+of+September+1938%3A+New+Evidence+from+the+Prague+Archives&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E48%2C+page+34&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163953051%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2499583%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2499583&rft.aulast=Lukes&rft.aufirst=Igor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Czechoslovak+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKusin1977" class="citation book cs1">Kusin, Vladimir V. (1977). "Czechoslovakia". In McCauley, Martin (ed.). <i>Communist Power in Europe 1944–1949</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-18365-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-18365-6"><bdi>978-0-333-18365-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Czechoslovakia&rft.btitle=Communist+Power+in+Europe+1944%E2%80%931949&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-333-18365-6&rft.aulast=Kusin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Czechoslovak+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHaleSkowronski1983" class="citation book cs1">McHale, Vincent E.; Skowronski, Sharon (1983). <i>Political parties of Europe</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23804-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23804-8"><bdi>978-0-313-23804-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+parties+of+Europe&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-313-23804-8&rft.aulast=McHale&rft.aufirst=Vincent+E.&rft.au=Skowronski%2C+Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Czechoslovak+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a discussion of the treaty see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell1967" class="citation book cs1">O'Connell, Daniel P. (1967). <i>State Succession in Municipal Law and International Law: Internal relations</i>. Vol. 1. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05858-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05858-2"><bdi>978-0-521-05858-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Succession+in+Municipal+Law+and+International+Law%3A+Internal+relations&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-521-05858-2&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Daniel+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Czechoslovak+Republic" class="Z3988"></span>; for a copy of the treaty see <i>British and Foreign State Papers</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3N-IB3iQYQC">volume cxlv</a>, page 1096.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jessup-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jessup_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessup1989" class="citation book cs1">Jessup, John E. (1989). <i>A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945-1985</i>. New York: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-24308-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-24308-5"><bdi>0-313-24308-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chronology+of+Conflict+and+Resolution%2C+1945-1985&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-313-24308-5&rft.aulast=Jessup&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Czechoslovak+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_Czechoslovak_statehood150" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Czechoslovakia_timeline" title="Template:Czechoslovakia timeline"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Czechoslovakia_timeline" title="Template talk:Czechoslovakia timeline"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Czechoslovakia_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Czechoslovakia timeline"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_Czechoslovak_statehood150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">statehood</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:120%;"> <td> </td> <td colspan="1" style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Origins of Czechoslovakia">Pre-1918</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="width:24%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">1918–1938</a></b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany">1938–1945</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="width:4%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1945%E2%80%931948)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1945–1948)">1945–1948</a></b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1948%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)">1948–1989</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="width:4%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;border-right:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">1989–1992</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">1993–</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;line-height:1.4em;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#d0f0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Austrian Empire</a> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Republic</a></b><sup>a</sup> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#f4c2c2;"><a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a><sup>b</sup> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third Republic</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="width:14%; background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Czechoslovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Czechoslovak Republic">Fourth Republic</a></b><sup>e</sup><br /><small>1948–1960</small> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="width:36%; background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></b><sup>f</sup><br /><small>1960–1990</small> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a></b><br /><small>1990–1992</small> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="width:2%; background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second<br /><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"> Republic</span></a></b><sup>c</sup><br /><small>1938–1939</small> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="width:10%; background:#f4c2c2;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></b><br /><small>1939–1945</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#d0f0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2;"><b><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Republic (1939–45)">Slovak Republic</a></b><br /><small>1939–1945</small> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;background:#eef;"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#f4c2c2;"><b>Southern Slovakia and <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ukraine_(1938-1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ukraine (1938-1939)">Carpathian Ukraine</a></span></span></b><sup>d</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;border-bottom:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Subcarpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcarpathian Ruthenia">Subcarpathian Ruthenia</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#ecebb8;"><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a><sup>g</sup><br /><small>1944 / 1946 – 1991</small> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeae;"><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a><sup>h</sup><br /><small>1991–present</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="background:#d6f7c8;white-space:nowrap;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8;text-align:centre;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovak <span class="nowrap">government-in-exile</span></a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;background:none;text-align:left;font-size:85%;"> <p><sup>a</sup> ČSR; boundaries and government established by <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Constitution_of_1920" title="Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920">the 1920 constitution</a>.<br /> <sup>b</sup> Annexed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<br /> <sup>c</sup> ČSR; included the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">autonomous regions</a> of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia.<br /> <sup>d</sup> <a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">Annexed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a> (1939–1945).<br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="8" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;background:none;text-align:left;font-size:85%;"> <p><sup>e</sup> ČSR; declared a "people's democracy" (without a formal name change) under the <a href="/wiki/Ninth-of-May_Constitution" title="Ninth-of-May Constitution">Ninth-of-May Constitution</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948">1948 coup</a>.<br /> <sup>f</sup> ČSSR; from 1969, after the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>, consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Socialist Republic</a> (ČSR) and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovak Socialist Republic</a> (SSR).<br /> <sup>g</sup> <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>.<br /> <span style="font-size:110%;"><sup>h</sup></span> Oblast of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<br /> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slovakia_articles423" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slovakia_topics" title="Template:Slovakia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slovakia_topics" title="Template talk:Slovakia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slovakia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slovakia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slovakia_articles423" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Slovakia in the Roman era">Roman era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonia (Roman province)">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Limes" title="Pannonian Limes">Pannonian Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danubian_Limes" title="Danubian Limes">Danubian Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Laugaricio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerulata" title="Gerulata">Gerulata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celemantia" title="Celemantia">Celemantia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Medieval Slavic states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">Samo's Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Nitra" title="Principality of Nitra">Principality of Nitra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pribina" title="Pribina">Pribina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Mojm%C3%ADr" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Mojmír">House of Mojmír</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatopluk_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatopluk I">Svatopluk the Great</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaton_Principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaton Principality">Balaton Principality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a> (895–1000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">High Medieval Kingdom of Hungary</a> (1000–1301)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_III_Cs%C3%A1k" title="Matthew III Csák">Matthew III Csák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Late Medieval Kingdom of Hungary</a> (1301–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> (1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a> (1541–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budin_Eyalet" title="Budin Eyalet">Province of Budin</a> (1541–1686)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a> (1570–1711)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> (1804–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> (1526–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> (1867–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Hungary" title="Upper Hungary">Upper Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Uprising_1848%E2%80%9349" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Uprising 1848–49">Slovak Uprising</a> (1848–1849) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Council_(1848%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak National Council (1848–49)">Slovak National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demands_of_the_Slovak_Nation" title="Demands of the Slovak Nation">Demands of the Slovak Nation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_declaration_of_independence" title="Czechoslovak declaration of independence">Washington Declaration</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a> (1918–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Betrayal</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second Czechoslovak Republic</a> (1938–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Land_of_Slovakia" title="Autonomous Land of Slovakia">Autonomous Land of Slovakia</a> (1938–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a> (1938–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovak government-in-exile</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">(First) Slovak Republic</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third Czechoslovak Republic</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Czechoslovak coup d'état</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Fourth Czechoslovak Republic</a> (1948–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a> (1960–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic_(1969%E2%80%931990)/Slovak_Republic_(1990%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Socialist Republic (1969–1990)/Slovak Republic (1990–1992)">Slovak Socialist Republic</a> (1969–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a> (1990–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic_(1969%E2%80%931990)/Slovak_Republic_(1990%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Socialist Republic (1969–1990)/Slovak Republic (1990–1992)">Slovak Republic</a> (1990–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Velvet Divorce</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Slovakia" title="Geography of Slovakia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Slovakia" title="List of castles in Slovakia">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Slovakia" title="List of cities and towns in Slovakia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Slovakia" title="Districts of Slovakia">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Slovakia" title="List of islands of Slovakia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_and_towns_in_Slovakia" title="List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Slovakia" title="List of national parks of Slovakia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Slovakia" title="Protected areas of Slovakia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Slovakia" title="Regions of Slovakia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Slovakia" title="List of rivers of Slovakia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourism_regions_of_Slovakia" title="List of tourism regions of Slovakia">Tourism regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_regions_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of traditional regions of Slovakia">Traditional regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biota_of_Slovakia" title="Category:Biota of Slovakia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Slovakia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Slovakia">World Heritage Sites (UNESCO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Slovakia" title="Politics of Slovakia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Slovakia" title="National symbols of Slovakia">National symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nad_Tatrou_sa_bl%C3%BDska" title="Nad Tatrou sa blýska">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia" title="Coat of arms of Slovakia">Coat of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_cross" title="Patriarchal cross">Patriarchal cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Slovakia" title="Flag of Slovakia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_of_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seal of Slovakia (page does not exist)">Seal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovakia" title="Constitution of Slovakia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Slovakia" title="Elections in Slovakia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Slovakia" title="Foreign relations of Slovakia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Slovakia" title="Government of Slovakia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Slovakia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Slovakia" title="Law enforcement in Slovakia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Slovakia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council (Slovakia)">National Council <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Slovakia" title="List of political parties in Slovakia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovakia" title="President of Slovakia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovakia" title="Prime Minister of Slovakia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Slovakia" title="Referendums in Slovakia">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Government_Flying_Service" title="Slovak Government Flying Service">Slovak Government Flying Service</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of Slovakia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Slovakia" title="List of banks in Slovakia">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Slovakia" title="National Bank of Slovakia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Slovakia" title="Energy in Slovakia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Slovakia" title="Privatization in Slovakia">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava_Stock_Exchange" title="Bratislava Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tatra_Tiger" title="Tatra Tiger">Tatra Tiger</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovakia" title="Telecommunications in Slovakia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Slovakia" title="Tourism in Slovakia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Slovakia" title="Transport in Slovakia">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Slovakia" title="Rail transport in Slovakia">Rail</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Slovakia" title="Category:Society of Slovakia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Slovakia" title="Crime in Slovakia">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_mafia" title="Slovak mafia">Mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Slovakia" title="Demographics of Slovakia">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slovaks" title="List of Slovaks">List of Slovaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovakia" title="Education in Slovakia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Slovakia" title="Healthcare in Slovakia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_identity_card" title="Slovak identity card">Identity card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_passport" title="Slovak passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Slovakia" title="Public holidays in Slovakia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_days_in_Slovakia" title="Remembrance days in Slovakia">Remembrance days</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovakia" title="Culture of Slovakia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Slovakia" title="Architecture of Slovakia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovakia" title="Cinema of Slovakia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Slovakia" title="Beer in Slovakia">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_wine" title="Slovak wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_literature" title="Slovak literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_axe" title="Shepherd's axe">Shepherd's axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Slovakia" title="Sport in Slovakia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Slovakia" title="Mass media in Slovakia">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Slovakia" title="List of newspapers in Slovakia">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Slovakia" title="List of radio stations in Slovakia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Slovakia" title="Television in Slovakia">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Slovakia" title="Outline of Slovakia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slovakia" title="Category:Slovakia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Slovakia" title="Portal:Slovakia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Third_Czechoslovak_Republic&params=50.0833_N_14.4667_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span 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