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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Westphalian sovereignty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westphalian_sovereignty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Recognition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recognition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutive_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutive_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Constitutive theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutive_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declarative_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declarative_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Declarative theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declarative_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>State recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_facto_and_de_jure_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_facto_and_de_jure_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span><i>De facto</i> and <i>de jure</i> states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_facto_and_de_jure_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semi-sovereign_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-sovereign_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Semi-sovereign states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-sovereign_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_between_state_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_between_state_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relationship between state and government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_between_state_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>State extinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontological_status_of_the_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontological_status_of_the_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ontological status of the state</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ontological_status_of_the_state-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ontological status of the state subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ontological_status_of_the_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_state_as_"quasi-abstract"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_state_as_"quasi-abstract""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>The state as "quasi-abstract"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_state_as_"quasi-abstract"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_state_as_"spiritual_entity"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_state_as_"spiritual_entity""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>The state as "spiritual entity"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_state_as_"spiritual_entity"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trends_in_the_number_of_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trends_in_the_number_of_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Trends in the number of states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trends_in_the_number_of_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sovereign state</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="دولة ذات سيادة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دولة ذات سيادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estau_sobir%C3%A1n" title="Estau sobirán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estau sobirán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ինքնիշխան պետութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ինքնիշխան պետութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1u_soberanu" title="Estáu soberanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estáu soberanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suveren_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99t" title="Suveren dövlət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Suveren dövlət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="সার্বভৌম রাষ্ট্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সার্বভৌম রাষ্ট্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daptar_nagara_badaulat" title="Daptar nagara badaulat – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Daptar nagara badaulat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BA-kho%C3%A2n_kok-ka" title="Chú-khoân kok-ka – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chú-khoân kok-ka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Суверэнная дзяржава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Суверэнная дзяржава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сувэрэнная дзяржава – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сувэрэнная дзяржава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="संप्रभु राज्य – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संप्रभु राज्य" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberanong_estado" title="Soberanong estado – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Soberanong estado" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Суверенна държава – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суверенна държава" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverena_dr%C5%BEava" title="Suverena država – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Suverena država" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad_emveliek" title="Stad emveliek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stad emveliek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Бүрин эрхэтэ улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бүрин эрхэтэ улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_sobir%C3%A0" title="Estat sobirà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat sobirà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suver%C3%A9nn%C3%AD_st%C3%A1t" title="Suverénní stát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Suverénní stát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suver%C3%A6n_stat" title="Suveræn stat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Suveræn stat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souver%C3%A4ner_Staat" title="Souveräner Staat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Souveräner Staat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κυρίαρχο κράτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυρίαρχο κράτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_soberano" title="Estado soberano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado soberano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverena_%C5%9Dtato" title="Suverena ŝtato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suverena ŝtato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatu_burujabe" title="Estatu burujabe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estatu burujabe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84" title="دولت مستقل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت مستقل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya" title="Rajya – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rajya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullveldisr%C3%ADki" title="Fullveldisríki – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fullveldisríki" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_en_droit_international" title="État en droit international – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État en droit international" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_soberano" title="Estado soberano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado soberano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EA%B6%8C%EA%B5%AD" title="주권국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주권국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ինքնիշխան պետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինքնիշխան պետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सम्प्रभु राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सम्प्रभु राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverena_dr%C5%BEava" title="Suverena država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Suverena država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturay_nga_estado" title="Naturay nga estado – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Naturay nga estado" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_berdaulat" title="Negara berdaulat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara berdaulat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullvalda_r%C3%ADki" title="Fullvalda ríki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fullvalda ríki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_sovrano" title="Stato sovrano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato sovrano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מדינה ריבונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדינה ריבונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="სუვერენული სახელმწიფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუვერენული სახელმწიფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas_sui_iuris" title="Civitas sui iuris – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Civitas sui iuris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suver%C4%93na_valsts" title="Suverēna valsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Suverēna valsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvereni_valstyb%C4%97" title="Suvereni valstybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Suvereni valstybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_sovran" title="Stat sovran – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stat sovran" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Суверена држава – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Суверена држава" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="പരമാധികാര രാഷ്ട്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പരമാധികാര രാഷ്ട്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87" title="دوله سايده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دوله سايده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_berdaulat" title="Negara berdaulat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negara berdaulat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1_%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯃꯅꯤꯡ ꯇꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯅꯤꯡ ꯇꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Бүрэн эрхт улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бүрэн эрхт улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soevereine_staat" title="Soevereine staat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Soevereine staat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सार्वभौम राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सार्वभौम राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A8%A9%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6" title="主権国家体制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="主権国家体制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suveren_stat" title="Suveren stat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Suveren stat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_sobeiran" title="Estat sobeiran – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estat sobeiran" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਸਿਰਮੌਰ ਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਰਮੌਰ ਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="خود مختار ریاست – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خود مختار ریاست" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiet" title="Stiet – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Stiet" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo_niepodleg%C5%82e" title="Państwo niepodległe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwo niepodległe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_soberano" title="Estado soberano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado soberano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_suveran" title="Stat suveran – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stat suveran" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Суверенное государство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Суверенное государство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtet_i_pavarur" title="Shtet i pavarur – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shtet i pavarur" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="ස්වෛරීය රාජ්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්වෛරීය රාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sovereign state" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="خودمختيار رياست – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="خودمختيار رياست" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowlad_madax_banaan" title="Dowlad madax banaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dowlad madax banaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%DA%B5%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1" title="دەوڵەتی سەروەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەوڵەتی سەروەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Суверена држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Суверена држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverena_dr%C5%BEava" title="Suverena država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Suverena država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara_daulat" title="Nagara daulat – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nagara daulat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suver%C3%A4n_stat" title="Suverän stat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Suverän stat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayang_estado" title="Malayang estado – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Malayang estado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="இறைமையுள்ள நாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இறைமையுள்ள நாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82" title="Суверен дәүләт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Суверен дәүләт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A" title="รัฐเอกราช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐเอกราช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%80" title="Давлати соҳибихтиёр – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Давлати соҳибихтиёр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egemen_devlet" title="Egemen devlet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Egemen devlet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Суверенна держава – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Суверенна держава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="خود مختار ریاست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خود مختار ریاست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_sovran" title="Stato sovran – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Stato sovran" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_c%C3%B3_ch%E1%BB%A7_quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Quốc gia có chủ quyền – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quốc gia có chủ quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislaxh%C3%AE_payis" title="Dislaxhî payis – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Dislaxhî payis" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_soberanya" title="Estado soberanya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Estado soberanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98" title="סואווערענער שטאט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סואווערענער שטאט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%9C%8B" title="主權國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="主權國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State having the highest authority over a territory</div> <p> A <b>sovereign state</b> is a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> that has the supreme <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> or ultimate <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> over a <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is commonly understood that <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty#Sovereignty_and_independence" title="Sovereignty">a sovereign state is independent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When referring to a specific <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a>, the term "<a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a>" may also refer to a constituent country, or a <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler_Bunck_1996_pp._381–404_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler_Bunck_1996_pp._381–404-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_Population_by_Country_2024_(Live)_1945_w673_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Population_by_Country_2024_(Live)_1945_w673-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-academic.oup.com_i784_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academic.oup.com_i784-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A sovereign <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> is usually required to have a permanent population, defined territory, a <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> not under another, and the capacity to <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">interact with other sovereign states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In actual practice, recognition or non-recognition by other states plays an important role in determining the status of a country. <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Unrecognized states</a> often have difficulty engaging in <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomatic relations</a> with other sovereign states.<sup id="cite_ref-Visoka_2022_pp._133–151_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visoka_2022_pp._133–151-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoch_2018_pp._382–407_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoch_2018_pp._382–407-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sovereign_state" title="Special:EditPage/Sovereign state">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since the end of the 19th century, almost the entire globe has been divided into sections (countries) with more or less defined borders assigned to different states.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Previously, quite large plots of land were either unclaimed or deserted, or inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic people">nomadic peoples</a> that were not organized into states.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, even in modern states, there are large remote areas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon's tropical forests</a>, that are either uninhabited or inhabited exclusively or mainly by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous people</a> (and some of them are still not in constant contact). Additionally, there are states where de facto control is contested or where it is not exercised over their whole area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Currently, the <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a> includes more than 200 sovereign states, most of which are represented in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. These states exist in a system of international relations, where each state takes into account the policies of other states by making its own calculations. From this point of view, States are integrated into the international system of special internal and external security and legitimization of the dilemma. Recently, the concept of the international community has been formed to refer to a group of States that have established rules, procedures and institutions for the implementation of relations. Thus, the foundation for <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, diplomacy between officially recognized sovereign states, their organizations and formal regimes has been laid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Westphalian_sovereignty">Westphalian sovereignty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Westphalian sovereignty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">Westphalian sovereignty</a></div> <p>Westphalian sovereignty is the concept of <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation-state</a> sovereignty based on territoriality and the absence of a role for external agents in domestic structures. It is an international system of states, <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a>, and organizations that began with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> in 1648.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sovereignty is a term that is frequently misused.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up until the 19th century, the radicalised concept of a "standard of civilization" was routinely deployed to determine that certain people in the world were "uncivilized", and lacking organised societies. That position was reflected and constituted in the notion that their "sovereignty" was either completely lacking or at least of an inferior character when compared to that of the "civilized" people".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lassa_Oppenheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Lassa Oppenheim">Lassa Oppenheim</a> said, "There exists perhaps no conception the meaning of which is more controversial than that of sovereignty. It is an indisputable fact that this conception, from the moment when it was introduced into political science until the present day, has never had a meaning, which was universally agreed upon."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the opinion of <a href="/wiki/H._V._Evatt" title="H. V. Evatt">H. V. Evatt</a> of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a>, "sovereignty is neither a question of fact, nor a question of law, but a question that does not arise at all".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sovereignty has taken on a different meaning with the development of the principle of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and the prohibition against the threat or use of force as <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_cogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jus cogens">jus cogens</a></i> norms of modern <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_Declaration_on_Rights_and_Duties_of_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States (page does not exist)">Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States</a>, and the charters of regional international organizations express the view that all states are juridically equal and enjoy the same rights and duties based upon the mere fact of their existence as persons under international law.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right of nations to determine their own political status and exercise permanent sovereignty within the limits of their territorial jurisdictions is widely recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory, that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Named after the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, the Westphalian System of state sovereignty, according to Bryan Turner, "made a more or less clear separation between religion and state, and recognized the right of princes "to confessionalize" the state, that is, to determine the religious affiliation of their kingdoms on the pragmatic principle of <i>cuius regio eius religio</i> [<a href="/wiki/Whose_realm,_his_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Whose realm, his religion">whose realm, his religion</a>]."<sup id="cite_ref-MariahSutt_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MariahSutt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before 1900, sovereign states enjoyed <a href="/wiki/Absolute_immunity" title="Absolute immunity">absolute immunity</a> from the judicial process, derived from the concepts of sovereignty and the Westphalian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Equality_of_states&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equality of states (page does not exist)">equality of states</a>. First articulated by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Jean Bodin</a>, the powers of the state are considered to be <i>suprema potestas</i> within territorial boundaries. Based on this, the jurisprudence has developed along the lines of affording immunity from prosecution to foreign states in domestic courts. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Schooner_Exchange_v._M%27Faddon" title="The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon">The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon</a></i>, Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> wrote that the "perfect equality and absolute independence of sovereigns" has created a class of cases where "every sovereign is understood to waive the exercise of a part of that complete exclusive territorial jurisdiction, which has been stated to be the attribute of every nation".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bankas_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bankas-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Absolute sovereign immunity is no longer as widely accepted as it has been in the past, and some countries, including the United States, Canada, Singapore, Australia, Pakistan and South Africa, have introduced <a href="/w/index.php?title=Restrictive_immunity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Restrictive immunity (page does not exist)">restrictive immunity</a> by statute, which explicitly limits jurisdictional immunity to public acts, but not private or commercial ones, though there is no precise definition by which public acts can easily be distinguished from private ones.<sup id="cite_ref-bankas_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bankas-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">List of states with limited recognition</a></div> <p>State recognition signifies the decision of a sovereign state to treat another entity as also being a sovereign state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Recognition can be either expressed or implied and is usually retroactive in its effects. It does not necessarily signify a desire to establish or maintain diplomatic relations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are debates over whether states can exist as a fact independent of recognition or whether recognition is one of the facts necessary to bring states into being.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No definition is binding on all the members of the community of nations on the criteria for statehood. Some argue that the criteria are mainly political, not legal.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L.C. Green cited the recognition of the unborn Polish and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> states in World War I and explained that "since recognition of statehood is a matter of discretion, it is open to any existing State to accept as a state any entity it wishes, regardless of the existence of territory or of an established government."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International lawyer <a href="/wiki/Hersch_Lauterpacht" title="Hersch Lauterpacht">Hersch Lauterpacht</a> states that recognition is not merely a formality but an active interpretation in support of any facts. Once made however it cannot be arbitrarily revoked on account of another state's own discretion or internal politics.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutive_theory">Constitutive theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Constitutive theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>constitutive theory of statehood</b> defines a state as a <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">person</a> of international law if, and only if, it is recognised as sovereign by at least one other state. This theory of recognition was developed in the 19th century. Under it, a state was sovereign if another sovereign state recognised it as such. Because of this, new states could not immediately become part of the international community or be bound by international law, and recognised nations did not have to respect international law in their dealings with them.<sup id="cite_ref-ctos_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctos-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1815, at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Final_Act_of_the_Congress_of_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Act of the Congress of Vienna">Final Act</a> recognised only 39 sovereign states in the European diplomatic system, and as a result, it was firmly established that in the future new states would have to be recognised by other states, and that meant in practice recognition by one or more of the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the major criticisms of this law is the confusion caused when some states recognise a new entity, but other states do not. Hersch Lauterpacht, one of the theory's main proponents, suggested that a state must grant recognition as a possible solution. However, a state may use any criteria when judging if they should give recognition and they have no obligation to use such criteria. Many states may only recognise another state if it is to their advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-ctos_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctos-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1912, <a href="/wiki/L._F._L._Oppenheim" title="L. F. L. Oppenheim">L. F. L. Oppenheim</a> said the following, regarding constitutive theory: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>International Law does not say that a State is not in existence as long as it is not recognised, but it takes no notice of it before its recognition. Through recognition only and exclusively a State becomes an International Person and a subject of International Law.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Recognition or non-recognition by other states can override declarative theory criteria in cases such as <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EJIL_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJIL-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declarative_theory">Declarative theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Declarative theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Convention" title="Montevideo Convention">Montevideo Convention</a></div> <p>By contrast, the <b>declarative theory of statehood</b> defines a state as a <a href="/wiki/Public_international_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Public international law">person in international law</a> if it meets the following criteria: 1) a defined territory; 2) a permanent population; 3) a government and 4) a capacity to enter into relations with other states. According to declarative theory, an entity's statehood is independent of its recognition by other states, as long as the sovereignty was not gained by military force. The declarative model was expressed in the 1933 <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Convention" title="Montevideo Convention">Montevideo Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "territory" in the international law context consists of land territory, internal waters, territorial sea, and air space above the territory. There is no requirement on strictly delimited borders or minimum size of the land, but artificial installations and uninhabitable territories cannot be considered as territories sufficient for statehood. The term "permanent population" defines the community that has the intention to inhabit the territory permanently and is capable to support the superstructure of the State, though there is no requirement of a minimum population. The government must be capable of exercising effective control over a territory and population (the requirement known in legal theory as "effective control test") and guarantee the protection of basic human rights by legal methods and policies. The "capacity to enter into relations with other states" reflects the entity's degree of independence.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 3 of the Montevideo Convention declares that political statehood is independent of recognition by other states, and the state is not prohibited from defending itself.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar opinion about "the conditions on which an entity constitutes a state" is expressed by the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> <i>Opinions of the <a href="/wiki/Badinter_Arbitration_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Badinter Arbitration Committee">Badinter Arbitration Committee</a></i>, which found that a state was defined by having a territory, a population, government, and capacity to enter into relations with other states.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Montevideo Convention criteria do not automatically create a state because additional requirements must be met. While they play an important role, they do not determine the status of a country in all cases, such as <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EJIL_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJIL-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice international relations take into account the effect of recognition and non-recognition. It is the act of recognition that affirms whether a country meets the requirements for statehood and is now subject to international law in the same way that other sovereign states are.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RecognitionofStates_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RecognitionofStates-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_recognition">State recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: State recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">List of states with limited recognition</a></div> <p>State practice relating to the recognition of states typically falls somewhere between the declaratory and constitutive approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinternationallaw00shaw_380pagen511_369]_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinternationallaw00shaw_380pagen511_369]-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International law does not require a state to recognise other states.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognition is often withheld when a new state is seen as illegitimate or has come about in breach of international law. Almost universal non-recognition by the international community of <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> and Northern Cyprus are good examples of this, the former only having been recognized by South Africa, and the latter only recognized by Turkey. In the case of Rhodesia, recognition was widely withheld when the white minority <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">seized power</a> and attempted to form a state along the lines of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa under apartheid">Apartheid South Africa</a>, a move that the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> described as the creation of an "illegal racist minority régime".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of Northern Cyprus, recognition was withheld from a state created in Northern Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the recognition of a country is a political issue.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 July 2013, <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)</a> decided that "notwithstanding the lack of international recognition of the regime in the northern area, a de facto recognition of its acts may be rendered necessary for practical purposes. Thus the adoption by the authorities of the "TRNC" of civil, administrative or criminal law measures, and their application or enforcement within that territory, may be regarded as having a legal basis in domestic law for the purposes of the Convention".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 October 2014, the US's Federal Court stated that "the <a href="/wiki/TRNC" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNC">TRNC</a> purportedly operates as a democratic republic with a president, prime minister, legislature and judiciary".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 September 2015, ECtHR decided that "...the court system set up in the "TRNC" was to be considered to have been "established by law" with reference to the "constitutional and legal basis" on which it operated, and it has not accepted the allegation that the "TRNC" courts as a whole lacked independence and/or impartiality".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 February 2017, The United Kingdom's High Court stated "There was no duty in the United Kingdom law upon the Government to refrain from recognizing Northern Cyprus. The United Nations itself works with Northern Cyprus law enforcement agencies and facilitates co-operation between the two parts of the island".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and revealed that the co-operation between the United Kingdom police and law agencies in Northern Cyprus is legal. <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriots</a> gained "observer status" in the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE)</a>, and their representatives are elected in the Assembly of Northern Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a country, Northern Cyprus became an observer member in various international organizations (the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC), the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> (ECO), the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a> (OTS), the <a href="/wiki/TURKPA" title="TURKPA">Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic States (TURKPA)</a>, etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_facto_and_de_jure_states"><i>De facto</i> and <i>de jure</i> states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: De facto and de jure states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De-facto-territory-control-map-of-the-world-borderless-14-05-2019.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/De-facto-territory-control-map-of-the-world-borderless-14-05-2019.svg/310px-De-facto-territory-control-map-of-the-world-borderless-14-05-2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/De-facto-territory-control-map-of-the-world-borderless-14-05-2019.svg/465px-De-facto-territory-control-map-of-the-world-borderless-14-05-2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/De-facto-territory-control-map-of-the-world-borderless-14-05-2019.svg/620px-De-facto-territory-control-map-of-the-world-borderless-14-05-2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5911" data-file-height="3653" /></a><figcaption>De facto map of control of the world, May 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>Most sovereign states are both <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> and <i>de facto</i> (i.e., they exist both according to law and in practice).<sup id="cite_ref-Czapliński_Kleczkowska_Scholar_2019_p._26_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Czapliński_Kleczkowska_Scholar_2019_p._26-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, states which are only <i>de jure</i> are sometimes recognised as being the legitimate government of a territory over which they have no actual control.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin-Gill_Talmon_1999_p._49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-Gill_Talmon_1999_p.-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">governments-in-exile</a> of several states continued to enjoy diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, notwithstanding that their countries were under occupation by <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. Other entities may have <i>de facto</i> control over a territory but lack international recognition; these may be considered by the <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a> to be only <i>de facto</i> states. They are considered <i>de jure</i> states only according to their own law and by states that recognise them. For example, Somaliland is commonly considered to be such a state.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outlining the concept of a <i>de facto</i> state for <i><a href="/wiki/EurasiaNet" class="mw-redirect" title="EurasiaNet">EurasiaNet</a></i> in early 2024, Laurence Broers wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>De facto states can be understood as a product of the very system that excludes the possibility of their existence: the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">post-Second World War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">post-colonial</a> system of sovereign and equal states covering every centimeter of the globe. </p><p><br /> </p><p> The hegemony of this system, at least until recent years, is what created the possibility of a de facto state as an anomaly existing outside of it - or in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Iskandaryan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Iskandaryan (page does not exist)">Alexander Iskandaryan</a>'s memorable phrase, as "temporary technical errors within the system of international law." The <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav collapses</a> resulted in the emergence of numerous such entities, several of which, including Abkhazia, Transdniester, South Ossetia and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">NKR</a>, survived in the margins of international relations for decades despite non-recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semi-sovereign_states">Semi-sovereign states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Semi-sovereign states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sovereignty is most commonly conceptualised as something categorical, which is either present or absent, and the coherence of any intermediate position in that binary has been questioned, especially in the context of international law.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of this, some authors admit the concept of a <i>semi-sovereign state</i>, a state which is officially acknowledged as sovereign but whose theoretical sovereignty is significantly impaired in practice, such as by being <i>de facto</i> subjected to a more powerful neighbour; Belarus, in its relationship with Russia, has been proposed as a contemporary example of a semi-sovereign state.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a somewhat different sense, the term <i>semi-sovereign</i> was famously applied to West Germany by political scientist <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Peter Katzenstein</a> in his 1987 book <i>Policy and Politics in West Germany: The Growth of a Semi-sovereign State,</i><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to having a political system in which the sovereignty of the state was subject to limitations both internal (West Germany's federal system and the role of civil society) and external (membership in the European Community and reliance on its alliance with the United States and NATO for its national security).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_between_state_and_government">Relationship between state and government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relationship between state and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the terms "state" and "government" are often used interchangeably,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> international law distinguishes between a non-physical state and its government; and in fact, the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Government-in-exile" title="Government-in-exile">government-in-exile</a>" is predicated upon that distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford,_J._2006_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford,_J._2006-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States are non-physical juridical entities, not organisations of any kind.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, ordinarily, only the government of a state can obligate or bind the state, for example by treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford,_J._2006_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford,_J._2006-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_extinction">State extinction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: State extinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally speaking, states are durable entities, though they can become extinguished, either through voluntary means or outside forces, such as military conquest. Violent state abolition has virtually ceased since the end of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because states are non-physical juridical entities, it has been argued that their extinction cannot be due to physical force alone.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the physical actions of the military must be associated with the correct social or judiciary actions for a state to be abolished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ontological_status_of_the_state">Ontological status of the state</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ontological status of the state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> status of the state has been a subject of debate,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially, whether or not the state, being an object that no one can see, taste, touch, or otherwise detect,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> actually exists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_state_as_"quasi-abstract""><span id="The_state_as_.22quasi-abstract.22"></span>The state as "quasi-abstract"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The state as "quasi-abstract""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been argued that one potential reason as to why the existence of states has been controversial is because states do not have a place in the traditional Platonist duality of the concrete and the abstract.<sup id="cite_ref-dl.dropboxusercontent.com_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dl.dropboxusercontent.com-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characteristically, concrete objects are those that have a position in time and space, which states do not have (though their territories have a spatial position, states are distinct from their territories), and abstract objects have a position in neither time nor space, which does not fit the supposed characteristics of states either, since states do have a temporal position (they can be created at certain times and then become extinct at a future time). Therefore, it has been argued that states belong to a third category, the quasi-abstract, that has recently begun to garner philosophical attention, especially in the area of <a href="/wiki/Documentality" title="Documentality">Documentality</a>, an ontological theory that seeks to understand the role of documents in understanding all of social reality. Quasi-abstract objects, such as states, can be brought into being through document acts, and can also be used to manipulate them, such as by binding them by treaty or surrendering them as the result of a war.<sup id="cite_ref-dl.dropboxusercontent.com_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dl.dropboxusercontent.com-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars in international relations can be broken up into two different practices, realists and pluralists, of what they believe the ontological state of the state is. Realists believe that the world is one of only states and interstate relations and the identity of the state is defined before any international relations with other states. On the other hand, pluralists believe that the state is not the only actor in international relations and interactions between states and the state is competing against many other actors.<sup id="cite_ref-MariahSutt2_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MariahSutt2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_state_as_"spiritual_entity""><span id="The_state_as_.22spiritual_entity.22"></span>The state as "spiritual entity"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The state as "spiritual entity""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another theory of the ontology of the state is that the state is a spiritual,<sup id="cite_ref-Fundamentals71_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fundamentals71-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "mystical entity"<sup id="cite_ref-Fundamentals71_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fundamentals71-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with its own being, distinct from the members of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Fundamentals71_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fundamentals71-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Georg_Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Hegel">Georg Hegel</a> (1770–1831) was perhaps the greatest proponent of this theory.<sup id="cite_ref-Fundamentals71_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fundamentals71-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hegelian definition of the state is "the Divine Idea as it exists on Earth".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trends_in_the_number_of_states">Trends in the number of states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Trends in the number of states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the end of World War II, the number of sovereign states in the international system has surged.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some research suggests that the existence of international and regional organisations, the greater availability of economic aid, and greater acceptance of the norm of self-determination have increased the desire of political units to secede and can be credited for the increase in the number of states in the international system.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harvard economist <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Alesina" title="Alberto Alesina">Alberto Alesina</a> and Tufts economist Enrico Spolaore argue in their book, <i>Size of Nations,</i> that the increase in the number of states can partly be credited to a more peaceful world, greater free trade and international economic integration, democratisation, and the presence of international organisations that co-ordinate economic and political policies.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">List of sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">Failed state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">Federated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_sovereign_states" title="List of former sovereign states">List of former sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">List of sovereign states</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">by formation date</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_continent" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent">List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">List of states with limited recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_unrecognized_states_and_dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies">List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_according_to_higher_law" title="Rule according to higher law">Rule according to higher law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-state" title="Quasi-state">Quasi-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>, a rare example of a contemporary sovereign, non-state entity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations">Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPhilpott1995" class="citation journal cs1">Philpott, Daniel (1995). "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History". <i>Journal of International Affairs</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 353–368. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24357595">24357595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Sovereignty%3A+An+Introduction+and+Brief+History&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=353-368&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24357595%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Philpott&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the following: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wheaton, Henry (1836). <i>Elements of international law: with a sketch of the history of the science</i>. Carey, Lea & Blanchard. p. 51. <q>A sovereign state is generally defined to be any nation or people, whatever may be the form of its internal constitution, which governs itself independently of foreign powers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+international+law%3A+with+a+sketch+of+the+history+of+the+science&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Carey%2C+Lea+%26+Blanchard&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Wheaton&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sovereign">"sovereign"</a>, <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i> (4th ed.), Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007000128/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sovereign">archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2010</span>, <q>adj. 1. Self-governing; independent: a sovereign state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=sovereign&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fsovereign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"sovereign", <i>The <a href="/wiki/New_Oxford_American_Dictionary" title="New Oxford American Dictionary">New Oxford American Dictionary</a></i> (2nd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517077-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517077-1"><bdi>978-0-19-517077-1</bdi></a>, <q>adjective ... [ attrib. ] (of a nation or state) fully independent and determining its own affairs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Oxford+American+Dictionary&rft.atitle=sovereign&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517077-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellet1992" class="citation journal cs1">Pellet, Alain (1992). "The Opinions of the Badinter Arbitration Committee A Second Breath for the Self-Determination of Peoples". <i>European Journal of International Law</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 178–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.ejil.a035802">10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035802</a>. <q>The Committee considers [...] that the state is commonly defined as a community which consists of a territory and a population subject to an organized political authority; that such a state is characterized by sovereignty; [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Opinions+of+the+Badinter+Arbitration+Committee+A+Second+Breath+for+the+Self-Determination+of+Peoples&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=178-185&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.ejil.a035802&rft.aulast=Pellet&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler_Bunck_1996_pp._381–404-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_Bunck_1996_pp._381–404_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowlerBunck1996" class="citation journal cs1">Fowler, Michael Ross; Bunck, Julie Marie (1996). "What constitutes the sovereign state?". <i>Review of International Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (4). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 381–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0260210500118637">10.1017/s0260210500118637</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145809847">145809847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=What+constitutes+the+sovereign+state%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=381-404&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0260210500118637&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145809847%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Michael+Ross&rft.au=Bunck%2C+Julie+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Population_by_Country_2024_(Live)_1945_w673-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World_Population_by_Country_2024_(Live)_1945_w673_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-not-in-the-un">"Countries Not in the United Nations 2024"</a>. <i>World Population by Country 2024 (Live)</i>. 26 June 1945<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Population+by+Country+2024+%28Live%29&rft.atitle=Countries+Not+in+the+United+Nations+2024&rft.date=1945-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fcountry-rankings%2Fcountries-not-in-the-un&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-academic.oup.com_i784-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-academic.oup.com_i784_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalmon2001" class="citation book cs1">Talmon, Stefan (2001). "Recognition and its Variants". <i>Recognition of Governments in International Law</i>. pp. 44–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199248391.003.0003">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248391.003.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924839-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924839-1"><bdi>978-0-19-924839-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recognition+and+its+Variants&rft.btitle=Recognition+of+Governments+in+International+Law&rft.pages=44-112&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199248391.003.0003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924839-1&rft.aulast=Talmon&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the following: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2003" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Malcolm Nathan (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationallaw00shaw_380"><i>International law</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationallaw00shaw_380/page/n320">178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5215-3183-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5215-3183-2"><bdi>978-0-5215-3183-2</bdi></a>. <q>Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Convention" title="Montevideo Convention">Montevideo Convention</a> on Rights and Duties of States, 1 lays down the most widely accepted formulation of the criteria of statehood in international law. It note that the state as an international person should possess the following qualifications: '(a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with other states'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+law&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-5215-3183-2&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationallaw00shaw_380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri, ed. (1995). <i>Perspectives on international law</i>. Kluwer Law International. p. 20. <q>So far as States are concerned, the traditional definitions provided for in the Montevideo Convention remain generally accepted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+international+law&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Visoka_2022_pp._133–151-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Visoka_2022_pp._133–151_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisoka2022" class="citation journal cs1">Visoka, Gëzim (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00108367211007876">"Statehood and recognition in world politics: Towards a critical research agenda"</a>. <i>Cooperation and Conflict</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 133–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00108367211007876">10.1177/00108367211007876</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cooperation+and+Conflict&rft.atitle=Statehood+and+recognition+in+world+politics%3A+Towards+a+critical+research+agenda&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-151&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00108367211007876&rft.aulast=Visoka&rft.aufirst=G%C3%ABzim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F00108367211007876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoch_2018_pp._382–407-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoch_2018_pp._382–407_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoch2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hoch, Tomáš (2018). 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"Sovereign Equalities". <i>Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511494185">10.1017/CBO9780511494185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82761-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82761-4"><bdi>978-0-521-82761-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sovereign+Equalities&rft.btitle=Great+Powers+and+Outlaw+States%3A+Unequal+Sovereigns+in+the+International+Legal+Order&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=25-61&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511494185&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82761-4&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bankas-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bankas_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bankas_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBankas2005" class="citation book cs1">Bankas, Ernest K. (2005). <i>The State Immunity Controversy in International Law</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-27883-4">10.1007/3-540-27883-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-25695-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-25695-3"><bdi>978-3-540-25695-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+Immunity+Controversy+in+International+Law&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-27883-4&rft.isbn=978-3-540-25695-3&rft.aulast=Bankas&rft.aufirst=Ernest+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1999" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Thomas D. (1999). "Chapter 1". <i>The recognition of states: law and practice in debate and evolution</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1&rft.btitle=The+recognition+of+states%3A+law+and+practice+in+debate+and+evolution&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See B. Broms, "IV Recognition of States", pp 47–48 in <i>International law: achievements and prospects</i>, UNESCO Series, Mohammed Bedjaoui(ed), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-102716-6" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-102716-6">92-3-102716-6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTsNTzcY7EC&pg=PA47">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114113127/https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTsNTzcY7EC&lpg=PA47&client&pg=PA47">Archived</a> 14 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, 1989, <a href="/wiki/Yoram_Dinstein" title="Yoram Dinstein">Yoram Dinstein</a>, Mala Tabory eds., Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-0450-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-0450-0">0-7923-0450-0</a>, page 135-136 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5okNqth8I9wC&dq=t&pg=PA136">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114113129/https://books.google.com/books?id=5okNqth8I9wC&lpg=PA136&ots=ARGGNDm7G-&dq=t&pg=PA136">Archived</a> 14 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ctos-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ctos_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctos_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillier1998" class="citation book cs1">Hillier, Tim (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kr0sOuIx8q8C"><i>Sourcebook on Public International Law</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 201–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85941-050-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85941-050-9"><bdi>978-1-85941-050-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sourcebook+on+Public+International+Law&rft.pages=201-2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85941-050-9&rft.aulast=Hillier&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKr0sOuIx8q8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kalevi_Jaakko_Holsti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalevi Jaakko Holsti">Kalevi Jaakko Holsti</a> <i>Taming the Sovereigns</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jh6gjr-2ho8C&dq=Final+Act+of+the+Congress+of+Vienna&pg=PA128">p. 128</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLassa_Oppenheim,_Ronald_Roxburgh2005" class="citation book cs1">Lassa Oppenheim, Ronald Roxburgh (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vxJ1Jwmyw0EC&pg=PA135"><i>International Law: A Treatise</i></a>. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-609-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-609-3"><bdi>978-1-58477-609-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Law%3A+A+Treatise&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-609-3&rft.au=Lassa+Oppenheim%2C+Ronald+Roxburgh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvxJ1Jwmyw0EC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EJIL-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EJIL_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EJIL_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkande2013" class="citation web cs1">Akande, Dapo (7 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-importance-of-legal-criteria-for-statehood-a-response-to-jure-vidmar/">"The Importance of Legal Criteria for Statehood: A Response to Jure Vidmar"</a>. <i>EJIL: Talk!</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EJIL%3A+Talk%21&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Legal+Criteria+for+Statehood%3A+A+Response+to+Jure+Vidmar&rft.date=2013-08-07&rft.aulast=Akande&rft.aufirst=Dapo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejiltalk.org%2Fthe-importance-of-legal-criteria-for-statehood-a-response-to-jure-vidmar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersch_Lauterpacht2012" class="citation book cs1">Hersch Lauterpacht (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWgEv1Qq2TwC&pg=PA419"><i>Recognition in International Law</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107609433" title="Special:BookSources/9781107609433"><bdi>9781107609433</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115130620/https://books.google.com/books?id=EWgEv1Qq2TwC&pg=PA419">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recognition+in+International+Law&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781107609433&rft.au=Hersch+Lauterpacht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEWgEv1Qq2TwC%26pg%3DPA419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachmannPrazauskas2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bachmann, Sascha Dov; Prazauskas, Martinas (19 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=641117074119116071091029095088081024016073027027075062101005081022079120102112119011096100063045053098009088083101104031096022059021009023036095081099026082082087125060082063067114003111020000119012085025124069081114093080123002084107102096092069024110&EXT=pdf">"The Status of Unrecognized Quasi-States and Their Responsibilities Under the Montevideo Convention"</a>. <i>The International Lawyer</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 400–410<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span> – via SSRN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Lawyer&rft.atitle=The+Status+of+Unrecognized+Quasi-States+and+Their+Responsibilities+Under+the+Montevideo+Convention&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=400-410&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft.aulast=Bachmann&rft.aufirst=Sascha+Dov&rft.au=Prazauskas%2C+Martinas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fposeidon01.ssrn.com%2Fdelivery.php%3FID%3D641117074119116071091029095088081024016073027027075062101005081022079120102112119011096100063045053098009088083101104031096022059021009023036095081099026082082087125060082063067114003111020000119012085025124069081114093080123002084107102096092069024110%26EXT%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/a-40.html">"Convention on Rights and Duties of States"</a>. <i>www.oas.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529173110/http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/a-40.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oas.org&rft.atitle=Convention+on+Rights+and+Duties+of+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oas.org%2Fjuridico%2Fenglish%2Ftreaties%2Fa-40.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastellino2000" class="citation book cs1">Castellino, Joshua (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uGMxfj4oedEC"><i>International Law and Self-Determination: The Interplay of the Politics of Territorial Possession With Formulations of Post-Colonial National Identity</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uGMxfj4oedEC&pg=PA77">77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1409-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1409-9"><bdi>978-90-411-1409-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Law+and+Self-Determination%3A+The+Interplay+of+the+Politics+of+Territorial+Possession+With+Formulations+of+Post-Colonial+National+Identity&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1409-9&rft.aulast=Castellino&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuGMxfj4oedEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RecognitionofStates-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RecognitionofStates_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauterpacht2012" class="citation book cs1">Lauterpacht, Hersch (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWgEv1Qq2TwC&pg=PA64"><i>Recognition in International Law</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107609433" title="Special:BookSources/9781107609433"><bdi>9781107609433</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115130619/https://books.google.com/books?id=EWgEv1Qq2TwC&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recognition+in+International+Law&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781107609433&rft.aulast=Lauterpacht&rft.aufirst=Hersch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEWgEv1Qq2TwC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinternationallaw00shaw_380pagen511_369]-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinternationallaw00shaw_380pagen511_369]_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw2003">Shaw 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationallaw00shaw_380/page/n511">369</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opinion No. 10. of the <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitration Commission of the Conference on Yugoslavia">Arbitration Commission of the Conference on Yugoslavia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_216" class="extiw" title="s:United Nations Security Council Resolution 216">United Nations Security Council Resolution 216</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_541" class="extiw" title="s:United Nations Security Council Resolution 541">United Nations Security Council Resolution 541</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-10730573">BBC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180522102518/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-10730573">Archived</a> 22 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The President of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Hisashi Owada (2010): "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xMvOBAAAQBAJ">Oshisanya, An Almanac of Contemporary and Comperative Judicial Restatement, 2016</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114113130/https://books.google.com/books?id=xMvOBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> 14 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p.64: The ICJ maintained that ... the issue of recognition was apolitical.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-122907">ECtHR</a> The decision of 02.07.2013. paragraph 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott2014" class="citation web cs1">Abbott, Ryan (13 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courthousenews.com/property-spat-over-turk-controlled-cyprus-fails/">"Property Spat Over Turk-|Controlled Cyprus Fails"</a>. <i>Courthouse News Service</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231021033633/https://www.courthousenews.com/property-spat-over-turk-controlled-cyprus-fails/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Courthouse+News+Service&rft.atitle=Property+Spat+Over+Turk-%7CControlled+Cyprus+Fails&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courthousenews.com%2Fproperty-spat-over-turk-controlled-cyprus-fails%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dockets.justia.com/docket/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2009cv01967/139002">"Michali Toumazou, Nicolas Kantzilaris and Maroulla Tompazou versus Republic of Turkey and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus"</a>. <i>Justia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231020134245/https://dockets.justia.com/docket/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2009cv01967/139002">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia&rft.atitle=Michali+Toumazou%2C+Nicolas+Kantzilaris+and+Maroulla+Tompazou+versus+Republic+of+Turkey+and+Turkish+Republic+of+Northern+Cyprus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdockets.justia.com%2Fdocket%2Fdistrict-of-columbia%2Fdcdce%2F1%3A2009cv01967%2F139002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2009cv01967/139002/53">"Opinion stating the reasons for the Court's Order of September 30, 2014 granting both the TRNC's and the HSBC defendants' motions to dismiss, denying the plaintiffs' motion for leave to amend, and dismissing this action with prejudice for Toumazou et al v. Republic of Turkey et al"</a>. <i>Justia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231021033632/https://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2009cv01967/139002/53">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia&rft.atitle=Opinion+stating+the+reasons+for+the+Court%27s+Order+of+September+30%2C+2014+granting+both+the+TRNC%27s+and+the+HSBC+defendants%27+motions+to+dismiss%2C+denying+the+plaintiffs%27+motion+for+leave+to+amend%2C+and+dismissing+this+action+with+prejudice+for+Toumazou+et+al+v.+Republic+of+Turkey+et+al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fdistrict-courts%2Fdistrict-of-columbia%2Fdcdce%2F1%3A2009cv01967%2F139002%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-155000">ECtHR</a> The decision of 02.09.2015. paragraph 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424173316/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/03/criminals-fleeing-british-justice-can-no-longer-use-cyprus-safe/">The Telegraph 03.02.2017</a> Criminals fleeing British justice can no longer use Cyprus as a safe haven, judges rule, in landmark decision</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4PwmeRG9QsUC">James Ker-Lindsay (UN SG's Former Special Representative for Cyprus)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114113128/https://books.google.com/books?id=4PwmeRG9QsUC">Archived</a> 14 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States, p.149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Czapliński_Kleczkowska_Scholar_2019_p._26-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Czapliński_Kleczkowska_Scholar_2019_p._26_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzaplińskiKleczkowskaScholar2019" class="citation book cs1">Czapliński, W.; Kleczkowska, A.; Scholar, W.N. 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(1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nwBrQgAACAAJ"><i>Policy and Politics in West Germany: The Growth of a Semisovereign State</i></a>. Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-264-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-264-4"><bdi>978-0-87722-264-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115130622/https://books.google.com/books?id=nwBrQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policy+and+Politics+in+West+Germany%3A+The+Growth+of+a+Semisovereign+State&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-87722-264-4&rft.aulast=Katzenstein&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnwBrQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadgettJefferyBulmer2014" class="citation book cs1">Padgett, Stephen; Jeffery, C.; Bulmer, Simon (14 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XHrQtwEACAAJ"><i>Rethinking Germany and Europe: Democracy and Diplomacy in a Semi-Sovereign State</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-58924-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-58924-1"><bdi>978-1-349-58924-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115130622/https://books.google.com/books?id=XHrQtwEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Germany+and+Europe%3A+Democracy+and+Diplomacy+in+a+Semi-Sovereign+State&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.isbn=978-1-349-58924-1&rft.aulast=Padgett&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Jeffery%2C+C.&rft.au=Bulmer%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXHrQtwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Edward Heath (August 2013). "The Distinction Between State and Government". <i>Geography Compass</i>. <b>7</b> (8): 556–566. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GComp...7..556R">2013GComp...7..556R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgec3.12065">10.1111/gec3.12065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geography+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Distinction+Between+State+and+Government&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=556-566&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgec3.12065&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013GComp...7..556R&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Edward+Heath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford,_J._2006-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford,_J._2006_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford,_J._2006_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2006" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, J. (2006). <i>The Creation of States in International Law</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826002-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826002-8"><bdi>978-0-19-826002-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+States+in+International+Law&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826002-8&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Edward Heath (2010). "An ontological analysis of states: Organizations vs. legal persons". <i>Applied Ontology</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 109–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FAO-2010-0077">10.3233/AO-2010-0077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Ontology&rft.atitle=An+ontological+analysis+of+states%3A+Organizations+vs.+legal+persons&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-125&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3233%2FAO-2010-0077&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Edward+Heath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFazal2004" class="citation journal cs1">Fazal, Tanisha M. (2004). "State Death in the International System". <i>International Organization</i>. <b>58</b> (2): 311–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818304582048">10.1017/S0020818304582048</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3877860">3877860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=State+Death+in+the+International+System&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=311-344&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020818304582048&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3877860%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fazal&rft.aufirst=Tanisha+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Edward Heath (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219023941/http://www.edwardheath.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Destruction-of-States.pdf">"The Involuntary Extinction of States: An Examination of the Destruction of States though the Application of Military Force by Foreign Powers since the Second World War"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of Military Geography</i>. <b>1</b>: 17–29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwardheath.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Destruction-of-States.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+Geography&rft.atitle=The+Involuntary+Extinction+of+States%3A+An+Examination+of+the+Destruction+of+States+though+the+Application+of+Military+Force+by+Foreign+Powers+since+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=17-29&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Edward+Heath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edwardheath.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F01%2FDestruction-of-States.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingmar1996" class="citation journal cs1">Ringmar, Erik (1996). "On the ontological status of the state". <i>European Journal of International Relations</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 439–466. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354066196002004002">10.1177/1354066196002004002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145248100">145248100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=On+the+ontological+status+of+the+state&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=439-466&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1354066196002004002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145248100%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ringmar&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/RingmarOntologicalStatusOfTheState/RingmarOntologicalStatusOfTheState_djvu.txt">full text</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. James (1986). <i>Sovereign Statehood: The Basis of International Society</i> (London: Allen & Unwin)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dl.dropboxusercontent.com-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dl.dropboxusercontent.com_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dl.dropboxusercontent.com_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Edward H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213829/https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/46395762/My%20Articles/Documentary%20Theory%20of%20States.pdf">"A documentary theory of states and their existence as quasi-abstract entities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geopolitics</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 461–489. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14650045.2014.913027">10.1080/14650045.2014.913027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67844415">67844415</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/46395762/My%20Articles/Documentary%20Theory%20of%20States.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geopolitics&rft.atitle=A+documentary+theory+of+states+and+their+existence+as+quasi-abstract+entities&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=461-489&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14650045.2014.913027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A67844415%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.dropboxusercontent.com%2Fu%2F46395762%2FMy%2520Articles%2FDocumentary%2520Theory%2520of%2520States.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MariahSutt2-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MariahSutt2_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingmar1996" class="citation journal cs1">Ringmar, Erik (1996). "On the Ontological Status of the State". <i>European Journal of International Relations</i>. <b>10</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=On+the+Ontological+Status+of+the+State&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ringmar&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fundamentals71-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fundamentals71_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fundamentals71_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fundamentals71_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fundamentals71_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmandtSteinbicker1956">Schmandt & Steinbicker 1956</a>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmandtSteinbicker1956">Schmandt & Steinbicker 1956</a>, p. 71 (citing Hegel's <i>Philosophy of History</i>, trans. J. Sibree [New York: Wiley Book Co., 1934]); see also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegel2012" class="citation book cs1">Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (2012) [1899]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bniImd3dIMkC"><i>The Philosophy of History</i></a>. Courier Corporation. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bniImd3dIMkC&dq=%22divine+idea%22&pg=PA39">39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-11900-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-11900-7"><bdi>978-0-486-11900-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+History&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-486-11900-7&rft.aulast=Hegel&rft.aufirst=Georg+Wilhelm+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbniImd3dIMkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/the-sage-handbook-of-diplomacy/book242760#contents">"The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy"</a>. SAGE Publications. pp. 294–295. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117145048/https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/the-sage-handbook-of-diplomacy/book242760#contents">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Handbook+of+Diplomacy&rft.pages=294-295&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.sagepub.com%2Fen-gb%2Feur%2Fthe-sage-handbook-of-diplomacy%2Fbook242760%23contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFazalGriffiths2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fazal, Tanisha M.; Griffiths, Ryan D. (March 2014). "Membership Has Its Privileges: The Changing Benefits of Statehood". <i>International Studies Review</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 79–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmisr.12099">10.1111/misr.12099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Membership+Has+Its+Privileges%3A+The+Changing+Benefits+of+Statehood&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-106&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fmisr.12099&rft.aulast=Fazal&rft.aufirst=Tanisha+M.&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Ryan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-ir.info/2016/09/23/the-state-of-secession-in-international-politics/">"The State of Secession in International Politics"</a>. <i>E-International Relations</i>. 23 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117064713/http://www.e-ir.info/2016/09/23/the-state-of-secession-in-international-politics/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-International+Relations&rft.atitle=The+State+of+Secession+in+International+Politics&rft.date=2016-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-ir.info%2F2016%2F09%2F23%2Fthe-state-of-secession-in-international-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlesinaSpolaore2003" class="citation book cs1">Alesina, Alberto; Spolaore, Enrico (7 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/size-nations"><i>The Size of Nations</i></a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262012041" title="Special:BookSources/9780262012041"><bdi>9780262012041</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063734/https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/size-nations">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Size+of+Nations&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003-11-07&rft.isbn=9780262012041&rft.aulast=Alesina&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=Spolaore%2C+Enrico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2Fbooks%2Fsize-nations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmandtSteinbicker1956" class="citation book cs1">Schmandt, Henry J.; Steinbicker, Paul G. (1956) [1954]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zCaLngEACAAJ"><i>Fundamentals of Government</i></a> (2nd printing ed.). Bruce Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL43450205M">43450205M</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115130622/https://books.google.com/books?id=zCaLngEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Government&rft.edition=2nd+printing&rft.pub=Bruce+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL43450205M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Schmandt&rft.aufirst=Henry+J.&rft.au=Steinbicker%2C+Paul+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzCaLngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngie,_Antony2007" class="citation book cs1">Angie, Antony (26 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VJuHlZ1_fbEC"><i>Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82892-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82892-5"><bdi>978-0-521-82892-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperialism%2C+Sovereignty+and+the+Making+of+International+Law&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-04-26&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82892-5&rft.au=Angie%2C+Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVJuHlZ1_fbEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButcherGriffiths2020" class="citation journal cs1">Butcher, Charles R.; Griffiths, Ryan D. (17 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03050629.2020.1707199">"States and their international relations since 1816: introducing version 2 of the International System(s) Dataset (ISD)"</a>. <i>International Interactions</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 291–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03050629.2020.1707199">10.1080/03050629.2020.1707199</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Interactions&rft.atitle=States+and+their+international+relations+since+1816%3A+introducing+version+2+of+the+International+System%28s%29+Dataset+%28ISD%29&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=291-308&rft.date=2020-01-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03050629.2020.1707199&rft.aulast=Butcher&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Ryan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03050629.2020.1707199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chen, Ti-chiang. <i>The International Law of Recognition, with Special Reference to Practice in Great Britain and the United States</i>. London, 1951.</li> <li>Crawford, James. <i>The Creation of States in International Law</i>. Oxford University Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-825402-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-825402-4">0-19-825402-4</a>, pp. 15–24.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDieter_Grimm2015" class="citation book cs1">Dieter Grimm (21 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PbXoBgAAQBAJ"><i>Sovereignty: The Origin and Future of a Political and Legal Concept</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53930-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53930-2"><bdi>978-0-231-53930-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereignty%3A+The+Origin+and+Future+of+a+Political+and+Legal+Concept&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft.isbn=978-0-231-53930-2&rft.au=Dieter+Grimm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPbXoBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauterpacht,_Hersch2012" class="citation book cs1">Lauterpacht, Hersch (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWgEv1Qq2TwC&pg=PA419"><i>Recognition in International Law</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107609433" title="Special:BookSources/9781107609433"><bdi>9781107609433</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recognition+in+International+Law&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781107609433&rft.au=Lauterpacht%2C+Hersch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEWgEv1Qq2TwC%26pg%3DPA419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir1981" class="citation book cs1">Muir, Richard (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GlBdDwAAQBAJ"><i>Modern Political Geography</i></a> (Second ed.). Macmillan International Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349860760" title="Special:BookSources/9781349860760"><bdi>9781349860760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Political+Geography&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9781349860760&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGlBdDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Raič, D. <i>Statehood and the Law of Self-determination</i>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1890-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1890-5">978-90-411-1890-5</a>. p 29 (with reference to Oppenheim in International Law Vol. 1 1905 p110)</li> <li>Schmandt, Henry J., and Paul G. Steinbicker. <i>Fundamentals of Government</i>, "Part Three. The Philosophy of the State" (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1954 [2nd printing, 1956]). 507 pgs. 23 cm. LOC classification: JA66 .S35 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/54010666">Fundamentals of government</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burneylawfirm.com/international_law_primer.htm">A Brief Primer on International Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110081904/http://www.burneylawfirm.com/international_law_primer.htm">Archived</a> 10 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> With cases and commentary. Nathaniel Burney, 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=6305536&jid=RIS&volumeId=22&issueId=04&aid=6305528&bodyId=&membershipNumber=&societyETOCSession=">What constitutes the sovereign state?</a> by Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipoliticalrisk.com">Links to the best political risk websites, ipoliticalrisk.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801184630/http://www.ipoliticalrisk.com/">Archived</a> 1 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> information on tracking, evaluating and managing sovereign risk for trade and permanent investment</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thepalestinepapers.com/files/1402.PDF">Legal opinion by the Negotiations Support Unit in the Palestinian Authority on transitional sovereignty</a> (PDF)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclay1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Barclay, Thomas (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/State"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/State">"State" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 799–801.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=799-801&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+state" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_state" title="Template:Types of state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_state" title="Template talk:Types of state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_state" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state">Administrative state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">Capitalist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_state" title="Civilization state">Civilization state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-state" title="Quasi-state">Quasi-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pariah_state" title="Pariah state">Pariah state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_state" title="Parallel state">Parallel state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politeia" title="Politeia">Politeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">Rump state</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sovereign state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_state" title="Territorial state">Territorial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">Warlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Designations_for_types_of_administrative_division" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Template:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Template talk:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Designations_for_types_of_administrative_division" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Designations for types of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative division</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="English_terms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="List of terms for administrative divisions">English terms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Common_English_terms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_area" title="Local government area">Local government area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Areas_Board" title="Special Areas Board">Special area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unorganized_area" title="Unorganized area">Unorganized area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">Borough</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">County borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canton_(administrative_division)" title="Canton (administrative division)">Canton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Half-canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-canton">Half-canton</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital" title="Federal capital">Federal capital</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capital_city#Origins" title="Capital city">Imperial capital</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_city" title="Autonomous city">Autonomous city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter city">Charter city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated city">Incorporated city</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial city">Imperial city</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial city</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Royal_free_city" title="Royal free city">Royal free city</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_(administrative_division)" title="Community (administrative division)">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_community" title="Residential community">Residential community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/County" title="County">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_county" title="Administrative county">Administrative county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_county" title="Autonomous county">Autonomous county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">County town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">Metropolitan county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_county_municipality" title="Regional county municipality">Regional county municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscountcy">Viscounty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas country">Overseas country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_(administrative_division)" title="Department (administrative division)">Department</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">Overseas department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/District" title="District">District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital district">Capital district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_district" title="City district">City district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_district" title="Congressional district">Congressional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_government_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government district">Indian government district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_district" title="Land district">Land district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Manitoba#Local_government_districts" title="List of municipalities in Manitoba">Local government district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan district">Metropolitan district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_district" title="Military district">Military district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_district" title="Municipal district">Municipal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_district" title="Police district">Police district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_district" title="Regional district">Regional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_district" title="Rural district">Rural district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_district" title="Sanitary district">Sanitary district</a></li> <li>Service district <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_service_district_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Educational service district (disambiguation)">Educational service district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_service_district" title="Local service district">Local service district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_school_district" title="Intermediate school district">Intermediate school district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_district" title="Urban district">Urban district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Division_(political_geography)" title="Division (political geography)">Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_division" title="Police division">Police division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue division">Subdivision of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian reserve/reservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="City municipality">City municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_municipality" title="County municipality">County municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipality" title="Direct-controlled municipality">Direct-controlled municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_municipality" title="District municipality">District municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral municipality">Neutral municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_municipality" title="Regional municipality">Regional municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_municipality" title="Resort municipality">Resort municipality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_resort_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain resort municipality">Mountain resort municipality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_municipality" title="Rural municipality">Rural municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialized municipality">Specialized municipality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture" title="Prefecture">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">Autonomous prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subprefecture" title="Subprefecture">Subprefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-prefecture">Super-prefecture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefecture</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_province" title="Autonomous province">Autonomous province</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">Overseas province</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrative region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_region" title="Special administrative region">Special administrative region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">Autonomous region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_region" title="Capital region">Capital region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_capital_region" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital region">National capital region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_region" title="Development region">Development region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoregion_(geography)" title="Mesoregion (geography)">Mesoregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microregion" title="Microregion">Microregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas region">Overseas region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subregion_(administrative_division)" title="Subregion (administrative division)">Subregion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-state">Proto-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_state_(polity)" title="Free state (polity)">Free state</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sovereign state</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital territory">Capital territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal capital territory">Federal capital territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital territory">National capital territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_territory" title="Federal territory">Federal territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated territory">Incorporated territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territory">Organized incorporated territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas territory">Overseas territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_town" title="Census town">Census town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">Market town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">Township</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_township" title="Charter township">Charter township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Civil township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_township" title="Paper township">Paper township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_township" title="Survey township">Survey township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_township" title="Urban township">Urban township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional unit">Regional unit</a></li> <li>Territorial unit <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_territorial_unit" title="Autonomous territorial unit">Autonomous territorial unit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Economic zone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone" title="Free economic zone">Free economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_zone" title="Exclusion zone">Exclusion zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_exclusion_zone" title="Military exclusion zone">Military exclusion zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_speech_zone" title="Free speech zone">Free speech zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_zone_(territorial_entity)" title="Neutral zone (territorial entity)">Neutral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-administered_zone" title="Self-administered zone">Self-administered zone</a></li> <li>Trade zone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_English_terms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria#Alpine_resorts" title="Local government in Victoria">Alpine resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banner_(administrative_division)" title="Banner (administrative division)">Banner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(district_subdivision)" title="Block (district subdivision)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">Cadastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_(administrative_division)" title="Circle (administrative division)">Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(administrative_division)" title="Circuit (administrative division)">Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">Condominium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency (administrative division)">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_duchy" title="District duchy">District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderships_of_Lithuania" title="Elderships of Lithuania">Eldership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">Enclave and exclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal manor">Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muftiate" title="Muftiate">Muftiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">Neighbourhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_precinct" title="Electoral precinct">Precinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_(urban_subdivision)" title="Quarter (urban subdivision)">Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)">Riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sector_(administrative_division)" title="Sector (administrative division)">Sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous sector">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">Shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townland" title="Townland">Townland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">Village</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_summer_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of summer villages in Alberta">Summer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(administrative_division)" title="Agency (administrative division)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_(county_division)" title="Barony (county division)">Barony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate" title="Exarchate">Exarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">Hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Circle">Imperial Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthon" title="Monthon">Monthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency (administrative division)">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residency_(administrative_division)" title="Residency (administrative division)">Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Roman diocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_(administrative_division)" title="Seat (administrative division)">Seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_(administrative_division)" title="Tenth (administrative division)">Tenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing" title="Tithing">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-English_terms_or_loanwords" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-English terms or loanwords</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amt" title="Amt">Amt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apskritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apskritis">Apskritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhsh" title="Bakhsh">Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashki" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashki">Bashki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk" title="Bezirk">Bezirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarca" title="Comarca">Comarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">Frazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freguesia" title="Freguesia">Freguesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_(administrative_division)" title="Fu (administrative division)">Fu</a></li> <li>Gemeinde <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Germany)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(South_Tyrol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (South Tyrol)">South Tyrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeente_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gemeente (disambiguation)">Gemeente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina" title="Gmina">Gmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hromada" title="Hromada">Hromada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude%C8%9B" title="Județ">Județ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampong" title="Kampong">Kampong</a></li> <li>Kommun/Kunta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden" title="Municipalities of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4n" title="Län">Län (Sweden)</a></li> <li>Landskap <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localit%C3%A0" title="Località">Località</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Maakunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Megye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muban" title="Muban">Muban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukim" title="Mukim">Mukim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%ABsi_administrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Njësi administrative">Njësi administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblast" title="Autonomous oblast">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okrug" title="Okrug">Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Ostān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purok" title="Purok">Purok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qark" class="mw-redirect" title="Qark">Qark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">Raion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savivaldyb%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Savivaldybė">Savivaldybė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsoviet" title="Selsoviet">Selsoviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni%C5%ABnija" class="mw-redirect" title="Seniūnija">Seniūnija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iran" title="Counties of Iran">Shahrestān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sum_(administrative_division)" title="Sum (administrative division)">Sum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sums_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Sums of Inner Mongolia">China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BDsla" title="Sýsla">Sýsla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Tehsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">Townlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine" title="Vingtaine">Vingtaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commote" title="Commote">Commote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_(territory)" title="Gau (territory)">Gau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heerlijkheid" title="Heerlijkheid">Heerlijkheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komun%C3%AB" title="Komunë">Komunë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ping" title="Köping">Köping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korale" title="Korale">Korale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Län/Lääni</a></li> <li>Landskap <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Landskommun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Maalaiskunta</a></li> <li>Nome <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Prefectures of Greece">Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">Pagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargana" title="Pargana">Pargana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plas%C4%83" title="Plasă">Plasă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rreth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rreth">Rreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socken" title="Socken">Socken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syssel" title="Syssel">Syssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_(administrative_division)" title="Zhou (administrative division)">Zhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in <i>italics</i>. <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration">Autonomous administration</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_by_country" title="List of administrative divisions by country">List of administrative divisions by country</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic-language_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="Template:Slavic-language terms for administrative divisions">Slavic administrative divisions</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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[\"CITEREFTalmon2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisoka2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilde2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiren,_Robert2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Bracket\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 16,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Sovereign State\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Fact\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Terms for types of country subdivisions\"] = 1,\n [\"Types of state\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 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