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République socialiste de Roumanie — Wikipédia

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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>La <b>république socialiste de Roumanie</b> (<span class="lang-ro" lang="ro"><i>Republica Socialistă România</i></span> ou RSR) est la troisième et dernière forme constitutionnelle, du <time class="nowrap" datetime="1965-06-28" data-sort-value="1965-06-28">28 juin 1965</time> au <time class="nowrap" datetime="1989-12-22" data-sort-value="1989-12-22">22 décembre 1989</time>, du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gime_communiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Régime communiste de Roumanie">régime communiste de Roumanie</a> dirigé par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_communiste_roumain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti communiste roumain">Parti communiste roumain</a> du <time class="nowrap" datetime="1945-03-06" data-sort-value="1945-03-06">6 mars 1945</time> au <time class="nowrap" datetime="1989-12-22" data-sort-value="1989-12-22">22 décembre 1989</time>. Ce régime a connu trois phases&nbsp;:</p> <ol> <li>Entre le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1945-03-06" data-sort-value="1945-03-06">6 mars 1945</time> et le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1947-12-30" data-sort-value="1947-12-30">30 décembre 1947</time>, les <b>34 derniers mois</b> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume de Roumanie">Royaume de Roumanie</a> (occupé par <b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Occupation_de_la_Roumanie_par_l%27Union_sovi%C3%A9tique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Occupation de la Roumanie par l'Union soviétique">l'Union soviétique</a></b> depuis le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1944-09-12" data-sort-value="1944-09-12">12 septembre 1944</time>)&nbsp;;</li> <li>La <b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_populaire_roumaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République populaire roumaine">République populaire roumaine</a></b> (<i>Republica Populară Romînă</i> ou RPR) du <time class="nowrap" datetime="1947-12-30" data-sort-value="1947-12-30">30 décembre 1947</time> au <time class="nowrap" datetime="1965-06-28" data-sort-value="1965-06-28">28 juin 1965</time>&nbsp;;</li> <li>La <b>république socialiste de Roumanie</b> (<i>Republica Socialistă România</i> ou RSR), détaillée dans cet article.</li> </ol> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <div class="entete" style="background-color: #EBEBEB;"> <div> République socialiste de Roumanie<br><small>(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roumain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roumain">ro</a>) <i>Republica Socialistă România</i></small> </div> </div> <p class="center"><time class="nowrap" datetime="1965-06-28" data-sort-value="1965-06-28">28 juin 1965</time>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<time class="nowrap" datetime="1989-12-22" data-sort-value="1989-12-22">22 décembre 1989</time><br><small>(<span data-sort-value="&amp;0000000000008943" class="datasortkey">24&nbsp;ans, 5&nbsp;mois et 24&nbsp;jours</span>)</small></p> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="1" align="center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Romania_(1965%E2%80%931989).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau"><img alt="Drapeau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/110px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%25281965%25E2%2580%25931989%2529.svg/165px-Flag_of_Romania_%25281965%25E2%2580%25931989%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%25281965%25E2%2580%25931989%2529.svg/220px-Flag_of_Romania_%25281965%25E2%2580%25931989%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span><br><small><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_de_la_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapeau de la Roumanie">Drapeau de la république socialiste de Roumanie</a>. </small></td> <td colspan="1" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_(1965%E2%80%931989).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Blason"><img alt="Blason" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/88px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%25281965%25E2%2580%25931989%2529.svg/132px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%25281965%25E2%2580%25931989%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%25281965%25E2%2580%25931989%2529.svg/176px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_%25281965%25E2%2580%25931989%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1100"></a></span><br><small><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armoiries_de_la_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armoiries de la Roumanie">Emblème de la république socialiste de Roumanie</a>. </small></td> </tr> <tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="hr" style="background-color:#aaa; height:1px;"></div> <table> <caption class="hidden" style=""> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:5em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hymne_national?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hymne national">Hymne</a></th> <td><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Te_sl%C4%83vim,_Rom%C3%A2nie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Te slăvim, Românie">Te slăvim, Românie</a></i> <small>(1953/1965 – 1975)</small><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pe-al_nostru_steag_e_scris_Unire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire (page inexistante)"><i>E scris pe tricolor Unire</i></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe-al_nostru_steag_e_scris_Unire" class="extiw" title="en:Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a> <small>(1975 – 1977)</small><br><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trei_culori?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trei culori">Trei culori</a></i> <small>(1977 – 1989)</small> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="191" data-mwtitle="Trei_culori.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Trei_culori.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs=&quot;vorbis&quot;" data-width="0" data-height="0"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/Trei_culori.ogg/Trei_culori.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"> </audio></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="hr" style="background-color:#aaa; height:1px;"></div> <div class="images"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fichier:Romania_1956-1990.svg&amp;lang=fr&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de cette image, également commentée ci-après" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Romania_1956-1990.svg/langfr-220px-Romania_1956-1990.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Romania_1956-1990.svg/langfr-330px-Romania_1956-1990.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Romania_1956-1990.svg/langfr-440px-Romania_1956-1990.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456"></a></span> </div> <div class="legend"> Localisation de la république socialiste de Roumanie (en vert) en Europe. </div> <table> <caption style="background-color:#EBEBEB;"> Informations générales </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;">Statut</th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République">République</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_communiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="État communiste">État communiste</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_unique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti unique">parti unique</a> sous <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dictature?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dictature">dictature</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Totalitarisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Totalitarisme">totalitaire</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitale">Capitale</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bucarest?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bucarest">Bucarest</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langue?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langue">Langue(s)</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roumain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roumain">Roumain</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion">Religion</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ath%C3%A9isme_d%27%C3%89tat?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Athéisme d'État">Athéisme d'État</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monnaie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monnaie">Monnaie</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leu_roumain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leu roumain">Leu roumain</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#EBEBEB;"> Démographie </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;">Population</th> <td><span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage nécessite une référence (demandé le juillet 2018)." style="cursor:help;">19&nbsp;102&nbsp;000&nbsp;habitants <small>(estimations de 1987)</small></span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[réf.&nbsp;nécessaire]</a></sup></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#EBEBEB;"> Histoire et événements </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;">28 juin 1965</th> <td>Nouvelle constitution&nbsp;: le pays prend le nom de «&nbsp;<b>république socialiste de Roumanie</b>&nbsp;».</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;">22 décembre 1989</th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_roumaine_de_1989?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution roumaine de 1989">Fuite de Ceaușescu</a>.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#EBEBEB;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_communiste_roumain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti communiste roumain">Premier secrétaire du Parti</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1965?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1965">1965</a> – <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1989?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1989">1989</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#EBEBEB;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_chefs_de_l%27%C3%89tat_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des chefs de l'État de la république socialiste de Roumanie">Président</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1965?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1965">1965</a> – <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1967?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1967">1967</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chivu_Stoica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chivu Stoica">Chivu Stoica</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1967?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1967">1967</a> – <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1989?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1989">1989</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#EBEBEB;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_Premiers_ministres_roumains?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des Premiers ministres roumains">Premier ministre</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1961?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1961">1961</a> – <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1974?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1974">1974</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ion_Gheorghe_Maurer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ion Gheorghe Maurer">Ion Gheorghe Maurer</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1974?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1974">1974</a> – <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1979?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1979">1979</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manea_M%C4%83nescu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manea Mănescu">Manea Mănescu</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1979?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1979">1979</a> – <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1982?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1982">1982</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ilie_Verde%C8%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ilie Verdeț">Ilie Verdeț</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1982?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1982">1982</a> – <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1989?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1989">1989</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantin_D%C4%83sc%C4%83lescu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantin Dăscălescu">Constantin Dăscălescu</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#EBEBEB;"> Parlement </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:10em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monocam%C3%A9risme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monocamérisme">Parlement monocaméral</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande_Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande Assemblée nationale de Roumanie">Grande Assemblée nationale de Roumanie</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="hr" style="background-color:#aaa; height:1px;"></div> <div style="float:left;width:45%;"> <p>Entités précédentes&nbsp;:</p> <ul style="text-align:left"> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Romania_(1952%E2%80%931965).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de Roumanie"><img alt="Drapeau de Roumanie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Romania_%25281952%25E2%2580%25931965%2529.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania_%25281952%25E2%2580%25931965%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Romania_%25281952%25E2%2580%25931965%2529.svg/40px-Flag_of_Romania_%25281952%25E2%2580%25931965%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_populaire_roumaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République populaire roumaine">République populaire roumaine</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="float:right;width:45%;"> <p>Entités suivantes&nbsp;:</p> <ul style="text-align:left"> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Romania.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de Roumanie"><img alt="Drapeau de Roumanie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/20px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roumanie">Roumanie</a> (1989)</li> </ul> </div> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div> <p class="navbar bordered noprint" style="border-color:#EBEBEB;"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DR%25C3%25A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie%26veaction%3Dedit%26section%3D0">modifier</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DR%25C3%25A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D0">modifier le code</a> - <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:ItemByTitle/frwiki/R%25C3%25A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie" class="extiw" title="d:Special:ItemByTitle/frwiki/République socialiste de Roumanie">voir Wikidata</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Infobox_Wikidata?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Infobox Wikidata">(aide)</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Ancienne_entit%C3%A9_territoriale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></p> </div> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gime_communiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Régime communiste de Roumanie">régime communiste de Roumanie</a> a été mis en place par le coup d'état du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_communiste_roumain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti communiste roumain">Parti communiste roumain</a> soutenu par l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_rouge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armée rouge">Armée rouge</a> le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1945-03-06" data-sort-value="1945-03-06">6 mars 1945</time>&nbsp;; la République a été créée le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1947-12-30" data-sort-value="1947-12-30">30 décembre 1947</time> lors de l'abolition du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume de Roumanie">royaume de Roumanie</a> et de l'abdication du roi <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Ier_(roi_de_Roumanie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Ier (roi de Roumanie)">Michel</a>. Le régime s'effondra à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chute_des_r%C3%A9gimes_communistes_en_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chute des régimes communistes en Europe">chute du bloc de l'Est</a>, lorsque le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_roumaine_de_1989?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution roumaine de 1989">coup d'État de décembre 1989</a> mit un terme à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_communiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="État communiste">dictature communiste</a> et aux fonctions du président <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>, mais la forme d'État <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République">républicaine</a> fut conservée.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralit%C3%A9s"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Généralités</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Histoire"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Histoire</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transformation_de_la_%C2%AB_R%C3%A9publique_populaire_roumaine_%C2%BB_en_%C2%AB_r%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie_%C2%BB"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Transformation de la «&nbsp;République populaire roumaine&nbsp;» en «&nbsp;république socialiste de Roumanie&nbsp;»</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Redurcissement_du_r%C3%A9gime"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Redurcissement du régime</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9litement_du_r%C3%A9gime"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Délitement du régime</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chute_du_r%C3%A9gime"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Chute du régime</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bilan_et_m%C3%A9moire_du_r%C3%A9gime"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Bilan et mémoire du régime</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Références</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Annexes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Annexes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Généralités"><span id="G.C3.A9n.C3.A9ralit.C3.A9s"></span>Généralités</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Généralités" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Repressive_system_Romania%2BMoldova_1946-1989.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Repressive_system_Romania%2BMoldova_1946-1989.jpg/220px-Repressive_system_Romania%2BMoldova_1946-1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="413"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Repressive_system_Romania%2BMoldova_1946-1989.jpg/220px-Repressive_system_Romania%2BMoldova_1946-1989.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Repressive_system_Romania%2BMoldova_1946-1989.jpg/330px-Repressive_system_Romania%2BMoldova_1946-1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Repressive_system_Romania%2BMoldova_1946-1989.jpg/440px-Repressive_system_Romania%2BMoldova_1946-1989.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Réseau de prisons et de camps en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gime_communiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Régime communiste de Roumanie">Roumanie communiste</a> et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_sovi%C3%A9tique_moldave?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République socialiste soviétique moldave">Moldavie soviétique</a> (1945-1989). </figcaption> </figure> <p>Durant cette période le pays connait un régime <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dictature?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dictature">dictatorial</a> d'inspiration <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxisme-l%C3%A9ninisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxisme-léninisme">marxiste-léniniste</a>, caractérisé par<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;:</p> <ul> <li>sur le plan <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politique">politique</a>, la position <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution">constitutionnelle</a> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_de_locutions_latines_commen%C3%A7ant_par_D?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste de locutions latines commençant par D">de jure</a></i> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_communiste_roumain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti communiste roumain">Parti communiste roumain</a> comme «&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_unique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti unique">parti unique</a> et organe dirigeant de l’état&nbsp;», interdisant <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_facto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> la constitution d’associations, syndicats ou autres structures sociales indépendantes du pouvoir, et imposant un courant de l’autorité et de légitimité&nbsp;» (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Souverainet%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Souveraineté">souveraineté</a>), allant du sommet (le Comité Central) vers la base (les autres structures du parti, les citoyens)…&nbsp;;</li> <li>sur le plan <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logistique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Logistique">logistique</a>, la présence massive de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Securitate?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Securitate">police politique «&nbsp;Securitate&nbsp;»</a> dans la société, active par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Censure?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Censure">censure</a>, l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coute_(surveillance)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écoute (surveillance)">écoute aléatoire et sans aucun contrôle juridique des conversations téléphoniques</a>, l’ouverture du courrier, le quadrillage territorial, institutionnel et professionnel systématique du pays, la pratique courante d’arrestations arbitraires, de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torture?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torture">tortures</a> en cours d’interrogatoire et d’internement psychiatrique et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9portation?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Déportation">déportation</a> des citoyens arrêtés, avec ou sans «&nbsp;jugement&nbsp;», dans les réseaux de camps de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Travaux_forc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Travaux forcés">travail forcé</a> de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steppe_pontique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steppe pontique">steppe</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C4%83r%C4%83gan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bărăgan">Bărăgan</a> ou du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canal_Danube-Mer_Noire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canal Danube-Mer Noire">canal Danube-Mer Noire</a>…&nbsp;;</li> <li>sur le plan <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89conomie_(activit%C3%A9_humaine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Économie (activité humaine)">économique</a>, une stricte <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planification?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planification">planification</a> d’état, ne touchant pas seulement les orientations macro-économiques et au commerce international, mais aussi tous les aspects de la production, de la distribution et de la consommation, au mépris des ressources disponibles, des possibilités techniques, de l'environnement et des besoins de la population, interdisant toute forme d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autogestion?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autogestion">autogestion</a> et induisant des inégalités entre la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nomenklatura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nomenklatura">bureaucratie du Parti et de l'État</a> qui disposait d’un niveau de vie élevé, et le reste de la population aux prises avec une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9nurie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pénurie">pénurie</a> permanente d’énergie, de denrées, de produits finis et de services (ce qui encourageait le développement d’une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89conomie_informelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Économie informelle">économie informelle</a>, mais <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9culation_(%C3%A9conomie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spéculation (économie)">spéculative</a>)…&nbsp;;</li> <li>sur le plan <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_(sciences_sociales)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Société (sciences sociales)">social</a>, un strict contrôle des activités culturelles, des médias et des droits des citoyens roumains à l’opinion, à l’expression et au déplacement (nécessitant des autorisations et divers visas préalables pour changer d’emploi, de domicile, de résidence à l'intérieur du pays, et encore plus pour voyager hors du pays, et surtout dans les pays non-communistes).</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Occupation_de_la_Roumanie_par_l%27Union_sovi%C3%A9tique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Occupation de la Roumanie par l'Union soviétique">Occupation de la Roumanie par l'Union soviétique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_communiste_roumain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti communiste roumain">Parti communiste roumain</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_populaire_roumaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République populaire roumaine">République populaire roumaine</a>. </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Transformation_de_la_«_République_populaire_roumaine_»_en_«_république_socialiste_de_Roumanie_»"><span id="Transformation_de_la_.C2.AB_R.C3.A9publique_populaire_roumaine_.C2.BB_en_.C2.AB_r.C3.A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie_.C2.BB"></span>Transformation de la «&nbsp;République populaire roumaine&nbsp;» en «&nbsp;république socialiste de Roumanie&nbsp;»</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Transformation de la «&nbsp;République populaire roumaine&nbsp;» en «&nbsp;république socialiste de Roumanie&nbsp;»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Nicolae_Ceausescu.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolae_Ceausescu.png/170px-Nicolae_Ceausescu.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="528"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolae_Ceausescu.png/170px-Nicolae_Ceausescu.png" data-width="170" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolae_Ceausescu.png/255px-Nicolae_Ceausescu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolae_Ceausescu.png/340px-Nicolae_Ceausescu.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Représentation officielle de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>, dans le style du <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9alisme_socialiste_sovi%C3%A9tique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réalisme socialiste soviétique">réalisme socialiste</a></i>. </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a>, chef d'État de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_populaire_roumaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République populaire roumaine">République populaire roumaine</a>, meurt d'un cancer du poumon le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1965-03-19" data-sort-value="1965-03-19">19 mars 1965</time>. Une lutte de pouvoir a alors lieu au sein du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_communiste_roumain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti communiste roumain">parti communiste roumain</a> pour sa succession&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Apostol&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gheorghe Apostol (page inexistante)">Gheorghe Apostol</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" class="extiw" title="en:Gheorghe Apostol"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Gheorghe Apostol&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a>, proche collaborateur de Gheorghiu-Dej, apparaît comme l'un des candidats les plus crédibles, mais le Premier ministre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ion_Gheorghe_Maurer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ion Gheorghe Maurer">Ion Gheorghe Maurer</a> contribue à favoriser l'élection comme Premier secrétaire du parti de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>. Ce dernier poursuit dans un premier temps la politique de détente menée par Gheorghiu-Dej, maintenant des relations diplomatiques cordiales avec l'Est comme avec l'Ouest.</p> <p>S'inspirant des travaux du professeur d'économie soviétique <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evse%C3%AF_Liberman?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evseï Liberman">Evseï Liberman</a> et de certaines des idées du «&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socialisme_%C3%A0_visage_humain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socialisme à visage humain">socialisme à visage humain</a>&nbsp;», Maurer et Ceaușescu souhaitent transformer l'économie inefficace et stagnante de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_populaire_roumaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République populaire roumaine">République populaire roumaine</a> en une «&nbsp;économie socialiste de marché&nbsp;», où il n'y aurait toujours pas eu de propriété privée, mais une autonomie de gestion de la propriété collective (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9centralisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Décentralisation">décentralisation</a> sous l'égide du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_communiste_roumain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti communiste roumain">Parti communiste roumain</a>, mais avec acceptation et valorisation des initiatives venues des citoyens). Des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9forme_%C3%A9conomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réforme économique">réformes</a> structurelles sont alors entreprises<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;:</p> <ol> <li>restitution partielle de l'usage de la terre aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paysan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paysan">paysans</a> pour des productions familiales qu'ils sont autorisés à vendre directement aux consommateurs sur les marchés publics, moyennent une redevance&nbsp;;</li> <li>autorisation pour les particuliers de se constituer en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Entreprise_unipersonnelle_%C3%A0_responsabilit%C3%A9_limit%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Entreprise unipersonnelle à responsabilité limitée">auto-entrepreneurs</a> ou de former librement de petites <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coop%C3%A9rative?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coopérative">coopératives</a> de citoyens (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Restaurant?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Restaurant">restaurants</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coiffeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coiffeur">salons de coiffure</a>, petit <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artisanat?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artisanat">artisanat</a>)&nbsp;;</li> <li>tentative de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ralisation_%C3%A9conomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libéralisation économique">libéralisation</a> de l’activité économique des grandes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Entreprise_publique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Entreprise publique">entreprises d’État</a>, en responsabilisant le personnel (qualité des produits fournis en lien avec les prix de vente et les revenus des employés, élection des directeurs, autonomie financière)&nbsp;;</li> <li>diminution du rôle dirigeant du Parti à partir de 1968-69 par une libéralisation réelle de ses structures de base (cellules locales, sections des branches professionnelles) et instauration d'une certaine <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tol%C3%A9rance?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tolérance">tolérance</a> politique, intellectuelle et médiatique (relative liberté de recherche historique, renoncement aux thèses soviétiques obligatoires concernant l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire de la Roumanie">histoire du pays</a> et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9s_danubiennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principautés danubiennes">principautés du passé</a>, remise à l'honneur de certains historiens jusque-là qualifiés de «&nbsp;bourgeois et réactionnaires&nbsp;», comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicolae Iorga">Nicolae Iorga</a>)&nbsp;;</li> <li>réforme de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution">Constitution</a> le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1965-06-28" data-sort-value="1965-06-28">28 juin 1965</time> (avec notamment des élections locales à candidats multiples pour les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_territoriale_de_la_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation territoriale de la Roumanie">petites circonscriptions</a> et les comités d'entreprise).</li> </ol> <p>Par la réforme de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution">Constitution</a>, le pays prend comme nom officiel celui de <b>république socialiste de Roumanie</b>. La nouvelle constitution stipule une série de libertés (liberté d'expression, liberté de la presse, liberté de manifestation) qui, dans les faits, demeurent largement théoriques. Le retour à une certaine liberté dans le domaine de la recherche historique s'accompagne de la promotion d'un courant <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudohistoire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pseudohistoire">pseudo-historique</a> nationaliste&nbsp;: le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protochronisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protochronisme">protochronisme</a>, qui ne réhabilite les «&nbsp;héros du passé&nbsp;» («&nbsp;Décébale&nbsp;», <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tienne_III_de_Moldavie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne III de Moldavie">Étienne le Grand</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Ier_le_Brave?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Ier le Brave">Michel de Brave</a>...) que pour mieux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culte_de_la_personnalit%C3%A9_de_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culte de la personnalité de Nicolae Ceaușescu">inscrire Ceaușescu dans leur lignée</a>. Pour les élections, les «&nbsp;candidats multiples&nbsp;» doivent toujours être membres du parti communiste, donc le changement n'est guère perceptible concrètement.</p> <p>En revanche, les réformes économiques (qui remplissent les étals de produits jusque-là rares ou inaccessibles) et l'affirmation de l'identité roumaine face à l'URSS (les rapports avec l'URSS sont redéfinis sur la base d'une alliance basée sur l'«&nbsp;égalité et la non-interférence réciproque dans les affaires intérieures&nbsp;») créent, dans la population, un courant de sympathie envers le régime, mais en fait l'État accroît son influence sur le domaine économique, gardant notamment le monopole du commerce extérieur. Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1967-12-09" data-sort-value="1967-12-09">9 décembre 1967</time>, Nicolae Ceaușescu devient également président du Conseil d'État, soit chef de l'État (le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1974-03-28" data-sort-value="1974-03-28">28 mars 1974</time>, un amendement changera le titre de chef de l'État en <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Président">Président</a> de la République</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Jusqu'en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1971?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1971">1971</a>, Ceaușescu alterne gestes de libéralisation et mesures répressives, entretenant les espoirs de changement tout en consolidant son pouvoir. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Securitate?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Securitate">Securitate</a> poursuit une politique très active de surveillance de la population, la politique de relégation intérieure étant maintenue. En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1966?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1966">1966</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politique_nataliste_en_R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Politique nataliste en République socialiste de Roumanie">avortement est interdit</a> sous peine de prison aux femmes de moins de quarante-cinq ans ayant moins de quatre enfants, entraînant une vague d'interruptions clandestines de grossesse et causant indirectement la mort de milliers de femmes du fait de conditions sanitaires déplorables<sup id="cite_ref-Du_passé_faisons_table_rase_p.436_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Du_pass%C3%A9_faisons_table_rase_p.436-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1968?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1968">1968</a>, bien que membre du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pacte_de_Varsovie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pacte de Varsovie">pacte de Varsovie</a>, la Roumanie refuse que ses troupes participent à l'écrasement du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Printemps_de_Prague?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Printemps de Prague">printemps de Prague</a>, cet acte spectaculaire d'indépendance garantissant à Ceaușescu, durant un temps, une certaine popularité auprès de la population roumaine et renforçant à l'étranger son image de dirigeant réformateur. La politique d'industrialisation de la Roumanie entamée sous Gheorghiu-Dej est poursuivie, bien que le pays ne parvienne ni à produire des biens de consommation exportables, ni même à satisfaire la demande intérieure.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Redurcissement_du_régime"><span id="Redurcissement_du_r.C3.A9gime"></span>Redurcissement du régime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Redurcissement du régime" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>À partir de juillet <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1971?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1971">1971</a>, Ceaușescu, désormais assuré de son pouvoir, met fin à la «&nbsp;détente intérieure&nbsp;». Les origines de ce revirement sont discutées. La version la plus courante en Roumanie est que Ceaușescu, durant un voyage en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chine">république populaire de Chine</a> et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cor%C3%A9e_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corée du Nord">Corée du Nord</a>, aurait apprécié l'efficacité de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_culturelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution culturelle">révolution culturelle</a> et la doctrine du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juche?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juche">Juche</a> pour <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terreur_rouge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terreur rouge">discipliner les populations</a>, et qu'il aurait voulu mettre en place une <span class="citation">«&nbsp;révolution culturelle&nbsp;»</span> roumaine, dans le but affiché de créer l'<span class="citation">«&nbsp;homme nouveau&nbsp;»</span><sup id="cite_ref-Du_passé_faisons_table_rase_p.436_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Du_pass%C3%A9_faisons_table_rase_p.436-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Mais ce but n'avait rien de nouveau, il est l'un des axes de la <span class="citation">«&nbsp;construction du socialisme&nbsp;»</span>. L'autre hypothèse est que l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pacte_de_Varsovie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pacte de Varsovie">URSS aurait désavoué</a> sa «&nbsp;détente intérieure&nbsp;» et ses initiatives internationales, et qu'il se serait inquiété des libertés d'expression grignotées au fil des années par les intellectuels, dont auraient aussi pu profiter ses camarades du parti pour contester ses choix. Toujours est-il que progressivement, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_communiste_roumain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti communiste roumain">parti communiste roumain</a> restreint à nouveau les libertés économiques, intellectuelles et culturelles pour imposer un strict contrôle de l'économie et un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culte_de_la_personnalit%C3%A9_de_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culte de la personnalité de Nicolae Ceaușescu">culte de la personnalité de Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> de plus en plus prononcé. Les intellectuels s'organisent régulièrement en groupes de protestation, plusieurs lettres ouvertes étant adressées au chef de l'État&nbsp;: mais ces groupes sont dispersés, leurs membres les plus connus sont contraints à l'exil, les moins connus (la grande majorité) sont emprisonnés<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Samizdat-Romania.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Samizdat-Romania.jpg/220px-Samizdat-Romania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4524" data-file-height="3094"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Samizdat-Romania.jpg/220px-Samizdat-Romania.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Samizdat-Romania.jpg/330px-Samizdat-Romania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Samizdat-Romania.jpg/440px-Samizdat-Romania.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samizdat?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samizdat">Samizdats</a> de l'ère Ceaușescu dans des boîtes de loukoums (caricatures anonymes dans un carnet syndical) et d'allumettes (petit livre interdit sous les allumettes). </figcaption> </figure> <p>De toutes les innovations de la «&nbsp;détente intérieure&nbsp;», seul le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protochronisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protochronisme">protochronisme</a> est conservé&nbsp;: il permet au régime d'inscrire son <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isolationnisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isolationnisme">isolationnisme</a> dans une perspective <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pseudohistoire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pseudohistoire">pseudohistorique</a>, en récusant l'héritage <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire romain">romain</a> partagé avec les autres pays latins, tous capitalistes, au profit de l'héritage <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daces?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daces">dace</a> autochtone<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En parallèle, la propagande, faisant fi de la similitude avec les dictateurs fascistes, développe le culte du chef suprême, qu'elle nomme <i>conducător al patriei</i> soit «&nbsp;guide de la patrie&nbsp;», mais aussi «&nbsp;héros intercontinental&nbsp;», «&nbsp;Danube de la pensée&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;génie des Carpates&nbsp;». Les inventeurs de ces slogans sont anonymes, mais les exégètes ultérieurs se sont demandé s'ils n'avaient pas volontairement ampoulé ces qualificatifs pour ridiculiser le régime&nbsp;; l'un des slogans officiels était d'ailleurs «&nbsp;România = Comunism, Ceaușescu = Eroism&nbsp;», dont les quatre termes inscrits sur des panonceaux placés le long de toutes les routes étaient très faciles à intervertir en «&nbsp;Ceaușescu = Comunism, România = Eroism&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-Niculescu-Grasso1999_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Niculescu-Grasso1999-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cela n'empêche pas Ceaușescu de soigner son image internationale de «&nbsp;régime de l'est dissident et libéral&nbsp;», renforcée par les visites d'état à Bucarest de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1968) ou de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Nixon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1969), et par les offres, pour les touristes occidentaux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communisme">communistes</a> ou non, de vacances joyeuses et bon marché à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mamaia">Mamaia</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Costine%C8%99ti?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Costinești">Costinești</a> avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ana_Aslan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ana Aslan">cures de jouvence</a> comprises.</p> <p>En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1972?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1972">1972</a>, sous couvert d'une apparente indépendance diplomatique vis-à-vis de l'URSS, la Roumanie adhère au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fonds_mon%C3%A9taire_international?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fonds monétaire international">Fonds monétaire international</a> et obtient des crédits importants. Mais, face au remboursement de la dette, le régime donne la priorité aux exportations, restreignant la demande intérieure bien au-delà des exigences du FMI, au point que même le chauffage central<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et l'éclairage urbain sont arrêtés&nbsp;; la faim fait son apparition, et les hôpitaux deviennent des mouroirs&nbsp;; de nombreuses familles abandonnent leurs enfants<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1977?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1977">1977</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1983?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1983">1983</a>, l'aggravation désastreuse des conditions de vie<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> cause, en dépit des risques d'emprisonnement, d'importantes grèves de mineurs et d'ouvriers des combinats<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En 1977, Ceaușescu, en visite aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mine_(gisement)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mine (gisement)">mines</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jiu_(rivi%C3%A8re)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jiu (rivière)">Jiu</a>, est personnellement hué par les mineurs&nbsp;; des centaines d'arrestations s'ensuivent<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>L'autosuffisance alimentaire, qui avait été atteinte entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1968?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1968">1968</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1980?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1980">1980</a>, est à nouveau perdue. À partir de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1981?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1981">1981</a>, le remboursement de la dette extérieure sert de prétexte pour refuser toute réforme. Le niveau de vie baisse de 15 à 20&nbsp;% entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1980?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1980">1980</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1987?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1987">1987</a><sup id="cite_ref-L'état_des_Balkans_14-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-L'%C3%A9tat_des_Balkans-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La politique sanitaire est notoirement défaillante&nbsp;; l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politique_nataliste_en_R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Politique nataliste en République socialiste de Roumanie">interdiction de la contraception et une stricte réglementation de l'avortement</a> (pour empêcher la diminution de la population) entraînent un grand nombre d'abandons d'enfants, enfermés dans des orphelinats gérés comme des fermes d'élevage industriel, mais avec pénurie alimentaire et carences hygiéniques et, bien sûr, relationnelles et affectives<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <center> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:RSRpiata.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RSRpiata.jpg/130px-RSRpiata.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1349"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RSRpiata.jpg/130px-RSRpiata.jpg" data-width="130" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RSRpiata.jpg/195px-RSRpiata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RSRpiata.jpg/260px-RSRpiata.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Obor, principal marché de Bucarest dans les années 1980. </figcaption> </figure></td> <td> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:RSRtransport.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/RSRtransport.jpg/180px-RSRtransport.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="857"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/RSRtransport.jpg/180px-RSRtransport.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/RSRtransport.jpg/270px-RSRtransport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/RSRtransport.jpg/360px-RSRtransport.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Dans les années 1980, la pénurie d'énergie et de carburant rend les transports en commun rares et difficilement accessibles. </figcaption> </figure></td> <td> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:RSRlibrarie.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/RSRlibrarie.jpg/290px-RSRlibrarie.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1466" data-file-height="1002"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 198px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/RSRlibrarie.jpg/290px-RSRlibrarie.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="198" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/RSRlibrarie.jpg/435px-RSRlibrarie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/RSRlibrarie.jpg/580px-RSRlibrarie.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Seuls les ouvrages signés Ceaușescu remplissent les vitrines des librairies dans les années 1980. </figcaption> </figure></td> <td> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:RSRdemolari.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/RSRdemolari.jpg/280px-RSRdemolari.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="832"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/RSRdemolari.jpg/280px-RSRdemolari.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/RSRdemolari.jpg/420px-RSRdemolari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/RSRdemolari.jpg/560px-RSRdemolari.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Dans les années 1980, la politique de «&nbsp;systématisation du territoire&nbsp;» se traduit par 320&nbsp;000 expulsions, la démolition de quartiers historiques entiers, et environ 3&nbsp;000&nbsp;morts par froid et carences. </figcaption> </figure></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </center> <p>Par une application brutale du principe d'«&nbsp;égalité entre villes et campagnes&nbsp;» de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, une politique dite de <span class="citation">«&nbsp;systématisation du territoire&nbsp;»</span> se traduit par la démolition de quartiers historiques en ville, et de villages en milieu rural, avec relogement forcé des habitants en barres et tours d'appartements collectifs, souvent inachevées et où eau courante et gaz de ville ne sont présents qu'au rez-de-chaussée et dans les premiers étages&nbsp;; l’électricité, quand elle est présente, est contingentée (6h-8h et 18h-20h)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9ismes_de_Vrancea?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Séismes de Vrancea">séisme de 1977</a>, qui cause des dégâts considérables à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bucarest?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bucarest">Bucarest</a>, offre à Ceaușescu l'occasion de <span class="citation">«&nbsp;systématiser&nbsp;»</span> le centre de la capitale, détruisant des milliers d'immeubles et des centaines de monuments historiques, et rasant le centre historique de la ville, au profit d'un immense bâtiment, dit «&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palais_du_Parlement_(Bucarest)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palais du Parlement (Bucarest)">Maison du peuple</a>&nbsp;», destiné à abriter les institutions de l'État. La «&nbsp;systématisation&nbsp;», conduite au mépris des règles d'urbanisme, aboutit à la destruction d'une partie du patrimoine architectural de la Roumanie, et à la construction de «&nbsp;banlieues à la campagne&nbsp;» qui, dans les années 1980, bouleversent la vie des campagnes et compromettent ainsi encore plus la survie alimentaire des populations. Des centaines de villages sont détruits et la population est relogée dans des immeubles collectifs à la campagne, avec sanitaires, cuisines et points d'eau collectifs<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Pyramide_ages_Ro_1985.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pyramide_ages_Ro_1985.jpg/220px-Pyramide_ages_Ro_1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="1854"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pyramide_ages_Ro_1985.jpg/220px-Pyramide_ages_Ro_1985.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pyramide_ages_Ro_1985.jpg/330px-Pyramide_ages_Ro_1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pyramide_ages_Ro_1985.jpg/440px-Pyramide_ages_Ro_1985.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> La pyramide âges roumaine en 1985, montrant les effets du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politique_nataliste_en_R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Politique nataliste en République socialiste de Roumanie">décret de 1966 interdisant la contraception et réglementant strictement l'avortement</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roms?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roms">Roms</a> sont sédentarisés de force, tandis que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_des_Juifs_en_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire des Juifs en Roumanie">Juifs</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemands_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemands de Roumanie">Allemands</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grecs_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grecs de Roumanie">Grecs</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turcs_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turcs de Roumanie">Turcs</a> quittent le pays en masse, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israël">Israël</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemagne_de_l%27Ouest?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemagne de l'Ouest">Allemagne</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grèce">Grèce</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turquie">Turquie</a> acceptant de payer le droit d'émigration au prorata des études suivies par les partants<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Une autre source de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devise_(monnaie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devise (monnaie)">devises</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monnaie_forte_et_monnaie_faible?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monnaie forte et monnaie faible">fortes étrangères</a> pour le régime est l'adoption par des couples occidentaux des orphelins (<i>decrețeii</i>) des <i>cămine</i> («&nbsp;foyers&nbsp;») d'État, nombreux à la suite du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politique_nataliste_en_R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Politique nataliste en République socialiste de Roumanie">décret 770 de 1966</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Sous la présidence de Nicolae Ceaușescu, l'omniprésence de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Securitate?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Securitate">Securitate</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9potisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Népotisme">népotisme</a> du régime s'accentuent&nbsp;: une vingtaine de membres de la famille Ceaușescu détient des postes clés dans l'appareil étatique et l'épouse du président, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elena Ceaușescu">Elena Ceaușescu</a>, se voit attribuer une place prépondérante dans le domaine de la recherche scientifique, au mépris de ses compétences réelles, illustrant, au sommet de l'État, une situation chronique à tous les échelons de la société, où les affiliations l'emportent largement sur les compétences. Un dicton populaire dit alors que PCR ne signifie plus «&nbsp;Parti communiste roumain&nbsp;» mais «&nbsp;Pistons, combines, relations&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Niculescu-Grasso1999_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Niculescu-Grasso1999-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La défection d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ion_Mihai_Pacepa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ion Mihai Pacepa">Ion Mihai Pacepa</a>, un général de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Securitate?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Securitate">Securitate</a>, achève de discréditer le régime à l'Ouest et montre que même ses principaux soutiens commencent à perdre confiance.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Délitement_du_régime"><span id="D.C3.A9litement_du_r.C3.A9gime"></span>Délitement du régime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Délitement du régime" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Du fait des conditions de vie, l'impopularité du régime est telle que, malgré la peur omniprésente, le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1987-11-15" data-sort-value="1987-11-15">15 novembre 1987</time>, 15&nbsp;000&nbsp;ouvriers et habitants se révoltent à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brașov">Brașov</a><sup id="cite_ref-L'état_des_Balkans_14-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-L'%C3%A9tat_des_Balkans-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1987?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1987">1987</a>, à la faveur d'une visite de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mikha%C3%AFl_Gorbatchev?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mikhaïl Gorbatchev">Mikhaïl Gorbatchev</a>, la Roumanie resserre ses liens commerciaux avec l'URSS, mais Nicolae Ceaușescu demeure insensible à toute idée de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perestro%C3%AFka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perestroïka">perestroïka</a>. À partir de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1987?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1987">1987</a>, le mécontentement se fait jour même dans les rangs du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_communiste_roumain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti communiste roumain">Parti communiste roumain</a> et de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Securitate?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Securitate">Securitate</a>, et au printemps <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1989?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1989">1989</a>, six anciens membres du bureau politique du parti rendent publiques leurs critiques dans une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lettre_ouverte_(texte)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lettre ouverte (texte)">lettre ouverte</a> à Nicolae Ceaușescu, accusé d'avoir tourné le dos à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communisme">idéal communiste</a>. Deux dictons populaires de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_communiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="État communiste">époque communiste</a> affirmaient d'ailleurs que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_communiste_roumain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti communiste roumain">PCR</a> signifiait «&nbsp;<i>pile, combinații, relații</i>&nbsp;» soit «&nbsp;piston, magouilles, relations&nbsp;», et que dans ce régime, toutes les briques de l'édifice sont théoriquement égales, mais pratiquement celles d'en bas doivent supporter le poids de celles d'en haut<sup id="cite_ref-bancuri_21-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bancuri-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Niculescu-Grasso1999_7-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Niculescu-Grasso1999-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:House_of_memorial_of_victims_of_communism.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/House_of_memorial_of_victims_of_communism.jpg/170px-House_of_memorial_of_victims_of_communism.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="1501"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/House_of_memorial_of_victims_of_communism.jpg/170px-House_of_memorial_of_victims_of_communism.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/House_of_memorial_of_victims_of_communism.jpg/255px-House_of_memorial_of_victims_of_communism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/House_of_memorial_of_victims_of_communism.jpg/340px-House_of_memorial_of_victims_of_communism.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devoir_de_m%C3%A9moire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devoir de mémoire">mémorial</a> aux deux millions de victimes recensées du communisme en Roumanie, à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sighetu_Marma%C8%9Biei?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sighetu Marmației">Sighetu Marmației</a>, dans la même rue que celui des victimes de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shoah?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shoah">Shoah</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Chute_du_régime"><span id="Chute_du_r.C3.A9gime"></span>Chute du régime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Chute du régime" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chute_des_r%C3%A9gimes_communistes_en_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chute des régimes communistes en Europe">Chute des régimes communistes en Europe</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_roumaine_de_1989?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution roumaine de 1989">Révolution roumaine de 1989</a>. </div> </div> <p>À la fin de l'année <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1989?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1989">1989</a> a lieu la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chute_des_r%C3%A9gimes_communistes_en_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chute des régimes communistes en Europe">chute du bloc de l'Est</a>. Alors que les régimes les plus proches de l'Union soviétique tombent tous les uns après les autres, la relative indépendance, mais réel isolement de la Roumanie, rend sa situation différente. Le ressentiment envers le couple Ceaușescu et le désir de changement face à la situation désastreuse du pays amène même une partie des cadres du parti à souhaiter la chute du dictateur. Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1989-12-17" data-sort-value="1989-12-17">17 décembre 1989</time>, les forces de l'ordre tirent contre des manifestants à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a>. Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="12-21" data-sort-value="12-21">21 décembre</time>, un rassemblement de soutien au régime est organisé à Bucarest mais, en pleine retransmission télévisée, la foule, quadrillée comme toujours par les membres de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Securitate?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Securitate">Securitate</a>, se met d'un coup à huer Ceaușescu qui, visiblement stupéfait, doit interrompre son discours. La capitale est bientôt en proie à l'insurrection&nbsp;: des affrontements ont lieu, mais l'essentiel des forces armées fraternise avec les insurgés. Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="12-22" data-sort-value="12-22">22 décembre</time>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ion_Iliescu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a>, ancien dirigeant communiste marginalisé au sein du parti, décrète la formation d'un gouvernement provisoire au nom du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Front_de_salut_national_(Roumanie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Front de salut national (Roumanie)">Front de salut national</a>. Iliescu est proclamé chef de l'État par intérim, tandis que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petre_Roman?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petre Roman">Petre Roman</a> prend la tête du gouvernement. Nicolae et Elena Ceaușescu prennent la fuite en hélicoptère et sont capturés quelques heures plus tard. Le bâtiment du comité central est pris d'assaut par la foule. Le Parti communiste roumain est dissous et la fin du système de parti unique est décrétée. Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="12-25" data-sort-value="12-25">25 décembre</time>, les époux Ceaușescu sont fusillés dans une caserne proche de Bucarest après un simili-procès aussi expéditif que les procédures habituellement utilisées contre les victimes du régime. La Roumanie redevient une démocratie et plusieurs partis qui ont été interdits pendant le régime socialiste réapparaissent<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En mai <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1990?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1990">1990</a>, six mois après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_roumaine_de_1989?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution roumaine de 1989">chute de la dictature communiste</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Front_de_salut_national_(Roumanie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Front de salut national (Roumanie)">Front de salut national</a> qui dispose de toute la logistique de l'ex-parti communiste roumain, remporte les élections législatives et présidentielles, et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ion_Iliescu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a> devient président de la République. Une nouvelle constitution est adoptée le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1991-11-21" data-sort-value="1991-11-21">21 novembre 1991</time>. Une partie des membres de l'ancien parti communiste et du Front de salut national se reconvertissent ensuite au sein du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_social-d%C3%A9mocrate_(Roumanie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti social-démocrate (Roumanie)">Parti de la démocratie sociale</a>. Les ex-communistes ont sauvegardé leurs positions, mais le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_communiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="État communiste">régime communiste</a> en Roumanie est fini, même si ultérieurement, un nouveau parti communiste a vu le jour, d'abord sous les noms de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_socialiste_du_travail_(Roumanie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti socialiste du travail (Roumanie)">Parti socialiste du travail</a> (<time class="nowrap" datetime="1990-11" data-sort-value="1990-11">novembre 1990</time>) et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_socialiste_roumain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti socialiste roumain">Parti de l'alliance socialiste</a> (de 2003 à 2010)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Bilan_et_mémoire_du_régime"><span id="Bilan_et_m.C3.A9moire_du_r.C3.A9gime"></span>Bilan et mémoire du régime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bilan et mémoire du régime" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Post-communisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Post-communisme">Post-communisme</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nomenklatura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nomenklatura">Nomenklatura</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oligarchie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oligarchie">Oligarchie</a>. </div> </div> <p>Depuis 1990, un grand nombre d’ouvrages historiques est paru, dévoilant au grand jour les crimes de ce régime, mais sans susciter ni indignation générale (dans le pays ou à l'étranger), ni procès ou «&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lustration_(politique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lustration (politique)">lustration</a>&nbsp;». Un «&nbsp;Mémorial de la Résistance et des victimes du communisme&nbsp;» a été fondé en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1993?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1993">1993</a> par d’anciens dissidents à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sighetu_Marma%C8%9Biei?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sighetu Marmației">Sighet</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Un Institut national de recherche historique sur les crimes du régime communiste, où a travaillé la «&nbsp;Commission historique d'investigation et d'analyse des crimes du régime communiste&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-CPADCR_26-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CPADCR-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> coordonnée par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu (page inexistante)">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%25C4%2583neanu" class="extiw" title="en:Vladimir Tismăneanu"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Vladimir Tismăneanu&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a> a été créé par la loi <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&nbsp;1.724 du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-12-21" data-sort-value="2005-12-21">21 décembre 2005</time><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Leurs travaux, dont les conclusions ont été rendues en 2007, imputent au régime communiste 2.215.000&nbsp;victimes en 45&nbsp;ans, environ 11&nbsp;% de la population du pays<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, soit une moyenne de 122&nbsp;victimes politiques par jour (mais en fait, bien plus dans les années 1945-1955 et 1979-1989, et bien moins dans les années 1965-1975<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>).</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Memorial_Wall_-_Museum_of_Arrested_Thought_-_Sighet_-_Romania.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Memorial_Wall_-_Museum_of_Arrested_Thought_-_Sighet_-_Romania.jpg/220px-Memorial_Wall_-_Museum_of_Arrested_Thought_-_Sighet_-_Romania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Memorial_Wall_-_Museum_of_Arrested_Thought_-_Sighet_-_Romania.jpg/220px-Memorial_Wall_-_Museum_of_Arrested_Thought_-_Sighet_-_Romania.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Memorial_Wall_-_Museum_of_Arrested_Thought_-_Sighet_-_Romania.jpg/330px-Memorial_Wall_-_Museum_of_Arrested_Thought_-_Sighet_-_Romania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Memorial_Wall_-_Museum_of_Arrested_Thought_-_Sighet_-_Romania.jpg/440px-Memorial_Wall_-_Museum_of_Arrested_Thought_-_Sighet_-_Romania.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Le «&nbsp;mur des 975&nbsp;000&nbsp;victimes arrêtées&nbsp;» du régime communiste en Roumanie, dans le Mémorial de Sighet. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Ces chiffres décomptent non seulement les 975&nbsp;000&nbsp;décès directement dus à la répression (exécutions, morts en détention pour motifs politiques) mais aussi de ceux dus à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9nurie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pénurie">pénurie</a> institutionnalisée, aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Famine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Famine">disettes</a> provoquées par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9quisition?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réquisition">réquisitions</a>, au manque d'énergie et donc de chauffage, au manque de sécurité dans le travail, à l'emploi massif des prisonniers pour les travaux dangereux et de grande envergure, et au manque de soins aux plus faibles dû à l'indigence des fournitures médicales et pharmaceutiques<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La dictature se réclamant du communisme et autoproclamée «&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9mocratie_populaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Démocratie populaire">démocratie populaire</a>&nbsp;», qu’a exercée entre le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1945-03-06" data-sort-value="1945-03-06">6 mars 1945</time> et le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1989-12-22" data-sort-value="1989-12-22">22 décembre 1989</time> le Parti communiste roumain, a été reconnue en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2004?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2004">2004</a> par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlement_roumain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parlement roumain">Parlement roumain</a> comme «&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9nocide?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Génocide">génocidaire</a>&nbsp;», ayant «&nbsp;conçu et mis en œuvre un plan concerté et prémédité d’extermination sous prétexte de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lutte_des_classes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lutte des classes">lutte des classes</a> et de praxis révolutionnaire&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Avec la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holodomor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holodomor">grande famine ukrainienne des années 1930</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, c’est le seul cas de reconnaissance juridique officielle comme «&nbsp;génocide&nbsp;» d’un crime de masse commis sur critères politiques et sociaux (même le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goulag?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goulag">Goulag</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laogai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laogai">Laogai</a> ou le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9nocide_cambodgien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Génocide cambodgien">génocide cambodgien</a> ne sont pas juridiquement reconnus comme génocides, car la définition internationalement reconnue postule qu’un génocide ne peut avoir été commis qu’exclusivement sur des critères «&nbsp;nationaux, ethniques, raciaux ou religieux&nbsp;»).</p> <p>Le rapport de 660 pages de la «&nbsp;Commission historique d'investigation et d'analyse des crimes du régime communiste&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-CPADCR_26-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CPADCR-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> commence par une citation de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jules_Michelet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jules Michelet">Jules Michelet</a> à propos de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution française">Révolution française</a> et se présente comme un «&nbsp;premier pas vers une analyse historique plus exhaustive de la période communiste&nbsp;» (qui n'a jamais été effectuée). Il a suscité des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Controverse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Controverse">controverses</a> tant en Roumanie qu’à l’étranger. Hors-frontières, de nombreux historiens et juristes ont critiqué l’entorse faite par la Roumanie (comme par l’Ukraine) au principe selon lequel seuls des critères «&nbsp;nationaux, ethniques, raciaux ou religieux&nbsp;» définissent un «&nbsp;génocide&nbsp;», à l’exemple du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9nocide_arm%C3%A9nien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Génocide arménien">génocide arménien</a>, de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shoah?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shoah">Shoah</a> ou de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porajmos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porajmos">Porajmos</a>. En Roumanie même, les leaders anciennement communistes, devenus <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nationalisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nationalisme">nationalistes</a> comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adrian_P%C4%83unescu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adrian Păunescu">Adrian Păunescu</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corneliu_Vadim_Tudor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corneliu Vadim Tudor">Corneliu Vadim Tudor</a> (président du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_de_la_Grande_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti de la Grande Roumanie">parti d'extrême-droite PRM</a>), ont invectivé à la télévision Vladimir Tismăneanu ou fait siffler dans l’enceinte du parlement le président <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traian Băsescu">Traian Băsescu</a> pour avoir approuvé ces travaux.</p> <p>Ils ont tenté de discréditer le rapport, qualifié de «&nbsp;ridicule, plein d’erreurs culturelles et historiques&nbsp;» et l’ont critiqué pour avoir comptabilisé non seulement les 975&nbsp;000&nbsp;victimes directement dues à la répression (détention, tortures, exécutions), mais aussi celles dues à l’indigence des familles des détenus politiques (privées de toute ressource y compris les retraites), à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9nurie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pénurie">pénurie</a> institutionnalisée dont souffrait une grande partie de la population, aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Famine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Famine">disettes</a> provoquées par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9quisition?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réquisition">réquisitions</a>, au manque d’énergie et donc de chauffage, au manque de sécurité dans le travail, à l’emploi massif des prisonniers pour les travaux dangereux et de grande envergure, et au manque de soins aux plus faibles de par l’insuffisance des fournitures médicales et pharmaceutiques.</p> <p><span class="citation">«&nbsp;J'ai trouvé dans ce rapport les raisons pour lesquelles je peux condamner, au nom de la démocratie, les crimes du régime communiste en Roumanie dont d’anciens dignitaires occupent toujours des positions importantes dans la politique, les affaires et les médias&nbsp;»</span> a déclaré au parlement le président <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traian Băsescu">Traian Băsescu</a> (proche des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_national_lib%C3%A9ral_(Roumanie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti national libéral (Roumanie)">libéraux</a>) sous les sifflets et les huées de l’opposition <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_social-d%C3%A9mocrate_(Roumanie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti social-démocrate (Roumanie)">socialiste</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_de_la_Grande_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti de la Grande Roumanie">nationaliste</a>.</p> <p>En <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-12" data-sort-value="2006-12">décembre 2006</time>, soit 16&nbsp;ans après la fin du régime communiste, la Fondation pour une Société ouverte avait publié un sondage<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> indiquant que les Roumains considèrent le communisme réel, tel que le pays l'a connu, comme&nbsp;:</p> <ul> <li>12&nbsp;% - une bonne idée aux conséquences globalement positives&nbsp;;</li> <li>41&nbsp;% - une bonne idée mal appliquée aux conséquences globalement négatives&nbsp;;</li> <li>34&nbsp;% - une mauvaise idée aux mauvaises conséquences&nbsp;;</li> <li>13&nbsp;% - autre chose ou ne sait pas.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Archie Brown, <i>The Rise and Fall of communism</i>, Vintage Books, 2009, page 105&nbsp;; <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Soulet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-François Soulet">Jean-François Soulet</a>, <i>Histoire comparée des États communistes de 1945 à nos jours</i>, Armand Colin, coll. «&nbsp;U&nbsp;», 1996, pages 11-42 et Alexandre Zinoviev, <i>Le Communisme comme réalité</i>, Julliard, 1981, page 58.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catherine_Durandin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catherine Durandin">Catherine Durandin</a>, <i>Ceaușescu, vérités et mensonges d'un roi communiste</i>, Albin Michel, 1990.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">C. Durandin, <i>Ceaușescu, vérités et mensonges d'un roi communiste</i>, Albin Michel, 1990.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Du_passé_faisons_table_rase_p.436-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Du_pass%C3%A9_faisons_table_rase_p.436_4-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Du_pass%C3%A9_faisons_table_rase_p.436_4-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#courtois">Courtois 2002</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;436.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Concernant les intellectuels, une blague triste définit leur règle de vie&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Ne pense pas. Si tu ne peux pas t'en empêcher, ne parle pas. Si tu ne peux pas t'en empêcher, n'écris pas. Si tu ne peux pas t'en empêcher, ne signe pas. Si tu ne peux pas t'en empêcher, ne t'étonne pas.&nbsp;»&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Niculescu-Grasso1999">Niculescu-Grasso 1999</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">On disait à cette époque que «&nbsp;le „national-communisme” de Ceaușescu est la doctrine politique qui prépare l'avenir, organise le présent et <i>modifie</i> le passé&nbsp;»&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Niculescu-Grasso1999">Niculescu-Grasso 1999</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Niculescu-Grasso1999-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Niculescu-Grasso1999_7-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Niculescu-Grasso1999_7-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Niculescu-Grasso1999_7-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Niculescu-Grasso1999">Niculescu-Grasso 1999</a>. </span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Concernant le froid, de très nombreuses blagues tristes circulaient&nbsp;: l'une des plus connues était «&nbsp;Quelle est la meilleure neige du monde&nbsp;? C'est la neige communiste&nbsp;: tu la mets sur le radiateur et elle ne fond pas&nbsp;!&nbsp;»&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Niculescu-Grasso1999">Niculescu-Grasso 1999</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Victor Frunză&nbsp;: <i>Istoria comunismului în România</i> («&nbsp;Histoire du communisme en Roumanie&nbsp;»), éd. EVF, Bucarest 1999, 588 pp., <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/973_9120_05_9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/973 9120 05 9"><span class="nowrap">973 9120 05 9</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">442-462</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Population &amp; Sociétés <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&nbsp;243, février 1990, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0184-7783">0184-7783</a></span>)</small>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Concernant les conditions de vie, une blague triste affirme&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Un citoyen ouvre la porte du magasin tout de blanc carrelé et demande&nbsp;: - Vous n'avez pas d'aspirine&nbsp;? La vendeuse lui répond&nbsp;: - Vous vous trompez de boutique, ici on n'a pas de viande, c'est en face qu'ils n'ont pas de médicaments.&nbsp;»&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Niculescu-Grasso1999">Niculescu-Grasso 1999</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Concernant les grèves, une blague triste affirme&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Qu'est-ce qui différencie un ouvrier communiste d'un ouvrier exploité par les capitalistes&nbsp;? Les deux peuvent faire grève, mais le second le peut encore le lendemain&nbsp;!&nbsp;»&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Niculescu-Grasso1999">Niculescu-Grasso 1999</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#courtois">Courtois 2002</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;436-437.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-L'état_des_Balkans-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-L'%C3%A9tat_des_Balkans_14-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-L'%C3%A9tat_des_Balkans_14-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Anne Planche <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.afebalk.org/edm/articles.php3?id_article%3D85">L'état du monde 1988-1989</a>, La Découverte, 1988</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1990"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/24/magazine/romania-s-lost-children-a-photo-essay-by-james-nachtwey.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Romania's lost children: a photo essay</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">The New York Times</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1990-06-24" data-sort-value="1990-06-24">24 juin 1990</time></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Concernant la distribution d'énergie, une blague triste affirme&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Qu'est-ce qui est écrit sur les pylônes à haute tension et les transformateurs&nbsp;? „Danger de mort de 6h à 8h et de 18h à 20h”.&nbsp;»&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Niculescu-Grasso1999">Niculescu-Grasso 1999</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Ces immeubles souvent immenses de type «&nbsp;clapier à lapins&nbsp;» sont appelés <i>blocuri</i> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roumain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roumain">roumain</a> et <i>paneláks</i> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hongrois?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hongrois">hongrois</a> et dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_slaves?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues slaves">langues slaves</a> en raison des panneaux préfabriqués en béton, assemblés pour former la structure, méthode de construction largement utilisée dans tout le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bloc_de_l%27Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bloc de l'Est">bloc de l'Est</a> jusqu'à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chute_des_r%C3%A9gimes_communistes_en_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chute des régimes communistes en Europe">chute des régimes communistes en Europe</a>&nbsp;; on y a ensuite renoncé en raison des inconvénients de cette méthode, notamment au niveau de l'ajustement des panneaux, de leur manque d'étanchéité et du mauvais isolement&nbsp;: <span class="ouvrage" id="Schwarzbaum2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lisa_Schwarzbaum2015"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Lisa <span class="nom_auteur">Schwarzbaum</span>, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en-us">The Monoliths of Bratislava</cite>&nbsp;», <i><span class="lang-en-us" lang="en-us">The New York Times</span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-10-30" data-sort-value="2015-10-30">30 octobre 2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/01/travel/slovakia-bratislava-tourism.html">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-01-03" data-sort-value="2020-01-03">3 janvier 2020</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Monoliths+of+Bratislava&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.aulast=Schwarzbaum&amp;rft.aufirst=Lisa&amp;rft.date=2015-10-30&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AR%C3%A9publique+socialiste+de+Roumanie"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Pratique partagée par tout le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bloc_de_l%27Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bloc de l'Est">bloc de l'Est</a>&nbsp;: Daniel C. Thomas, <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i>The Helsinki Effect&nbsp;: International Norms, Human Rights and the Demise of Communism</i>, Princeton University Press 2001.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Lavinia Betea, <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : roumain">(ro)</abbr> <i>Decretul antiavort, prostituția și decrețeii</i> («&nbsp;Le décret anti-IVG, la prostitution et les enfants du décret&nbsp;») dans Historia <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.historia.ro/sectiune/general/articol/decretul-antiavort-prostitutia-si-decreteii">[1]</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">PCR&nbsp;: en roumain «&nbsp;<i>Pile, Combinații, Relații</i>&nbsp;» selon <i>Bancuri din iepoca odiosului</i> («&nbsp;Blagues de l'époque de l'odieux&nbsp;»), éd. Orientul Latin, Braşov, 1992 .</span></li> <li id="cite_note-bancuri-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bancuri_21-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i>Bancuri din iepoca odiosului</i> (Blagues de l'époque de l'odieux), éd. Orientul Latin, Brașov, 1992</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/xxs_0294-1759_1990_num_25_1_2226">Le système Ceaușescu. Utopie totalitaire et nationalisme insulaire</a>, <i>Vingtième siècle, revue d'histoire</i>, années 1990, Volume 25</span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="BersteinMilza1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="Serge_BersteinPierre_Milza1996">Serge Berstein et Pierre <span class="nom_auteur">Milza</span>, <cite class="italique">Histoire du XXe siècle</cite>, Paris, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hatier?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hatier">Hatier</a>, <time>1996</time>, pag. 227<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Histoire+du+XXe+si%C3%A8cle&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Hatier&amp;rft.aulast=Berstein&amp;rft.aufirst=Serge&amp;rft.au=Milza%2C+Pierre&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.pages=pag.+227&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AR%C3%A9publique+socialiste+de+Roumanie"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-7523622-video-partidul-alianta-socialista-transformat-partidul-comunist-roman-noi-credem-2012-vom-parlament-liderul-formatiunii.htm.">Le nouveau parti communiste roumain sur</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.memorialsighet.ro/">[2]</a> consulté le 1-er août 2011</span></li> <li id="cite_note-CPADCR-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CPADCR_26-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CPADCR_26-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : roumain">(ro)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.presidency.ro/static/ordine/RAPORT_FINAL_CPADCR.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="ro">Comisia prezidențială pentru analiza dictaturii comuniste din România</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">le site de la présidence de la République</span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir sur <span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.crimelecomunismului.ro/pdf/ro/brosura/brosura_iiccr.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">http://www.crimelecomunismului.ro/pdf/ro/brosura/brosura_iiccr.pdf</cite></a>&nbsp;»<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.crimelecomunismului.ro/pdf/ro/brosura/brosura_iiccr.pdf">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url%3Dhttp://www.crimelecomunismului.ro/pdf/ro/brosura/brosura_iiccr.pdf">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://archive.is/http://www.crimelecomunismului.ro/pdf/ro/brosura/brosura_iiccr.pdf">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl%3Dfr%26q%3Dcache:http://www.crimelecomunismului.ro/pdf/ro/brosura/brosura_iiccr.pdf">Google</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#J'ai_trouv%C3%A9_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire&nbsp;?</a>)</sup></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.crimelecomunismului.ro/">[3]</a> consulté le 1-er août 2011.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Détails sur <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.crimelecomunismului.ro/">[4]</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.crimelecomunismului.ro/">[5]</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.memorialsighet.ro/">[6]</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Gheorghe Boldur-Latescu, <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>The communist genocide in Romania</i></span>, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-59454-251-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-59454-251-0"><span class="nowrap">978-1-59454-251-0</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Victor Frunză (dir.), <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : roumain">(ro)</abbr> <i>Istoria Partidului Comunist Român</i>, éd. Nord, Aarhus, Danemark, 1984</span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : roumain">(ro)</abbr> <i>Istoria stalinismului în România</i>, éd. Humanitas, Bucarest 1990, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9739120059?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9739120059"><span class="nowrap">9739120059</span></a>)</small>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2006">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2006/11/29/kiev-reconnait-la-grande-famine-comme-genocide_58758"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Kiev reconnaît la grande famine comme génocide</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Libération.fr</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-11-29" data-sort-value="2006-11-29">29 novembre 2006</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-05-04" data-sort-value="2018-05-04">4 mai 2018</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2006">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.roumanie.com/Politique-condamnation-du-communisme_scandale_Rapport-Tismaneanu-A1775.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Roumanie&nbsp;: le fantôme du communisme lutte jusqu’à la dernière minute</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">roumanie.com</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-12" data-sort-value="2006-12">décembre 2006</time></span>.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Annexes">Annexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Annexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="courtois">Stéphane <span class="nom_auteur">Courtois</span> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <cite class="italique">Du passé faisons table rase&nbsp;! Histoire et mémoire du communisme en Europe</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Robert_Laffont?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions Robert Laffont">Robert Laffont</a>, <time>2002</time>, 576&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-221-09500-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-221-09500-3"><span class="nowrap">978-2-221-09500-3</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Du+pass%C3%A9+faisons+table+rase+%21+Histoire+et+m%C3%A9moire+du+communisme+en+Europe&amp;rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&amp;rft.aulast=Courtois&amp;rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.tpages=576&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-221-09500-3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AR%C3%A9publique+socialiste+de+Roumanie"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="orlea">Oana <span class="nom_auteur">Orlea</span>, <cite class="italique">Les Années volées – dans le Goulag roumain à seize ans</cite>, Paris, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions du Seuil">Seuil</a>, <time>1991</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+Ann%C3%A9es+vol%C3%A9es+%E2%80%93+dans+le+Goulag+roumain+%C3%A0+seize+ans&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Seuil&amp;rft.aulast=Orlea&amp;rft.aufirst=Oana&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AR%C3%A9publique+socialiste+de+Roumanie"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Niculescu-Grasso1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dana_Maria_Niculescu-Grasso1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : roumain">(ro)</abbr> Dana Maria <span class="nom_auteur">Niculescu-Grasso</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="ro">Bancuri politice</cite>, Bucarest, éd. Fundația Culturală Română, <time>1999</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bancuri+politice&amp;rft.place=Bucarest&amp;rft.pub=%C3%A9d.+Funda%C8%9Bia+Cultural%C4%83+Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&amp;rft.aulast=Niculescu-Grasso&amp;rft.aufirst=Dana+Maria&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AR%C3%A9publique+socialiste+de+Roumanie"></span></span></span>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div style="column-count:2;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire de la Roumanie">Histoire de la Roumanie</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9sistance_anticommuniste_roumaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Résistance anticommuniste roumaine">Résistance anticommuniste roumaine</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bloc_de_l%27Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bloc de l'Est">Bloc de l'Est</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_froide?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre froide">Guerre froide</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stalinisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stalinisme">Stalinisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perestro%C3%AFka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perestroïka">Perestroïka</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chute_des_r%C3%A9gimes_communistes_en_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chute des régimes communistes en Europe">Chute des régimes communistes en Europe</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_de_Sighet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mémorial de Sighet">Mémorial de Sighet</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_de_Roumanie&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.afebalk.org/edm/articles.php3?id_article%3D85">Roumanie 1988&nbsp;: un pays à l'agonie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/xxs_0294-1759_1990_num_25_1_2226?_Prescripts_Search_tabs1%3Dstandard%26">Le système Ceausescu. Utopie totalitaire et nationalisme insulaire</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la Roumanie"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 33px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="33" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/50px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/66px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Roumanie">Portail de la Roumanie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Communisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du communisme"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_star.svg/25px-Red_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="1175"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_star.svg/25px-Red_star.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="25" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_star.svg/38px-Red_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_star.svg/50px-Red_star.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Communisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Communisme">Portail du communisme</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:R%C3%A9publique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la république"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Liberty_Statue_HiRes.svg/16px-Liberty_Statue_HiRes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="633"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Liberty_Statue_HiRes.svg/16px-Liberty_Statue_HiRes.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="16" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Liberty_Statue_HiRes.svg/23px-Liberty_Statue_HiRes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Liberty_Statue_HiRes.svg/31px-Liberty_Statue_HiRes.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:R%C3%A9publique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:République">Portail de la république</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Guerre_froide?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la guerre froide"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coldwar.png/35px-Coldwar.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="686"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coldwar.png/35px-Coldwar.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="35" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coldwar.png/53px-Coldwar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coldwar.png/71px-Coldwar.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Guerre_froide?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Guerre froide">Portail de la guerre froide</a></span> </span></li> </ul><!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐fhqv7 Cached time: 20241124025010 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.440 seconds Real time usage: 0.677 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6851/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 144593/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 44862/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B4%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="جمهورية رومانيا الاشتراكية&nbsp;–&nbsp;arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية رومانيا الاشتراكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%25C3%25BAblica_Socialista_de_Ruman%25C3%25ADa" title="República Socialista de Rumanía&nbsp;–&nbsp;asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República Socialista de Rumanía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%25C4%25B1niya_Sosialist_Respublikas%25C4%25B1" title="Rumıniya Sosialist Respublikası&nbsp;–&nbsp;azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rumıniya Sosialist Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A0%25D1%258D%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка Румынія&nbsp;–&nbsp;biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка Румынія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A0%25D1%258D%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка Румынія&nbsp;–&nbsp;Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка Румынія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D1%258A%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Социалистическа република Румъния&nbsp;–&nbsp;bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социалистическа република Румъния" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2586_%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2587_%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C" title="रोमानिआ के लोकतांत्रिक गनराज&nbsp;–&nbsp;Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रोमानिआ के लोकतांत्रिक गनराज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2595_%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%2580_%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="সমাজতান্ত্রিক প্রজাতন্ত্রী রোমানিয়া&nbsp;–&nbsp;bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমাজতান্ত্রিক প্রজাতন্ত্রী রোমানিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%25C3%25BAblica_Socialista_de_Romania" title="República Socialista de Romania&nbsp;–&nbsp;catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República Socialista de Romania" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunsk%25C3%25A1_socialistick%25C3%25A1_republika" title="Rumunská socialistická republika&nbsp;–&nbsp;tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rumunská socialistická republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Sosialaidd_Rwmania" title="Gweriniaeth Sosialaidd Rwmania&nbsp;–&nbsp;gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweriniaeth Sosialaidd Rwmania" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistiske_Republik_Rum%25C3%25A6nien" title="Socialistiske Republik Rumænien&nbsp;–&nbsp;danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Socialistiske Republik Rumænien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialistische_Republik_Rum%25C3%25A4nien" title="Sozialistische Republik Rumänien&nbsp;–&nbsp;allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sozialistische Republik Rumänien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A3%25CE%25BF%25CF%2583%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B9%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CE%2594%25CE%25B7%25CE%25BC%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BA%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2584%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1_%25CF%2584%25CE%25B7%25CF%2582_%25CE%25A1%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1%25CF%2582" title="Σοσιαλιστική Δημοκρατία της Ρουμανίας&nbsp;–&nbsp;grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σοσιαλιστική Δημοκρατία της Ρουμανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania&nbsp;–&nbsp;anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Socialist Republic of Romania" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialisma_Respubliko_Rumanio" title="Socialisma Respubliko Rumanio&nbsp;–&nbsp;espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socialisma Respubliko Rumanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%25C3%25BAblica_Socialista_de_Rumania" title="República Socialista de Rumania&nbsp;–&nbsp;espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República Socialista de Rumania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumeenia_Sotsialistlik_Vabariik" title="Rumeenia Sotsialistlik Vabariik&nbsp;–&nbsp;estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rumeenia Sotsialistlik Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="جمهوری سوسیالیستی رومانی&nbsp;–&nbsp;persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری سوسیالیستی رومانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_sosialistinen_tasavalta" title="Romanian sosialistinen tasavalta&nbsp;–&nbsp;finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Romanian sosialistinen tasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%25C3%25BAblica_Socialista_de_Roman%25C3%25ADa" title="República Socialista de Romanía&nbsp;–&nbsp;galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República Socialista de Romanía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%2591%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%25A7%25D7%2594_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A1%25D7%2595%25D7%25A6%25D7%2599%25D7%2590%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%25A1%25D7%2598%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA_%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%259E%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%2594" title="הרפובליקה הסוציאליסטית רומניה&nbsp;–&nbsp;hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה הסוציאליסטית רומניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalisti%25C4%258Dka_Republika_Rumunjska" title="Socijalistička Republika Rumunjska&nbsp;–&nbsp;croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Socijalistička Republika Rumunjska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%25C3%25A1n_Szocialista_K%25C3%25B6zt%25C3%25A1rsas%25C3%25A1g" title="Román Szocialista Köztársaság&nbsp;–&nbsp;hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Román Szocialista Köztársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Rumania" title="Republik Sosialis Rumania&nbsp;–&nbsp;indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Sosialis Rumania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_Socialista_di_Romania" title="Repubblica Socialista di Romania&nbsp;–&nbsp;italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica Socialista di Romania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%259E%25E3%2583%258B%25E3%2582%25A2%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E4%25BC%259A%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259B%25BD" title="ルーマニア社会主義共和国&nbsp;–&nbsp;japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルーマニア社会主義共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%2592%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259E%258E%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259E%258A%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%258B%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259E%2584%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%2582%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259E%2593%25E1%259E%25B7%25E1%259E%2599%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259F%2589%25E1%259E%25BC%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259F%2589%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%2593%25E1%259E%25B8" title="សាធារណរដ្ឋសង្គមនិយមរ៉ូម៉ានី&nbsp;–&nbsp;khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាធារណរដ្ឋសង្គមនិយមរ៉ូម៉ានី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25A3%25A8%25EB%25A7%2588%25EB%258B%2588%25EC%2595%2584_%25EC%2582%25AC%25ED%259A%258C%25EC%25A3%25BC%25EC%259D%2598_%25EA%25B3%25B5%25ED%2599%2594%25EA%25B5%25AD" title="루마니아 사회주의 공화국&nbsp;–&nbsp;coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루마니아 사회주의 공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%25AA%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%2599%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BA%25AA%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2587%25E0%25BA%2584%25E0%25BA%25BB%25E0%25BA%25A1%25E0%25BA%2599%25E0%25BA%25B4%25E0%25BA%258D%25E0%25BA%25BB%25E0%25BA%25A1%25E0%25BB%2582%25E0%25BA%25A3%25E0%25BA%25A1%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%2599%25E0%25BA%258D" title="ສາທາລະນະລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມໂຣມາເນຍ&nbsp;–&nbsp;lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາທາລະນະລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມໂຣມາເນຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunijos_Socialistin%25C4%2597_Respublika" title="Rumunijos Socialistinė Respublika&nbsp;–&nbsp;lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rumunijos Socialistinė Respublika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%25C4%2581nijas_Tautas_Republika" title="Rumānijas Tautas Republika&nbsp;–&nbsp;letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rumānijas Tautas Republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistische_Republiek_Roemeni%25C3%25AB" title="Socialistische Republiek Roemenië&nbsp;–&nbsp;néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Socialistische Republiek Roemenië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25C3%25A6_%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8" title="Социалистон Республикæ Румыни&nbsp;–&nbsp;ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Социалистон Республикæ Румыни" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B4%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25DB%2581%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DB%2581_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25DB%2581" title="اشتراکی جمہوریہ رومانیہ&nbsp;–&nbsp;Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اشتراکی جمہوریہ رومانیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%25C3%25BAblica_Socialista_da_Rom%25C3%25AAnia" title="República Socialista da Romênia&nbsp;–&nbsp;portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República Socialista da Romênia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Socialist%25C4%2583_Rom%25C3%25A2nia" title="Republica Socialistă România&nbsp;–&nbsp;roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Socialistă România" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Социалистическая Республика Румыния&nbsp;–&nbsp;russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социалистическая Республика Румыния" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE" title="Социалистична Република Румуньско&nbsp;–&nbsp;ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Социалистична Република Румуньско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%25C3%25B9blica_Sotzialista_de_Romania" title="Repùblica Sotzialista de Romania&nbsp;–&nbsp;sarde" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Repùblica Sotzialista de Romania" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalisti%25C4%258Dka_Republika_Rumunija" title="Socijalistička Republika Rumunija&nbsp;–&nbsp;serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Socijalistička Republika Rumunija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania&nbsp;–&nbsp;Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Socialist Republic of Romania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunsk%25C3%25A1_socialistick%25C3%25A1_republika" title="Rumunská socialistická republika&nbsp;–&nbsp;slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rumunská socialistická republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Popullore_e_Rumanis%25C3%25AB" title="Republika Popullore e Rumanisë&nbsp;–&nbsp;albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika Popullore e Rumanisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Социјалистичка Република Румунија&nbsp;–&nbsp;serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Социјалистичка Република Румунија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistiska_republiken_Rum%25C3%25A4nien" title="Socialistiska republiken Rumänien&nbsp;–&nbsp;suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Socialistiska republiken Rumänien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%25B6%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D2%25B3%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Ҷумҳурии Сотсиалистии Руминия&nbsp;–&nbsp;tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии Сотсиалистии Руминия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2593%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2590%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%25A2" title="สาธารณรัฐสังคมนิยมโรมาเนีย&nbsp;–&nbsp;thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐสังคมนิยมโรมาเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanya_Sosyalist_Cumhuriyeti" title="Romanya Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti&nbsp;–&nbsp;turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Romanya Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Соціалістична Республіка Румунія&nbsp;–&nbsp;ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціалістична Республіка Румунія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B4%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25DB%2581%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DB%2581_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25DB%2581" title="اشتراکی جمہوریہ رومانیہ&nbsp;–&nbsp;ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اشتراکی جمہوریہ رومانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminiya_Sotsialistik_Respublikasi" title="Ruminiya Sotsialistik Respublikasi&nbsp;–&nbsp;ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ruminiya Sotsialistik Respublikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%25E1%25BB%2599ng_h%25C3%25B2a_X%25C3%25A3_h%25E1%25BB%2599i_ch%25E1%25BB%25A7_ngh%25C4%25A9a_Rom%25C3%25A2nia" title="Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa România&nbsp;–&nbsp;vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa România" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A8_%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25AA%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%2590" title="რუმინეთიშ სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა&nbsp;–&nbsp;mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუმინეთიშ სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25BD%2597%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E5%25B0%25BC%25E4%25BA%259A%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E4%25BC%259A%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E4%25B9%2589%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259B%25BD" title="罗马尼亚社会主义共和国&nbsp;–&nbsp;chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗马尼亚社会主义共和国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25BE%2585%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25B0%25BC%25E4%25BA%259E%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E6%259C%2583%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259C%258B" title="羅馬尼亞社會主義共和國&nbsp;–&nbsp;cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅馬尼亞社會主義共和國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" 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