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id="toc-XML_character_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XML_character_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>XML character references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XML_character_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_karakterk%C3%B3dol%C3%A1s" title="HTML karakterkódolás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="HTML karakterkódolás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_HTML" title="Кодировки символов в HTML – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кодировки символов в HTML" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiranje_karaktera_u_HTML-u" title="Kodiranje karaktera u HTML-u – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kodiranje karaktera u HTML-u" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%83_HTML" title="Кодування символів у HTML – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кодування символів у HTML" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81" title="HTML字符编码 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="HTML字符编码" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_HTML" title="Dynamic HTML">Dynamic HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_element" title="Article element">article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_audio" title="HTML audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas_element" title="Canvas element">canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_video" title="HTML video">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Basic" title="XHTML Basic">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">Mobile Profile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meta_element" title="Meta element">meta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Div_and_span" title="Div and span">div and span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blink_element" title="Blink element">blink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquee_element" title="Marquee element">marquee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_attribute" title="HTML attribute">HTML attribute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt_attribute" title="Alt attribute">alt attribute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_(World_Wide_Web)" title="Frame (World Wide Web)">HTML frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Character encodings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">named characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML" title="Unicode and HTML">Unicode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_code" title="Language code">Language code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Object_Model" title="Browser Object Model">Browser Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)" title="Style sheet (web development)">Style sheets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_family_(HTML)" title="Font family (HTML)">Font family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebCL" title="WebCL">WebCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTMX" class="mw-redirect" title="HTMX">HTMX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web3D" title="Web3D">Web3D</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">Validator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirks_mode" title="Quirks mode">Quirks mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">Rendering engine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Comparisons</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_document_markup_languages" title="Comparison of document markup languages">Document markup languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_browser_engines" title="Comparison of browser engines">Comparison of browser engines</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HTML" title="Template:HTML"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HTML" title="Template talk:HTML"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HTML" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HTML"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While Hypertext Markup Language (<a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>) has been in use since 1991, HTML 4.0 from December 1997 was the first standardized version where international <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">characters</a> were given reasonably complete treatment. When an HTML document includes special characters outside the range of seven-bit <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, two goals are worth considering: the information's <a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">integrity</a>, and universal <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">browser</a> display. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifying_the_document's_character_encoding"><span id="Specifying_the_document.27s_character_encoding"></span>Specifying the document's character encoding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Character_encodings_in_HTML&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Specifying the document's character encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two general ways to specify which character encoding is used in the document. </p><p>First, the <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> can include the character encoding or "<code>charset</code>" in the <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> (HTTP) <code>Content-Type</code> header, which would typically look like this:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="err">Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8</span> </pre></div> <p>This method gives the HTTP server a convenient way to alter document's encoding according to <a href="/wiki/Content_negotiation" title="Content negotiation">content negotiation</a>; certain HTTP server software can do it, for example Apache with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apache_modules" title="List of Apache modules">module</a> <code>mod_charset_lite</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Second, a declaration can be included within the document itself. </p><p>For HTML it is possible to include this information inside the <code>head</code> element near the top of the document:<sup id="cite_ref-html5charset_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-html5charset-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">meta</span> <span class="na">http-equiv</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"Content-Type"</span> <span class="na">content</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"text/html; charset=utf-8"</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <p><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> also allows the following syntax to mean exactly the same:<sup id="cite_ref-html5charset_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-html5charset-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">meta</span> <span class="na">charset</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"utf-8"</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <p><a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> documents have a third option: to express the character encoding via <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> declaration, as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?></span> </pre></div> <p>With this second approach, because the character encoding cannot be known until the declaration is parsed, there is a problem knowing which character encoding is used in the document up to and including the declaration itself. If the character encoding is an <a href="/wiki/ASCII_extension" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCII extension">ASCII extension</a> then the content up to and including the declaration itself should be pure ASCII and this will work correctly. For character encodings that are not ASCII extensions (i.e. not a superset of ASCII), such as <a href="/wiki/UTF-16BE" class="mw-redirect" title="UTF-16BE">UTF-16BE</a> and <a href="/wiki/UTF-16LE" class="mw-redirect" title="UTF-16LE">UTF-16LE</a>, a processor of HTML, such as a web browser, should be able to parse the declaration in some cases through the use of heuristics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encoding_detection_algorithm">Encoding detection algorithm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Character_encodings_in_HTML&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Encoding detection algorithm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of HTML5 the recommended charset is <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-html5charset_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-html5charset-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An "encoding sniffing algorithm" is defined in the specification to determine the character encoding of the document based on multiple sources of input, including: </p> <ol><li>Explicit user instruction</li> <li>An explicit meta tag within the first 1024 bytes of the document</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Byte_order_mark" title="Byte order mark">byte order mark</a> (BOM) within the first three bytes of the document</li> <li>The HTTP Content-Type or other transport layer information</li> <li>Analysis of the document bytes looking for specific sequences or ranges of byte values,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other tentative detection mechanisms.</li></ol> <p>Characters outside of the printable ASCII range (32 to 126) usually appear incorrectly. This presents few problems for <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>-speaking users, but other languages regularly—in some cases, always—require characters outside that range. In Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (<a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">CJK</a>) language environments where there are several different multi-byte encodings in use, auto-detection is also often employed. Finally, browsers usually permit the user to override <i>incorrect</i> charset label manually as well. </p><p>It is increasingly common for multilingual websites and websites in non-Western languages to use <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>, which allows use of the same encoding for all languages. <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a> or <a href="/wiki/UTF-32" title="UTF-32">UTF-32</a>, which can be used for all languages as well, are less widely used because they can be harder to handle in programming languages that assume a <a href="/wiki/Byte-oriented" class="mw-redirect" title="Byte-oriented">byte-oriented</a> ASCII superset encoding, and they are less efficient for text with a high frequency of ASCII characters, which is usually the case for HTML documents. </p><p>Successful viewing of a page is not necessarily an indication that its encoding is specified correctly. If the page's creator and reader are both assuming some platform-specific character encoding, and the server does not send any identifying information, then the reader will nonetheless see the page as the creator intended, but other readers on different platforms or with different native languages will not see the page as intended. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Permitted_encodings">Permitted encodings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Character_encodings_in_HTML&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Permitted encodings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a> Encoding Standard, referenced by recent HTML standards (the current WHATWG HTML Living Standard, as well as the formerly competing <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> HTML 5.0 and 5.1) specifies a list of encodings which browsers must support. The HTML standards forbid support of other encodings.<sup id="cite_ref-html51_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-html51-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-html50_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-html50-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-html5living_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-html5living-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Encoding Standard further stipulates that new formats, new protocols (even when existing formats are used) and authors of new documents are required to use <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> exclusively.<sup id="cite_ref-namesandlabels_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-namesandlabels-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides UTF-8, the following encodings are explicitly listed in the HTML standard itself, with reference to the Encoding Standard:<sup id="cite_ref-html5living_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-html5living-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-2">ISO-8859-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-7" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-7">ISO-8859-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-8">ISO-8859-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-874" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows-874">Windows-874</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1250" title="Windows-1250">Windows-1250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1251" title="Windows-1251">Windows-1251</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">Windows-1252</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1254" title="Windows-1254">Windows-1254</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1255" title="Windows-1255">Windows-1255</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">Windows-1256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1257" title="Windows-1257">Windows-1257</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1258" title="Windows-1258">Windows-1258</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big5" title="Big5">Big5</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-2022-JP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-2022-JP">ISO-2022-JP</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUC-KR" class="mw-redirect" title="EUC-KR">EUC-KR</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-16BE" class="mw-redirect" title="UTF-16BE">UTF-16BE</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-16LE" class="mw-redirect" title="UTF-16LE">UTF-16LE</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>x-user-defined<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also specified for <code><a href="/wiki/TIS-620" class="mw-redirect" title="TIS-620">TIS-620</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-11" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-11">ISO-8859-11</a></code> and related labels.<sup id="cite_ref-namesandlabels_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-namesandlabels-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also specified for <code><a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-1">ISO-8859-1</a></code> and related labels.<sup id="cite_ref-namesandlabels_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-namesandlabels-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also specified for <code><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-9">ISO-8859-9</a></code> and related labels.<sup id="cite_ref-namesandlabels_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-namesandlabels-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specified with 0xA3A0 as a duplicate encoding of the <a href="/wiki/Ideographic_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideographic space">ideographic space</a> (U+3000) for compatibility reasons, and as such excluding U+E5E5 (a private use character).<sup id="cite_ref-gbenc_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gbenc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gbindex_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gbindex-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, specified with 0x80 accepted as an alternative encoding of the <a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">euro sign</a> (U+20AC; see <a href="/wiki/Windows-936" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows-936">Windows-936</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise, follows the mappings from the 2005 standard.<sup id="cite_ref-gbindex_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gbindex-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Supplementary_Character_Set" title="Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set">Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set</a> variant,<sup id="cite_ref-encoding_rs_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encoding_rs-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although most of the HKSCS extensions (those with lead bytes less than 0xA1) are not included by the encoder, only by the decoder.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The specification includes <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> extensions,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is more precisely <a href="/wiki/Windows-31J" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows-31J">Windows-31J</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encoding_rs_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encoding_rs-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The specification uses the same index as used for Shift JIS (insofar as is within reach), i.e. includes NEC extensions. <a href="/wiki/Half-width_kana" title="Half-width kana">Half-width kana</a> is converted to fullwidth by the encoder,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but accepted using an escape sequence (ESC 0x28 0x49) by the decoder.<sup id="cite_ref-whatwgjisdecoder_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatwgjisdecoder-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shift_Out" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift Out">Shift Out</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shift_In" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift In">Shift In</a> (0x0E and 0x0F) are excluded entirely to prevent attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-whatwgjisdecoder_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatwgjisdecoder-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Actually <a href="/wiki/Unified_Hangul_Code" title="Unified Hangul Code">Unified Hangul Code</a> (Windows-949), which is a superset which covers the entire <a href="/wiki/Hangul_Syllables_(Unicode_block)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangul Syllables (Unicode block)">Hangul Syllables</a> block.<sup id="cite_ref-encoding_rs_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encoding_rs-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specified for decoding only; form submissions from UTF-16-coded documents are to be encoded in <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-outputenc_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outputenc-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For compatibility with deployed content, also specified for the plain <code><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></code> label,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although a <a href="/wiki/Byte_order_mark" title="Byte order mark">byte order mark</a> (BOM), if present, takes priority over any label.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specified for decoding only; form submissions from UTF-16-coded documents are to be encoded in <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-outputenc_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outputenc-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maps 0x00 through 0x7F to U+0000 through U+007F, and 0x80 through 0xFF to U+F780 through U+F7FF (a <a href="/wiki/Private_Use_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Use Area">Private Use Area</a> range), such that the low 8 bits of the code point always match the original byte.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>The following additional encodings are listed in the Encoding Standard, and support for them is therefore also required:<sup id="cite_ref-namesandlabels_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-namesandlabels-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_866" title="Code page 866">Code page 866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-3" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-3">ISO-8859-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-4" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-4">ISO-8859-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-5" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-5">ISO-8859-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-6" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-6">ISO-8859-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">ISO-8859-8-<span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">I</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-10" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-10">ISO-8859-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-13">ISO-8859-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-14" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-14">ISO-8859-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-15" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-15">ISO-8859-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-16" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-16">ISO-8859-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI8-R" title="KOI8-R">KOI8-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI8-U" title="KOI8-U">KOI8-U</a> / <a href="/wiki/KOI8-RU" title="KOI8-RU">KOI8-RU</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Roman" title="Mac OS Roman">Mac OS Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1253" title="Windows-1253">Windows-1253</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Cyrillic_encoding" title="Mac OS Cyrillic encoding">Mac OS Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBK_(character_encoding)" title="GBK (character encoding)">GBK</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUC-JP" class="mw-redirect" title="EUC-JP">EUC-JP</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uses the same encoder and decoder as ISO-8859-8, but is not subject to the visual-order behaviour which is used for documents labelled as ISO-8859-8.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titled KOI8-U and specified for both <code>KOI8-U</code> and <code>KOI8-RU</code> labels;<sup id="cite_ref-namesandlabels_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-namesandlabels-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> follows <a href="/wiki/KOI8-RU" title="KOI8-RU">KOI8-RU</a> in positions 0xAE and 0xBE (i.e. includes <a href="/wiki/%D0%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ў">Ў/ў</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-whatwg-koi8u_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatwg-koi8u-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but KOI8-U in positions 0x93–9F.<sup id="cite_ref-whatwg-koi8u_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatwg-koi8u-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also specified for <code><a href="/wiki/GB_2312" title="GB 2312">GB2312</a></code> and related labels. Handled the same as <span class="nowrap">GB 18030</span> for decoding purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For encoding purposes, labelling as GBK (or <span class="nowrap">GB 2312</span>) excludes four-byte codes, and favours the one-byte 0x80 representation for U+20AC.<sup id="cite_ref-gbenc_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gbenc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The specification uses the same index as used for Shift JIS (insofar as is within reach of the EUC code set 1), i.e. includes NEC extensions. <a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0212" title="JIS X 0212">JIS X 0212</a> is included for decoding only.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>The following encodings are listed as explicit examples of forbidden encodings:<sup id="cite_ref-html5living_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-html5living-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CESU-8" title="CESU-8">CESU-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-7" title="UTF-7">UTF-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_Ordered_Compression_for_Unicode" title="Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode">BOCU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Compression_Scheme_for_Unicode" title="Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode">SCSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-32" title="UTF-32">UTF-32</a></li></ul></div> <p>The standard also defines a "replacement" decoder, which maps all content labelled as certain encodings to the <a href="/wiki/Replacement_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Replacement character">replacement character</a> (�), refusing to process it at all. This is intended to prevent attacks (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cross_site_scripting" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross site scripting">cross site scripting</a>) which may exploit a difference between the client and server in what encodings are supported in order to mask malicious content.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the same security concern applies to <a href="/wiki/ISO-2022-JP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-2022-JP">ISO-2022-JP</a> and <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a>, which also allow sequences of ASCII bytes to be interpreted differently, this approach was not seen as feasible for them since they are comparatively more frequently used in deployed content.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following encodings receive this treatment:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-2022-KR" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-2022-KR">ISO-2022-KR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-2022-CN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-2022-CN">ISO-2022-CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-2022-CN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-2022-CN">ISO-2022-CN-EXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HZ-GB-2312" class="mw-redirect" title="HZ-GB-2312">HZ-GB-2312</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_references">Character references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Character_encodings_in_HTML&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Character references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">List of XML and HTML character entity references</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></div> <p>In addition to native character encodings, characters can also be encoded as <i>character references</i>, which can be <i>numeric character references</i> (<a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a>) or <i>character entity references</i>. Character entity references are also sometimes referred to as <i>named entities</i>, or <i>HTML entities</i> for HTML. HTML's usage of character references derives from <a href="/wiki/SGML" class="mw-redirect" title="SGML">SGML</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HTML_character_references">HTML character references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Character_encodings_in_HTML&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: HTML character references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">numeric character reference</a></i> in HTML refers to a character by its <a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Character Set">Universal Character Set</a>/<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code point</a></i>, and uses the format </p> <dl><dd><code>&#<i>nnnn</i>;</code></dd></dl> <p>or </p> <dl><dd><code>&#x<i>hhhh</i>;</code></dd></dl> <p>where <i>nnnn</i> is the code point in <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> form, and <i>hhhh</i> is the code point in <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> form. The <i>x</i> must be lowercase in XML documents. The <i>nnnn</i> or <i>hhhh</i> may be any number of digits and may include leading zeros. The <i>hhhh</i> may mix uppercase and lowercase, though uppercase is the usual style. </p><p>Not all <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Email_client" title="Email client">email clients</a> used by receivers of HTML documents, or <a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editors</a> used by authors of HTML documents, will be able to render all HTML characters. Most modern software is able to display most or all of the characters for the user's language, and will draw a box or other clear indicator for characters they cannot render. </p><p>For codes from 0 to 127, the original 7-bit <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> standard set, most of these characters can be used without a character reference. Codes from 160 to 255 can all be created using <a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">character entity names</a>. Only a few higher-numbered codes can be created using entity names, but all can be created by decimal number character reference. </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">Character entity references</a> can also have the format <code>&<i>name</i>;</code> where <i>name</i> is a case-sensitive alphanumeric string. For example, "λ" can also be encoded as <code>&lambda;</code> in an HTML document. The character entity references <code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>&quot;</code> and <code>&amp;</code> are predefined in HTML and SGML, because <code><</code>, <code>></code>, <code>"</code> and <code>&</code> are already used to delimit markup. This notably did not include XML's <code>&apos;</code> (') entity prior to <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>. For a list of all named HTML character entity references along with the versions in which they were introduced, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">List of XML and HTML character entity references</a>. </p><p>Unnecessary use of HTML character references may significantly reduce HTML readability. If the character encoding for a web page is chosen appropriately, then HTML character references are usually only required for markup delimiting characters as mentioned above, and for a few special characters (or none at all if a native <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> encoding like <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> is used). Incorrect HTML entity escaping may also open up security vulnerabilities for injection attacks such as <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">cross-site scripting</a>. If HTML attributes are left unquoted, certain characters, most importantly <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">whitespace</a>, such as space and tab, must be escaped using entities. Other languages related to HTML have their own methods of escaping characters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XML_character_references">XML character references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Character_encodings_in_HTML&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: XML character references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike traditional HTML with its large range of character entity references, in <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> there are only five predefined character entity references. These are used to escape characters that are markup sensitive in certain contexts:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><code>&amp;</code></td> <td align="center">&</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a></td> <td>U+0026 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>&lt;</code></td> <td align="center"><</td> <td>less-than sign</td> <td>U+003C </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>&gt;</code></td> <td align="center">></td> <td>greater-than sign</td> <td>U+003E </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>&quot;</code></td> <td align="center">"</td> <td>quotation mark</td> <td>U+0022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>&apos;</code></td> <td align="center">'</td> <td>apostrophe</td> <td>U+0027 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All other character entity references have to be defined before they can be used. For example, use of <code>&eacute;</code> (which gives é, Latin lower-case E with acute accent, U+00E9 in Unicode) in an XML document will generate an error unless the entity has already been defined. XML also requires that the <code>x</code> in hexadecimal numeric references be in lowercase: for example <code>&#xA1b</code> rather than <code>&#XA1b</code>. <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>, which is an XML application, supports the HTML entity set, along with XML's predefined entities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Character_encodings_in_HTML&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charset_sniffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Charset sniffing">Charset sniffing</a> – used by many browsers when character encoding metadata is not available</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML" title="Unicode and HTML">Unicode and HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_code" title="Language code">Language code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">List of XML and HTML character entity references</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Character_encodings_in_HTML&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFieldingReschke2014" class="citation cs2">Fielding, R.; Reschke, J. (June 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-3.1.1.5">"Content-Type"</a>, in Fielding, R; Reschke, J (eds.), <i>Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content</i>, <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7231">10.17487/RFC7231</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14399078">14399078</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Content-Type&rft.btitle=Hypertext+Transfer+Protocol+%28HTTP%2F1.1%29%3A+Semantics+and+Content&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14399078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fielding&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Reschke%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc7231%23section-3.1.1.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/en/mod/mod_charset_lite.html">"Apache Module mod_charset_lite"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apache+Module+mod_charset_lite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhttpd.apache.org%2Fdocs%2F2.0%2Fen%2Fmod%2Fmod_charset_lite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-html5charset-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-html5charset_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-html5charset_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-html5charset_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/document-metadata.html#specifying-the-documents-character-encoding">"Specifying the document's character encoding"</a>, <i>HTML5</i>, <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>, 14 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Specifying+the+document%27s+character+encoding&rft.btitle=HTML5&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=2017-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fhtml5%2Fdocument-metadata.html%23specifying-the-documents-character-encoding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrayPaoliSperberg-McQueenMaler2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Bray" title="Tim Bray">Bray, T.</a>; Paoli, J.; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sperberg-McQueen" title="Michael Sperberg-McQueen">Sperberg-McQueen, C.</a>; Maler, E.; Yergeau, F. 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WHATWG.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HTML+Living+Standard&rft.atitle=12.2.3.3+Character+encodings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhtml.spec.whatwg.org%2Fmultipage%2Fparsing.html%23character-encodings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-namesandlabels-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-namesandlabels_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-namesandlabels_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-namesandlabels_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-namesandlabels_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-namesandlabels_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-namesandlabels_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#names-and-labels">"4.2: Names and labels"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=4.2%3A+Names+and+labels&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23names-and-labels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gbenc-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gbenc_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gbenc_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#gb18030-encoder">"10.2.2. gb18030 encoder"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=10.2.2.+gb18030+encoder&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23gb18030-encoder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gbindex-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gbindex_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gbindex_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#index-gb18030">"5. Indexes (§ index gb18030)"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=5.+Indexes+%28%C2%A7+index+gb18030%29&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23index-gb18030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#gb18030-decoder">"10.2.1. gb18030 decoder"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=10.2.1.+gb18030+decoder&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23gb18030-decoder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encoding_rs-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encoding_rs_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encoding_rs_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encoding_rs_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMozilla_Foundation" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Foundation" title="Mozilla Foundation">Mozilla Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.rs/encoding_rs/latest/encoding_rs/#notable-differences-from-iana-naming">"Notable Differences from IANA Naming"</a>. <i>Crate encoding_rs</i>. docs.rs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crate+encoding_rs&rft.atitle=Notable+Differences+from+IANA+Naming&rft.au=Mozilla+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.rs%2Fencoding_rs%2Flatest%2Fencoding_rs%2F%23notable-differences-from-iana-naming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#index-big5-pointer">"5. Indexes (§ index Big5 pointer)"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=5.+Indexes+%28%C2%A7+index+Big5+pointer%29&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23index-big5-pointer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#index-jis0208">"5. Indexes (§ Index jis0208)"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=5.+Indexes+%28%C2%A7+Index+jis0208%29&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23index-jis0208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#index-iso-2022-jp-katakana">"5. Indexes (§ Index ISO-2022-JP katakana)"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=5.+Indexes+%28%C2%A7+Index+ISO-2022-JP+katakana%29&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23index-iso-2022-jp-katakana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whatwgjisdecoder-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whatwgjisdecoder_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whatwgjisdecoder_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#iso-2022-jp-decoder">"12.2.1. ISO-2022-JP decoder"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=12.2.1.+ISO-2022-JP+decoder&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23iso-2022-jp-decoder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#iso-2022-jp-encoder">"12.2.2. ISO-2022-JP encoder"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=12.2.2.+ISO-2022-JP+encoder&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23iso-2022-jp-encoder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#index-euc-kr">"5. Indexes (§ index EUC-KR)"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=5.+Indexes+%28%C2%A7+index+EUC-KR%29&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23index-euc-kr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-outputenc-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-outputenc_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-outputenc_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#output-encodings">"4.3. Output encodings"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=4.3.+Output+encodings&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23output-encodings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#utf-16le">"14.4. UTF-16LE"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=14.4.+UTF-16LE&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23utf-16le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#decode">"6. Hooks for standards (§ decode)"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=6.+Hooks+for+standards+%28%C2%A7+decode%29&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23decode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#x-user-defined">"14.5. x-user-defined"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=14.5.+x-user-defined&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23x-user-defined&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#ref-for-iso-8859-8%E2%91%A0">"9. Legacy single-byte encodings (§ Note)"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=9.+Legacy+single-byte+encodings+%28%C2%A7+Note%29&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23ref-for-iso-8859-8%25E2%2591%25A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whatwg-koi8u-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whatwg-koi8u_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whatwg-koi8u_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/koi8-u.html">"index KOI8-U visualization"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=index+KOI8-U+visualization&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2Fkoi8-u.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/show_bug.cgi?id=17053">"Bug 17053: Support KOI8-RU mapping for KOI8-U"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> Bugzilla</i>. 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W3C+Bugzilla&rft.atitle=Bug+17053%3A+Support+KOI8-RU+mapping+for+KOI8-U&rft.date=2015-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FBugs%2FPublic%2Fshow_bug.cgi%3Fid%3D17053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#gbk">"10.1. GBK"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=10.1.+GBK&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23gbk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#index-jis0212">"5. Indexes (§ Index jis0212)"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=5.+Indexes+%28%C2%A7+Index+jis0212%29&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23index-jis0212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#replacement">"14.1: replacement"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=14.1%3A+replacement&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23replacement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#security-background">"2: Security background"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=2%3A+Security+background&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23security-background&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kesteren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren" title="Anne van Kesteren">van Kesteren, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#ref-for-replacement%E2%91%A1">"4.2: Names and labels (§ replacement)"</a>. <i>Encoding Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encoding+Standard&rft.atitle=4.2%3A+Names+and+labels+%28%C2%A7+replacement%29&rft.aulast=van+Kesteren&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencoding.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23ref-for-replacement%25E2%2591%25A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrayPaoliSperberg-McQueenMaler2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Bray" title="Tim Bray">Bray, T.</a>; Paoli, J.; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sperberg-McQueen" title="Michael Sperberg-McQueen">Sperberg-McQueen, C.</a>; Maler, E.; Yergeau, F. (26 November 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#sec-references">"Character and Entity References"</a>, <i>XML</i>, <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Character+and+Entity+References&rft.btitle=XML&rft.pub=W3C&rft.date=2008-11-26&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Paoli%2C+J.&rft.au=Sperberg-McQueen%2C+C.&rft.au=Maler%2C+E.&rft.au=Yergeau%2C+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FREC-xml%2F%23sec-references&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+encodings+in+HTML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Character_encodings_in_HTML&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/sgml/entities.html">Character entity references in HTML4</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sitepoint.com/article/guide-web-character-encoding/">The Definitive Guide to Web Character Encoding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/browsersec/wiki/Part1#HTML_entity_encoding">HTML Entity Encoding chapter of Browser Security Handbook – more information about current browsers and their entity handling</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.owasp.org/index.php/XSS_(Cross_Site_Scripting)_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet">The Open Web Application Security Project's wiki article on cross-site scripting (XSS)</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Character_encodings_in_HTML&oldid=1257689183">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Character_encodings_in_HTML&oldid=1257689183</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:HTML" title="Category:HTML">HTML</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Wide_Web_Consortium_standards" title="Category:World Wide Web Consortium standards">World Wide Web Consortium standards</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2021">Use dmy dates from December 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 05:06<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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