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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Corporate affairs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Corporate_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Business_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Business trends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board_and_shareholders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_and_shareholders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Board and shareholders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_and_shareholders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Headquarters_and_offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headquarters_and_offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Headquarters and offices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headquarters_and_offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Products </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Products-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Products subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Hardware </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mainframe_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainframe_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Mainframe computers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainframe_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microprocessors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microprocessors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Microprocessors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microprocessors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantum_Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantum_Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Quantum Computing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantum_Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Software </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloud_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloud_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Cloud services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloud_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Artificial intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consulting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consulting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Consulting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consulting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Patents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brand_and_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brand_and_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Brand and reputation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Brand_and_reputation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Brand and reputation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Brand_and_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Environmental </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 People and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle People and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-People_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Employees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Employees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_current_and_former_employees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_current_and_former_employees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Notable current and former employees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_current_and_former_employees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workplace_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workplace_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Workplace culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workplace_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Labor relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">IBM</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" > 102 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%85" title="آي بي إم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آي بي إم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آی‌بی‌ام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آی‌بی‌ام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE" title="আইবিএম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইবিএম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آی‌بی‌ام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آی‌بی‌ام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE" title="आईबीएम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आईबीएम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D(%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D)" title="ಐಬಿಎಮ್(ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಯಂತ್ರಗಳು ಕಾರ್ಪೊರೇಷನ್) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಐಬಿಎಮ್(ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಯಂತ್ರಗಳು ಕಾರ್ಪೊರೇಷನ್)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Machines" title="International Business Machines – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="International Business Machines" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Machines_Corporation" title="International Business Machines Corporation – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="International Business Machines Corporation" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE" title="आइबिएम – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="आइबिएम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%91%D0%9C" title="ИБМ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ИБМ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90.%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82." title="ഐ.ബി.എം. – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐ.ബി.എം." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF.%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE." title="आय.बी.एम. – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आय.बी.एम." data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آى بى ام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="آى بى ام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE" title="आइबिएम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आइबिएम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%87.%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF.%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%AE." title="ଆଇ.ବି.ଏମ. – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଇ.ବି.ଏମ." data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88.%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80.%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AE" title="ਆਈ.ਬੀ.ਐਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਈ.ਬੀ.ਐਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85" title="آئی بی ایم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئی بی ایم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%85" title="ئای بی ئێم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئای بی ئێم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐபிஎம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐபிஎம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%82" title="ఐబిఎం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఐబిఎం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1" title="ไอบีเอ็ม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอบีเอ็ม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IBM" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85" title="آئی بی ایم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئی 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/IBM_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="IBM (disambiguation)">IBM (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Big Blue" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Big_Blue_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Big Blue (disambiguation)">Big Blue (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">International Business Machines Corporation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/IBM_logo.svg/200px-IBM_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/IBM_logo.svg/300px-IBM_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/IBM_logo.svg/400px-IBM_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="401" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">1972–current logo, by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rand" title="Paul Rand">Paul Rand</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_CHQ_-_Oct_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/IBM_CHQ_-_Oct_2014.jpg/220px-IBM_CHQ_-_Oct_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/IBM_CHQ_-_Oct_2014.jpg/330px-IBM_CHQ_-_Oct_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/IBM_CHQ_-_Oct_2014.jpg/440px-IBM_CHQ_-_Oct_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">IBM CHQ in <a href="/wiki/Armonk,_New_York" title="Armonk, New York">Armonk, New York</a>, in 2014</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">Trade name</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">IBM</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Computing-Tabulating-Recording_Company" title="Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company">Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company</a> (1911–1924)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">NYSE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:IBM">IBM</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/DJIA" class="mw-redirect" title="DJIA">DJIA</a> component</li><li><a href="/wiki/S%26P_100" title="S&P 100">S&P 100</a> component</li><li><a href="/wiki/S%26P_500" title="S&P 500">S&P 500</a> component</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">ISIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">ISIN</a>: <a class="external text" href="https://isin.toolforge.org/?language=en&isin=US4592001014">US4592001014</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bundy_Manufacturing_Company" title="Bundy Manufacturing Company">Bundy Manufacturing Company</a> <a href="/wiki/Computing-Tabulating-Recording_Company#Computing_Scale_Company_of_America" title="Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company">Computing Scale Company of America</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Time_Recording_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="International Time Recording Company">International Time Recording Company</a> <a href="/wiki/Computing-Tabulating-Recording_Company#Tabulating_Machine_Company" title="Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company">Tabulating Machine Company</a> <a href="/wiki/Computing-Tabulating-Recording_Company" title="Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company">Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">June 16, 1911; 113 years ago (1911-06-16) (as <a href="/wiki/Computing-Tabulating-Recording_Company" title="Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company">Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company</a>) <a href="/wiki/Endicott,_New_York" title="Endicott, New York">Endicott, New York</a>, U.S.<a href="#cite_note-certificate1911-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/George_Winthrop_Fairchild" title="George Winthrop Fairchild">George Winthrop Fairchild</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ranlett_Flint" title="Charles Ranlett Flint">Charles Ranlett Flint</a> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label">1 Orchard Road, <div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Armonk,_New_York" title="Armonk, New York">Armonk, New York</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">177 countries</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Krishna" title="Arvind Krishna">Arvind Krishna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a> & <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)<a href="#cite_note-fortune20160201-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Cohn" title="Gary Cohn">Gary Cohn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice chairman">vice chairman</a>)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a> <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a> <a href="/wiki/Consulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulting">Consulting</a> <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">Blockchain</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Computer hardware</a> <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a> <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Brands</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_cloud_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM cloud computing">IBM Cloud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cognos_Analytics" title="IBM Cognos Analytics">IBM Cognos Analytics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Planning_Analytics" title="IBM Planning Analytics">IBM Planning Analytics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Watson_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Watson (computer)">Watson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watsonx" title="IBM Watsonx">Watsonx</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Information_Management_Software" title="IBM Information Management Software">Information Management Software</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ILOG" title="ILOG">ILOG</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Software" title="Tivoli Software">Tivoli Software</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WebSphere" title="IBM WebSphere">WebSphere</a></li><li>alphaWorks</li><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Mashup_Center" title="IBM Mashup Center">Mashup Center</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PureQuery" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PureQuery">PureQuery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Quantum_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Quantum Experience">IBM Quantum Experience</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">Mainframe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Power_Systems" title="IBM Power Systems">Power Systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_storage" title="IBM storage">IBM storage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Q_System_One" title="IBM Q System One">IBM Q System One</a></li><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_products" title="List of IBM products">Full List</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Services</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">Outsourcing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_services" title="Professional services">Professional services</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Managed_services" title="Managed services">Managed services</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>61.860 billion (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> US$8.690 billion (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> US$7.502 billion (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> US$135.241 billion (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> US$22.613 billion (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">282,200 (December 2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_subsidiaries_of_IBM" title="List of international subsidiaries of IBM">List of subsidiaries</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/">ibm.com</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Footnotes / references <a href="#cite_note-10K-5">[5]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> International Business Machines Corporation (using the <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> IBM), nicknamed Big Blue,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> is an American <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> <a href="/wiki/Technology_company" title="Technology company">technology company</a> headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Armonk,_New_York" title="Armonk, New York">Armonk, New York</a> and present in over 175 countries.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-8">[8]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Publicly-traded_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Publicly-traded company">publicly traded company</a> and one of the 30 companies in the <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" title="Dow Jones Industrial Average">Dow Jones Industrial Average</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> IBM is the largest industrial research organization in the world, with 19 research facilities across a dozen countries, having held the record for most annual <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> generated by a business for 29 consecutive years from 1993 to 2021. IBM was founded in 1911 as the <a href="/wiki/Computing-Tabulating-Recording_Company" title="Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company">Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company</a> (CTR), a <a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">holding company</a> of manufacturers of record-keeping and measuring systems. It was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924 and soon became the leading manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Tabulating_machine" title="Tabulating machine">punch-card tabulating systems</a>. During the 1960s and 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">IBM mainframe</a>, exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">System/360</a>, was the world's dominant <a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">computing platform</a>, with the company producing 80 percent of computers in the U.S. and 70 percent of computers worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[11]</a> IBM debuted in the <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputer</a> market in 1981 with the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM Personal Computer</a>, — its <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> software provided by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, — which became the basis for the majority of <a href="/wiki/Personal_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal computers">personal computers</a> to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> The company later also found success in the <a href="/wiki/Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">portable</a> space with the <a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a>. Since the 1990s, IBM has concentrated on <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">computer services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method#Scientific_inquiry" title="Scientific method">scientific research</a>; it sold its microcomputer division to <a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a> in 2005. IBM continues to develop mainframes, and its supercomputers have <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">consistently ranked</a> among the most powerful in the world in the 21st century. As one of the world's oldest and largest technology companies, IBM has been responsible for several <a href="/wiki/Technological_innovation" title="Technological innovation">technological innovations</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">automated teller machine</a> (ATM), <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">dynamic random-access memory</a> (DRAM), the <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">magnetic stripe card</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model">relational database</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL programming language</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product Code">UPC barcode</a>. The company has made inroads in advanced <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">computer chips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">quantum computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Data_infrastructure" title="Data infrastructure">data infrastructure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> IBM employees and alumni have won various recognitions for their scientific research and inventions, including six <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> and six <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM" title="History of IBM">History of IBM</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1910s–1950s">1910s–1950s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1910s–1950s">edit</a>]</div> IBM originated with several technological innovations developed and commercialized in the late 19th century. Julius E. Pitrap patented the computing scale in 1885;<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> Alexander Dey invented the dial recorder (1888);<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a> patented the <a href="/wiki/Electric_Tabulating_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric Tabulating Machine">Electric Tabulating Machine</a> (1889);<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willard_Bundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Willard Bundy">Willard Bundy</a> invented a <a href="/wiki/Time_clock" title="Time clock">time clock</a> to record workers' arrival and departure times on a paper tape (1889).<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> On June 16, 1911, their four companies were <a href="/wiki/Consolidation_(business)" title="Consolidation (business)">amalgamated</a> in New York State by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ranlett_Flint" title="Charles Ranlett Flint">Charles Ranlett Flint</a> forming a fifth company, the <a href="/wiki/Computing-Tabulating-Recording_Company" title="Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company">Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company</a> (CTR) based in Endicott, New York.<a href="#cite_note-certificate1911-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-22">[21]</a> The five companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and <a href="/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York" title="Binghamton, New York">Binghamton</a>, New York; <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>; <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Canada.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Collectively, the companies manufactured a wide array of machinery for sale and lease, ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, to tabulators and punched cards. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. Watson, Sr.">Thomas J. Watson, Sr.</a>, fired from the <a href="/wiki/National_Cash_Register_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cash Register Company">National Cash Register Company</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Patterson_(NCR_owner)" title="John Henry Patterson (NCR owner)">John Henry Patterson</a>, called on Flint and, in 1914, was offered a position at CTR.<a href="#cite_note-Belden-24">[23]</a> Watson joined CTR as general manager and then, 11 months later, was made President when <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">antitrust</a> cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Having learned Patterson's pioneering business practices, Watson proceeded to put the stamp of NCR onto CTR's companies.<a href="#cite_note-Belden-24">[23]</a>: 105  He implemented sales conventions, "generous sales incentives, a focus on customer service, an insistence on well-groomed, dark-suited salesmen and had an evangelical fervor for instilling company pride and loyalty in every worker".<a href="#cite_note-Story-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> His favorite slogan, "<a href="/wiki/Think_(slogan)" title="Think (slogan)">THINK</a>", became a mantra for each company's employees.<a href="#cite_note-Story-26">[25]</a> During Watson's first four years, revenues reached $9 million ($158 million today) and the company's operations expanded to Europe, South America, Asia and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Story-26">[25]</a> Watson never liked the clumsy hyphenated name "Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company" and chose to replace it with the more expansive title "International Business Machines" which had previously been used as the name of CTR's Canadian Division;<a href="#cite_note-True_story_1962_p.125-28">[27]</a> the name was changed on February 14, 1924.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> By 1933, most of the subsidiaries had been merged into one company, IBM.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_Electronic_Data_Processing_Machine_-_GPN-2000-001881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/IBM_Electronic_Data_Processing_Machine_-_GPN-2000-001881.jpg/220px-IBM_Electronic_Data_Processing_Machine_-_GPN-2000-001881.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/IBM_Electronic_Data_Processing_Machine_-_GPN-2000-001881.jpg/330px-IBM_Electronic_Data_Processing_Machine_-_GPN-2000-001881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/IBM_Electronic_Data_Processing_Machine_-_GPN-2000-001881.jpg/440px-IBM_Electronic_Data_Processing_Machine_-_GPN-2000-001881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2377" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NACA" class="mw-redirect" title="NACA">NACA</a> researchers using an <a href="/wiki/IBM_704" title="IBM 704">IBM type 704</a> electronic data processing machine in 1957</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazis</a> made extensive use of Hollerith punch card and alphabetical accounting equipment and IBM's majority-owned German subsidiary, Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH (<a href="/wiki/Dehomag" title="Dehomag">Dehomag</a>), supplied this equipment from the early 1930s. This equipment was critical to Nazi efforts to categorize citizens of both Germany and other nations that fell under Nazi control through ongoing censuses. These census data were used to facilitate the round-up of Jews and other targeted groups, and to catalog their movements through the machinery of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, including internment in the concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Nazi concentration camps operated a Hollerith department called Hollerith Abteilung, which had IBM machines, including calculating and sorting machines.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> IBM as a military contractor produced 6% of the <a href="/wiki/M1_Carbine" class="mw-redirect" title="M1 Carbine">M1 Carbine</a> rifles used in World War II, about 346,500 of them, between August 1943 and May. IBM built the <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Sequence_Controlled_Calculator" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator">Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator</a>, an electromechanical computer, during World War II. It offered its first commercial stored-program computer, the vacuum tube based <a href="/wiki/IBM_701" title="IBM 701">IBM 701</a>, in 1952. The <a href="/wiki/IBM_305_RAMAC" title="IBM 305 RAMAC">IBM 305 RAMAC</a> introduced the hard disk drive in 1956. The company switched to transistorized designs with the <a href="/wiki/IBM_700/7000_series" title="IBM 700/7000 series">7000</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_1400_series" title="IBM 1400 series">1400</a> series, beginning in 1958. In which, IBM considered the <a href="/wiki/IBM_1400" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 1400">1400</a> series the ''model T'' of computing, due to it being the first computer with over ten thousand sales by IBM. In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> when <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Samuel_(computer_scientist)" title="Arthur Samuel (computer scientist)">Arthur L. Samuel</a> of IBM's <a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie" class="mw-redirect" title="Poughkeepsie">Poughkeepsie</a>, New York, laboratory programmed an <a href="/wiki/IBM_704" title="IBM 704">IBM 704</a> not merely to play checkers but "learn" from its own experience. In 1957, the <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a> scientific programming language was developed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s–1980s">1960s–1980s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1960s–1980s">edit</a>]</div> In 1961, IBM developed the <a href="/wiki/Sabre_(travel_reservation_system)" title="Sabre (travel reservation system)">SABRE reservation system</a> for <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> and introduced the highly successful <a href="/wiki/IBM_Selectric" title="IBM Selectric">Selectric</a> typewriter. In 1963, IBM employees and computers helped NASA track the orbital flights of the Mercury astronauts. A year later, it moved its corporate headquarters from New York City to Armonk, New York. The latter half of the 1960s saw IBM continue its support of space exploration, participating in the 1965 Gemini flights, 1966 Saturn flights, and 1969 lunar mission. IBM also developed and manufactured the Saturn V's Instrument Unit and Apollo spacecraft guidance computers. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM360-67AtUmichWithMikeAlexander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/IBM360-67AtUmichWithMikeAlexander.jpg/220px-IBM360-67AtUmichWithMikeAlexander.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/IBM360-67AtUmichWithMikeAlexander.jpg/330px-IBM360-67AtUmichWithMikeAlexander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/IBM360-67AtUmichWithMikeAlexander.jpg/440px-IBM360-67AtUmichWithMikeAlexander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a> in use at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1969</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_IB_and_V_Instrument_Unit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Saturn_IB_and_V_Instrument_Unit.jpg/220px-Saturn_IB_and_V_Instrument_Unit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Saturn_IB_and_V_Instrument_Unit.jpg/330px-Saturn_IB_and_V_Instrument_Unit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Saturn_IB_and_V_Instrument_Unit.jpg/440px-Saturn_IB_and_V_Instrument_Unit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2354" /></a><figcaption>IBM guidance computer hardware for the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_Instrument_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn V Instrument Unit">Saturn V Instrument Unit</a></figcaption></figure> On April 7, 1964, IBM launched the first computer system family, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a>. It spanned the complete range of commercial and scientific applications from large to small, allowing companies for the first time to upgrade to models with greater computing capability without having to rewrite their applications. It was followed by the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">IBM System/370</a> in 1970. Together the 360 and 370 made the <a href="/wiki/IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">IBM mainframe</a> the dominant <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computer</a> and the dominant computing platform in the industry throughout this period and into the early 1980s. They and the operating systems that ran on them such as <a href="/wiki/OS/VS1" title="OS/VS1">OS/VS1</a> and <a href="/wiki/MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a>, and the middleware built on top of those such as the <a href="/wiki/CICS" title="CICS">CICS</a> transaction processing monitor, had a near-monopoly-level market share and became the thing IBM was most known for during this period.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> In 1969, the United States of America alleged that IBM violated the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a> by monopolizing or attempting to monopolize the general-purpose electronic digital computer system market, specifically computers designed primarily for business, and subsequently alleged that IBM violated the antitrust laws in IBM's actions directed against leasing companies and plug-compatible peripheral manufacturers. Shortly after, IBM unbundled its software and services in what many observers believed was a direct result of the lawsuit, creating a competitive market for software. In 1982, the Department of Justice dropped the case as "without merit".<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Also in 1969, IBM engineer <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Parry" title="Forrest Parry">Forrest Parry</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">magnetic stripe card</a> that would become ubiquitous for credit/debit/ATM cards, driver's licenses, rapid transit cards and a multitude of other identity and access control applications. IBM pioneered the manufacture of these cards, and for most of the 1970s, the data processing systems and software for such applications ran exclusively on IBM computers. In 1974, IBM engineer <a href="/wiki/George_J._Laurer" class="mw-redirect" title="George J. Laurer">George J. Laurer</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product Code">Universal Product Code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> IBM and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> first introduced <a href="/wiki/Swap_(finance)" title="Swap (finance)">financial swaps</a> to the public in 1981, when they entered into a swap agreement.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> IBM entered the <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputer</a> market in the 1980s with the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM Personal Computer</a> (IBM 5150), which soon became known as the <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PC</a>, one of IBM's best selling products. Due to a lack of foresight by IBM,<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> the PC was not well protected by <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> laws. As a consequence, IBM quickly began losing its market dominance to emerging competitors in the PC market. In 1985, IBM collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> to develop a new <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>, which was released as <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>. Following a dispute, Microsoft severed the collaboration and IBM continued development of OS/2 on its own but it failed in the marketplace against Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> during the mid-1990s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s–2000s">1990s–2000s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1990s–2000s">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>No. of worldwide employees at leading U.S. computer firms (1989/1992)<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Company </th> <th>1989 </th> <th>1992 </th></tr> <tr> <td>IBM </td> <td>372,297 </td> <td>303,764 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> </td> <td>125,900 </td> <td>102,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> </td> <td>52,640 </td> <td>65,118 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unisys" title="Unisys">Unisys</a> </td> <td>82,300 </td> <td>54,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> </td> <td>63,000 </td> <td>52,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> </td> <td>14,550 </td> <td>14,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> </td> <td>10,859 </td> <td>12,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a> </td> <td>9,600 </td> <td>9,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amdahl_Corporation" title="Amdahl Corporation">Amdahl</a> </td> <td>8,200 </td> <td>8,764 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a> </td> <td>1,554 </td> <td>4,300 </td></tr></tbody></table> In 1991 IBM began spinning off its many divisions into autonomous subsidiaries (so-called "Baby Blues") in an attempt to make the company more manageable and to streamline IBM by having other investors finance those companies.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> These included <a href="/wiki/AdStar" title="AdStar">AdStar</a>, dedicated to disk drives and other data storage products; IBM Application Business Systems, dedicated to mid-range computers; IBM Enterprise Systems, dedicated to mainframes; Pennant Systems, dedicated to mid-range and large printers; <a href="/wiki/Lexmark" title="Lexmark">Lexmark</a>, dedicated to small printers; and more.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Lexmark was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Clayton,_Dubilier_%26_Rice" title="Clayton, Dubilier & Rice">Clayton & Dubilier</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Leveraged_buyout" title="Leveraged buyout">leveraged buyout</a> shortly after its formation.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> In September 1992, IBM completed the spin-off of their various non-mainframe and non-midrange, personal computer manufacturing divisions, combining them into an autonomous wholly owned subsidiary known as the IBM Personal Computer Company (IBM PC Co.).<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> This corporate restructuring came after IBM reported a sharp drop in profit margins during the second quarter of fiscal year 1992; market analysts attributed the drop to a fierce price war in the personal computer market over the summer of 1992.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The corporate restructuring was one of the largest and most expensive in history up to that point.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> By the summer of 1993, the IBM PC Co. had divided into multiple business units itself, including <a href="/wiki/Ambra_Computer_Corporation" title="Ambra Computer Corporation">Ambra Computer Corporation</a> and the IBM Power Personal Systems Group, the former an attempt to design and market "<a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">clone</a>" computers of IBM's own architecture and the latter responsible for IBM's <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> IBM PC Co. introduced the <a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a> clone computers, which IBM would heavily market and would eventually become one of the best-selling series of <a href="/wiki/Notebook_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Notebook computers">notebook computers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> In 1993, IBM posted an $8 billion loss – at the time the biggest in American corporate history.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lou_Gerstner" title="Lou Gerstner">Lou Gerstner</a> was hired as CEO from <a href="/wiki/RJR_Nabisco" title="RJR Nabisco">RJR Nabisco</a> to turn the company around.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> In 1995, IBM purchased <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Software" title="Lotus Software">Lotus Software</a>, best known for its <a href="/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3" title="Lotus 1-2-3">Lotus 1-2-3</a> spreadsheet software.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> During the decade, IBM was working on a new operating system, named the <a href="/wiki/Workplace_OS" title="Workplace OS">Workplace OS</a> project. Despite a large amount of money spent on the project, it was cancelled in 1996. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBMinventions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/IBMinventions.png/220px-IBMinventions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/IBMinventions.png/330px-IBMinventions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/IBMinventions.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>IBM inventions (clockwise from top-left): the <a href="/wiki/Hard-disk_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard-disk drive">hard-disk drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/DRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="DRAM">DRAM</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UPC_bar_code" class="mw-redirect" title="UPC bar code">UPC bar code</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">magnetic stripe card</a></figcaption></figure> In 1998, IBM merged the enterprise-oriented Personal Systems Group of the IBM PC Co. into IBM's own Global Services personal computer consulting and customer service division. The resulting merged business units then became known simply as IBM Personal Systems Group.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> A year later, IBM stopped selling their computers at retail outlets after their market share in this sector had fallen considerably behind competitors <a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Immediately afterwards, the IBM PC Co. was dissolved and merged into IBM Personal Systems Group.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> In 2002 IBM acquired PwC Consulting, the consulting arm of <a href="/wiki/PwC" title="PwC">PwC</a> which was merged into its <a href="/wiki/IBM_Consulting" title="IBM Consulting">IBM Global Services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> On September 14, 2004, <a href="/wiki/LG_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="LG Corporation">LG</a> and IBM announced that their business alliance in the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> market would end at the end of that year. Both companies stated that it was unrelated to the charges of bribery earlier that year.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_LG_laptops#Xnote" title="List of LG laptops">Xnote</a> was originally part of the joint venture and was sold by LG in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Continuing a trend started in the 1990s of downsizing its operations and divesting from <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">commodity production</a>, IBM <a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_the_IBM_PC_business_by_Lenovo" title="Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo">sold all of its personal computer business</a> to Chinese technology company <a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> and, in 2009, it acquired software company <a href="/wiki/SPSS_Inc." title="SPSS Inc.">SPSS Inc.</a> Later in 2009, IBM's <a href="/wiki/Blue_Gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Gene">Blue Gene</a> supercomputing program was awarded the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation" title="National Medal of Technology and Innovation">National Medal of Technology and Innovation</a> by U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s–present">2010s–present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2010s–present">edit</a>]</div> In 2011, IBM gained worldwide attention for its artificial intelligence program <a href="/wiki/Watson_(artificial_intelligence_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Watson (artificial intelligence software)">Watson</a>, which was exhibited on <a href="/wiki/Jeopardy!" title="Jeopardy!">Jeopardy!</a> where it won against game-show champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter. The company also celebrated its 100th anniversary in the same year on June 16. In 2012, IBM announced it had agreed to buy <a href="/wiki/Kenexa" title="Kenexa">Kenexa</a> and Texas Memory Systems,<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> and a year later it also acquired SoftLayer Technologies, a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web hosting service</a>, in a deal worth around $2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Also that year, the company designed a video surveillance system for <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In 2014 IBM announced it would sell its <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> server division to Lenovo for $2.1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> while continuing to offer <a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a>-based servers.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Also that year, IBM began announcing several major partnerships with other companies, including <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Twitter,<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Facebook,<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/UnderArmour" class="mw-redirect" title="UnderArmour">UnderArmour</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Box_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Box (company)">Box</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/VMware" title="VMware">VMware</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_Sciences_Corporation" title="Computer Sciences Corporation">CSC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Macy%27s" title="Macy's">Macy's</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sesame_Workshop" title="Sesame Workshop">Sesame Workshop</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> the parent company of <a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street" title="Sesame Street">Sesame Street</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salesforce.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Salesforce.com">Salesforce.com</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> In 2015, its chip division transitioned to a <a href="/wiki/Fabless_manufacturing" title="Fabless manufacturing">fabless</a> model with <a href="/wiki/Semiconductors" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductors">semiconductors</a> design, offloading manufacturing to <a href="/wiki/GlobalFoundries" title="GlobalFoundries">GlobalFoundries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> In 2015, IBM announced three major acquisitions: Merge Healthcare for $1 billion,<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> data storage vendor <a href="/wiki/Cleversafe_Inc." title="Cleversafe Inc.">Cleversafe</a>, and all digital assets from <a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Company" title="The Weather Company">The Weather Company</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Weather.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather.com">Weather.com</a> and the Weather Channel mobile app.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-twcibm-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-ibmtwc-87">[86]</a> Also that year, IBM employees created the film <a href="/wiki/A_Boy_and_His_Atom" title="A Boy and His Atom">A Boy and His Atom</a>, which was the first molecule movie to tell a story. In 2016, IBM acquired video conferencing service <a href="/wiki/Ustream" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustream">Ustream</a> and formed a new cloud video unit.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> In April 2016, it posted a 14-year low in quarterly sales.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The following month, <a href="/wiki/Groupon" title="Groupon">Groupon</a> sued IBM accusing it of patent infringement, two months after IBM accused Groupon of patent infringement in a separate lawsuit.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> In 2015, IBM bought the digital part of <a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Company" title="The Weather Company">The Weather Company</a>,<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Truven Health Analytics for $2.6 billion in 2016, and in October 2018, IBM announced its intention to acquire <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a> for $34 billion,<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> which was completed on July 9, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> In February 2020, IBM's <a href="/wiki/John_E._Kelly_III" title="John E. Kelly III">John Kelly III</a> joined <a href="/wiki/Brad_Smith_(American_lawyer)" title="Brad Smith (American lawyer)">Brad Smith</a> of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> to sign a pledge with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> to ensure the ethical use and practice of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_(AI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Intelligence (AI)">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vatican-97">[96]</a> IBM announced in October 2020 that it would divest the Managed Infrastructure Services unit of its Global Technology Services division into a new public company.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The new company, <a href="/wiki/Kyndryl" title="Kyndryl">Kyndryl</a>, will have 90,000 employees, 4,600 clients in 115 countries, with a backlog of $60 billion.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> IBM's spin off was greater than any of its previous divestitures, and welcomed by investors.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> IBM appointed Martin Schroeter, who had been IBM's CFO from 2014 through the end of 2017, as CEO of Kyndryl.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> In 2021, IBM announced the acquisition of the enterprise software company <a href="/wiki/Turbonomic" title="Turbonomic">Turbonomic</a> for $1.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> In January 2022, IBM announced it would sell <a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Watson Health">Watson Health</a> to private equity firm <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Partners" title="Francisco Partners">Francisco Partners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> On March 7, 2022, a few days after the start of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, IBM CEO Arvind Krishna published a Ukrainian flag and announced that "we have suspended all business in Russia". All Russian articles were also removed from the IBM website.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> On June 7, Krishna announced that IBM would carry out an "orderly wind-down" of its operations in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-tribm-110">[109]</a> In late 2022, IBM started a collaboration with new Japanese manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Rapidus" title="Rapidus">Rapidus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> which led GlobalFoundries to file a lawsuit against IBM the following year.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In 2023, IBM acquired Manta Software Inc. to complement its data and A.I. governance capabilities for an undisclosed amount.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> On November 16, 2023, IBM suspended ads on Twitter after ads were found next to pro-Nazi content.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> In December 2023, IBM announced it would acquire <a href="/wiki/Software_AG" title="Software AG">Software AG</a>'s StreamSets and <a href="/wiki/WebMethods" title="WebMethods">webMethods</a> platforms for €2.13 billion ($2.33 billion).<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_affairs">Corporate affairs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Corporate affairs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_trends">Business trends</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Business trends">edit</a>]</div> IBM's market capitalization was valued at over $153 billion as of May 2024.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Despite its relative decline within the technology sector,<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> IBM remains the seventh largest technology company by revenue, and 67th <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_in_the_United_States_by_revenue" title="List of largest companies in the United States by revenue">largest overall company by revenue in the United States</a>. IBM ranked No. 38 on the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> In 2014, IBM was accused of using "financial engineering" to hit its quarterly earnings targets rather than investing for the longer term.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> The key trends of IBM are (as at the financial year ending December 31):<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Revenue (US$ bn) </th> <th>Net income (US$ bn) </th> <th>Employees </th></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>92.7 </td> <td>12.0 </td> <td>379,592 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>81.7 </td> <td>13.1 </td> <td>377,757 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>79.9 </td> <td>11.8 </td> <td>380,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>79.1 </td> <td>5.7 </td> <td>366,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>79.5 </td> <td>8.7 </td> <td>350,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>77.1 </td> <td>9.4 </td> <td>352,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>73.6 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>345,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021<a href="#cite_note-125">[b]</a> </td> <td>57.3 </td> <td>5.7 </td> <td>282,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>60.5 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>288,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>61.8 </td> <td>7.5 </td> <td>282,200 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_and_shareholders">Board and shareholders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Board and shareholders">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_CEOs" title="List of IBM CEOs">List of IBM CEOs</a></div> The company's 15-member board of directors are responsible for overall corporate management and includes the current or former CEOs of <a href="/wiki/Anthem_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthem (company)">Anthem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dow_Chemical_Company" title="Dow Chemical Company">Dow Chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnson_and_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnson and Johnson">Johnson and Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Parcel_Service" title="United Parcel Service">UPS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Vanguard_Group" title="The Vanguard Group">Vanguard</a> as well as the president of <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> and a retired <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)" title="Admiral (United States)">U.S. Navy admiral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Vanguard Group is the largest shareholder of IBM and as of March 31, 2023, held 15.7% of total shares outstanding.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> In 2011, IBM became the first technology company <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">holding company</a> <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway" title="Berkshire Hathaway">Berkshire Hathaway</a> invested in.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> Initially he bought 64 million shares costing $10.5 billion. Over the years, Buffett increased his IBM holdings, but by the end of 2017 had reduced them by 94.5% to 2.05 million shares; by May 2018, he was completely out of IBM.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headquarters_and_offices">Headquarters and offices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Headquarters and offices">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_facilities" title="List of IBM facilities">List of IBM facilities</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_Beijing,_Pangu_Plaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/IBM_Beijing%2C_Pangu_Plaza.jpg/220px-IBM_Beijing%2C_Pangu_Plaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/IBM_Beijing%2C_Pangu_Plaza.jpg/330px-IBM_Beijing%2C_Pangu_Plaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/IBM_Beijing%2C_Pangu_Plaza.jpg/440px-IBM_Beijing%2C_Pangu_Plaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5104" data-file-height="2874" /></a><figcaption>Pangu Plaza, one of IBM's offices in Beijing, China</figcaption></figure> IBM is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Armonk,_New_York" title="Armonk, New York">Armonk, New York</a>, a community 37 miles (60 km) north of Midtown Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> A nickname for the company is the "Colossus of Armonk".<a href="#cite_note-salmans19820109-131">[129]</a> Its principal building, referred to as CHQ, is a 283,000-square-foot (26,300 m2) glass and stone edifice on a 25-acre (10 ha) parcel amid a 432-acre former apple orchard the company purchased in the mid-1950s.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> There are two other IBM buildings within walking distance of CHQ: the North Castle office, which previously served as IBM's headquarters; and the Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Center for Learning<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> (formerly known as IBM Learning Center (ILC)), a resort hotel and training center, which has 182 guest rooms, 31 meeting rooms, and various amenities.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> IBM operates in 174 countries as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fortune20160201-2">[2]</a> with mobility centers in smaller market areas and major campuses in the larger ones. In New York City, IBM has several offices besides CHQ, including the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">IBM Watson</a> headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Astor_Place" title="Astor Place">Astor Place</a> in Manhattan. Outside of New York, major campuses in the United States include <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle_Park" title="Research Triangle Park">Research Triangle Park (Raleigh-Durham), North Carolina</a>; <a href="/wiki/IBM_Rochester" title="IBM Rochester">Rochester, Minnesota</a>; and <a href="/wiki/IBM_Research_-_Almaden" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Research - Almaden">Silicon Valley, California</a>. IBM's real estate holdings are varied and globally diverse. Towers occupied by IBM include <a href="/wiki/1250_Ren%C3%A9-L%C3%A9vesque" title="1250 René-Lévesque">1250 René-Lévesque</a> (Montreal, Canada) and <a href="/wiki/One_Atlantic_Center" title="One Atlantic Center">One Atlantic Center</a> (Atlanta, Georgia, US). In Beijing, China, IBM occupies <a href="/wiki/Pangu_Plaza" title="Pangu Plaza">Pangu Plaza</a>,<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> the city's seventh tallest building and overlooking <a href="/wiki/Beijing_National_Stadium" title="Beijing National Stadium">Beijing National Stadium ("Bird's Nest")</a>, home to the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a>. <a href="/wiki/IBM_India" title="IBM India">IBM India Private Limited</a> is the Indian subsidiary of IBM, which is headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, Karnataka. It has facilities in <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurugram" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurugram">Gurugram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noida" title="Noida">Noida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneshwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhubaneshwar">Bhubaneshwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a>. Other notable buildings include the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Rome_Software_Lab" title="IBM Rome Software Lab">IBM Rome Software Lab</a> (Rome, Italy), <a href="/wiki/Hursley_House" title="Hursley House">Hursley House</a> (Winchester, UK), <a href="/wiki/330_North_Wabash" title="330 North Wabash">330 North Wabash</a> (Chicago, Illinois, United States), the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scientific_Center" title="Cambridge Scientific Center">Cambridge Scientific Center</a> (Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States), the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Toronto_Software_Lab" title="IBM Toronto Software Lab">IBM Toronto Software Lab</a> (Toronto, Canada), the IBM Building, Johannesburg (Johannesburg, South Africa), the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Building_(Seattle)" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Building (Seattle)">IBM Building (Seattle)</a> (Seattle, Washington, United States), the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Hakozaki_Facility" title="IBM Hakozaki Facility">IBM Hakozaki Facility</a> (Tokyo, Japan), the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Yamato_Facility" title="IBM Yamato Facility">IBM Yamato Facility</a> (Yamato, Japan), the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Canada_Head_Office_Building" title="IBM Canada Head Office Building">IBM Canada Head Office Building</a> (Ontario, Canada) and the Watson IoT Headquarters<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> (Munich, Germany). Defunct IBM campuses include the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Somers_Office_Complex" title="IBM Somers Office Complex">IBM Somers Office Complex</a> (Somers, New York), <a href="/wiki/Spango_Valley#The_IBM_Years" title="Spango Valley">Spango Valley</a> (Greenock, Scotland), and <a href="/wiki/Tour_Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tour Descartes">Tour Descartes</a> (Paris, France). The company's contributions to industrial architecture and design include works by <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Marcel Breuer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a>, <a href="/wiki/I.M._Pei" class="mw-redirect" title="I.M. Pei">I.M. Pei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Legorreta" title="Ricardo Legorreta">Ricardo Legorreta</a>. Van der Rohe's building in Chicago was recognized with the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Honor_Award" title="Honor Award">Honor Award</a> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Building_Museum" title="National Building Museum">National Building Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Honor-137">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products">Products</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Products">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_products" title="List of IBM products">List of IBM products</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mira_-_Blue_Gene_Q_at_Argonne_National_Laboratory_-_Skin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mira_-_Blue_Gene_Q_at_Argonne_National_Laboratory_-_Skin.jpg/220px-Mira_-_Blue_Gene_Q_at_Argonne_National_Laboratory_-_Skin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mira_-_Blue_Gene_Q_at_Argonne_National_Laboratory_-_Skin.jpg/330px-Mira_-_Blue_Gene_Q_at_Argonne_National_Laboratory_-_Skin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mira_-_Blue_Gene_Q_at_Argonne_National_Laboratory_-_Skin.jpg/440px-Mira_-_Blue_Gene_Q_at_Argonne_National_Laboratory_-_Skin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue_Gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Gene">Blue Gene</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation" title="National Medal of Technology and Innovation">National Medal of Technology and Innovation</a> in 2009.</figcaption></figure> IBM has a large and diverse portfolio of products and services. As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit">[update]</a>, these offerings fall into the categories of <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, artificial intelligence, <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">data</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analytics" title="Analytics">analytics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a> (IoT),<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/IT_infrastructure" title="IT infrastructure">IT infrastructure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">mobile</a>, digital workplace<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersecurity">cybersecurity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware">Hardware</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hardware">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mainframe_computers">Mainframe computers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mainframe computers">edit</a>]</div> Since 1954, IBM sells <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainframe computers">mainframe computers</a>, the latest being the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Z" title="IBM Z">IBM z</a> series. The most recent model, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Z#IBM_z16" title="IBM Z">IBM z16</a>, was released in 2022. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microprocessors">Microprocessors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Microprocessors">edit</a>]</div> In 1990, IBM released the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Power_microprocessors" title="IBM Power microprocessors">Power microprocessors</a>, which were designed into many console gaming systems, including <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> IBM <a href="/wiki/Secure_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Blue">Secure Blue</a> is encryption hardware that can be built into microprocessors,<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> and in 2014, the company revealed <a href="/wiki/TrueNorth" class="mw-redirect" title="TrueNorth">TrueNorth</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic">neuromorphic</a> <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> and announced a $3 billion investment over the following five years to design a neural chip that mimics the human brain, with 10 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses, but that uses just 1 kilowatt of power.<a href="#cite_note-BrainIBM-145">[143]</a> In 2016, the company launched <a href="/wiki/Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">all-flash arrays</a> designed for small and midsized companies, which includes software for data compression, provisioning, and snapshots across various systems.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quantum_Computing">Quantum Computing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Quantum Computing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_Q_system_(Fraunhofer_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg/220px-IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg/330px-IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg/440px-IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5166" data-file-height="3584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/IBM_Q_System_One" title="IBM Q System One">IBM Q System One</a> (2019), the first circuit-based commercial quantum computer</figcaption></figure> In January 2019, IBM introduced its first commercial quantum computer: <a href="/wiki/IBM_Q_System_One" title="IBM Q System One">IBM Q System One</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> In March 2020, it was announced that IBM will build Europe's first quantum computer in <a href="/wiki/Ehningen" title="Ehningen">Ehningen, Germany</a>. The center, to be operated by the <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer Society</a>, was still in construction as of 2023, with cloud access planned in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Software">edit</a>]</div> Since 2009, IBM owns <a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a>, a software package used for <a href="/wiki/Statistical_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical analysis">statistical analysis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> IBM also owns <a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Company" title="The Weather Company">The Weather Company</a>, which provides weather forecasting and includes <a href="/wiki/Weather.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather.com">weather.com</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground_(weather_service)" title="Weather Underground (weather service)">Weather Underground</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloud_services">Cloud services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cloud services">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">IBM Cloud</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_service" title="Infrastructure as a service">infrastructure as a service</a> (IaaS), <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">software as a service</a> (SaaS) and <a href="/wiki/Platform_as_a_service" title="Platform as a service">platform as a service</a> (PaaS) offered through public, private and hybrid <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing#Deployment_models" title="Cloud computing">cloud delivery models</a>. For instance, the IBM <a href="/wiki/Bluemix" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluemix">Bluemix</a> PaaS enables developers to quickly create complex websites on a pay-as-you-go model. IBM <a href="/wiki/SoftLayer" class="mw-redirect" title="SoftLayer">SoftLayer</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Dedicated_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Dedicated server">dedicated server</a>, <a href="/wiki/Managed_hosting" class="mw-redirect" title="Managed hosting">managed hosting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> provider, which in 2011 reported hosting more than 81,000 servers for more than 26,000 customers.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> IBM also provides Cloud Data Encryption Services (ICDES), using <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_splitting" title="Cryptographic splitting">cryptographic splitting</a> to secure customer data.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> In May 2022, IBM announced the company had signed a multi-year Strategic Collaboration Agreement with <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a> to make a wide variety of IBM software available as a service on AWS Marketplace. Additionally, the deal includes both companies making joint investments that make it easier for companies to consume IBM's offering and integrate them with AWS, including developer training and software development for select markets.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_intelligence">Artificial intelligence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Artificial intelligence">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">IBM Watson</a> is a technology platform that uses <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> and machine learning to reveal insights from large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Unstructured_data" title="Unstructured data">unstructured data</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> Watson was debuted in 2011 on the American game show <a href="/wiki/Jeopardy!" title="Jeopardy!">Jeopardy!</a>, where it competed against champions <a href="/wiki/Ken_Jennings" title="Ken Jennings">Ken Jennings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brad_Rutter" title="Brad Rutter">Brad Rutter</a> in a three-game tournament and won. Watson has since been applied to business, healthcare, developers, and universities. For example, IBM has partnered with <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Sloan_Kettering_Cancer_Center" title="Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center">Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center</a> to assist with considering treatment options for <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a> patients and for doing <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a> screenings.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> Several companies use Watson for call centers, either replacing or assisting customer service agents.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> IBM also provides infrastructure for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">New York City Police Department</a> through their <a href="/wiki/IBM_Cognos_Analytics" title="IBM Cognos Analytics">IBM Cognos Analytics</a> to perform data visualizations of <a href="/wiki/CompStat" title="CompStat">CompStat</a> crime data.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> In June 2020, IBM announced that it was exiting the facial recognition business. In a letter to congress,<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> IBM's Chief Executive Officer Arvind Krishna told lawmakers, "now is the time to begin a national dialogue on whether and how facial recognition technology should be employed by domestic law enforcement agencies."<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> In May 2023, IBM revealed <a href="/wiki/IBM_Watsonx" title="IBM Watsonx">Watsonx</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Generative_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative AI">Generative AI</a> toolkit that is powered by IBM's own <a href="/wiki/IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a> models with option to use other publicly available <a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">LLMs</a>. Watsonx has multiple services for training and <a href="/wiki/Fine-tuning_(deep_learning)" title="Fine-tuning (deep learning)">fine tuning</a> models based on confidential data.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> A year later, IBM <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open-sourced</a> Granite code models and put them on <a href="/wiki/Hugging_Face" title="Hugging Face">Hugging Face</a> for public use.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> In October 2024, IBM introduced Granite 3.0, an open-source large language model designed for enterprise AI applications.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consulting">Consulting</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Consulting">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (August 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> With 160,000 consultants as of 2024, it is one of the ten largest consulting companies in the world.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> IBM's consulting business was valued at $20 billion, as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-:1-165">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_Yorktown_Heights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/IBM_Yorktown_Heights.jpg/220px-IBM_Yorktown_Heights.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/IBM_Yorktown_Heights.jpg/330px-IBM_Yorktown_Heights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/IBM_Yorktown_Heights.jpg/440px-IBM_Yorktown_Heights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5065" data-file-height="2899" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center" title="Thomas J. Watson Research Center">Thomas J. Watson Research Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yorktown_Heights,_New_York" title="Yorktown Heights, New York">Yorktown Heights, New York</a>, is one of 12 IBM research labs worldwide.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benoit_Mandelbrot,_TED_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Benoit_Mandelbrot%2C_TED_2010.jpg/170px-Benoit_Mandelbrot%2C_TED_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Benoit_Mandelbrot%2C_TED_2010.jpg/255px-Benoit_Mandelbrot%2C_TED_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Benoit_Mandelbrot%2C_TED_2010.jpg/340px-Benoit_Mandelbrot%2C_TED_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5322" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/IBM_Fellow" title="IBM Fellow">IBM Fellow</a> <a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoit Mandelbrot</a> discusses <a href="/wiki/Fractal_geometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractal geometry">fractal geometry</a>, 2010.</figcaption></figure> Research has been part of IBM since its founding, and its organized efforts trace their roots back to 1945, when the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory was founded at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in New York City, converting a renovated fraternity house on Manhattan's West Side into IBM's first laboratory. Now, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Research" title="IBM Research">IBM Research</a> constitutes the largest industrial research organization in the world, with 12 labs on 6 continents.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> IBM Research is headquartered at the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center" title="Thomas J. Watson Research Center">Thomas J. Watson Research Center</a> in New York, and facilities include the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Almaden_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Almaden Research Center">Almaden lab</a> in California, Austin lab in Texas, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Research-Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Research-Australia">Australia lab</a> in Melbourne, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Research_%E2%80%93_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Research – Brazil">Brazil lab</a> in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, China lab in Beijing and Shanghai, Ireland lab in Dublin, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Haifa_Research_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Haifa Research Laboratory">Haifa lab</a> in Israel, India lab in Delhi and <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Tokyo_Research_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory">Tokyo lab</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Zurich_Research_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Zurich Research Laboratory">Zurichlab</a> and Africa lab in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>. In terms of investment, IBM's <a href="/wiki/R%26D" class="mw-redirect" title="R&D">R&D</a> expenditure totals several billion dollars each year. In 2012, that expenditure was approximately $6.9 billion.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> Recent allocations have included $1 billion to create a business unit for <a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">Watson</a> in 2014, and $3 billion to create a next-gen semiconductor along with $4 billion towards growing the company's "strategic imperatives" (cloud, analytics, mobile, security, social) in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> IBM has been a leading proponent of the <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a>, and began supporting <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux through the IBM <a href="/wiki/Linux_Technology_Center" title="Linux Technology Center">Linux Technology Center</a>, which includes over 300 <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> developers.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> IBM has also released code under different <a href="/wiki/Open_source_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source license">open-source licenses</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">platform-independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">software framework</a> <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> (worth approximately $40 million at the time of the donation),<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> the three-sentence International Components for Unicode (<a href="/wiki/International_Components_for_Unicode" title="International Components for Unicode">ICU</a>) license, and the <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Relational_database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational database management system">relational database management system</a> (RDBMS) <a href="/wiki/Apache_Derby" title="Apache Derby">Apache Derby</a>. IBM's <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> involvement has not been trouble-free, however (see <a href="/wiki/SCO_v._IBM" class="mw-redirect" title="SCO v. IBM">SCO v. IBM</a>). Famous <a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">inventions</a> and developments by IBM include: the <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">automated teller machine (ATM)</a>, <a href="/wiki/DRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="DRAM">dynamic random access memory (DRAM)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Keypunch" title="Keypunch">electronic keypunch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swap_(finance)" title="Swap (finance)">financial swap</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">magnetic stripe card</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model">relational database</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced instruction set computing">RISC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sabre_(computer_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabre (computer system)">SABRE airline reservation system</a>, <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product Code">Universal Product Code (UPC)</a> bar code, and the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a>. Additionally, in 1990 company scientists used a <a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">scanning tunneling microscope</a> to arrange 35 <a href="/wiki/IBM_(atoms)" title="IBM (atoms)">individual xenon atoms</a> to spell out the company acronym, marking the first structure assembled one atom at a time.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> A major part of IBM research is the generation of <a href="/wiki/Patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Patents">patents</a>. Since its first patent for a traffic signaling device, IBM has been one of the world's most prolific patent sources. In 2021, the company held the record for most <a href="/wiki/Patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Patents">patents</a> generated by a business for 29 consecutive years for the achievement.<a href="#cite_note-patents-173">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patents">Patents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Patents">edit</a>]</div> As of 2021, IBM holds the record for most annual <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> generated by a business for 29 consecutive years.<a href="#cite_note-patents-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> In 2001, IBM became the first company to generate more than 3,000 patents in one year, beating this record in 2008 with over 4,000 patents.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[11]</a> As of 2022, the company held 150,000 patents.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> IBM has also been criticized as being a <a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">patent troll</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brand_and_reputation">Brand and reputation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Brand and reputation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_ads_at_JFK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/IBM_ads_at_JFK.jpg/220px-IBM_ads_at_JFK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/IBM_ads_at_JFK.jpg/330px-IBM_ads_at_JFK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/IBM_ads_at_JFK.jpg/440px-IBM_ads_at_JFK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>IBM ads at <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a>, 2013</figcaption></figure> IBM is nicknamed Big Blue partly due to its blue logo and color scheme,<a href="#cite_note-Big_Blue-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> and also in reference to its former de facto <a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">dress code</a> of white shirts with blue suits.<a href="#cite_note-Big_Blue-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> The company logo has undergone several changes over the years, with its current "8-bar" logo designed in 1972 by <a href="/wiki/Graphic_designer" title="Graphic designer">graphic designer</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rand" title="Paul Rand">Paul Rand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> It was a general replacement for a 13-bar logo, since period photocopiers did not render narrow (as opposed to tall) stripes well. Aside from the logo, IBM used <a href="/wiki/Helvetica" title="Helvetica">Helvetica</a> as a corporate typeface for 50 years, until it was replaced in 2017 by the custom-designed <a href="/wiki/IBM_Plex" title="IBM Plex">IBM Plex</a>. IBM has a valuable brand as a result of over 100 years of operations and marketing campaigns. Since 1996, IBM has been the exclusive technology partner for the <a href="/wiki/Masters_Tournament" title="Masters Tournament">Masters Tournament</a>, one of the four <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_major_golf_championships" title="Men's major golf championships">major championships</a> in professional golf, with IBM creating the first Masters.org (1996), the first course cam (1998), the first <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> app with live streaming (2009), and first-ever live 4K Ultra High Definition feed in the United States for a major sporting event (2016).<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> As a result, IBM CEO <a href="/wiki/Ginni_Rometty" title="Ginni Rometty">Ginni Rometty</a> became the third female member of the Master's governing body, the <a href="/wiki/Augusta_National_Golf_Club" title="Augusta National Golf Club">Augusta National Golf Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> IBM is also a major sponsor in professional tennis, with engagements at the <a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open (tennis)">U.S. Open</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a>, the Australian Open, and the French Open.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> The company also sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> from 1960 to 2000,<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> from 2003 to 2012.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> In Japan, IBM employees also have an <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> team complete with pro stadium, cheerleaders and televised games, competing in the Japanese <a href="/wiki/X-League_(Japan)" title="X-League (Japan)">X-League</a> as the "<a href="/wiki/IBM_Big_Blue_(X-League)" title="IBM Big Blue (X-League)">Big Blue</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Business_Insider-189">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental">Environmental</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Environmental">edit</a>]</div> In 2004, concerns were raised related to IBM's contribution in its early days to pollution in its original location in <a href="/wiki/Endicott,_New_York#Pollution" title="Endicott, New York">Endicott, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> IBM reported its total <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">CO2e emissions</a> (direct and indirect) for the twelve months ending December 31, 2020 at 621 kilotons (-324 /-34.3% year-on-year).<a href="#cite_note-IBM_Total_CO2e_emissions_for_2020Q4-192">[190]</a> In February 2021, IBM committed to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2030.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People_and_culture">People and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: People and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employees">Employees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Employees">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibmaustin_designcamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ibmaustin_designcamp.jpg/220px-Ibmaustin_designcamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ibmaustin_designcamp.jpg/330px-Ibmaustin_designcamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ibmaustin_designcamp.jpg/440px-Ibmaustin_designcamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>New IBM employees being welcomed to a bootcamp at IBM Austin, 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watson_Jeopardy_demo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Watson_Jeopardy_demo.jpg/220px-Watson_Jeopardy_demo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Watson_Jeopardy_demo.jpg/330px-Watson_Jeopardy_demo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Watson_Jeopardy_demo.jpg/440px-Watson_Jeopardy_demo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>Employees demonstrating <a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">IBM Watson</a> capabilities in a <a href="/wiki/Jeopardy!" title="Jeopardy!">Jeopardy!</a> exhibition match on campus, 2011</figcaption></figure> It is among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_United_States%E2%80%93based_employers_globally" title="List of largest United States–based employers globally">world's largest employers</a>, with over 297,900 employees worldwide in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-Fortune_500-194">[192]</a> with about 160,000 of those being <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_consulting" title="Information technology consulting">tech consultants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-165">[163]</a> IBM's leadership programs include <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Blue" title="Extreme Blue">Extreme Blue</a>, an internship program, and the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Fellow" title="IBM Fellow">IBM Fellow</a> award, offered since 1963 based on technical achievement.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_current_and_former_employees">Notable current and former employees</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notable current and former employees">edit</a>]</div> Many IBM employees have achieved notability outside of work and after leaving IBM. In business, former IBM employees include <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a>,<a href="#cite_note-people.forbes.com-196">[194]</a> former <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Data_Systems" title="Electronic Data Systems">EDS</a> CEO and politician <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/John_W._Thompson" title="John W. Thompson">John W. Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAP_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP SE">SAP</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Hasso_Plattner" title="Hasso Plattner">Hasso Plattner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gartner" title="Gartner">Gartner</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Gartner" title="Gideon Gartner">Gideon Gartner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Micro Devices">Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Su" title="Lisa Su">Lisa Su</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AMDExecBio-197">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cadence_Design_Systems" title="Cadence Design Systems">Cadence Design Systems</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Anirudh_Devgan" title="Anirudh Devgan">Anirudh Devgan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> former <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Financial_Group" title="Citizens Financial Group">Citizens Financial Group</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Alemany" title="Ellen Alemany">Ellen Alemany</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Amoroso" title="Alfred Amoroso">Alfred Amoroso</a>, former <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/C._Michael_Armstrong" title="C. Michael Armstrong">C. Michael Armstrong</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox Corporation">Xerox Corporation</a> CEOs <a href="/wiki/David_T._Kearns" title="David T. Kearns">David T. Kearns</a> and <a href="/wiki/G._Richard_Thoman" title="G. Richard Thoman">G. Richard Thoman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-crossing-199">[197]</a> former <a href="/wiki/Fair_Isaac_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Isaac Corporation">Fair Isaac Corporation</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Mark_N._Greene" title="Mark N. Greene">Mark N. Greene</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Citrix_Systems" title="Citrix Systems">Citrix Systems</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Ed_Iacobucci" title="Ed Iacobucci">Ed Iacobucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASOS.com" class="mw-redirect" title="ASOS.com">ASOS.com</a> chairman Brian McBride, former <a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Steve_Ward_(businessman)" title="Steve Ward (businessman)">Steve Ward</a>, and former <a href="/wiki/Teradata" title="Teradata">Teradata</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Simonds" title="Kenneth Simonds">Kenneth Simonds</a>. In government, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a> served as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_United_States_Cabinet_Secretaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African American United States Cabinet Secretaries">African American</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_United_States_Cabinet_Secretaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of female United States Cabinet Secretaries">woman</a> to serve in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">United States Cabinet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_K._Skinner" title="Samuel K. Skinner">Samuel K. Skinner</a> served as <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of Transportation">U.S. Secretary of Transportation</a> and as the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a>. Alumni also include <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator">U.S. Senators</a> <a href="/wiki/Mack_Mattingly" title="Mack Mattingly">Mack Mattingly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thom_Tillis" title="Thom Tillis">Thom Tillis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Scott_Walker_(politician)" title="Scott Walker (politician)">Scott Walker</a>;<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> former <a href="/wiki/U.S._Ambassador" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Ambassador">U.S. Ambassadors</a> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Obsitnik" title="Vincent Obsitnik">Vincent Obsitnik</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Ambassador to Slovakia">Slovakia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Arthur_K._Watson" title="Arthur K. Watson">Arthur K. Watson</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Ambassador to France">France</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watson_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Watson Jr.">Thomas Watson Jr.</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Ambassador to Russia">Soviet Union</a>); and former <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representatives</a> <a href="/wiki/Todd_Akin" title="Todd Akin">Todd Akin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bluebook_1993.1-203">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Andrews" title="Glenn Andrews">Glenn Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Garcia_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Garcia (New York politician)">Robert Garcia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Harris" title="Katherine Harris">Katherine Harris</a>,<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amo_Houghton" title="Amo Houghton">Amo Houghton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Ross_Lightfoot" title="Jim Ross Lightfoot">Jim Ross Lightfoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Manton" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. Manton">Thomas J. Manton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Riegle_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Donald W. Riegle Jr.">Donald W. Riegle Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ed_Zschau" title="Ed Zschau">Ed Zschau</a>. Other former IBM employees include <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> astronaut <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Massimino" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael J. Massimino">Michael J. Massimino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Astronaut_Corps" title="Canadian Astronaut Corps">Canadian astronaut</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> <a href="/wiki/Julie_Payette" title="Julie Payette">Julie Payette</a>, noted musician <a href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews" title="Dave Matthews">Dave Matthews</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-205">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mudd_College" title="Harvey Mudd College">Harvey Mudd College</a> president <a href="/wiki/Maria_Klawe" title="Maria Klawe">Maria Klawe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Governors_University" title="Western Governors University">Western Governors University</a> president emeritus <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mendenhall" title="Robert Mendenhall">Robert Mendenhall</a>, former <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky" title="University of Kentucky">University of Kentucky</a> president <a href="/wiki/Lee_T._Todd_Jr." title="Lee T. Todd Jr.">Lee T. Todd Jr.</a>, former <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a> president <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Harreld" title="Bruce Harreld">Bruce Harreld</a>, <a href="/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">NFL</a> referee <a href="/wiki/Bill_Carollo" title="Bill Carollo">Bill Carollo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NASO-206">[204]</a> former <a href="/wiki/Rangers_F.C." title="Rangers F.C.">Rangers F.C.</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/John_McClelland_(businessman)" title="John McClelland (businessman)">John McClelland</a>, and recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watson_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Watson Jr.">Thomas Watson Jr.</a> also served as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_presidents_of_the_Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="List of national presidents of the Boy Scouts of America">11th national president</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a>. Five IBM employees have received the Nobel Prize: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a>, of the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y., in 1973, for work in semiconductors; <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Gerd Binnig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Rohrer</a>, of the Zurich Research Center, in 1986, for the <a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">scanning tunneling microscope</a>;<a href="#cite_note-nobelPR-207">[205]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Georg Bednorz</a> and <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Alex Müller</a>, also of Zurich, in 1987, for research in <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductivity</a>. Six IBM employees have won the <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a>, including the first female recipient <a href="/wiki/Frances_E._Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances E. Allen">Frances E. Allen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> Ten <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Medal of Technology">National Medals of Technology (USA)</a> and five <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medals of Science (USA)</a> have been awarded to IBM employees. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workplace_culture">Workplace culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Workplace culture">edit</a>]</div> Employees are often referred to as "IBMers". IBM's culture has evolved significantly over its century of operations. In its early days, a dark (or gray) suit, white shirt, and a "sincere" tie constituted the public uniform for IBM employees.<a href="#cite_note-Strategic_Marketing-209">[207]</a> During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s, CEO <a href="/wiki/Louis_V._Gerstner_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Louis V. Gerstner Jr.">Louis V. Gerstner Jr.</a> relaxed these codes, normalizing the dress and behavior of IBM employees.<a href="#cite_note-IBM_Attire-210">[208]</a> The company's culture has also given to different plays on the company acronym (IBM), with some saying it stands for "I've Been Moved" due to relocations and layoffs,<a href="#cite_note-IBM_stands_for_'I've_Been_Moved'-211">[209]</a> others saying it stands for "I'm By Myself" pursuant to a prevalent work-from-anywhere norm,<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> and others saying it stands for "I'm Being Mentored" due to the company's open door policy and encouragement for mentoring at all levels.<a href="#cite_note-Intelligent_Mentoring-213">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_relations">Labor relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Labor relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IBM_and_unions" title="IBM and unions">IBM and unions</a></div> The company has traditionally resisted labor union organizing,<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> although unions represent some IBM workers outside the United States.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronics_brands" title="List of electronics brands">List of electronics brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Internet_companies" title="List of largest Internet companies">List of largest Internet companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_manufacturing_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue">List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_companies_in_the_New_York_City_metropolitan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tech companies in the New York City metropolitan region">Tech companies in the New York City metropolitan region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_100_US_Federal_Contractors" class="mw-redirect" title="Top 100 US Federal Contractors">Top 100 US Federal Contractors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Energy_Teleportation" title="Quantum Energy Teleportation">Quantum Energy Teleportation</a> using IBM superconducting computers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> As of 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> IBM's financial statements from the 2021 annual report have adjusted revenue, income numbers, employee count for the previous years to account for discontinued operations related to the separation of <a href="/wiki/Kyndryl" title="Kyndryl">Kyndryl</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-certificate1911-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-certificate1911_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-certificate1911_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Retrieved October 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postphenomenology%3A+A+Critical+Companion+to+Ihde&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7914-6787-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDa1bPYRyltMC%26q%3Dbig%2Bblue%2Bibm%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganFoges2004" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Conway Lloyd; Foges, Chris (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5zAW7RntiD8C&q=big+blue+ibm&pg=PA15">Logos, Letterheads & Business Cards: Design for Profit</a>. 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Allen". <a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a>. 54: 39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1866739.1866752">10.1145/1866739.1866752</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-0782">0001-0782</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11847872">11847872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=An+interview+with+Frances+E.+Allen&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11847872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0001-0782&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1866739.1866752&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Guy+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strategic_Marketing-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Strategic_Marketing_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Paul Russell (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HYvbeQLf_gEC&q=%22sincere+tie%22+ibm&pg=PA24">Strategic Marketing Communications: New Ways to Build and Integrate Communications</a>. Kogan Page. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7494-2918-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7494-2918-6"><bdi>0-7494-2918-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109161210/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYvbeQLf_gEC&q=%22sincere+tie%22+ibm&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+Marketing+Communications%3A+New+Ways+to+Build+and+Integrate+Communications&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Kogan+Page&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7494-2918-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Paul+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHYvbeQLf_gEC%26q%3D%2522sincere%2Btie%2522%2Bibm%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM_Attire-210"><a href="#cite_ref-IBM_Attire_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814154040/https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/waywewore/waywewore_1.html">"IBM Attire"</a>. IBM Archives. IBM Corp. January 23, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/waywewore/waywewore_1.html">the original</a> on August 14, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBM+Archives&rft.atitle=IBM+Attire&rft.date=2003-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fibm%2Fhistory%2Fexhibits%2Fwaywewore%2Fwaywewore_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM_stands_for_'I've_Been_Moved'-211"><a href="#cite_ref-IBM_stands_for_'I've_Been_Moved'_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman" class="citation web cs1">Goldman, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2009/03/31/technology/ibm/">"IBM stands for 'I've Been Moved'"</a>. CNN Money. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210106015406/https://money.cnn.com/2009/03/31/technology/ibm/">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+stands+for+%27I%27ve+Been+Moved%27&rft.pub=CNN+Money&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2009%2F03%2F31%2Ftechnology%2Fibm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanamerica.org/topic/ibm-stands-for-im-by-myself-for-teleworkers-of-the-blue-giant">"IBM stands for "I'm by myself' for teleworkers of the blue giant"</a>. African America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202011500/https://www.africanamerica.org/topic/ibm-stands-for-im-by-myself-for-teleworkers-of-the-blue-giant">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+stands+for+%22I%27m+by+myself%27+for+teleworkers+of+the+blue+giant&rft.pub=African+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanamerica.org%2Ftopic%2Fibm-stands-for-im-by-myself-for-teleworkers-of-the-blue-giant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intelligent_Mentoring-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Intelligent_Mentoring_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SyVxNfJ94pMC&q=IBM+%22I%27m+by+myself%22&pg=PT44">Intelligent Mentoring</a>. IBM Press. November 11, 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-700949-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-700949-7"><bdi>978-0-13-700949-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109164300/https://books.google.com/books?id=SyVxNfJ94pMC&q=IBM+%22I%27m+by+myself%22&pg=PT44">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligent+Mentoring&rft.pub=IBM+Press&rft.date=2008-11-11&rft.isbn=978-0-13-700949-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSyVxNfJ94pMC%26q%3DIBM%2B%2522I%2527m%2Bby%2Bmyself%2522%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Logan, John (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817122539/https://www.newunionism.net/library/organizing/Logan%20-%20The%20Union%20Avoidance%20Industry%20in%20the%20United%20States%20-%202006.pdf">"The Union Avoidance Industry in the United States"</a> (PDF). British Journal of Industrial Relations. 44 (4): 651–675. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8543.2006.00518.x">10.1111/j.1467-8543.2006.00518.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155066215">155066215</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newunionism.net/library/organizing/Logan%20-%20The%20Union%20Avoidance%20Industry%20in%20the%20United%20States%20-%202006.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 17, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Industrial+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Union+Avoidance+Industry+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=651-675&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8543.2006.00518.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155066215%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newunionism.net%2Flibrary%2Forganizing%2FLogan%2520-%2520The%2520Union%2520Avoidance%2520Industry%2520in%2520the%2520United%2520States%2520-%25202006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014040215/https://www.endicottalliance.org/iwiswebsite/iwis-ibmgua-links.htm">"IBM Global Unions Links"</a>. EndicottAlliance.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endicottalliance.org/iwiswebsite/iwis-ibmgua-links.htm">the original</a> on October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+Global+Unions+Links&rft.pub=EndicottAlliance.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.endicottalliance.org%2Fiwiswebsite%2Fiwis-ibmgua-links.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For additional books about IBM, biographies, memoirs, technology and more, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM#Further_reading" title="History of IBM">History of IBM § Further reading</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakis1987" class="citation book cs1">Bakis, Henry (1987). "Telecommunications and the Global Firm". In F. E. Ian Hamilton (ed.). Industrial change in advanced economies. London: Croom Helm. pp. 130–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3828-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3828-6"><bdi>978-0-7099-3828-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Telecommunications+and+the+Global+Firm&rft.btitle=Industrial+change+in+advanced+economies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=130-160&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-3828-6&rft.aulast=Bakis&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer1992" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Roy A.; et al. (1992). The Silverlake Project: Transformation at IBM (AS/400). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silverlake+Project%3A+Transformation+at+IBM+%28AS%2F400%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Roy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Black, Edwin</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/IBM_and_the_Holocaust" title="IBM and the Holocaust">IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation</a>. Dialog Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914153-10-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-914153-10-2"><bdi>0-914153-10-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+and+the+Holocaust%3A+The+Strategic+Alliance+Between+Nazi+Germany+and+America%27s+Most+Powerful+Corporation&rft.pub=Dialog+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-914153-10-2&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll1993" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Paul (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigbluesunmaking00carr">Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM</a>. Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-59197-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-59197-0"><bdi>978-0-517-59197-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Blues%3A+The+Unmaking+of+IBM&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-517-59197-0&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbigbluesunmaking00carr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarr1999" class="citation book cs1">Garr, Doug (1999). IBM Redux: Lou Gerstner & The Business Turnaround of the Decade. Harper Business.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+Redux%3A+Lou+Gerstner+%26+The+Business+Turnaround+of+the+Decade&rft.pub=Harper+Business&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Garr&rft.aufirst=Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerstner2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_V._Gerstner,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.">Gerstner, Louis V. Jr.</a> (2002). Who Says Elephants can't Dance?. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-715448-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-715448-8"><bdi>0-00-715448-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Says+Elephants+can%27t+Dance%3F&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-00-715448-8&rft.aulast=Gerstner&rft.aufirst=Louis+V.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreulich2014" class="citation book cs1">Greulich, Peter E. (2014). A View from Beneath the Dancing Elephant: Rediscovering IBM's Corporate Constitution. MBI Concepts Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9833734-6-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9833734-6-9"><bdi>978-0-9833734-6-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+View+from+Beneath+the+Dancing+Elephant%3A+Rediscovering+IBM%27s+Corporate+Constitution&rft.pub=MBI+Concepts+Corporation&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-9833734-6-9&rft.aulast=Greulich&rft.aufirst=Peter+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarwood2011" class="citation book cs1">Harwood, John (2011). The Interface: IBM and the Transformation of Corporate Design, 1945–1976. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-7039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-7039-0"><bdi>978-0-8166-7039-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interface%3A+IBM+and+the+Transformation+of+Corporate+Design%2C+1945%E2%80%931976&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-7039-0&rft.aulast=Harwood&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller1994" class="citation book cs1">Heller, Robert (1994). The Fate of IBM. Little Brown.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+IBM&rft.pub=Little+Brown&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercer1987" class="citation book cs1">Mercer, David (1987). IBM: How the World's Most Successful Corporation is Managed. Kogan Page.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM%3A+How+the+World%27s+Most+Successful+Corporation+is+Managed&rft.pub=Kogan+Page&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Mercer&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercer1988" class="citation book cs1">Mercer, David (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalibmleaders00merc_0">The Global IBM: Leadership in Multinational Management</a>. Dodd, Mead. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalibmleaders00merc_0/page/374">374</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-396-09259-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-396-09259-9"><bdi>978-0-396-09259-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+IBM%3A+Leadership+in+Multinational+Management&rft.pages=374&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-396-09259-9&rft.aulast=Mercer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglobalibmleaders00merc_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillsFriesen1996" class="citation book cs1">Mills, D. Quinn; Friesen, G. Bruce (1996). Broken Promises: An Unconventional View of What Went Wrong at IBM. Harvard Business School. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87584-654-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87584-654-8"><bdi>0-87584-654-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broken+Promises%3A+An+Unconventional+View+of+What+Went+Wrong+at+IBM&rft.pub=Harvard+Business+School&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-87584-654-8&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=D.+Quinn&rft.au=Friesen%2C+G.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugh1996" class="citation book cs1">Pugh, Emerson W. (1996). Building IBM: Shaping an Industry. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+IBM%3A+Shaping+an+Industry&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.aufirst=Emerson+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater1999" class="citation book cs1">Slater, Robert (1999). Saving Big Blue: IBM's Lou Gerstner. McGraw Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saving+Big+Blue%3A+IBM%27s+Lou+Gerstner&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinhilper2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Steinhilper" title="Ulrich Steinhilper">Steinhilper, Ulrich</a> (2006). Don't Talk – Do It! From Flying To Word Processing. Independent Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872836-75-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-872836-75-5"><bdi>1-872836-75-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don%27t+Talk+%E2%80%93+Do+It%21+From+Flying+To+Word+Processing&rft.pub=Independent+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-872836-75-5&rft.aulast=Steinhilper&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Simson2009" class="citation book cs1">von Simson, Ernest (2009). The Limits of Strategy: Lessons in Leadership from the Computer Industry. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4401-9258-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4401-9258-6"><bdi>978-1-4401-9258-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+Strategy%3A+Lessons+in+Leadership+from+the+Computer+Industry&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4401-9258-6&rft.aulast=von+Simson&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watson,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Watson, Jr.">Watson, Thomas Jr.</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fathersoncomylif00wats_0">Father, Son & Co: My Life at IBM and Beyond</a>. Bantam Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-29023-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-29023-1"><bdi>0-553-29023-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Father%2C+Son+%26+Co%3A+My+Life+at+IBM+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-553-29023-1&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffathersoncomylif00wats_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Template:IBM" title="Template:IBM"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IBM" title="Template talk:IBM"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IBM" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IBM"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IBM" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IBM</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM" title="History of IBM">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM" title="History of IBM">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_IBM" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM">Mergers and acquisitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_the_IBM_PC_business_by_Lenovo" title="Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo">PC business acquisition by Lenovo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_products" title="List of IBM products">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">Mainframe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Z" title="IBM Z">IBM Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Power_microprocessors" title="IBM Power microprocessors">Power microprocessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Power_Systems" title="IBM Power Systems">Power Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_storage" title="IBM storage">Storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_FlashSystem" title="IBM FlashSystem">FlashSystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_DS8000_series" title="IBM DS8000 series">DS8000</a></li></ul></li> <li>Quantum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Q_System_One" title="IBM Q System One">Q System One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Q_System_Two" title="IBM Q System Two">Q System Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Eagle" title="IBM Eagle">Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Osprey" title="IBM Osprey">Osprey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Heron" title="IBM Heron">Heron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Condor" title="IBM Condor">Condor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Blue_Gene" title="IBM Blue Gene">Blue Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(processor)" title="Cell (processor)">Cell microprocessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">Midrange computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">Personal Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Selectric" title="IBM Selectric">Selectric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Design_System" title="Carbon Design System">Carbon Design System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloudant" title="Cloudant">Cloudant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cognos_Analytics" title="IBM Cognos Analytics">Cognos Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Connections" title="HCL Connections">Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Reduction_Utilising_Statistical_History" title="Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History">Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILOG" title="ILOG">ILOG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Information_Management_Software" title="IBM Information Management Software">Information Management Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Software" title="Lotus Software">Lotus Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM_mainframe_operating_systems" title="History of IBM mainframe operating systems">Mainframe operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Mashup_Center" title="IBM Mashup Center">Mashup Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Planning_Analytics" title="IBM Planning Analytics">Planning Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PureQuery" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PureQuery">PureQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Quantum_Platform" title="IBM Quantum Platform">Quantum Platform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiskit" title="Qiskit">Qiskit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenQASM" title="OpenQASM">OpenQASM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_Software" title="Rational Software">Rational Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Software" title="Tivoli Software">Tivoli Software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Service_Automation_Manager" title="Tivoli Service Automation Manager">Service Automation Manager</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watsonx" title="IBM Watsonx">Watsonx</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WebSphere" title="IBM WebSphere">WebSphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apptio" title="Apptio">Apptio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Center_for_The_Business_of_Government" title="IBM Center for The Business of Government">Center for The Business of Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Consulting" title="IBM Consulting">Consulting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_Financial_Group" title="Promontory Financial Group">Promontory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenexa" title="Kenexa">Kenexa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_subsidiaries_of_IBM" title="List of international subsidiaries of IBM">International subsidiaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_India" title="IBM India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Press" title="IBM Press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Research" title="IBM Research">Research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AdStar" title="AdStar">AdStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaleida_Labs" title="Kaleida Labs">Kaleida Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambra_Computer_Corporation" title="Ambra Computer Corporation">Ambra Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognos" title="Cognos">Cognos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EduQuest" title="EduQuest">EduQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyndryl" title="Kyndryl">Kyndryl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexmark" title="Lexmark">Lexmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merative" title="Merative">Merative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Microelectronics" title="IBM Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Product_Center" title="IBM Product Center">Product Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Research_Associates" title="Science Research Associates">Science Research Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Bureau_Corporation" title="Service Bureau Corporation">Service Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Company" title="The Weather Company">The Weather Company</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground_(weather_service)" title="Weather Underground (weather service)">Weather Underground</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Towers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1250_Ren%C3%A9-L%C3%A9vesque" title="1250 René-Lévesque">1250 René-Lévesque</a>, Montreal, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Atlantic_Center" title="One Atlantic Center">One Atlantic Center</a>, Atlanta, GA</li></ul></li> <li>Software Labs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Rome_Software_Lab" title="IBM Rome Software Lab">Rome Software Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Toronto_Software_Lab" title="IBM Toronto Software Lab">Toronto Software Lab</a></li></ul></li> <li>IBM Buildings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/330_North_Wabash" title="330 North Wabash">330 North Wabash</a>, Chicago, IL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Building,_Honolulu" title="IBM Building, Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1200_Fifth" title="1200 Fifth">Seattle</a></li></ul></li> <li>Facilities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center" title="Thomas J. Watson Research Center">Thomas J. Watson Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Hakozaki_Facility" title="IBM Hakozaki Facility">Hakozaki Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Yamato_Facility" title="IBM Yamato Facility">Yamato Facility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scientific_Center" title="Cambridge Scientific Center">Cambridge Scientific Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Hursley" title="IBM Hursley">IBM Hursley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Canada_Head_Office_Building" title="IBM Canada Head Office Building">Canada Head Office Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Rochester" title="IBM Rochester">IBM Rochester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Academy of Technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Deep_Thunder" title="IBM Deep Thunder">Deep Thunder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Develothon" title="Develothon">Develothon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Fellow" title="IBM Fellow">Fellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM%27s_The_Great_Mind_Challenge" title="IBM's The Great Mind Challenge">The Great Mind Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Technology_Center" title="Linux Technology Center">Linux Technology Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_SkillsBuild" title="IBM SkillsBuild">SkillsBuild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarter_Planet" title="Smarter Planet">Smarter Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Virtual_Universe_Community" title="IBM Virtual Universe Community">Virtual Universe Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Community_Grid" title="World Community Grid">World Community Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Think_conference" title="IBM Think conference">Think conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Automated teller machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynefin_framework" title="Cynefin framework">Cynefin framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">DRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keypunch" title="Keypunch">Electronic keypunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">Hard disk drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Magnetic stripe card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model">Relational model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabre_(travel_reservation_system)" title="Sabre (travel reservation system)">Sabre airline reservation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">Scanning tunneling microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swap_(finance)" title="Swap (finance)">Financial swaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product Code">Universal Product Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Blue">Big Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Processing_Workload" title="Commercial Processing Workload">Commercial Processing Workload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer_engineer" title="Customer engineer">Customer engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globally_integrated_enterprise" title="Globally integrated enterprise">Globally integrated enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_business" title="Electronic business">e-business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_(slogan)" title="Think (slogan)">Think slogan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_CEOs" title="List of IBM CEOs">CEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson" title="Thomas J. Watson">Thomas J. Watson</a> (1914–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas Watson Jr.</a> (1956–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Vincent_Learson" title="T. Vincent Learson">T. Vincent Learson</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_T._Cary" title="Frank T. Cary">Frank T. Cary</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Opel" title="John R. Opel">John R. Opel</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fellows_Akers" title="John Fellows Akers">John Fellows Akers</a> (1985–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Gerstner" title="Lou Gerstner">Louis V. Gerstner Jr.</a> (1993–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Palmisano" title="Samuel J. Palmisano">Samuel J. Palmisano</a> (2002–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Rometty" title="Ginni Rometty">Ginni Rometty</a> (2012–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Krishna" title="Arvind Krishna">Arvind Krishna</a> (since 2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board of directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Buberl" title="Thomas Buberl">Thomas Buberl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farr_(businessman)" title="David Farr (businessman)">David Farr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Gorsky" title="Alex Gorsky">Alex Gorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Howard" title="Michelle Howard">Michelle J. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Krishna" title="Arvind Krishna">Arvind Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Liveris" title="Andrew Liveris">Andrew Liveris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_E._Pollack" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha E. Pollack">Martha E. Pollack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Swedish" title="Joseph R. Swedish">Joseph R. Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Voser" title="Peter Voser">Peter R. Voser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Boy_and_His_Atom" title="A Boy and His Atom">A Boy and His Atom</a></li> <li>Big Blue sports teams <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Big_Blue_(X-League)" title="IBM Big Blue (X-League)">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Big_Blue_(rugby_union)" title="IBM Big Blue (rugby union)">Rugby union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Public_License" title="Common Public License">Common Public License</a>/<a href="/wiki/IBM_Public_License" title="IBM Public License">IBM Public License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Thought_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Thought (chess computer)">Deep Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_infrastructure" title="Dynamic infrastructure">Dynamic infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlobalFoundries" title="GlobalFoundries">GlobalFoundries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUIDE_International" title="GUIDE International">GUIDE International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_and_the_Holocaust" title="IBM and the Holocaust">IBM and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_international_chess_tournament" title="IBM international chess tournament">International chess tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_(cipher)" title="Lucifer (cipher)">Lucifer cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematica:_A_World_of_Numbers..._and_Beyond" title="Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond">Mathematica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Plex" title="IBM Plex">IBM Plex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHARE_(computing)" title="SHARE (computing)">SHARE computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScicomP" title="ScicomP">ScicomP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_and_unions" title="IBM and unions">Unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:IBM" title="Category:IBM">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/IBM" class="extiw" title="commons:IBM">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:IBM_navigational_boxes" title="Category:IBM navigational boxes">Navigational boxes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_FOSS" title="Template:IBM FOSS">FOSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_midrange_computers" title="Template:IBM midrange computers">Midrange computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_operating_systems" title="Template:IBM operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_personal_computers" title="Template:IBM personal computers">Personal computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_System/360_line" title="Template:IBM System/360 line">System/360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_System/370_line" title="Template:IBM System/370 line">System/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_typewriters" title="Template:IBM typewriters">Typewriters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_vacuum_tube_computers" title="Template:IBM vacuum tube computers">Vacuum tube computers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Components_of_the_Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average_companies" title="Template:Dow Jones Industrial Average companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average_companies" title="Template talk:Dow Jones Industrial Average companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dow Jones Industrial Average companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Components_of_the_Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Components of the <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" title="Dow Jones Industrial Average">Dow Jones Industrial Average</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Express" title="American Express">American Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amgen" title="Amgen">Amgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc." title="Caterpillar Inc.">Caterpillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">Coca-Cola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Depot" title="Home Depot">Home Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson" title="Johnson & Johnson">Johnson & Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc." title="Nike, Inc.">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwin-Williams" title="Sherwin-Williams">Sherwin-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Travelers_Companies" title="The Travelers Companies">Travelers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnitedHealth_Group" title="UnitedHealth Group">UnitedHealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon" title="Verizon">Verizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_Inc." title="Visa Inc.">Visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_personal_computer,_server,_and_mainframe_hardware_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_computer_hardware_companies" title="Template:Major computer hardware companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_computer_hardware_companies" title="Template talk:Major computer hardware companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_computer_hardware_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major computer hardware companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_personal_computer,_server,_and_mainframe_hardware_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major personal computer, server, and mainframe hardware companies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal computers and servers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acer_Inc." title="Acer Inc.">Acer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asus" title="Asus">Asus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Inc." title="HP Inc.">HP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-Star_International" title="Micro-Star International">MSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razer_Inc." title="Razer Inc.">Razer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dynabook_Inc." title="Dynabook Inc.">Dynabook</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Servers_only" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Servers only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dell_EMC" title="Dell EMC">Dell EMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">HPE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspur" title="Inspur">Inspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetApp" title="NetApp">NetApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainframes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">HPE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IBM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_information_technology_companies_by_revenue" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest information technology companies by revenue">Largest IT companies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers" title="List of computer hardware manufacturers">Computer hardware manufacturers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:Home_computer_hardware_companies" title="Category:Home computer hardware companies">Home computer hardware companies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:Server_hardware" title="Category:Server hardware">Server hardware</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:Mainframe_computers" title="Category:Mainframe computers">Mainframe computers</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_information_storage_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_information_storage_companies" title="Template:Major information storage companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_information_storage_companies" title="Template talk:Major information storage companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_information_storage_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major information storage companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_information_storage_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Information_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Information storage">information storage</a> companies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADATA" title="ADATA">ADATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Inc.">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dell_Technologies" title="Dell Technologies">Dell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dell_EMC" title="Dell EMC">Dell EMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Data_Systems" title="Hitachi Data Systems">Hitachi Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">Hewlett Packard Enterprise</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Technology" title="Kingston Technology">Kingston Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kioxia" title="Kioxia">Kioxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetApp" title="NetApp">NetApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plextor" title="Plextor">Plextor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Power" title="Silicon Power">Silicon Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcend_Information" title="Transcend Information">Transcend Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_software_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_software_companies" title="Template:Major software companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_software_companies" title="Template talk:Major software companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_software_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major software companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_software_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> companies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Companies with annual software revenue of over US$3 billion</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_IT_Group" title="Amadeus IT Group">Amadeus IT Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodesk" title="Autodesk">Autodesk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrix_Systems" title="Citrix Systems">Citrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIS_(company)" title="FIS (company)">FIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">HPE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuit" title="Intuit">Intuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infor" title="Infor">Infor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_Software" title="Quest Software">Quest Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_Group" title="Sage Group">Sage Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAP" title="SAP">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_technology_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest technology companies by revenue">Largest IT companies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_software_companies" title="List of the largest software companies">Largest software companies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:Software_companies" title="Category:Software companies">Category:Software companies</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronics_industry_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronics_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Electronics industry in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronics_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Electronics industry in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronics_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronics industry in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electronics_industry_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics industry in the United States">Electronics industry in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose_Corporation" title="Bose Corporation">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsair_Gaming" title="Corsair Gaming">Corsair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Laboratories">Dolby Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Element_Electronics" title="Element Electronics">Element Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerson_Radio" title="Emerson Radio">Emerson Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harman_International" title="Harman International">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Inc." title="HP Inc.">HP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InFocus" title="InFocus">InFocus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jensen_Electronics" title="Jensen Electronics">Jensen Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmore_(brand)" title="Kenmore (brand)">Kenmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Technology" title="Kingston Technology">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_International" title="Kimball International">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koss_Corporation" title="Koss Corporation">Koss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexmark" title="Lexmark">Lexmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logitech" title="Logitech">Logitech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnavox" title="Magnavox">Magnavox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marantz" title="Marantz">Marantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorex" title="Memorex">Memorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Cable" title="Monster Cable">Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantronics" title="Plantronics">Plantronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planar_Systems" title="Planar Systems">Planar Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razer_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Razer Inc">Razer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiki_Digital" title="Seiki Digital">Seiki Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skullcandy" title="Skullcandy">Skullcandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Beach_Corporation" title="Turtle Beach Corporation">Turtle Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ViewSonic" title="ViewSonic">ViewSonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizio" title="Vizio">Vizio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HGST" title="HGST">HGST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Company" title="Westinghouse Electric Company">Westinghouse Electric Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electronics" title="Westinghouse Electronics">Westinghouse Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">Electronic components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achronix" title="Achronix">Achronix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_Devices" title="Analog Devices">Analog Devices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Integrated" title="Maxim Integrated">Maxim Integrated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Materials" title="Applied Materials">Applied Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altera" title="Altera">Altera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVX_Corporation" title="AVX Corporation">AVX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirque_Corporation" title="Cirque Corporation">Cirque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodes_Incorporated" title="Diodes Incorporated">Diodes Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flex_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flex (company)">Flex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabil" title="Jabil">Jabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KEMET_Corporation" title="KEMET Corporation">KEMET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Technologies" title="Maxwell Technologies">Maxwell Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmina_Corporation" title="Sanmina Corporation">Sanmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishay_Intertechnology" title="Vishay Intertechnology">Vishay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductor devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampere_Computing" title="Ampere Computing">Ampere Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcom" title="Broadcom">Broadcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor" title="Cypress Semiconductor">Cypress Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlobalFoundries" title="GlobalFoundries">GlobalFoundries</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlink_Electronics" title="Interlink Electronics">Interlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLA-Tencor" class="mw-redirect" title="KLA-Tencor">KLA-Tencor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam_Research" title="Lam Research">Lam Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lattice_Semiconductor" title="Lattice Semiconductor">Lattice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvell_Technology" title="Marvell Technology">Marvell Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microchip_Technology" title="Microchip Technology">Microchip</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atmel" title="Atmel">Atmel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetApp" title="NetApp">NetApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbus_Data" title="Nimbus Data">Nimbus Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mellanox_Technologies" title="Mellanox Technologies">Mellanox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors" title="NXP Semiconductors">NXP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsemi" title="Onsemi">onsemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Image" title="Silicon Image">Silicon Image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synaptics" title="Synaptics">Synaptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabula_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabula (company)">Tabula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xilinx" title="Xilinx">Xilinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilog" title="Zilog">Zilog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Inc">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLU_Products" title="BLU Products">BLU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadence_Design_Systems" title="Cadence Design Systems">Cadence Design Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cray" title="Cray">Cray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">GE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RCA_(trademark)" title="RCA (trademark)">RCA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synopsys" title="Synopsys">Synopsys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actel" title="Actel">Actel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Corporation" title="Atari Corporation">Atari Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductor" title="Freescale Semiconductor">Freescale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSI_Corporation" title="LSI Corporation">LSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsemi" title="Microsemi">Microsemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Semiconductor" title="National Semiconductor">National Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm Inc">Palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philco" title="Philco">Philco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signetics" title="Signetics">Signetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solectron" title="Solectron">Solectron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenith_Electronics" title="Zenith Electronics">Zenith Electronics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37156#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37156#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37156#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404002468">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/150702892">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1042-X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79142877">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11993066c">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11993066c">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00406062">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35713999">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010710496&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX254046">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/11689">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90191461">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000187093&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000302763&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=67040">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB201900621">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9c9vrh41m45fs">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810690464705606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263041205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058508027006706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00641093?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500217526">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/bd76df85-2fb2-49d1-b4fe-ec7df774c07c">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/7636">Museum of Modern Art</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/9241">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1054068">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028008871">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6330m1p">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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</div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM&oldid=1258838990">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM&oldid=1258838990</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IBM" title="Category:IBM">IBM</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1911_establishments_in_New_York_(state)" title="Category:1911 establishments in New York (state)">1911 establishments in New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technology_companies_established_in_1911" title="Category:Technology companies established in 1911">Technology companies established in 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