CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Medieval stained glass - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d5fe7322-6dd3-40cb-8637-008adeee8a40","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Medieval_stained_glass","wgTitle":"Medieval stained glass","wgCurRevisionId":1259600750,"wgRevisionId":1259600750,"wgArticleId":22317868,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from December 2020","History of glass","Stained glass","Glass art","Technology in the Middle Ages","Medieval architecture"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Medieval_stained_glass","wgRelevantArticleId":22317868,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6806857","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_Troyes_150208_01.jpg/1200px-Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_Troyes_150208_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="734"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_Troyes_150208_01.jpg/800px-Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_Troyes_150208_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="490"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_Troyes_150208_01.jpg/640px-Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_Troyes_150208_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="392"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Medieval stained glass - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Medieval_stained_glass rootpage-Medieval_stained_glass skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Medieval+stained+glass" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Medieval+stained+glass" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Medieval+stained+glass" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Medieval+stained+glass" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_stained_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_stained_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early stained glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_stained_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanesque_stained_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanesque_stained_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Romanesque stained glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanesque_stained_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_stained_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_stained_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Later stained glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_stained_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition,_manufacture_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition,_manufacture_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Composition, manufacture and distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition,_manufacture_and_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition, manufacture and distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition,_manufacture_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inherent_color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inherent_color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Inherent color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inherent_color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deliberately_added_colorants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deliberately_added_colorants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Deliberately added colorants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deliberately_added_colorants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_blue_soda_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_blue_soda_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Medieval blue soda glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_blue_soda_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flashing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flashing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Flashing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flashing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applied_paint_and_silver_stain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applied_paint_and_silver_stain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Applied paint and silver stain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applied_paint_and_silver_stain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Paint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silver_stain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silver_stain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Silver stain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silver_stain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Medieval stained glass</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" title="الزجاج المعشق في العصور الوسطى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الزجاج المعشق في العصور الوسطى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6806857#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Medieval_stained_glass" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Medieval_stained_glass" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Medieval_stained_glass" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&oldid=1259600750" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Medieval_stained_glass&id=1259600750&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMedieval_stained_glass"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMedieval_stained_glass"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Medieval_stained_glass&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6806857" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Coloured and painted glass of medieval Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stained glass (disambiguation)">Stained glass (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> <b>Medieval stained glass</b> is the colored and painted glass of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a> from the 10th century to the 16th century. For much of this period <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> windows were the major pictorial art form, particularly in <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">northern France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">England</a>, where windows tended to be larger than in southern Europe (in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, for example, <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a> were more common). In some countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass_in_Sweden" title="Medieval stained glass in Sweden">Sweden</a> and England, only a small number of original stained windows has survived to this day. </p><p> Stained glass windows were used predominantly in churches, but were also found in wealthy domestic settings and public buildings such as town halls, though surviving examples of secular glass are rather rare in comparison. Stained glass windows were used in churches to enhance their beauty and to inform the viewer through narrative or symbolism. The subject matter was generally religious in churches, though "portraits" and <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> were often included, and many narrative scenes give valuable insights into the medieval world. </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_Troyes_150208_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_Troyes_150208_01.jpg/400px-Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_Troyes_150208_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_Troyes_150208_01.jpg/600px-Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_Troyes_150208_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_Troyes_150208_01.jpg/800px-Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_Troyes_150208_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a medieval window at <a href="/wiki/Troyes_Cathedral" title="Troyes Cathedral">Troyes Cathedral</a>, France (14th century).</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_stained_glass">Early stained glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early stained glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Window glass was in use from at least the 8th century CE<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with colored and painted window glass for use in religious buildings. One of earliest known examples of stained glass is from the <a href="/wiki/Baume-les-Messieurs" title="Baume-les-Messieurs">Baume-Les-Messieurs</a> Monastary in Jura, France. The stained glass is present in the windows surrounding a large alter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The glass in early middle ages was simple and mostly used in small amounts, often alongside other materials like mosaics. The glass was thick and opaque, with basic colors like red, blue, and green, and the designs were usually geometric, not detailed pictures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glass wasn’t very clear, so it didn’t let much light through. </p><p>Recent studies indicate that early stained glass windows were not only decorative but also educational. They conveyed biblical stories and moral lessons to largely illiterate people.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  This made the church more inclusive and able to reach a broader range of people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanesque_stained_glass">Romanesque stained glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Romanesque stained glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 11th and 12th centuries saw the outbreak of the Romanesque period, a period of revival of Roman Architecture. With the revival, the newer concept of stained glass and stained glass windows were used. These stained glass windows were found primarily in churches and monasteries and used to depict Christian Iconography.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romanesque stained glass was created between the 10th and 12th centuries, during a time when Romanesque architecture was popular. These stained glass windows were often smaller and made from thick, colorful glass, with bold lines that formed simple, clear images.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The windows showed scenes from the Bible and the lives of saints, helping people who couldn’t read understand religious stories. The glass pieces were held together by thick lead strips, creating a graphic and sometimes blocky look compared to later styles.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there are not many surviving examples of Romanesque stained glass, some can still be found in churches like <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis-de-M%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Saint-Denis-de-Méré">Saint-Denis</a> in France and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Sernin,_Toulouse" title="Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse">Saint-Sernin</a> in Toulouse.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This style of stained glass was an important early form that influenced the later Gothic style, which had larger windows and thinner glass. Although Gothic stained glass became more famous for its detailed and intricate designs, Romanesque stained glass played a key role in shaping stained glass art and its use in religious buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_stained_glass">Later stained glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later stained glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The late medieval period, from the 14th to the 16th centuries, marked a significant evolution in stained glass artistry. This era saw advancements in both the technical aspects of glassmaking and the thematic complexity of window designs. </p><p>One notable development was the increased use of glass painting techniques, which allowed for greater detail and narrative depth in the imagery. Artists began to employ more refined methods of shading and highlighting, enhancing the three-dimensionality of figures depicted in the glass.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vreux_Cathedral" title="Évreux Cathedral">Evreux Cathedral</a> in France. The Cathedral began development in the 13th and was not finished until the 17th century. The glass making took place in the 14th and 15th centuries and exemplified the stained glass of the late middle ages.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stained glass portrayed Christ and the Virgin Mary in a more three dimensional form than earlier stained glass designs. Each panel of glass represents portrayals of Jesus and Mary in the bible that had not previously been seen in three dimensional form on glass windows.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition,_manufacture_and_distribution"><span id="Composition.2C_manufacture_and_distribution"></span>Composition, manufacture and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Composition, manufacture and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span>, most coloured glass was of a soda-lime-silica composition. In Northern Europe soda glass was eventually almost totally superseded by potash-lime-silica glass (<a href="/wiki/Forest_glass" title="Forest glass">Forest glass</a>). Forest glass continued to be used in stained glass for the duration of the medieval period<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until soda glass again began to be used in the 16th century. </p><p>The potash (K<sub>2</sub>O) found in <a href="/wiki/Forest_Glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Glass">Forest Glass</a> was derived from wood ash. In <i>De diversis artibus</i>, Theophilus describes the use of beech wood as the preferred source of ash.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other plant matter, such as bracken, was also used.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as containing potash, beech ash comprises an assortment of compounds including iron and manganese oxides, which are particularly important for generating colour in glass. </p><p>Medieval stained glass panels could be created either by the <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_blown_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder blown sheet">cylinder blown sheet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crown_glass_(window)" title="Crown glass (window)">crown glass (window)</a> method. </p><p>Forest glass was manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhein</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>; and in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley" title="Loire Valley">Loire Valleys</a>. It was distributed throughout mainland north-west Europe and Britain in the form of ready-made sheets.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The application of painted decoration to and final shaping of the sheets was carried out at glass working centres close by the final destination of the glass.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color">Color</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glass_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass colour">Glass colour</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitrail_Chartres_210209_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vitrail_Chartres_210209_07.jpg/220px-Vitrail_Chartres_210209_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vitrail_Chartres_210209_07.jpg/330px-Vitrail_Chartres_210209_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vitrail_Chartres_210209_07.jpg/440px-Vitrail_Chartres_210209_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="2089" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a panel from <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The color of glass could be affected by many factors. Sources of silica were often impure, with <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> being one of the most common impurities. The greenish hue of uncolored glass is usually owing to the presence of a mixture of ferrous (Fe<sup>2+</sup>) and ferric (Fe<sup>3+</sup>) ions in the glass matrix. It is also possible that 'impurities' could be introduced at the fritting stage within the glass furnace, leading to the addition of further alumina, <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> and iron oxides.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inherent_color">Inherent color</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Inherent color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inherent color refers to the colors that may be formed in the molten glass by manipulating the furnace environment. Theophilus describes molten glass changing to a "saffron yellow color" which will eventually transform to a reddish yellow on further heating, he also refers to a "tawny color, like flesh" which, upon further heating will become "a light purple" and later "a reddish purple, and exquisite".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These color changes are the result of the behaviour, under redox conditions, of the iron and <a href="/wiki/Manganese_oxide" title="Manganese oxide">manganese oxides</a> which are naturally present in beech wood ash. </p><p>In the glass melt the iron and manganese behave as follows: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:England_YorkMinster_JesseTree_c1170.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/England_YorkMinster_JesseTree_c1170.JPG/220px-England_YorkMinster_JesseTree_c1170.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/England_YorkMinster_JesseTree_c1170.JPG/330px-England_YorkMinster_JesseTree_c1170.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/England_YorkMinster_JesseTree_c1170.JPG/440px-England_YorkMinster_JesseTree_c1170.JPG 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the Jesse Tree panel from <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>, circa 1170.</figcaption></figure> <p>In an oxidising environment metal (and some non-metal) ions will lose electrons. In iron oxides, Fe<sup>2+</sup> (ferrous) ions will become Fe<sup>3+</sup> (ferric) ions. In molten glass this will result in a change in glass colour from pale blue to yellow/brown. In a reducing environment the iron will gain electrons and color will change from yellow/brown to pale blue. Similarly manganese will change in colour depending on its oxidation state. The lower oxidation state of manganese (Mn<sup>2+</sup>) is yellow in common glass while the higher oxidation states (Mn<sup>3+</sup> or higher) is purple. A combination of the two states will give a pink glass. </p><p>As the manganese and iron may each be in different states of oxidation, the combination of the two can result in a broad range of attractive colors. Manganese in its fully oxidised state, if not present in too great a mass, will also act as a decolorant of glass if the iron is in its yellow, ferric form. The two colors in effect cancel each other out to produce a clear glass. </p><p>Experimental manufacture of potash glass emulating Theophilus' recipes has resulted in colors ranging from colorless to yellow, amber, brown, green, blue, pink and purple.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variation in color hue and depth would also probably be affected by the source of the beech wood ash, depending on the soil chemistry where the beech tree grew, the age of the tree and the climate conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the stronger reds, blues and greens that are a feature of medieval stained glass rely on the addition of <a href="/wiki/Copper_oxide_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper oxide (disambiguation)">copper oxides</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deliberately_added_colorants">Deliberately added colorants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Deliberately added colorants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heraclius' <i>De coloribus et artibus Romanorum</i> includes instructions for creating green and red glass by adding copper (probably in the form of ore or copper filings) to the batch, a method practiced since ancient times. (The chapters on how to make red, green and blue glass are missing from <i>De diversis artibus</i>.) As with the iron/manganese colors, the colors formed by the addition of copper oxide to the glass are dependent on the different oxidation states of the added copper. In an oxidising environment blue cupric (Cu<sup>2+</sup>) ions are formed, in a strongly reducing environment red colloidal cuprous (Cu<sup>1+</sup>) oxide is formed and if reoxidised then green cuprous (Cu<sup>1+</sup>) oxide results. </p><p>The production of bright reds and blues in particular was straightforward, as the addition of copper to the mix resulted in the reliable creation of red, blue and green. The dominance of red and blue in Romanesque and Gothic glass is obvious. However, at York Minster, for example, it was demonstrated that 90% of the medieval glass was coloured by means of iron/manganese content.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_blue_soda_glass">Medieval blue soda glass</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medieval blue soda glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained_Glass-Saint_Martin_Church_of_Colmar,_France_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Stained_Glass-Saint_Martin_Church_of_Colmar%2C_France_01.jpg/220px-Stained_Glass-Saint_Martin_Church_of_Colmar%2C_France_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Stained_Glass-Saint_Martin_Church_of_Colmar%2C_France_01.jpg/330px-Stained_Glass-Saint_Martin_Church_of_Colmar%2C_France_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Stained_Glass-Saint_Martin_Church_of_Colmar%2C_France_01.jpg/440px-Stained_Glass-Saint_Martin_Church_of_Colmar%2C_France_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Stained Glass-Saint Martin Church of Colmar, France 01</figcaption></figure> <p>Early medieval glass was soda-based, and although the use of soda glass in Northern Europe was almost wholly superseded by <a href="/wiki/Forest_glass" title="Forest glass">forest glass</a> after <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span>, there are some examples of a richly colored blue glass (identified through <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">XRF</a> analysis) that was produced in the medieval period using soda as the alkali.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, a considerable quantity of blue soda glass has been identified in stained glass from the <a href="/wiki/Five_Sisters_window" title="Five Sisters window">Five Sisters window</a> at <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>, and in excavations at Old Sarum and Winchester. In France, in Chartres Cathedral and St Denis in Paris, soda glass has also been found,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and no doubt there must be many other examples. </p><p>Evidence of recycling <a href="/wiki/Roman_glass" title="Roman glass">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">tesserae</a> to produce window glass in the 9th century has been identified at the Benedictine Monastery of San Vincenzo, Molise, Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theophilus, in the 12th century, was also aware of such practice. He states that mosaic tesserae: 'little square stones' from 'ancient pagan buildings' along with 'various small vessels in the same colors' could be used to produce glass: 'they even melt the blue in their furnaces, adding a little of the clear white to it, and they make from it blue glass sheets which are costly and very useful in windows.'<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Theophilus, the French were particularly skilled at this process. </p><p>Cox suggests that the examples analysed at York could indeed be 'Roman, or slightly later, glass re-melted in France and imported into England'.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flashing">Flashing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flashing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glass comprising multiple layers of clear and (usually) red glass was known to exist in the 12th and 13th centuries. The manufacturing process is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flashing was developed in the 15th century, and refers to the superimposition of a thin layer of colored glass onto another colored or uncolored glass sheet. The procedure may have involved dipping a small sphere of molten glass into a molten uncolored glass and blowing this into a cylinder form (the <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_blown_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder blown sheet">cylinder blown sheet</a> process) which was then cut into sections and flattened in an annealing oven.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red, or ruby, copper-based glass, is usually flashed as the colour is too dense to be used alone. Other glass colors may also be flashed. These techniques could be remarkably sophisticated as demonstrated by 15thc. glass from the Carthusian Monastery of Pavia, where layered glasses of blue and violet; green and uncolored; and red and uncolored have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applied_paint_and_silver_stain">Applied paint and silver stain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Applied paint and silver stain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronation_of_the_Virgin,_formerly_Tors%C3%A5ng_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coronation_of_the_Virgin%2C_formerly_Tors%C3%A5ng_Church.jpg/220px-Coronation_of_the_Virgin%2C_formerly_Tors%C3%A5ng_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coronation_of_the_Virgin%2C_formerly_Tors%C3%A5ng_Church.jpg/330px-Coronation_of_the_Virgin%2C_formerly_Tors%C3%A5ng_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coronation_of_the_Virgin%2C_formerly_Tors%C3%A5ng_Church.jpg/440px-Coronation_of_the_Virgin%2C_formerly_Tors%C3%A5ng_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>The Coronation of the Virgin from Torsång Church, Sweden, demonstrating the use of silver stain.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paint">Paint</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Paint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The paint applied to glass was a type of enamel, usually dark brown or black, formed from a mixture of: ground copper or iron oxide; powdered glass; wine, urine or vinegar; and gum arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other recipes could include sugar, treacle or vegetable oil.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This 'paint' was applied in a series of washes, with fine details added last. Both the external and internal faces of the glass could be painted, adding depth to the overall composition. The enamel was fixed by 'firing' the glass in an annealing oven. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silver_stain">Silver stain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Silver stain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Producing a strong clear yellow could be difficult in early stained glass as it relied upon the careful control of furnace conditions in order to create the appropriate reducing or oxidising environment.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of silver stain in the early 14th century not only provided a solution to this difficulty, but also allowed greater flexibility in the way in which color could be used. The first datable example of the use of silver stain is in the parish church of Le Mesnil-Villeman, Manche, France (1313).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver stain was a combination of <a href="/wiki/Silver_nitrate" title="Silver nitrate">silver nitrate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silver_sulphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver sulphide">silver sulphide</a> blended with pipe clay and applied to (usually) clear glass.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique enabled a more flexible approach to glass painting, allowing, for example, the hair of a figure to be painted on the same piece of glass as the head. It was also used to highlight details of canopywork or grisaille, and later it was added to the surface of coloured glass, to create a wider variety of glass hues.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_stained_glass_windows" title="French Gothic stained glass windows">French Gothic stained glass windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_stained_glass_windows" title="English Gothic stained glass windows">English Gothic stained glass windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stained glass conservation">Stained glass conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_stained_glass_(1811%E2%80%931918)" title="British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918)">British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass_in_Sweden" title="Medieval stained glass in Sweden">Medieval stained glass in Sweden</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVan_WerschLoiselMathisStrivay2016" class="citation journal cs1">Van Wersch, L.; Loisel, C.; Mathis, F.; Strivay, D.; Bully, S. (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/arcm.12207">"Analyses of Early Medieval Stained Window Glass From the Monastery of Baume-Les-Messieurs (Jura, France): Window glass from Baume-les-Messieurs (Jura, France)"</a>. <i>Archaeometry</i>. <b>58</b> (6): 930–946. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Farcm.12207">10.1111/arcm.12207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeometry&rft.atitle=Analyses+of+Early+Medieval+Stained+Window+Glass+From+the+Monastery+of+Baume-Les-Messieurs+%28Jura%2C+France%29%3A+Window+glass+from+Baume-les-Messieurs+%28Jura%2C+France%29&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=930-946&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Farcm.12207&rft.aulast=Van+Wersch&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Loisel%2C+C.&rft.au=Mathis%2C+F.&rft.au=Strivay%2C+D.&rft.au=Bully%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Farcm.12207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+stained+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40714152">"Stained Glass"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the City Art Museum of St. Louis</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 1–6. 1921. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0364-8141">0364-8141</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40714152">40714152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+City+Art+Museum+of+St.+Louis&rft.atitle=Stained+Glass&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40714152%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0364-8141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40714152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+stained+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears1911" class="citation journal cs1">Sears, Taber (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20560516">"Stained Glass Windows"</a>. <i>Art and Progress</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 392–397. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2151-2531">2151-2531</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20560516">20560516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+and+Progress&rft.atitle=Stained+Glass+Windows&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=392-397&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20560516%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2151-2531&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Taber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20560516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+stained+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCothren1996" class="citation journal cs1">Cothren, Michael (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-art/104/">"Evreux Cathedral"</a>. <i>The Dictionary of Art</i>. <b>10</b>: 665–666.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dictionary+of+Art&rft.atitle=Evreux+Cathedral&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=665-666&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.aulast=Cothren&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworks.swarthmore.edu%2Ffac-art%2F104%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+stained+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freestone 1992, 739</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawthorne <i>et al</i> (eds.) 1979, 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox et al 1986, 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks 2001, 266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks 2001, 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smedley et al 1998, 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawthorne et al (eds.) 1979, 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stern et al 2004, 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newton 1978, 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davison 2003, 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royce-Roll 1994, 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stern et al 2004, 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freestone 1992, 740</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox et al 1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox et al 1986, 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freestone 1992, 743</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawthorne et al (eds.) 1979, 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox et al 1986, 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davison 2003, 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davison 2003, 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Azzoni et al 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks 2001, 273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davison 2003, 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royce-Roll 1994, 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks 1993, 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davison 2003, 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marks 1993, 38</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Azzoni, C. B., Di Martino, D., Marchesi, V., Messiga. B., Riccardi, M. P., (2005). Colour Attributes of Medieval Window Panes: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Probe Microanalyses on Stained Glass Windows from Pavia Carthusian Monastery. <i>Archaeometry</i> 47/2, 381–388.</li> <li>Cox, G. A., Gillies, K. J. S., 1986. The X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Medieval Durable Blue Soda Glass from York Minster. <i>Archaeometry</i>, 28/1, 57–68.</li> <li>Cramp, R. J., 1975. Window Glass From the Monastic Site of Jarrow: Problems of Interpretation. <i>Journal of Glass Studies</i>, 17, 88–96.</li> <li>Davison, S., 2003. <i>Conservation and Restoration of Glass</i>. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.</li> <li>Freestone, I. 1992. Theophilus and the Composition of Medieval Glass, <i>Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology III</i>, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Materials Research Society, 739–745.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Hawthorne" title="John G. Hawthorne">Hawthorne, J. G.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Stanley_Smith" title="Cyril Stanley Smith">Smith, C. S.</a> (eds), 1979.<i>Theophilus: On Divers Arts</i>. New York: Dover.</li> <li>Henderson, J. 1992. Early medieval glass technology: the calm before the storm. In S. Jennings and A. Vince (eds) <i>Medieval Europe 1992: Volume 3 Technology and Innovation</i>, 175–179.</li> <li>Heyworth, M., 1992. Evidence for Early Medieval Glass Working. In S. Jennings and A. Vince (eds) <i>Medieval Europe 1992: Volume 3 Technology and Innovation</i>, 169–174.</li> <li>Marks, R., 1993. <i>Stained Glass in England During the Middle Ages</i>. London: Routledge.</li> <li>Newton, R., and Davison, S., 1997, <i>Conservation of Glass</i>, Butterworth–Heinemann, Oxford.</li> <li>Royce-Roll, D., 1994. The Colors of Romanesque Stained Glass. <i>Journal of Glass Studies</i>,36, 71–80.</li> <li>Smedley, J., W., Jackson, C. M., Booth, C.A., 1998. Back to the Roots: The Raw Materials, Glass Recipes and Glassmaking Practices of Theophilus. In: McCray, P. (ed). <i>The Prehistory and History of Ancient Glassmaking</i>, 145–165.</li> <li>Stern, W. B., and Gerber, Y., 2004, Potassium-Calcium Glass: New Data and Experiments. <i>Archaeometry</i> 46/1, 137–156.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward,_Jane2003" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Jane (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/66508"><i><span></span></i>English and French medieval stained glass in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1872501370" title="Special:BookSources/1872501370"><bdi>1872501370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+and+French+medieval+stained+glass+in+the+collection+of+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1872501370&rft.au=Hayward%2C+Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F66508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+stained+glass" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_and_Irish_stained_glass" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_and_Irish_stained_glass" title="Template:British and Irish stained glass"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_and_Irish_stained_glass" title="Template talk:British and Irish stained glass"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_and_Irish_stained_glass" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British and Irish stained glass"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_and_Irish_stained_glass" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">British and Irish stained glass</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_stained_glass_(1811%E2%80%931918)" title="British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918)">British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass#History" title="Stained glass">History of stained glass</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medieval stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Man%27s_Bible" title="Poor Man's Bible">Poor Man's Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_characteristics_of_European_cathedral_architecture" title="List of regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture">Regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;">Artistic movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aesthetic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblia_pauperum" title="Biblia pauperum">Biblia pauperum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Camden_Society" title="Cambridge Camden Society">Cambridge Camden Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Renaissance">Early Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoticism" title="Exoticism">Exoticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_House_(Fulham)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Glass House (Fulham)">The Glass House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Club" title="Hogarth Club">Hogarth Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;">Architectural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Loughborough_Pearson" title="John Loughborough Pearson">John Loughborough Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pugin" title="Augustus Pugin">Augustus Pugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gilbert_Scott" title="George Gilbert Scott">George Gilbert Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Thomson" title="Alexander Thomson">Alexander Thomson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Almquist" title="Carl Almquist">Carl Almquist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Carl_Almquist" title="List of works by Carl Almquist">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Liddall_Armitage" title="Edward Liddall Armitage">Edward Liddall Armitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Arnold" title="Hugh Arnold">Hugh Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burges" title="William Burges">William Burges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Child" title="Alfred E. Child">Alfred E. Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chilton" title="Margaret Chilton">Margaret Chilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Clarke" title="Brian Clarke">Brian Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Clarke" title="Harry Clarke">Harry Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_Clokey" title="Walter Francis Clokey">Walter Francis Clokey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edmund_Clutterbuck" title="Charles Edmund Clutterbuck">Charles Edmund Clutterbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trena_Cox" title="Trena Cox">Trena Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Davis_(painter)" title="Louis Davis (painter)">Louis Davis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Louis_Davis" title="List of works by Louis Davis">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_de_Montmorency" title="Rachel de Montmorency">Rachel de Montmorency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Drury_(stained_glass_artist)" title="Alfred Drury (stained glass artist)">Alfred Drury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Esplin" title="Mabel Esplin">Mabel Esplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moira_Forsyth" title="Moira Forsyth">Moira Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Geddes" title="Wilhelmina Geddes">Wilhelmina Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Gray_(stained_glass_artist)" title="Jane Gray (stained glass artist)">Jane Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Hallward" title="Reginald Hallward">Reginald Hallward</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Reginald_Hallward" title="List of works by Reginald Hallward">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hendrie" title="Herbert Hendrie">Herbert Hendrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Humphries_Hogan" title="James Humphries Hogan">James Humphries Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Hone" title="Evie Hone">Evie Hone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Howson" title="Joan Howson">Joan Howson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Townshend_and_Howson" title="List of works by Townshend and Howson">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Holmes_Jewitt" title="Edward Holmes Jewitt">Edward Holmes Jewitt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Edward_Holmes_Jewitt" title="List of works by Edward Holmes Jewitt">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Kemp" title="Marjorie Kemp">Marjorie Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eamer_Kempe" title="Charles Eamer Kempe">Charles Eamer Kempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lowndes" title="Mary Lowndes">Mary Lowndes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_O%27Brien_(artist)" title="Catherine O'Brien (artist)">Catherine O’Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Parsons" title="Karl Parsons">Karl Parsons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Karl_Parsons" title="List of works by Karl Parsons">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Payne_(artist)" title="Henry Payne (artist)">Henry Payne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Henry_Payne" title="List of works by Henry Payne">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilian_Josephine_Pocock" title="Lilian Josephine Pocock">Lilian Josephine Pocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Piper_(artist)" title="John Piper (artist)">John Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pollen" title="Patrick Pollen">Patrick Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Purser" title="Sarah Purser">Sarah Purser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Rhind" title="Ethel Rhind">Ethel Rhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wathen_Robinson" title="Arnold Wathen Robinson">Arnold Wathen Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Arnold_Wathen_Robinson" title="List of works by Arnold Wathen Robinson">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arild_Rosenkrantz" title="Arild Rosenkrantz">Arild Rosenkrantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Skeat" title="Francis Skeat">Francis Skeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Francis_Skeat" title="List of works by Francis Skeat">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Townshend" title="Caroline Townshend">Caroline Townshend</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Townshend_and_Howson" title="List of works by Townshend and Howson">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Webb" title="Christopher Webb">Christopher Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Webb_(artist)" title="Geoffrey Webb (artist)">Geoffrey Webb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Geoffrey_Webb" title="List of works by Geoffrey Webb">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Westlake" title="Nathaniel Westlake">Nathaniel Westlake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Whall" title="Christopher Whall">Christopher Whall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Christopher_Whall" title="List of works by Christopher Whall">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronica_Whall" title="Veronica Whall">Veronica Whall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Veronica_Whall" title="List of works by Veronica Whall">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Willement" title="Thomas Willement">Thomas Willement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_(artist)" title="William Wilson (artist)">William Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Woodroffe" title="Paul Woodroffe">Paul Woodroffe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Paul_Woodroffe" title="List of works by Paul Woodroffe">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Woore" title="Edward Woore">Edward Woore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Edward_Woore" title="List of works by Edward Woore">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_stained_glass_artists_and_manufacturers" title="Category:British stained glass artists and manufacturers">British stained-glass artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_stained_glass_artists_and_manufacturers" title="Category:Irish stained glass artists and manufacturers">Irish stained-glass artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Harrison_(curator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Harrison (curator)">Martin Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_T%C3%BAr_Gloine" title="An Túr Gloine">An Túr Gloine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton,_Kinder_and_Alderson" title="Barton, Kinder and Alderson">Barton, Kinder and Alderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlison_and_Grylls" title="Burlison and Grylls">Burlison and Grylls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Clarke" title="Harry Clarke">Harry Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_and_Bell" title="Clayton and Bell">Clayton and Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_Clokey" title="Walter Francis Clokey">Walter Francis Clokey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cottier" title="Daniel Cottier">Daniel Cottier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardman_%26_Co." title="Hardman & Co.">John Hardman & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaton,_Butler_and_Bayne" title="Heaton, Butler and Bayne">Heaton, Butler and Bayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hincks_and_Burnell" title="Hincks and Burnell">Hincks and Burnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavers,_Barraud_and_Westlake" title="Lavers, Barraud and Westlake">Lavers, Barraud and Westlake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_%26_Co." title="Morris & Co.">Morris & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Powell_and_Sons" title="James Powell and Sons">James Powell and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrigley_and_Hunt" title="Shrigley and Hunt">Shrigley and Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wailes" title="William Wailes">William Wailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Warrington" title="William Warrington">William Warrington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral" title="Coventry Cathedral">Coventry Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairford_stained_glass" title="Fairford stained glass">Fairford stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Four_Green_Fields" title="My Four Green Fields">My Four Green Fields</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Images</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">Fleur-de-lis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_glass" title="Architectural glass">Architectural glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_glass" title="Art glass">Art glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beveled_glass" title="Beveled glass">Beveled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Came_glasswork" title="Came glasswork">Came glasswork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_glass" title="Cathedral glass">Cathedral glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curvilinear_coordinates" title="Curvilinear coordinates">Curvilinear coordinates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_glass" title="Float glass">Float glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">Glass art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_beadmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass beadmaking">Glass beadmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassblowing" title="Glassblowing">Glassblowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">Grisaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancet_window" title="Lancet window">Lancet window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadlight" title="Leadlight">Leadlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandorla" title="Mandorla">Mandorla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullion" title="Mullion">Mullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontil">Pontil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">Quatrefoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">Rose window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel" title="Roundel">Roundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stained glass conservation">Stained glass conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_glass" title="Studio glass">Studio glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">Tracery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Commons:</li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stained-glass_windows_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stained-glass windows in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stained-glass_windows_in_Ireland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stained-glass windows in Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&oldid=1259600750">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&oldid=1259600750</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_glass" title="Category:History of glass">History of glass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stained_glass" title="Category:Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glass_art" title="Category:Glass art">Glass art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technology_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Category:Technology in the Middle Ages">Technology in the Middle Ages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_architecture" title="Category:Medieval architecture">Medieval architecture</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2020">Use dmy dates from December 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 01:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-zvlv8","wgBackendResponseTime":168,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.356","walltime":"0.452","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1324,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":48301,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1038,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":36494,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 365.417 1 -total"," 32.68% 119.400 1 Template:Reflist"," 26.99% 98.638 4 Template:Cite_journal"," 26.84% 98.073 3 Template:Navbox"," 26.48% 96.780 1 Template:British_and_Irish_stained_glass"," 20.22% 73.870 1 Template:Short_description"," 12.64% 46.184 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.25% 22.825 1 Template:Other_uses"," 4.54% 16.572 6 Template:Main_other"," 4.17% 15.243 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.199","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5174089,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6bcd787d7f-hqsbm","timestamp":"20241126010915","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Medieval stained glass","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medieval_stained_glass","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6806857","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6806857","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-04-07T15:00:29Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T01:09:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5f\/Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_Troyes_150208_01.jpg","headline":"coloured and painted glass of medieval Europe"}</script> </body> </html>