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Sources of silica were often impure, with [[iron oxide]] being one of the most common impurities. The greenish hue of uncolored glass is usually owing to the presence of a mixture of ferrous (Fe<sup>2+</sup>) and ferric (Fe<sup>3+</sup>) ions in the glass matrix. It is also possible that 'impurities' could be introduced at the fritting stage within the glass furnace, leading to the addition of further alumina, [[silica]] and iron oxides.<ref>Smedley et al 1998, 156</ref> ====Inherent color==== Inherent color refers to the colors that may be formed in the molten glass by manipulating the furnace environment. Theophilus describes molten glass changing to a "saffron yellow color" which will eventually transform to a reddish yellow on further heating, he also refers to a "tawny color, like flesh" which, upon further heating will become "a light purple" and later "a reddish purple, and exquisite".<ref>Hawthorne et al (eds.) 1979, 55</ref> These color changes are the result of the behaviour, under redox conditions, of the iron and [[manganese oxide]]s which are naturally present in beech wood ash. In the glass melt the iron and manganese behave as follows: [[File:England YorkMinster JesseTree c1170.JPG|thumb|Detail of the Jesse Tree panel from [[York Minster]], circa 1170.]] In an oxidising environment metal (and some non-metal) ions will lose electrons. In iron oxides, Fe<sup>2+</sup> (ferrous) ions will become Fe<sup>3+</sup> (ferric) ions. In molten glass this will result in a change in glass colour from pale blue to yellow/brown. In a reducing environment the iron will gain electrons and color will change from yellow/brown to pale blue. Similarly manganese will change in colour depending on its oxidation state. The lower oxidation state of manganese (Mn<sup>2+</sup>) is yellow in common glass while the higher oxidation states (Mn<sup>3+</sup> or higher) is purple. A combination of the two states will give a pink glass. As the manganese and iron may each be in different states of oxidation, the combination of the two can result in a broad range of attractive colors. Manganese in its fully oxidised state, if not present in too great a mass, will also act as a decolorant of glass if the iron is in its yellow, ferric form. The two colors in effect cancel each other out to produce a clear glass. Experimental manufacture of potash glass emulating Theophilus' recipes has resulted in colors ranging from colorless to yellow, amber, brown, green, blue, pink and purple.<ref>Stern et al 2004, 153</ref><ref>Newton 1978, 59</ref><ref>Davison 2003, 7</ref> Variation in color hue and depth would also probably be affected by the source of the beech wood ash, depending on the soil chemistry where the beech tree grew, the age of the tree and the climate conditions.<ref>Royce-Roll 1994, 76</ref><ref>Stern et al 2004, 143</ref> Some of the stronger reds, blues and greens that are a feature of medieval stained glass rely on the addition of [[Copper oxide (disambiguation)|copper oxide]]s. ====Deliberately added colorants==== Heraclius' ''De coloribus et artibus Romanorum'' includes instructions for creating green and red glass by adding copper (probably in the form of ore or copper filings) to the batch, a method practiced since ancient times. (The chapters on how to make red, green and blue glass are missing from ''De diversis artibus''.) As with the iron/manganese colors, the colors formed by the addition of copper oxide to the glass are dependent on the different oxidation states of the added copper. In an oxidising environment blue cupric (Cu<sup>2+</sup>) ions are formed, in a strongly reducing environment red colloidal cuprous (Cu<sup>1+</sup>) oxide is formed and if reoxidised then green cuprous (Cu<sup>1+</sup>) oxide results. The production of bright reds and blues in particular was straightforward, as the addition of copper to the mix resulted in the reliable creation of red, blue and green. The dominance of red and blue in Romanesque and Gothic glass is obvious. However, at York Minster, for example, it was demonstrated that 90% of the medieval glass was coloured by means of iron/manganese content.<ref>Freestone 1992, 740</ref> ====Medieval blue soda glass==== [[File:Stained Glass-Saint Martin Church of Colmar, France 01.jpg|thumb|Stained Glass-Saint Martin Church of Colmar, France 01]] Early medieval glass was soda-based, and although the use of soda glass in Northern Europe was almost wholly superseded by [[forest glass]] after {{circa|1000}}, there are some examples of a richly colored blue glass (identified through [[X-ray fluorescence|XRF]] analysis) that was produced in the medieval period using soda as the alkali.<ref>Cox et al 1986</ref> In the UK, a considerable quantity of blue soda glass has been identified in stained glass from the [[Five Sisters window]] at [[York Minster]], and in excavations at Old Sarum and Winchester. In France, in Chartres Cathedral and St Denis in Paris, soda glass has also been found,<ref>Cox et al 1986, 58</ref> and no doubt there must be many other examples. Evidence of recycling [[Roman glass|Roman]] [[Mosaic|tesserae]] to produce window glass in the 9th century has been identified at the Benedictine Monastery of San Vincenzo, Molise, Italy.<ref>Freestone 1992, 743</ref> Theophilus, in the 12th century, was also aware of such practice. He states that mosaic tesserae: 'little square stones' from 'ancient pagan buildings' along with 'various small vessels in the same colors' could be used to produce glass: 'they even melt the blue in their furnaces, adding a little of the clear white to it, and they make from it blue glass sheets which are costly and very useful in windows.'<ref>Hawthorne et al (eds.) 1979, 59</ref> According to Theophilus, the French were particularly skilled at this process. Cox suggests that the examples analysed at York could indeed be 'Roman, or slightly later, glass re-melted in France and imported into England'.<ref>Cox et al 1986, 64</ref> ====Flashing==== Glass comprising multiple layers of clear and (usually) red glass was known to exist in the 12th and 13th centuries. The manufacturing process is not known.<ref>Davison 2003, 131</ref> Flashing was developed in the 15th century, and refers to the superimposition of a thin layer of colored glass onto another colored or uncolored glass sheet. The procedure may have involved dipping a small sphere of molten glass into a molten uncolored glass and blowing this into a cylinder form (the [[cylinder blown sheet]] process) which was then cut into sections and flattened in an annealing oven.<ref>Davison 2003, 131</ref> Red, or ruby, copper-based glass, is usually flashed as the colour is too dense to be used alone. Other glass colors may also be flashed. These techniques could be remarkably sophisticated as demonstrated by 15thc. glass from the Carthusian Monastery of Pavia, where layered glasses of blue and violet; green and uncolored; and red and uncolored have been identified.<ref>Azzoni et al 2005</ref> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass" title="Medieval stained glass">Medieval stained glass</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medieval_stained_glass&action=edit&section=6&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-6gxkb","wgBackendResponseTime":335,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.087","walltime":"0.129","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 96.561 1 -total"," 99.86% 96.423 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 51.22% 49.456 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 48.00% 46.349 1 Template:Hidden"," 34.31% 33.126 2 Template:Replace"," 29.39% 28.375 1 Template:Tlx"," 13.66% 13.194 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 1.87% 1.804 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 1.47% 1.416 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 1.14% 1.105 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.016","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043322,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-6gxkb","timestamp":"20241127144017","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>