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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early beginnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lighter_than_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lighter_than_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lighter than air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lighter_than_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavier_than_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavier_than_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Heavier than air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavier_than_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations_of_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations_of_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operations of aircraft</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations_of_aircraft-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operations of aircraft subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operations_of_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Civil aviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Air transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>General aviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Military aviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_military_aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_military_aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Types of military aviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_military_aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Air safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviation_MRO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation_MRO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Aviation MRO</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation_MRO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviation_accidents_and_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation_accidents_and_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aviation accidents and incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation_accidents_and_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_traffic_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_traffic_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Air traffic control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_traffic_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aviation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugvaart" title="Lugvaart – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lugvaart" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="طيران – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طيران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Aviación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aviación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviasiya" title="Aviasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aviasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="هاواچیلیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هاواچیلیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="বিমান চালনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিমান চালনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2ng-khong" title="Hâng-khong – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hâng-khong" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Авиация – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Авиация" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Авіяцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Авіяцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Авіяцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Авіяцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="एविएशन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एविएशन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Авиация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Авиация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avijacija" title="Avijacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Avijacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Агаарай тээбэри – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Агаарай тээбэри" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviaci%C3%B3" title="Aviació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aviació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Авиаци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Авиаци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letectv%C3%AD" title="Letectví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Letectví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awyrennu" title="Awyrennu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Awyrennu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftfart" title="Luftfart – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Luftfart" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftfahrt" title="Luftfahrt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luftfahrt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennundus" title="Lennundus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lennundus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γενική αεροπορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενική αεροπορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Менелев ливтямо – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Менелев ливтямо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Aviación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aviación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviado" title="Aviado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aviado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegazkintza" title="Hegazkintza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegazkintza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="هوانوردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوانوردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aviation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Aviación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aviación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5" title="항공 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="विमानन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विमानन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrakoplovstvo" title="Zrakoplovstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zrakoplovstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penerbangan" title="Penerbangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penerbangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aviation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviazione" title="Aviazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aviazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94" title="תעופה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תעופה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ავიაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავიაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Авиация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Авиация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviaceja" title="Aviaceja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Aviaceja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigatio_a%C3%ABrea" title="Navigatio aërea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Navigatio aërea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C4%81cija" title="Aviācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aviācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loftfaart" title="Loftfaart – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Loftfaart" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviacija" title="Aviacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aviacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3chvaart" title="Lóchvaart – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lóchvaart" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gi_k%C3%B6zleked%C3%A9s" title="Légi közlekedés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Légi közlekedés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Воздухопловство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Воздухопловство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ავიაცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ავიაცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penerbangan" title="Penerbangan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penerbangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panabangan" title="Panabangan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Panabangan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Агаарын тээвэр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Агаарын тээвэр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchtvaart" title="Luchtvaart – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luchtvaart" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="航空 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="航空" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftfart" title="Luftfart – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Luftfart" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftfart" title="Luftfart – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Luftfart" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviacion" title="Aviacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aviacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviatsiya" title="Aviatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aviatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotnictwo" title="Lotnictwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lotnictwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Aviação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aviação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviaciya" title="Aviaciya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Aviaciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avia%C8%9Bie" title="Aviație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aviație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Авиация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Авиация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8" title="वायु परिवहन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वायु परिवहन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aviation" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviacioni" title="Aviacioni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aviacioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviazzioni" title="Aviazzioni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aviazzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aviation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letectvo" title="Letectvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Letectvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letalstvo" title="Letalstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Letalstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فڕۆکەوانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فڕۆکەوانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ваздухопловство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ваздухопловство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avijacija" title="Avijacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Avijacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngapung" title="Ngapung – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ngapung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmailu" title="Ilmailu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ilmailu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftfart" title="Luftfart – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Luftfart" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyasyon" title="Abyasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Abyasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பறப்பியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பறப்பியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aferfer" title="Aferfer – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aferfer" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="విమానయానం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విమానయానం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="การเดินอากาศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเดินอากาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Ҳавонавардӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳавонавардӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Havacılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Havacılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awiasi%C3%BDa" title="Awiasiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Awiasiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Авіація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Авіація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ہوابازی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہوابازی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0ng_kh%C3%B4ng" title="Hàng không – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hàng không" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyasyon" title="Abyasyon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Abyasyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="航空 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="航空" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אוויאציע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוויאציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Activities surrounding aircraft industry</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Aviation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aviation (disambiguation)">Aviation (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Air transport" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Air_transport_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Air transport (disambiguation)">Air transport (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aviation" title="Special:EditPage/Aviation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Aviation%22">"Aviation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Aviation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Aviation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Aviation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Aviation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Aviation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_Am_Boeing_747-121_N732PA_Bidini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Pan_Am_Boeing_747-121_N732PA_Bidini.jpg/220px-Pan_Am_Boeing_747-121_N732PA_Bidini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Pan_Am_Boeing_747-121_N732PA_Bidini.jpg/330px-Pan_Am_Boeing_747-121_N732PA_Bidini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Pan_Am_Boeing_747-121_N732PA_Bidini.jpg/440px-Pan_Am_Boeing_747-121_N732PA_Bidini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> in 1978 operated by <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am">Pan Am</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transports_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Transports_icon.png/120px-Transports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Transports_icon.png/180px-Transports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Transports_icon.png/240px-Transports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="446" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_transport" title="Mode of transport">Modes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Air</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">Airplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">Helicopter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">Bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">Bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_bus" title="School bus">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_bus" title="Shuttle bus">Shuttle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_transport" title="Cable transport">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Fighting vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_transport" title="Human-powered transport">Human-powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Powered_Vehicle" title="People Powered Vehicle">Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick_scooter" title="Kick scooter">Kick scooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_transport" title="Land transport">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_animal-powered_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of animal-powered transport">Animal-powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">Supersonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_vehicle" title="Uncrewed vehicle">Uncrewed vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velomobile" title="Velomobile">Velomobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport" title="History of transport">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_transportation_technology" title="Timeline of transportation technology">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Planning</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility_(transport)" title="Accessibility (transport)">Accessibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_accessibility_level" title="Public transport accessibility level">Level</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_car_use" title="Alternatives to car use">Alternatives to car use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_transportation_planning_and_engineering" title="Bicycle transportation planning and engineering">Bicycle transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclability" title="Cyclability">Cyclability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_costs" title="Car costs">Car costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externalities_of_cars" title="Externalities of cars">Externalities of cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Green transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_transport" title="Health and environmental impact of transport">Health and environmental impact of transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_source_air_pollution" title="Mobile source air pollution">Mobile source air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_divide" title="Transport divide">Exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_public_transport" title="Personal public transport">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Timetable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_transport" title="Private transport">Private</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_effects_of_cars" title="Societal effects of cars">Societal effects of cars</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transport" title="Template:Transport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transport" title="Template talk:Transport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aviation</b> includes the activities surrounding mechanical <a href="/wiki/Flight" title="Flight">flight</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> industry. <i>Aircraft</i> includes <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">fixed-wing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">rotary-wing</a> types, morphable wings, wing-less lifting bodies, as well as <a href="/wiki/Aerostat" title="Aerostat">lighter-than-air aircraft</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Balloon_(aeronautics)" title="Balloon (aeronautics)">hot air balloons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airships</a>. </p><p>Aviation began in the 18th century with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air balloon</a>, an apparatus capable of atmospheric displacement through <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>. Clément Ader built the "Ader Éole" in France and made an uncontrolled, powered hop in 1890. This is the first powered aircraft, although it did not achieve controlled flight. Some of the most significant advancements in aviation technology came with the controlled gliding flying of <a href="/wiki/Otto_Lilienthal" title="Otto Lilienthal">Otto Lilienthal</a> in 1896; then a large step in significance came with the construction of the first powered <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a> in the early 1900s. Since that time, aviation has been technologically revolutionized by the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet</a> which permitted a major form of transport throughout the world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>aviation</i> was coined by the French writer and former naval officer Gabriel La Landelle in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He originally derived the term from the verb <i>avier</i> (an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> for "to fly"), itself derived from the Latin word <i>avis</i> ("bird") and the suffix <i>-ation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassard200877_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassard200877-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_aviation" title="History of aviation">History of aviation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_aviation" title="Timeline of aviation">Timeline of aviation</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_beginnings">Early beginnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are early legends of human flight such as the stories of <a href="/wiki/Icarus" title="Icarus">Icarus</a> in Greek myth, <a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Kay_K%C4%81vus" title="Kay Kāvus">Kay Kāvus</a> in Persian myth,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the flying automaton of <a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a> (428–347 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerliner199628_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerliner199628-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, somewhat more credible claims of short-distance human flights appear, such as the winged flights of <a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Firnas" title="Abbas ibn Firnas">Abbas ibn Firnas</a> (810–887, recorded in the 17th century), <a href="/wiki/Eilmer_of_Malmesbury" title="Eilmer of Malmesbury">Eilmer of Malmesbury</a> (11th century, recorded in the 12th century), and the hot-air Passarola of <a href="/wiki/Bartholomeu_Louren%C3%A7o_de_Gusm%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomeu Lourenço de Gusmão">Bartholomeu Lourenço de Gusmão</a> (1685–1724). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lighter_than_air">Lighter than air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lighter than air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindenburg_at_lakehurst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hindenburg_at_lakehurst.jpg/220px-Hindenburg_at_lakehurst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hindenburg_at_lakehurst.jpg/330px-Hindenburg_at_lakehurst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hindenburg_at_lakehurst.jpg/440px-Hindenburg_at_lakehurst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2931" data-file-height="2298" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/LZ_129_Hindenburg" title="LZ 129 Hindenburg">LZ 129 Hindenburg</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lakehurst_Naval_Air_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakehurst Naval Air Station">Lakehurst Naval Air Station</a>, 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern age of aviation began with the first untethered human lighter-than-air flight on November 21, 1783, of a <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air balloon</a> designed by the <a href="/wiki/Montgolfier_brothers" title="Montgolfier brothers">Montgolfier brothers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ballon_Flight_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ballon_Flight-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usefulness of balloons was limited because they could only travel downwind. It was immediately recognized that a steerable, or <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">dirigible</a>, balloon was required. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Blanchard" title="Jean-Pierre Blanchard">Jean-Pierre Blanchard</a> flew the first human-powered dirigible in 1784 and crossed the English Channel in one in 1785. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rigid_airship" title="Rigid airship">Rigid airships</a> became the first aircraft to transport passengers and cargo over great distances. The best known aircraft of this type were manufactured by the German <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelin</a> company. </p><p>The most successful Zeppelin was the <a href="/wiki/LZ_127_Graf_Zeppelin" title="LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin">Graf Zeppelin</a>. It flew over one million miles, including an around-the-world flight in August 1929. However, the dominance of the Zeppelins over the airplanes of that period, which had a range of only a few hundred miles, was diminishing as airplane design advanced. The "Golden Age" of the airships ended on May 6, 1937. That year the <a href="/wiki/LZ_129_Hindenburg" title="LZ 129 Hindenburg">Hindenburg</a> caught fire, killing 36 people. The cause of the Hindenburg accident was initially blamed on the use of hydrogen instead of helium as the lift gas. An internal investigation by the manufacturer revealed that the coating used in the material covering the frame was highly flammable and allowed static electricity to build up in the airship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Angelis200187–101_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Angelis200187–101-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes to the coating formulation reduced the risk of further Hindenburg type accidents. Although there have been periodic initiatives to revive their use, airships have seen only niche application since that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Civil_Transport_Aircraft_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Civil_Transport_Aircraft-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There had been previous airship accidents that were more fatal, for instance, a <a href="/wiki/R38-class_airship" title="R38-class airship">British R38</a> on 23 August 1921,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Hindenburg was the first to be captured on newsreel.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavier_than_air">Heavier than air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Heavier than air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1799, Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Cayley" title="George Cayley">George Cayley</a> set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otto_Lilienthal_gliding_experiment_ppmsca.02546.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Otto_Lilienthal_gliding_experiment_ppmsca.02546.jpg/220px-Otto_Lilienthal_gliding_experiment_ppmsca.02546.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Otto_Lilienthal_gliding_experiment_ppmsca.02546.jpg/330px-Otto_Lilienthal_gliding_experiment_ppmsca.02546.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Otto_Lilienthal_gliding_experiment_ppmsca.02546.jpg/440px-Otto_Lilienthal_gliding_experiment_ppmsca.02546.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="1604" /></a><figcaption>Lilienthal in mid-flight, Berlin <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1895</span></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lilienthal" title="Otto Lilienthal">Otto Lilienthal</a> was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful flights with <a href="/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)" title="Glider (aircraft)">gliders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore making the idea of "<a href="/wiki/Heavier_than_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavier than air">heavier than air</a>" a reality. Newspapers and magazines published photographs of Lilienthal gliding, favorably influencing public and scientific opinion about the possibility of flying machines becoming practical. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His flight attempts in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "<a href="/wiki/Lilienthal_Normalsegelapparat" title="Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat">Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat</a>" is considered to be the first airplane in series production, making the <i>Maschinenfabrik Otto Lilienthal</i> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> the first air plane production company in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lilienthal is often referred to as either the "father of aviation"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "father of flight".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early dirigible developments included machine-powered propulsion (<a href="/wiki/Henri_Giffard" title="Henri Giffard">Henri Giffard</a>, 1852), rigid frames (<a href="/wiki/David_Schwarz_(aviation_inventor)" title="David Schwarz (aviation inventor)">David Schwarz</a>, 1896) and improved speed and maneuverability (<a href="/wiki/Alberto_Santos-Dumont" title="Alberto Santos-Dumont">Alberto Santos-Dumont</a>, 1901) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_flight2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/220px-First_flight2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/330px-First_flight2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/440px-First_flight2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6603" data-file-height="4280" /></a><figcaption>First powered and controlled flight by the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a>, December 17, 1903</figcaption></figure> <p>There are <a href="/wiki/Early_flying_machines#Adding_power" title="Early flying machines">many competing claims</a> for the earliest powered, heavier-than-air flight. The first recorded powered flight was carried out by <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Ader" title="Clément Ader">Clément Ader</a> on October 9, 1890, in his bat-winged, fully self-propelled <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ader_%C3%89ole" title="Ader Éole">Ader Éole</a>. It was reportedly the first manned, powered, heavier-than-air flight of a significant distance (50 m (160 ft)) but insignificant altitude from level ground.<sup id="cite_ref-b_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven years later, on October 14, 1897, Ader's <a href="/wiki/Ader_Avion_III" title="Ader Avion III">Avion III</a> was tested without success in front of two officials from the French War ministry. The report on the trials was not publicized until 1910, as they had been a military secret. In November 1906, Ader claimed to have made a successful flight on October 14, 1897, achieving an "uninterrupted flight" of around 300 metres (980 feet). Although widely believed at the time, these claims were later discredited.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a> made the first successful powered, controlled and sustained airplane flight on December 17, 1903, a feat made possible by their invention of <a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics_(fixed-wing_aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)">three-axis</a> control<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in-house development of an engine with a sufficient <a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">power-to-weight ratio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a decade later, at the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, heavier-than-air powered aircraft had become practical for reconnaissance, artillery spotting, and even attacks against ground positions. </p><p>Aircraft began to transport people and cargo as designs grew larger and more reliable. The Wright brothers took aloft the first passenger, Charles Furnas, one of their mechanics, on May 14, 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1920s and 1930s great progress was made in the field of aviation, including the first <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_flight_of_Alcock_and_Brown" title="Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown">transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown</a> in 1919, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a>'s solo transatlantic flight in 1927, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsford_Smith" title="Charles Kingsford Smith">Charles Kingsford Smith</a>'s transpacific flight the following year. One of the most successful designs of this period was the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3</a>, which became the first <a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">airliner</a> to be profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service. By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous qualified pilots available. During World War II one of the first jet engines was developed by Hans con Ohain, and accomplished the world's first jet-powered flight in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">jet</a> aircraft and the first liquid-fueled <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cessna_172S_Skyhawk_SP,_Private_JP6817606.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cessna_172S_Skyhawk_SP%2C_Private_JP6817606.jpg/220px-Cessna_172S_Skyhawk_SP%2C_Private_JP6817606.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cessna_172S_Skyhawk_SP%2C_Private_JP6817606.jpg/330px-Cessna_172S_Skyhawk_SP%2C_Private_JP6817606.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cessna_172S_Skyhawk_SP%2C_Private_JP6817606.jpg/440px-Cessna_172S_Skyhawk_SP%2C_Private_JP6817606.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cessna_172" title="Cessna 172">Cessna 172</a> is the most produced aircraft in history<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After World War II, especially in North America, there was a boom in <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a>, both private and commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from military service and many inexpensive war-surplus transport and training aircraft became available. Manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/Cessna" title="Cessna">Cessna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piper_Aircraft" title="Piper Aircraft">Piper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft" title="Beechcraft">Beechcraft</a> expanded production to provide light aircraft for the new middle-class market. </p><p>By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet" title="De Havilland Comet">de Havilland Comet</a>, though the first widely used passenger jet was the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a>, because it was much more economical than other aircraft at that time. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">turboprop</a> propulsion started to appear for smaller commuter planes, making it possible to serve small-volume routes in a much wider range of weather conditions. </p><p>Since the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite material</a> airframes and quieter, more efficient engines have become available, and <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> provided <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">supersonic passenger service</a> for more than two decades, but the most important lasting innovations have taken place in instrumentation and control. The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">solid-state</a> electronics, the <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">satellite communications</a>, and increasingly small and powerful computers and <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LED</a> displays, have dramatically changed the cockpits of <a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">airliners</a> and, increasingly, of smaller aircraft as well. Pilots can navigate much more accurately and view terrain, obstructions, and other nearby aircraft on a map or through <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic vision">synthetic vision</a>, even at night or in low visibility. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helios_cthomas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Helios_cthomas.jpg/220px-Helios_cthomas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Helios_cthomas.jpg/330px-Helios_cthomas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Helios_cthomas.jpg/440px-Helios_cthomas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Helios_Prototype" class="mw-redirect" title="Helios Prototype">Helios</a> researches <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar powered</a> flight.</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 21, 2004, <a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a> became the first privately funded aircraft to make a <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a>, opening the possibility of an aviation market capable of leaving the Earth's atmosphere. Meanwhile, the need to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">decarbonize</a> the aviation industry to face the <a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">climate crisis</a> has increased research into aircraft powered by alternative fuels, such as <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_aircraft" title="Hydrogen-powered aircraft">hydrogen</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>, with flying prototypes becoming more common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations_of_aircraft">Operations of aircraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Operations of aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_aviation">Civil aviation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Civil aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation" title="Civil aviation">Civil aviation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">Commercial aviation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_aviation" title="Private aviation">Private aviation</a></div> <p>Civil aviation includes all non-military flying, both <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_air_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled air transport">scheduled air transport</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Air transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airline</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_777-200_(United_AL)_LHR_(5383777850).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Boeing_777-200_%28United_AL%29_LHR_%285383777850%29.jpg/235px-Boeing_777-200_%28United_AL%29_LHR_%285383777850%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Boeing_777-200_%28United_AL%29_LHR_%285383777850%29.jpg/353px-Boeing_777-200_%28United_AL%29_LHR_%285383777850%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Boeing_777-200_%28United_AL%29_LHR_%285383777850%29.jpg/470px-Boeing_777-200_%28United_AL%29_LHR_%285383777850%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2290" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777-200</a> taxiing on the tarmac of <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> in January 2011. The Boeing 777 is a popular choice for airlines that operate a <a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">wide-body aircraft</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N819NW_Delta_Air_Lines_Airbus_A330-323_takeoff_from_Schiphol_(AMS_-_EHAM),_The_Netherlands_pic1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/N819NW_Delta_Air_Lines_Airbus_A330-323_takeoff_from_Schiphol_%28AMS_-_EHAM%29%2C_The_Netherlands_pic1.JPG/220px-N819NW_Delta_Air_Lines_Airbus_A330-323_takeoff_from_Schiphol_%28AMS_-_EHAM%29%2C_The_Netherlands_pic1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/N819NW_Delta_Air_Lines_Airbus_A330-323_takeoff_from_Schiphol_%28AMS_-_EHAM%29%2C_The_Netherlands_pic1.JPG/330px-N819NW_Delta_Air_Lines_Airbus_A330-323_takeoff_from_Schiphol_%28AMS_-_EHAM%29%2C_The_Netherlands_pic1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/N819NW_Delta_Air_Lines_Airbus_A330-323_takeoff_from_Schiphol_%28AMS_-_EHAM%29%2C_The_Netherlands_pic1.JPG/440px-N819NW_Delta_Air_Lines_Airbus_A330-323_takeoff_from_Schiphol_%28AMS_-_EHAM%29%2C_The_Netherlands_pic1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4203" data-file-height="3157" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Delta_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta Airlines">Delta Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">Airbus A330-323</a> taking off at <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Schiphol_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Schiphol Airport">Amsterdam Schiphol Airport</a> in July 2017.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are five major manufacturers of civil transport aircraft (in alphabetical order): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>, based in Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, based in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Aerospace">Bombardier</a>, based in Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embraer" title="Embraer">Embraer</a>, based in Brazil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Aircraft_Corporation" title="United Aircraft Corporation">United Aircraft Corporation</a>, based in Russia, with its subsidiaries <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin" title="Ilyushin">Ilyushin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupolev" title="Tupolev">Tupolev</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi" title="Sukhoi">Sukhoi</a></li></ul> <p>Boeing, Airbus, Ilyushin and Tupolev concentrate on wide-body and narrow-body jet <a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">airliners</a>, while Bombardier, Embraer and Sukhoi concentrate on <a href="/wiki/Regional_airliner" title="Regional airliner">regional airliners</a>. Large networks of specialized parts suppliers from around the world support these manufacturers, who sometimes provide only the initial design and final assembly in their own plants. The Chinese <a href="/wiki/ACAC_consortium" title="ACAC consortium">ACAC consortium</a> has also recently entered the civil transport market with its <a href="/wiki/Comac_ARJ21" class="mw-redirect" title="Comac ARJ21">Comac ARJ21</a> regional jet.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the 1970s, most major airlines were <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carriers</a>, sponsored by their governments and heavily protected from competition. Since then, <a href="/wiki/Open_skies" class="mw-redirect" title="Open skies">open skies</a> agreements have resulted in increased competition and choice for consumers, coupled with falling prices for airlines. The combination of high fuel prices, low fares, high salaries, and crises such as the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">SARS pandemic</a> have driven many older airlines to government-bailouts, bankruptcy or mergers. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">low-cost carriers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/WestJet" title="WestJet">WestJet</a> have flourished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_aviation">General aviation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: General aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">General aviation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piper_J.3C-65_Cub_%E2%80%98G-BVAF%E2%80%99_(32714647720).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Piper_J.3C-65_Cub_%E2%80%98G-BVAF%E2%80%99_%2832714647720%29.jpg/220px-Piper_J.3C-65_Cub_%E2%80%98G-BVAF%E2%80%99_%2832714647720%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Piper_J.3C-65_Cub_%E2%80%98G-BVAF%E2%80%99_%2832714647720%29.jpg/330px-Piper_J.3C-65_Cub_%E2%80%98G-BVAF%E2%80%99_%2832714647720%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Piper_J.3C-65_Cub_%E2%80%98G-BVAF%E2%80%99_%2832714647720%29.jpg/440px-Piper_J.3C-65_Cub_%E2%80%98G-BVAF%E2%80%99_%2832714647720%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4067" data-file-height="2711" /></a><figcaption>1940 <a href="/wiki/Piper_Cub" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper Cub">Piper Cub</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>General aviation</i> includes all non-scheduled civil flying, both <a href="/wiki/Private_aviation" title="Private aviation">private</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">commercial</a>. General aviation may include business flights, <a href="/wiki/Air_charter" title="Air charter">air charter</a>, private aviation, <a href="/wiki/Flight_training" title="Flight training">flight training,</a> <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">ballooning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">paragliding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parachuting" title="Parachuting">parachuting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)" title="Glider (sailplane)">gliding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hang_gliding" title="Hang gliding">hang gliding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powered_hang_glider" title="Powered hang glider">foot-launched powered hang gliders</a>, air ambulance, crop dusting, charter flights, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">traffic reporting</a>, police air patrols and forest fire fighting. </p><p>Each country regulates aviation differently, but general aviation usually falls under different regulations depending on whether it is private or commercial and on the type of equipment involved. </p><p>Many small aircraft manufacturers serve the general aviation market, with a focus on private aviation and flight training. </p><p>The most important recent developments for small aircraft (which form the bulk of the GA fleet) have been the introduction of advanced <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a>) that were formerly found only in large <a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">airliners</a>, and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite materials</a> to make small aircraft lighter and faster. <a href="/wiki/Ultralight_aviation" title="Ultralight aviation">Ultralight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homebuilt_aircraft" title="Homebuilt aircraft">homebuilt aircraft</a> have also become increasingly popular for recreational use, since in most countries that allow private aviation, they are much less expensive and less heavily regulated than certified aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_aviation">Military aviation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Military aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_aviation" title="Military aviation">Military aviation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial warfare</a></div> <p>Simple <a href="/wiki/Balloon_(aeronautics)" title="Balloon (aeronautics)">balloons</a> were used as surveillance aircraft as early as the 18th century. Over the years, <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">military aircraft</a> have been built to meet ever increasing capability requirements. Manufacturers of military aircraft compete for contracts to supply their government's arsenal. Aircraft are selected based on factors like cost, performance, and the speed of production. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird.jpg/220px-Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird.jpg/330px-Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird.jpg/440px-Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="3996" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed SR-71">Lockheed SR-71</a> remains unsurpassed in many areas of performance.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Types_of_military_aviation">Types of military aviation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Types of military aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighter aircraft</a>'s primary function is to destroy other aircraft. (e.g. <a href="/wiki/F-35" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35">F-35</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">F-15</a>, <a href="/wiki/MiG-29" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-29">MiG-29</a>, <a href="/wiki/Su-27" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-27">Su-27</a>, and <a href="/wiki/F-22" class="mw-redirect" title="F-22">F-22</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground attack">Ground attack aircraft</a> are used against <a href="/wiki/Tactical_bombing" title="Tactical bombing">tactical</a> earth-bound targets. (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a>, <a href="/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_II" class="mw-redirect" title="A-10 Thunderbolt II">A-10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2" title="Ilyushin Il-2">Il-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/J-22_Orao" class="mw-redirect" title="J-22 Orao">J-22 Orao</a>, <a href="/wiki/AH-64" class="mw-redirect" title="AH-64">AH-64</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25">Su-25</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a> are generally used against more <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic</a> targets, such as factories and oil fields. (e.g. <a href="/wiki/B-2" class="mw-redirect" title="B-2">B-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tu-95" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-95">Tu-95</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_IV" title="Dassault Mirage IV">Mirage IV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-52 Stratofortress">B-52</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">Transport aircraft</a> are used to transport hardware and personnel. (e.g. <a href="/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III" class="mw-redirect" title="C-17 Globemaster III">C-17 Globemaster III</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-130_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130 Hercules">C-130 Hercules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-26" title="Mil Mi-26">Mil Mi-26</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_aircraft" title="Surveillance aircraft">Surveillance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> aircraft obtain information about enemy forces. (e.g. <a href="/wiki/RC-135" class="mw-redirect" title="RC-135">RC-135</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-8_Joint_STARS" class="mw-redirect" title="E-8 Joint STARS">E-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_OH-58_Kiowa" title="Bell OH-58 Kiowa">OH-58</a> and <a href="/wiki/MiG-25R" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-25R">MiG-25R</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)</a> are used primarily as reconnaissance fixed-wing aircraft, though many also carry payloads (e.g. <a href="/wiki/MQ-9" class="mw-redirect" title="MQ-9">MQ-9</a>, <a href="/wiki/RQ-4" class="mw-redirect" title="RQ-4">RQ-4</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MQ-1C" class="mw-redirect" title="MQ-1C">MQ-1C Gray Eagle</a>). Cargo aircraft are in development.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">Missiles</a> deliver warheads, normally explosives.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_safety">Air safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Air safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></div> <p>Aviation safety means the state of an aviation system or organization in which risks associated with aviation activities, related to, or in direct support of the operation of aircraft, are reduced and controlled to an acceptable level. It encompasses the theory, practice, investigation, and categorization of flight failures, and the prevention of such failures through regulation, education, and training. It can also be applied in the context of campaigns that inform the public as to the safety of air travel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation_MRO">Aviation MRO</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aviation MRO"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A maintenance, repair, and overhaul organization (MRO) is a firm that ensures airworthiness or air transport. According to a 2024 article, "maintenance (M) involves inspecting, cleaning, oiling, and changing aircraft parts after a certain number of flight hours. Repair (R) is restoring the original function of parts and components. Overhaul (O) refers to extensive maintenance, the complete refurbishment of the aircraft, and upgrades in avionics, which can take several weeks to complete."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Airlines are legally obligated to certify airworthiness, meaning that a civil aviation authority must approve an aircraft suitable for safe flight operations.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MRO firms are responsible for this process, thoroughly checking and documenting all components' repairs while tracking mechanical, propulsion, and electronic parts.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aviation regulators oversee maintenance practices in the country of aircraft registration, manufacture, or current location. All aircraft maintenance activities must adhere to international regulations that mandate standards.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents">Aviation accidents and incidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aviation accidents and incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Aviation accidents and incidents">Aviation accidents and incidents</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2003_Thunderbirds_Mountain_Home_airshow_crash_ejection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/2003_Thunderbirds_Mountain_Home_airshow_crash_ejection.jpg/170px-2003_Thunderbirds_Mountain_Home_airshow_crash_ejection.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/2003_Thunderbirds_Mountain_Home_airshow_crash_ejection.jpg/255px-2003_Thunderbirds_Mountain_Home_airshow_crash_ejection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/2003_Thunderbirds_Mountain_Home_airshow_crash_ejection.jpg/340px-2003_Thunderbirds_Mountain_Home_airshow_crash_ejection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Thunderbirds" title="United States Air Force Thunderbirds">USAF Thunderbird</a> pilot <a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">ejecting</a> from his <a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16</a> aircraft at an <a href="/wiki/Air_show" title="Air show">air show</a> in 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>An <i>aviation accident</i> is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention on International Civil Aviation">Convention on International Civil Aviation</a> Annex 13 as an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked, in which a person is fatally or seriously injured, the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure or the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An accident in which the damage to the aircraft is such that it must be written off, or in which the plane is destroyed, is called a <i>hull loss accident</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AirSafe.com_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AirSafe.com-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first fatal aviation accident occurred in a <a href="/wiki/Wright_Model_A" title="Wright Model A">Wright Model A</a> aircraft at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Myer" title="Fort Myer">Fort Myer, Virginia, US</a>, on September 17, 1908, resulting in injury to the pilot, <a href="/wiki/Orville_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Orville Wright">Orville Wright</a>, and death of the passenger, Signal Corps Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Selfridge" title="Thomas Selfridge">Thomas Selfridge</a>. The worst aviation accident in history was the <a href="/wiki/Tenerife_airport_disaster" title="Tenerife airport disaster">Tenerife airport disaster</a> on March 27, 1977, when 583 people died when two Boeing 747 jumbo jets, operated by Pan Am and KLM collided on a runway in Los Rodeos airport, now known as Tenerife North. </p><p>An <i>aviation incident</i> is defined as an occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft that affects or could affect the safety of operations.<sup id="cite_ref-AirSafe.com_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AirSafe.com-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_traffic_control">Air traffic control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Air traffic control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Towers_Schiphol_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Towers_Schiphol_small.jpg/170px-Towers_Schiphol_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Towers_Schiphol_small.jpg/255px-Towers_Schiphol_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Towers_Schiphol_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Air traffic control tower">Air traffic control towers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Airport">Amsterdam Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Air traffic control (ATC) involves communication with aircraft to help maintain separation – that is, they ensure that aircraft are sufficiently far enough apart horizontally or vertically for no risk of collision. Controllers may co-ordinate position reports provided by pilots, or in high traffic areas (such as the United States) they may use <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> to see aircraft positions. </p><p>Becoming an <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_controller" title="Air traffic controller">air traffic controller</a> in the United States typically requires an associate or bachelor's degree from the Air Traffic Collegiate Training Initiative. The FAA also requires extensive training, along with medical examinations and background checks. Some controllers are required to work weekend, night, and holiday shifts.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are generally four different types of ATC: </p> <ul><li>Center controllers, who control aircraft en route between airports</li> <li>Control towers (including tower, ground control, clearance delivery, and other services), which control aircraft within a small distance (typically 10–15 km horizontal, and 1,000 m vertical) of an airport.</li> <li>Oceanic controllers, who control aircraft over <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a> between continents, generally without radar service.</li> <li>Terminal controllers, who control aircraft in a wider area (typically 50–80 km) around busy airports</li></ul> <p>ATC is especially important for aircraft flying under <a href="/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules" title="Instrument flight rules">instrument flight rules</a> (IFR), when they may be in weather conditions that do not allow the pilots to see other aircraft. However, in very high-traffic areas, especially near major airports, aircraft flying under <a href="/wiki/Visual_flight_rules" title="Visual flight rules">visual flight rules</a> (VFR) are also required to follow instructions from ATC. </p><p>In addition to separation from other aircraft, ATC may provide weather advisories, terrain separation, navigation assistance, and other services to pilots, depending on their workload. </p><p>ATC do not control all flights. The majority of VFR (Visual Flight Rules) flights in North America are not required to contact ATC (unless they are passing through a busy terminal area or using a major airport), and in many areas, such as northern Canada and low altitude in northern Scotland, air traffic control services are not available even for IFR flights at lower altitudes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">Environmental impact of aviation</a></div><p> Like all activities involving <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>, operating powered aircraft (from airliners to hot air balloons) releases <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a> and other pollutants into the atmosphere. <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to aviation: for instance, </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contrails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Contrails.jpg/220px-Contrails.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Contrails.jpg/330px-Contrails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Contrails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Water vapor <a href="/wiki/Condensation_trails" class="mw-redirect" title="Condensation trails">contrails</a> left by high-altitude jet <a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">airliners</a>. These may contribute to <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_cloud" title="Cirrus cloud">cirrus cloud</a> formation.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Aircraft operating at high altitudes near the <a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a> (mainly large <a href="/wiki/Jet_airliner" title="Jet airliner">jet airliners</a>) emit aerosols and leave <a href="/wiki/Contrail" title="Contrail">contrails</a>, both of which can increase <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_cloud" title="Cirrus cloud">cirrus cloud</a> formation – cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clouds can have both a cooling and warming effect. They reflect some of the sun's rays back into space, but also block some of the heat radiated by Earth's surface. On average, both thin natural cirrus clouds and contrails have a net warming effect.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aircraft operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen compounds</a>, which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Most light piston aircraft burn <a href="/wiki/Avgas" title="Avgas">avgas</a>, which contains <a href="/wiki/Tetraethyllead" title="Tetraethyllead">tetraethyllead</a> (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">mogas</a>, and turbine engines and diesel engines – neither of which require lead – are appearing on some newer <a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft" title="Light aircraft">light aircraft</a>.</li></ul> <p>Another environmental impact of aviation is <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a>, mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. <a href="/wiki/Sonic_boom" title="Sonic boom">Sonic booms</a> were a problem with supersonic aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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/></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Flying#Q765633" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Flying">Flying</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">Aeronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">Environmental impact of aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aviation_articles" title="Index of aviation articles">Index of aviation articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_aviation" title="Timeline of aviation">Timeline of aviation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2009</span>. <q>English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+George+Carley+%28British+Inventor+and+Scientist%29&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F100795%2FSir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlr.de/dlr/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10280/385_read-16705/year-all/#/gallery/21944"><i>DLR baut das erste Serien-Flugzeug der Welt nach</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181126135109/https://www.dlr.de/dlr/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10280/385_read-16705/year-all/#/gallery/21944">Archived</a> November 26, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2017. Retrieved: March 3, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto-Lilienthal-Museum" class="citation web cs1">Otto-Lilienthal-Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm">"Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam"</a>. <i>Lilienthal-museum.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220021702/http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lilienthal-museum.de&rft.atitle=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum+Anklam&rft.au=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lilienthal-museum.de%2Folma%2Feotto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html">"The Lilienthal glider project – DLR Portal"</a>. <i>Dlr.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307224806/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dlr.de&rft.atitle=The+Lilienthal+glider+project+%E2%80%93+DLR+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlr.de%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Fdossiers%2F2019%2Flilienthal-glider-project.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto-Lilienthal-Museum" class="citation web cs1">Otto-Lilienthal-Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm">"Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam"</a>. <i>Lilienthal-museum.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703015730/http://lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lilienthal-museum.de&rft.atitle=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum+Anklam&rft.au=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lilienthal-museum.de%2Folma%2Fe34.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aeroreport.de/en/good-to-know/like-a-bird">"Like a bird | MTU AEROREPORT"</a>. <i>Aeroreport.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226135425/https://aeroreport.de/en/good-to-know/like-a-bird">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aeroreport.de&rft.atitle=Like+a+bird+%26%23124%3B+MTU+AEROREPORT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faeroreport.de%2Fen%2Fgood-to-know%2Flike-a-bird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dpma.de/english/our_office/publications/milestones/airandspacepioneers/ottolilienthal/index.html">"DPMA | Otto Lilienthal"</a>. <i>Dpma.de</i>. December 2, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226135452/https://www.dpma.de/english/our_office/publications/milestones/airandspacepioneers/ottolilienthal/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dpma.de&rft.atitle=DPMA+%26%23124%3B+Otto+Lilienthal&rft.date=2021-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpma.de%2Fenglish%2Four_office%2Fpublications%2Fmilestones%2Fairandspacepioneers%2Fottolilienthal%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cobaltrecruitment.co.uk/blog/2017/11/in-perspective-otto-lilienthal">"In perspective: Otto Lilienthal"</a>. <i>Cobaltrecruitment.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226160700/https://www.cobaltrecruitment.co.uk/blog/2017/11/in-perspective-otto-lilienthal">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cobaltrecruitment.co.uk&rft.atitle=In+perspective%3A+Otto+Lilienthal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cobaltrecruitment.co.uk%2Fblog%2F2017%2F11%2Fin-perspective-otto-lilienthal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/prospero/2011/09/20/remembering-germanys-first-flying-man">"Remembering Germany's first "flying man"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. September 20, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302015744/https://www.economist.com/prospero/2011/09/20/remembering-germanys-first-flying-man">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Remembering+Germany%27s+first+%22flying+man%22&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fprospero%2F2011%2F09%2F20%2Fremembering-germanys-first-flying-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scihi.org/otto-lilienthal-glider-king/">"Otto Lilienthal, the Glider King"</a>. SciHi BlogSciHi Blog. May 23, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226135401/http://scihi.org/otto-lilienthal-glider-king/">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otto+Lilienthal%2C+the+Glider+King&rft.pub=SciHi+BlogSciHi+Blog&rft.date=2020-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscihi.org%2Fotto-lilienthal-glider-king%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/5780/Clement-Ader">"Clement Ader – French inventor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308231925/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/5780/Clement-Ader">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clement+Ader+%E2%80%93+French+inventor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F5780%2FClement-Ader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingmachines.org/ader.html">"FLYING MACHINES – Clement Ader"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204055424/http://www.flyingmachines.org/ader.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FLYING+MACHINES+%E2%80%93+Clement+Ader&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flyingmachines.org%2Fader.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html">"EADS N.V. – Eole/Clément Ader"</a>. October 20, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html">the original</a> on October 20, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EADS+N.V.+%E2%80%93+Eole%2FCl%C3%A9ment+Ader&rft.date=2007-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eads.com%2F1024%2Fen%2Feads%2Fhistory%2Fairhist%2F1890_1899%2Fader.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbs-Smith, C. H., <i>Aviation</i>. London, NMSO 2003, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L'homme, l'air et l'espace, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wright-brothers.org/History_Wing/Wright_Story/Inventing_the_Airplane/Wagging_Its_Tail/Last_Piece_of_Puzzle.htm">"The Last Piece of the Puzzle"</a>. <i>www.wright-brothers.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wright-brothers.org&rft.atitle=The+Last+Piece+of+the+Puzzle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wright-brothers.org%2FHistory_Wing%2FWright_Story%2FInventing_the_Airplane%2FWagging_Its_Tail%2FLast_Piece_of_Puzzle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wright-brothers.org/Information_Desk/Just_the_Facts/Engines_&_Props/1903_Engine.htm">"1903 Wright Engine"</a>. <i>www.wright-brothers.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wright-brothers.org&rft.atitle=1903+Wright+Engine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wright-brothers.org%2FInformation_Desk%2FJust_the_Facts%2FEngines_%26_Props%2F1903_Engine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_D._Crouch2008" class="citation web cs1">Tom D. Crouch (August 29, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/1908_The_Year_the_Airplane_Went_Public.html">"1908: The Year the Airplane Went Public"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space/Smithsonian" title="Air & Space/Smithsonian">Air & Space/Smithsonian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525040238/http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/1908_The_Year_the_Airplane_Went_Public.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+%26+Space%2FSmithsonian&rft.atitle=1908%3A+The+Year+the+Airplane+Went+Public&rft.date=2008-08-29&rft.au=Tom+D.+Crouch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airspacemag.com%2Fhistory-of-flight%2F1908_The_Year_the_Airplane_Went_Public.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/thismonth/this_month_may08.html">"This Month in Exploration: May"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406110825/http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/thismonth/this_month_may08.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes". <i>Atmospheric Environment</i>. <b>35</b> (20): <span class="nowrap">3421–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AtmEn..35.3421G">2001AtmEn..35.3421G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1352-2310%2801%2900134-0">10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F20000060827">2060/20000060827</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Environment&rft.atitle=Origin+and+variability+of+upper+tropospheric+nitrogen+oxides+and+ozone+at+northern+mid-latitudes&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3421-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2001-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F20000060827&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1352-2310%2801%2900134-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001AtmEn..35.3421G&rft.aulast=Grewe&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=D.+Brunner&rft.au=M.+Dameris&rft.au=J.+L.+Grenfell&rft.au=R.+Hein&rft.au=D.+Shindell&rft.au=J.+Staehelin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerliner1996" class="citation book cs1">Berliner, Don (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Efr2Ll1OdqMC&pg=PA128"><i>Aviation: Reaching for the Sky</i></a>. The Oliver Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881508-33-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-881508-33-1"><bdi>1-881508-33-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aviation%3A+Reaching+for+the+Sky&rft.pub=The+Oliver+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-881508-33-1&rft.aulast=Berliner&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEfr2Ll1OdqMC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassard2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cassard, Jean-Christophe (2008). <i>Dictionnaire d'histoire de Bretagne</i> (in French). Morlaix: Skol Vreizh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-915623-45-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-915623-45-1"><bdi>978-2-915623-45-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+d%27histoire+de+Bretagne&rft.place=Morlaix&rft.pub=Skol+Vreizh&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-915623-45-1&rft.aulast=Cassard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Angelis2001" class="citation book cs1">De Angelis, Gina (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindenburggreatd00gina"><i>The Hindenburg</i></a>. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-5272-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7910-5272-9"><bdi>0-7910-5272-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindenburg&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7910-5272-9&rft.aulast=De+Angelis&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindenburggreatd00gina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAviation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><i><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/80px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/120px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/160px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="15" /></a></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2024.04.004">text</a> by Wirths, Oliver; Tóth,Zsófia; Diaz Ruiz, Carlos available under the <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a> license.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os 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Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Aviation" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Aviation">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Aviation" class="extiw" title="q:Aviation">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Aviation" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Aviation">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Aviation" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Aviation">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Flying#Q765633" class="extiw" title="voy:Flying">Flying</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aviation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aviation">Aviation</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/16px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/24px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> Learning materials related to <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Aviation" class="extiw" title="v:Aviation">Aviation</a> at Wikiversity</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aviation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:aviation"><i>aviation</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Aviation,_aerospace,_and_aeronautical_terms" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Aviation, aerospace, and aeronautical terms">Aviation, aerospace, and aeronautical terms</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aviation_lists99" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_lists" title="Template:Aviation lists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aviation_lists" title="Template talk:Aviation lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation_lists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation lists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aviation_lists99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aviation</a> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_aviation_topics" title="Lists of aviation topics">lists</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft" title="List of aircraft">Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_manufacturers" title="List of aircraft manufacturers">manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_aircraft" title="List of civil aircraft">civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_engines" title="List of aircraft engines">Aircraft engines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_engine_manufacturers" title="List of aircraft engine manufacturers">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aerospace_flight_test_centres" title="List of aerospace flight test centres">Flight test centres‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_test_pilot_schools" title="List of test pilot schools">Test pilot schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_airlines" title="Lists of airlines">Airlines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines" title="List of defunct airlines">Defunct airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_helicopter_airlines" title="List of helicopter airlines">Helicopter airlines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_airports" title="Lists of airports">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_display_teams" title="List of air display teams">Aerobatic teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_aviation_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil aviation authorities">Civil Aviation Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gliders" title="List of gliders">Gliders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aviation_museums" title="List of aviation museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_registration_prefixes" title="List of aircraft registration prefixes">Registration prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_jet_airliners" title="List of commercial jet airliners">Jet airliners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rotorcraft" title="List of rotorcraft">Rotorcraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rotorcraft_manufacturers_by_country" title="List of rotorcraft manufacturers by country">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_aviation" title="Timeline of aviation">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_forces" title="List of air forces">Air forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_aircraft" title="List of experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles" title="List of missiles">Missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicles" title="List of unmanned aerial vehicles">UAVs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_weapons" title="List of aircraft weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accidents / incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_commercial_aircraft" title="List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft">Commercial airliners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_airliners_by_location" title="List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by location">by location</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fatalities_from_aviation_accidents" title="List of fatalities from aviation accidents">Fatalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deadliest_aircraft_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of deadliest aircraft accidents and incidents">by death toll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_general_aviation" title="List of accidents and incidents involving general aviation">General aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_military_aircraft" title="List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_by_tail_number" title="List of aircraft by tail number">By registration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Records</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_airspeed_record" title="Flight airspeed record">Airspeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_altitude_record" title="Flight altitude record">Altitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_distance_record" title="Flight distance record">Distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_endurance_record" title="Flight endurance record">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firsts_in_aviation" title="List of firsts in aviation">Firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_large_aircraft" title="List of large aircraft">Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_aircraft" title="List of most-produced aircraft">Most-produced aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_rotorcraft" title="List of most-produced rotorcraft">Most-produced rotorcraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aviation&oldid=1272259753">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aviation&oldid=1272259753</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: 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