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id="toc-Premodern_and_unmanned_balloons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premodern_and_unmanned_balloons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Premodern and unmanned balloons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premodern_and_unmanned_balloons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_manned_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_manned_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First manned flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_manned_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_balloons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_balloons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Modern balloons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_balloons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Envelope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Envelope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Envelope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Envelope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Seams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coatings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coatings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Coatings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coatings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sizes_and_capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sizes_and_capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Sizes and capacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sizes_and_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Vents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Basket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Burner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel_tanks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_tanks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fuel tanks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_tanks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combined_mass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_mass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Combined mass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combined_mass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory_of_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_of_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Theory of operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theory_of_operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theory of operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Generating_lift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generating_lift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Generating lift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generating_lift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_Hot_Air_Balloons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_Hot_Air_Balloons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Types of Hot Air Balloons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_Hot_Air_Balloons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Montgolfier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montgolfier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Montgolfier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montgolfier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Hybrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Solar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_Airship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_Airship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Thermal Airship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_Airship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observation_Balloon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observation_Balloon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Observation Balloon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observation_Balloon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Steering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Landing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Safety equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety_equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basket_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basket_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Basket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basket_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Occupants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground_crew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_crew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ground crew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_crew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance_and_repair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance_and_repair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Maintenance and repair</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Maintenance_and_repair-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Maintenance and repair subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Maintenance_and_repair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Repair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Licensing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Licensing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Licensing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balloons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balloons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Balloons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balloons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Pilots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>In Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>In the UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>In the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidents_and_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Accidents and incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_ballooning_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_ballooning_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>General ballooning sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_ballooning_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hot air balloon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmlugballon" title="Warmlugballon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Warmlugballon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball%C5%8Dn_(lyftcr%C3%A6ft)#Hātlyftballōn" title="Ballōn (lyftcræft) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ballōn (lyftcræft)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%86" title="منطاد الهواء الساخن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منطاد الهواء الساخن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgorfi%C3%A9re" title="Montgorfiére – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Montgorfiére" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hava_%C5%9Far%C4%B1" title="Hava şarı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hava şarı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8" title="উষ্ণ বায়ু বেলুন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উষ্ণ বায়ু বেলুন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85" title="Балон с горещ въздух – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Балон с горещ въздух" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balon_na_vru%C4%87i_zrak" title="Balon na vrući zrak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Balon na vrući zrak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgolfier" title="Montgolfier – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Montgolfier" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Монгольфьер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Монгольфьер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horkovzdu%C5%A1n%C3%BD_balon" title="Horkovzdušný balon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Horkovzdušný balon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C5%B5n_ysgafnach_nag_aer" title="Balŵn ysgafnach nag aer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Balŵn ysgafnach nag aer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hei%C3%9Fluftballon" title="Heißluftballon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heißluftballon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuma%C3%B5hupall" title="Kuumaõhupall – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuumaõhupall" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%B1%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Αερόστατο θερμού αέρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αερόστατο θερμού αέρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globo_de_aire_caliente" title="Globo de aire caliente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Globo de aire caliente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmaerbalono" title="Varmaerbalono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Varmaerbalono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85" title="بالون هوای گرم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بالون هوای گرم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgolfi%C3%A8re" title="Montgolfière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Montgolfière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchtballon" title="Luchtballon – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Luchtballon" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baili%C3%B9n-adhair_teth" title="Bailiùn-adhair teth – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bailiùn-adhair teth" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EA%B8%B0%EA%B5%AC" title="열기구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열기구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balon_na_vru%C4%87i_zrak" title="Balon na vrući zrak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Balon na vrući zrak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balon_udara_panas" title="Balon udara panas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Balon udara panas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgolfiere" title="Montgolfiere – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Montgolfiere" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolfiera" title="Mongolfiera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mongolfiera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მონგოლფიერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონგოლფიერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus_a%C3%ABrostaticus_a%C3%ABris_calidi" title="Globus aërostaticus aëris calidi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Globus aërostaticus aëris calidi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waarmloftballon" title="Waarmloftballon – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Waarmloftballon" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C5%A1to_oro_balionas" title="Karšto oro balionas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karšto oro balionas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%91l%C3%A9gballon" title="Hőlégballon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hőlégballon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belon_udara_panas" title="Belon udara panas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Belon udara panas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B6" title="မီးပုံးပျံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မီးပုံးပျံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%B0%97%E7%90%83" title="熱気球 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱気球" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmluftsballong" title="Varmluftsballong – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Varmluftsballong" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmluftsballong" title="Varmluftsballong – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Varmluftsballong" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgolfi%C3%A9re" title="Montgolfiére – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Montgolfiére" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balon_na_ogrzane_powietrze" title="Balon na ogrzane powietrze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Balon na ogrzane powietrze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C3%A3o_de_ar_quente" title="Balão de ar quente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Balão de ar quente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balon_cu_aer_cald" title="Balon cu aer cald – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Balon cu aer cald" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Монгольфьер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монгольфьер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hot air balloon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplozra%C4%8Dni_balon" title="Toplozračni balon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Toplozračni balon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuumailmapallo" title="Kuumailmapallo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuumailmapallo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftballong" title="Luftballong – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Luftballong" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="వేడి గాలి బెలూన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వేడి గాలి బెలూన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="บัลลูนอากาศร้อน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บัลลูนอากาศร้อน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%27%D1%94%D1%80" title="Монгольф'єр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монгольф'єр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapaso_nga_hangin_nga_lobo" title="Mapaso nga hangin nga lobo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mapaso nga hangin nga lobo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%B0%A3%E7%90%83" title="熱氣球 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="熱氣球" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E6%B0%94%E7%90%83" title="热气球 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="热气球" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelembungan_udara_panas" title="Pelembungan udara panas – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pelembungan udara panas" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1551574#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lighter-than-air aircraft</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about hot air balloons themselves. For the activity, see <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_ballooning" title="Hot air ballooning">Hot air ballooning</a>. For other meanings, see <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hot air balloon (disambiguation)">Hot air balloon (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_balloon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Air balloon (disambiguation)">Air balloon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Balloon Ride" redirects here. For the song, see <a href="/wiki/My_First_Album_(Peppa_Pig_album)" title="My First Album (Peppa Pig album)">My First Album (Peppa Pig album)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_Ojiya_balloon_festival_011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2006_Ojiya_balloon_festival_011.jpg/180px-2006_Ojiya_balloon_festival_011.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2006_Ojiya_balloon_festival_011.jpg/270px-2006_Ojiya_balloon_festival_011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2006_Ojiya_balloon_festival_011.jpg/360px-2006_Ojiya_balloon_festival_011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="2852" /></a><figcaption>Hot air balloon in flight</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canberra_Balloon_Fiesta_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Canberra_Balloon_Fiesta_2006.jpg/180px-Canberra_Balloon_Fiesta_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Canberra_Balloon_Fiesta_2006.jpg/270px-Canberra_Balloon_Fiesta_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Canberra_Balloon_Fiesta_2006.jpg/360px-Canberra_Balloon_Fiesta_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>Novelty hot air balloons resembling anthropomorphized bees</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BallonKathedrale01_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/BallonKathedrale01_edit.jpg/220px-BallonKathedrale01_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/BallonKathedrale01_edit.jpg/330px-BallonKathedrale01_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/BallonKathedrale01_edit.jpg/440px-BallonKathedrale01_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Novelty hot air balloon resembling the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Gall" title="Abbey of Saint Gall">Abbey of Saint Gall</a> –  <a href="/wiki/Kubicek_Balloons" title="Kubicek Balloons">Kubicek Balloons</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>hot air balloon</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Lighter-than-air" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighter-than-air">lighter-than-air</a> aircraft consisting of a bag, called an envelope, which contains heated air. Suspended beneath is a <a href="/wiki/Gondola_(balloon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondola (balloon)">gondola</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wicker" title="Wicker">wicker basket</a> (in some long-distance or high-altitude balloons, a capsule), which carries passengers and a source of heat, in most cases an open flame caused by burning liquid <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>. The heated air inside the envelope makes it <a href="/wiki/Buoyant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buoyant">buoyant</a>, since it has a <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas_law" title="Ideal gas law">lower density</a> than the colder air outside the envelope. As with all <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, hot air balloons cannot fly beyond the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. The envelope does not have to be sealed at the bottom, since the air inside the envelope is at about the same pressure as the surrounding air. In modern sport balloons the envelope is generally made from <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> fabric, and the inlet of the balloon (closest to the burner flame) is made from a fire-resistant material such as <a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a>. Modern balloons have been made in many shapes, such as rocket ships and the shapes of various commercial products, though the traditional shape is used for most non-commercial and many commercial applications. </p><p>The hot air balloon is the first successful human-carrying <a href="/wiki/Flight" title="Flight">flight</a> technology. The first untethered manned hot air balloon flight in the world was performed in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Pil%C3%A2tre_de_Rozier" title="Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier">Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Laurent_d%27Arlandes" title="François Laurent d'Arlandes">François Laurent d'Arlandes</a> on November 21, 1783,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a balloon created by the <a href="/wiki/Montgolfier_brothers" title="Montgolfier brothers">Montgolfier brothers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-centennialofflight.gov_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centennialofflight.gov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hot air balloons that can be propelled through the air rather than simply drifting with the <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a> are known as <a href="/wiki/Thermal_airship" title="Thermal airship">thermal airships</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_ballooning" title="History of ballooning">History of ballooning</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premodern_and_unmanned_balloons">Premodern and unmanned balloons</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SkyLanternRichy01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/SkyLanternRichy01.jpg/180px-SkyLanternRichy01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/SkyLanternRichy01.jpg/270px-SkyLanternRichy01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/SkyLanternRichy01.jpg/360px-SkyLanternRichy01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sky_lantern" title="Sky lantern">sky lantern</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A precursor of the hot air balloon was the <a href="/wiki/Sky_lantern" title="Sky lantern">sky lantern</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">孔明灯</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">孔明燈</span>). <a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Liang" title="Zhuge Liang">Zhuge Liang</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu Han</a> kingdom, during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> era (220–280 CE), used these airborne lanterns for military signaling.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongolian army studied <a href="/wiki/Kongming_lantern" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongming lantern">Kongming lanterns</a> from China and used them in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica" title="Battle of Legnica">Battle of Legnica</a> during the Mongol invasion of Poland in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the first time ballooning was known in the western world. </p><p>In the 18th century the Portuguese Jesuit priest <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_de_Gusm%C3%A3o" title="Bartolomeu de Gusmão">Bartolomeu de Gusmão</a> in colonial Brazil envisioned an aerial apparatus named <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Passarola</i></span>, which was the predecessor of the hot air balloon. The <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Passarola</i></span> was intended to serve as air vessel in order to facilitate communication and as a strategical device.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1709 <a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">John V of Portugal</a> decided to fund Bartolomeu de Gusmão's project following a petition made by the Jesuit priest,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an unmanned demonstration was performed at <a href="/wiki/Casa_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Casa da Índia">Casa da Índia</a> in the presence of John V and the queen, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Austria" title="Maria Anna of Austria">Maria Anna of Austria</a>, with the Italian cardinal <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XIII" title="Pope Innocent XIII">Michelangelo Conti</a>, two members of the Portuguese Royal Academy of History, one Portuguese diplomat and one chronicler serving as witnesses. This event would bring some European attention to this event and this project. A later article dated on October 20, 1786, by the London <i>Daily Universal Register</i> would state that the inventor was able to raise himself by the use of his prototype. Also in 1709, the Portuguese Jesuit wrote <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Manifesto summário para os que ignoram poderse navegar pelo elemento do ar</i></span> (<i>Short Manifesto for those who are unaware that is possible to sail through the element air</i>); he also left designs for a manned air vessel. </p><p>In the 1970s, balloonist <a href="/wiki/Julian_Nott_(balloonist)" title="Julian Nott (balloonist)">Julian Nott</a> hypothesized that the <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Lines">Nazca Lines</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">geoglyphs</a>' creation two millennia ago could have been guided by <a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca leaders</a> in a balloon, possibly the earliest hot air balloon flights in human history.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To support this theory, in 1975 he designed and piloted the Nazca Prehistoric Balloon, claiming to have used only methods and materials available to the Pre-Inca Peruvians 1,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_manned_flight">First manned flight</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montgolfier_Balloon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Montgolfier_Balloon.JPG/180px-Montgolfier_Balloon.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Montgolfier_Balloon.JPG/270px-Montgolfier_Balloon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Montgolfier_Balloon.JPG/360px-Montgolfier_Balloon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>A model of the Montgolfier brothers' balloon at the <a href="/wiki/London_Science_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="London Science Museum">London Science Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The French brothers Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Étienne <a href="/wiki/Montgolfier_brothers" title="Montgolfier brothers">Montgolfier</a> developed a hot-air balloon in <a href="/wiki/Annonay" title="Annonay">Annonay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ard%C3%A8che" title="Ardèche">Ardèche</a>, France, and demonstrated it publicly on September 19, 1783, making an unmanned flight lasting 10 minutes. After experimenting with unmanned balloons and flights with animals, the first balloon flight with humans aboard, a tethered flight, performed on or around October 15, 1783, by Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier, who made at least one tethered flight from the yard of the Reveillon workshop in the <a href="/wiki/Faubourg_Saint-Antoine" title="Faubourg Saint-Antoine">Faubourg Saint-Antoine</a>. Later that same day, Pilatre de Rozier became the second human to ascend into the air, reaching an altitude of 26 m (85 ft), the length of the tether.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first free flight with human passengers was made a few weeks later, on November 21, 1783.<sup id="cite_ref-centennialofflight.gov_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centennialofflight.gov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">King Louis XVI</a> had originally decreed that condemned criminals would be the first <a href="/wiki/Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator">pilots</a>, but de Rozier, along with <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Laurent_d%27Arlandes" title="François Laurent d'Arlandes">Marquis François d'Arlandes</a>, petitioned successfully for the honor.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_military_ballooning" title="History of military ballooning">first military use</a> of a hot air balloon happened in 1794 during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">battle of Fleurus</a>, when the French used the balloon <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">l'Entreprenant</i></span> for observation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_balloons">Modern balloons</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helsinki_from_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Helsinki_from_air.jpg/220px-Helsinki_from_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Helsinki_from_air.jpg/330px-Helsinki_from_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Helsinki_from_air.jpg/440px-Helsinki_from_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>A hot air balloon over the city of <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> in September 2009</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cappadociasunrise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cappadociasunrise.jpg/220px-Cappadociasunrise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cappadociasunrise.jpg/330px-Cappadociasunrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cappadociasunrise.jpg/440px-Cappadociasunrise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4023" data-file-height="2682" /></a><figcaption>Hot air balloons, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> sunrise</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cloudhoppers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cloudhoppers.jpg/220px-Cloudhoppers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cloudhoppers.jpg/330px-Cloudhoppers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cloudhoppers.jpg/440px-Cloudhoppers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A pair of <a href="/wiki/Cloudhopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloudhopper">Hopper balloons</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bristol_Balloon_Fiesta_2009-20.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bristol_Balloon_Fiesta_2009-20.JPG/220px-Bristol_Balloon_Fiesta_2009-20.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bristol_Balloon_Fiesta_2009-20.JPG/330px-Bristol_Balloon_Fiesta_2009-20.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bristol_Balloon_Fiesta_2009-20.JPG/440px-Bristol_Balloon_Fiesta_2009-20.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bristol_International_Balloon_Fiesta" title="Bristol International Balloon Fiesta">Bristol International Balloon Fiesta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern hot air balloons, with an onboard heat source, were developed by <a href="/wiki/Ed_Yost" title="Ed Yost">Ed Yost</a> and Jim Winker, beginning during the 1950s; their work resulted in his a first successful flight on October 22, 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first modern hot air balloon to be made in the United Kingdom (UK) was the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Belle" title="Bristol Belle">Bristol Belle</a>, built in 1967. Presently, hot air balloons are used primarily for recreation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Records">Records</h3></div> <p>Hot air balloons are able to fly to extremely high altitudes. On November 26, 2005 <a href="/wiki/Vijaypat_Singhania" title="Vijaypat Singhania">Vijaypat Singhania</a> set the world altitude record for highest hot air balloon flight, reaching 21,027 m (68,986 ft). He took off from downtown <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, India, and landed 240 km (150 mi) south in Panchale.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The previous record of 19,811 m (64,997 ft) had been set by <a href="/wiki/Per_Lindstrand" title="Per Lindstrand">Per Lindstrand</a> on June 6, 1988, in <a href="/wiki/Plano,_Texas" title="Plano, Texas">Plano, Texas</a>. </p><p>On January 15, 1991, the <i>Virgin Pacific Flyer</i> balloon completed the longest flight in a hot air balloon, when <a href="/wiki/Per_Lindstrand" title="Per Lindstrand">Per Lindstrand</a> (born in Sweden, but resident in the UK) and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson">Richard Branson</a> of the UK flew 7,671.91 km (4,767.10 mi) from Japan to Northern Canada. With a volume of 74,000 cubic meters (2.6 million cubic feet), the balloon envelope was the largest ever built for a hot air craft. Designed to fly in the trans-oceanic <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet streams</a>, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Flyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacific Flyer (page does not exist)">Pacific Flyer</a></i> recorded the fastest ground speed for a manned balloon at 394 km/h (245 mph). The longest duration record was set by Swiss psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Piccard" title="Bertrand Piccard">Bertrand Piccard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard">Auguste Piccard</a>'s grandson) and Briton Brian Jones, flying in the Breitling Orbiter 3. It was the first nonstop trip around the world by balloon. The balloon left Château-d'Oex, Switzerland, on March 1, 1999, and landed at 1:02 a.m. on March 21 in the Egyptian desert 500 km (300 mi) south of Cairo. The two men exceeded distance, endurance, and time records, traveling 19 days, 21 hours, and 55 minutes. <a href="/wiki/Steve_Fossett" title="Steve Fossett">Steve Fossett</a>, flying solo, exceeded the record for briefest time traveling around the world on 3 July 2002 on his sixth attempt,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 320 h 33 min.<sup id="cite_ref-record-ballooning_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-record-ballooning-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fedor_Konyukhov#Ballooning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedor Konyukhov">Fedor Konyukhov</a> flew solo round the world on his first attempt in a hybrid hot air/helium balloon from 11 to 23 July 2016<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a round-the world time of 268 h 20 min.<sup id="cite_ref-record-ballooning_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-record-ballooning-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2></div> <p>A hot air balloon for manned flight uses a single-layered, fabric gas bag (lifting "envelope"), with an opening at the bottom called the mouth or throat. Attached to the envelope is a basket, or gondola, for carrying the passengers. Mounted above the basket and centered in the mouth is the "burner", which injects a flame into the envelope, heating the air within. The heater or burner is fueled by <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied gas</a> stored in pressure vessels, similar to high-pressure <a href="/wiki/Forklift_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Forklift truck">forklift</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">cylinders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Envelope">Envelope</h3></div> <p>Modern hot air balloons are usually made of materials such as <a href="/wiki/Ripstop#Ripstop_nylon" title="Ripstop">ripstop nylon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">dacron</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-eballoon_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eballoon-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow.balloon.inflation.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Yellow.balloon.inflation.arp.jpg/220px-Yellow.balloon.inflation.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Yellow.balloon.inflation.arp.jpg/330px-Yellow.balloon.inflation.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Yellow.balloon.inflation.arp.jpg/440px-Yellow.balloon.inflation.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>A hot air balloon is inflated partially with cold air from a gasoline-powered fan, before the <a href="/wiki/Propane_burner" class="mw-redirect" title="Propane burner">propane burners</a> are used for final inflation.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the manufacturing process, the material is cut into panels and sewn together, along with structural <a href="/wiki/Webbing" title="Webbing">load tapes</a> that carry the weight of the gondola or basket. The individual sections, which extend from the throat to the crown (top) of the envelope, are known as <a href="/wiki/Gore_(segment)" title="Gore (segment)">gores</a> or gore sections. Envelopes can have as few as 4 gores or as many as 24 or more.<sup id="cite_ref-Head_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Head-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Envelopes often have a crown ring at their very top. This is a hoop of smooth metal, usually aluminium, and approximately 30 cm (1 ft) in diameter. Vertical load tapes from the envelope are attached to the crown ring. </p><p>At the bottom of the envelope the vertical load tapes are sewn into loops that are connected to cables (one cable per load tape). These cables, often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Flying_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying wires">flying wires</a>, are connected to the basket by <a href="/wiki/Carabiner" title="Carabiner">carabiners</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seams">Seams</h4></div> <p>The most common technique for sewing panels together is called the <i>French <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of textile terminology">felled</a></i>, <i>French fell</i>, or <i>double lap</i> seam.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-madehow_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madehow-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two pieces of fabric are folded over on each other at their common edge, possibly with a load tape as well, and sewn together with two rows of parallel stitching. Other methods include a <i>flat lap</i> seam, in which the two pieces of fabric are held together simply with two rows of parallel stitching, and a <i>zigzag</i>, where parallel zigzag stitching holds a double lap of fabric.<sup id="cite_ref-madehow_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madehow-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coatings">Coatings</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballooning_Away_in_Maasai_Mara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ballooning_Away_in_Maasai_Mara.jpg/220px-Ballooning_Away_in_Maasai_Mara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ballooning_Away_in_Maasai_Mara.jpg/330px-Ballooning_Away_in_Maasai_Mara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ballooning_Away_in_Maasai_Mara.jpg/440px-Ballooning_Away_in_Maasai_Mara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Hot air balloon safari in <a href="/wiki/Maasai_Mara" title="Maasai Mara">Maasai Mara</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The fabric (or at least part of it, the top 1/3, for example) may be coated with a sealer, such as <a href="/wiki/Silicone" title="Silicone">silicone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a>, to make it impermeable to air.<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often the degradation of this coating and the corresponding loss of impermeability that ends the effective life of an envelope, not weakening of the fabric itself. Heat, moisture, and mechanical wear-and-tear during set-up and pack-up are the primary causes of degradation. Once an envelope becomes too <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porous</a> to fly, it may be retired and discarded or perhaps used as a "rag bag": cold-inflated and opened for children to run through. Products for recoating the fabric are becoming available commercially.<sup id="cite_ref-MidAtlantic_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MidAtlantic-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sizes_and_capacity">Sizes and capacity</h4></div> <p>A range of envelope sizes is available. The smallest, one-person, basket-less balloons (called "<a href="/wiki/Hopper_balloon" title="Hopper balloon">Hoppers</a>" or "Cloudhoppers") have as little as 600 m<sup>3</sup> (21,000 cu ft) of envelope volume;<sup id="cite_ref-LindstrandUK_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LindstrandUK-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a perfect sphere the radius would be around 5 m (16 ft). At the other end of the scale, balloons used by commercial sightseeing operations may be able to carry well over two dozen people, with envelope volumes of up to 17,000 m<sup>3</sup> (600,000 cu ft).<sup id="cite_ref-LindstrandUK_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LindstrandUK-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most-used size is about 2,800 m<sup>3</sup> (99,000 cu ft), allowing to carry 3 to 5 people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vents">Vents</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hot_air_balloon_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hot_air_balloon_interior.jpg/220px-Hot_air_balloon_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hot_air_balloon_interior.jpg/330px-Hot_air_balloon_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hot_air_balloon_interior.jpg/440px-Hot_air_balloon_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>The parachute vent at the top of an envelope, as seen from below through the mouth</figcaption></figure> <p>The top of the balloon usually has a vent of some sort, enabling the pilot to release hot air to slow an ascent, start a descent, or increase the rate of descent, usually for landing. Some hot air balloons have <i>turning vents</i>, which are side vents that, when opened, cause the balloon to rotate. Such vents are particularly useful for balloons with rectangular baskets, to facilitate aligning the wider side of the basket for landing.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common type of top vent is a disk-shaped flap of fabric called a <i>parachute vent</i>, invented by Tracy Barnes.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fabric is connected around its edge to a set of "vent lines" that converge in the center. (The arrangement of fabric and lines roughly resembles a <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachute</a>—thus the name.) These "vent lines" are themselves connected to a control line that runs to the basket. A parachute vent is opened by pulling on the control line. Once the control line is released, the pressure of the remaining hot air pushes the vent fabric back into place. A parachute vent can be opened briefly while in flight to initiate a rapid descent. (Slower descents are initiated by allowing the air in the balloon to cool naturally.) The vent is pulled open completely to collapse the balloon after landing. </p><p>An older, and presently less commonly used, style of top vent is called a "<a href="/wiki/Velcro" title="Velcro">Velcro</a>-style" vent. This too is a disk of fabric at the top of the balloon. However, rather than having a set of "vent lines" that can repeatedly open and close the vent, the vent is secured by "hook and loop" fasteners (such as Velcro) and is only opened at the end of the flight. Balloons equipped with a Velcro-style vent typically have a second "maneuvering vent" built into the side (as opposed to the top) of the balloon. Another common type of top design is the "smart vent", which, rather than lowering a fabric disc into the envelope as in the "parachute" type, gathers the fabric together in the center of the opening. This system can theoretically be used for in-flight maneuvering, but is more commonly used only as a rapid-deflation device for use after landing, of particular value in high winds. Other designs, such as the "pop top" and "MultiVent" systems, have also attempted to address the need for rapid deflation on landing, but the parachute top remains popular as an all-around maneuvering and deflation system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shape">Shape</h4></div> <p>Besides special shapes, possibly for marketing purposes, there are several variations on the traditional "inverted tear drop" shape. The simplest, often used by home builders, is a <a href="/wiki/Sphere" title="Sphere">hemisphere</a> on top of a truncated <a href="/wiki/Cone_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone (geometry)">cone</a>. More sophisticated designs attempt to minimize the circumferential <a href="/wiki/Stress_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (physics)">stress</a> on the fabric, with different degrees of success depending on whether they take fabric weight and varying air density into account. This shape may be referred to as "natural".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, some specialized balloons are designed to minimize <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic drag">aerodynamic drag</a> (in the vertical direction) to improve flight performance in competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basket">Basket</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hot_Air_Balloon_Basket_in_Flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hot_Air_Balloon_Basket_in_Flight.jpg/180px-Hot_Air_Balloon_Basket_in_Flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hot_Air_Balloon_Basket_in_Flight.jpg/270px-Hot_Air_Balloon_Basket_in_Flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hot_Air_Balloon_Basket_in_Flight.jpg/360px-Hot_Air_Balloon_Basket_in_Flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Hot air balloon basket in flight</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wicker.balloon.basket.bath.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wicker.balloon.basket.bath.arp.jpg/220px-Wicker.balloon.basket.bath.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wicker.balloon.basket.bath.arp.jpg/330px-Wicker.balloon.basket.bath.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wicker.balloon.basket.bath.arp.jpg/440px-Wicker.balloon.basket.bath.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1355" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Wicker" title="Wicker">wicker basket</a> capable of holding 16 passengers</figcaption></figure> <p>Hot air balloon baskets are commonly made of <a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">woven</a> <a href="/wiki/Wicker" title="Wicker">wicker</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a>. These materials have proven to be sufficiently light, strong, and durable for balloon flight. Such baskets are usually rectangular or triangular in shape. They vary in size from just big enough for two people to large enough to carry thirty.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger baskets often have internal partitions for structural bracing and to compartmentalize the passengers. Small holes may be woven into the side of the basket to act as foot holds for passengers climbing in or out.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baskets may also be made of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, especially a collapsible aluminium frame with a fabric skin, to reduce weight or increase portability.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These may be used by pilots without a ground crew or who are attempting to set altitude, duration, or distance records. Other specialty baskets include the fully enclosed gondolas used for around-the-world attempts<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and baskets that consist of little more than a seat for the pilot and perhaps one passenger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burner">Burner</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balloon_fuel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Balloon_fuel.jpg/180px-Balloon_fuel.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Balloon_fuel.jpg/270px-Balloon_fuel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Balloon_fuel.jpg/360px-Balloon_fuel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>A burner directing a flame into the envelope</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luchtballon_Brander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Luchtballon_Brander.jpg/220px-Luchtballon_Brander.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Luchtballon_Brander.jpg/330px-Luchtballon_Brander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Luchtballon_Brander.jpg/440px-Luchtballon_Brander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Burner</figcaption></figure> <p>The burner unit gasifies liquid <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mixes it with air, ignites the mixture, and directs the flame and exhaust into the mouth of the envelope. Burners vary in power output; each will generally produce 2 to 3 MW of heat (7 to 10 million <a href="/wiki/British_thermal_unit" title="British thermal unit">BTUs</a> per hour), with double, triple, or quadruple burner configurations installed where more power is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-Kubicek_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kubicek-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RafficaOy_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RafficaOy-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pilot actuates a burner by opening a propane valve, known as a <b>blast valve</b>. The valve may be spring-loaded, so that it closes automatically, or it may stay open until closed by the pilot. The burner has a <a href="/wiki/Pilot_light" title="Pilot light">pilot light</a> to ignite the propane and air mixture. The pilot light may be lit by the pilot with an external device, such as a <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> striker or a <a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">lighter</a>, or with a built-in <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">piezoelectric</a> spark.<sup id="cite_ref-LindstrandFuel_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LindstrandFuel-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where more than one burner is present, the pilot can use one or more at a time, depending on the desired heat output. Each burner has a metal coil of propane tubing the flame shoots through to preheat the incoming liquid propane. The burner unit may be suspended from the mouth of the envelope or supported rigidly over the basket. The burner unit may be mounted on a <a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimbal</a> to enable the pilot to aim the flame and avoid overheating the envelope fabric. A burner may have a secondary propane valve that releases propane more slowly and thereby generates a different sound. This is called a <i>whisper burner</i> and is used for flight over livestock to lessen the chance of spooking them. It also generates a more yellow flame and is used for night glows because it lights up the inside of the envelope better than the primary valve. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel_tanks">Fuel tanks</h3></div> <p>Propane fuel tanks are usually cylindrical <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">pressure vessels</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> with a valve at one end to feed the burner and to refuel. They may have a <a href="/wiki/Fuel_gauge" title="Fuel gauge">fuel gauge</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_measurement" title="Pressure measurement">pressure gauge</a>. Common tank sizes are 38, 57 and 76 litres (10, 15 and 20 US gallons).<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may be intended for upright or horizontal use and may be mounted inside or outside the basket. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hot_air_balloon_fuel_tanks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hot_air_balloon_fuel_tanks.jpg/220px-Hot_air_balloon_fuel_tanks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hot_air_balloon_fuel_tanks.jpg/330px-Hot_air_balloon_fuel_tanks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hot_air_balloon_fuel_tanks.jpg/440px-Hot_air_balloon_fuel_tanks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">fuel tanks</a>, wrapped in red insulating covers, mounted vertically, and with fuel gauges, during refueling</figcaption></figure> <p>The pressure necessary to force the fuel through the line to the burner may be supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">vapor pressure</a> of the propane itself, if warm enough, or by the introduction of an inert gas such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LindstrandFuel_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LindstrandFuel-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanks may be preheated with electrical <a href="/wiki/Trace_heating" title="Trace heating">heat tapes</a> to produce sufficient vapor pressure for cold-weather flying.<sup id="cite_ref-BalloonLife_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BalloonLife-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warmed tanks are usually also wrapped in an insulating blanket to preserve heat during the setup and flight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h3></div> <p>A balloon may be outfitted with a variety of instruments to aid the pilot. These commonly include an <a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">altimeter</a>, a rate-of-climb (vertical-speed) indicator known as a <a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">variometer</a>, envelope (air) temperature, and ambient (air) temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-lindstrand_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lindstrand-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> receiver can be useful to indicate ground speed (traditional aircraft air-speed indicators would be useless) and direction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combined_mass">Combined mass</h3></div> <p>The combined mass of an average system can be calculated as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Component </th> <th>Pounds </th> <th>Kilograms </th> <th>Mass fraction </th></tr> <tr> <td>2,800 m<sup>3</sup> (100,000 cu ft) envelope </td> <td align="right">250 </td> <td align="right">113.4 </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238854847">.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar{position:relative;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#fff;width:100px;max-width:100%;height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-fill{position:absolute;background-color:#dbdbdb;height:1.5em;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-text{position:absolute;width:100%;height:1.5em;text-align:center;color:#000}</style><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 200px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5-passenger basket </td> <td align="right">140 </td> <td align="right">63.5 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 200px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.9%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Double burner </td> <td align="right">50 </td> <td align="right">22.7 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 200px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.7%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 76 L (20 US gal) fuel tanks full of propane </td> <td align="right">3 × 135 = 405 </td> <td align="right">183.7 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 200px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 5%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">5.4%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 passengers </td> <td align="right">5 × 150 = 750 </td> <td align="right">340.2 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 200px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 10%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">10.0%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Subtotal</b> </td> <td align="right">1595 </td> <td align="right">723.5 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 200px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 21%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">21.2%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2,800 m<sup>3</sup> (100,000 cu ft) of heated air* </td> <td align="right">5922 </td> <td align="right">2686.2 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 200px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 78%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">78.8%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td align="right">(3.76 tons) 7517 </td> <td align="right">3409.7 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 200px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 100%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">100.0%</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>* Using a <a href="/wiki/Density_of_air" title="Density of air">density</a> of 0.9486 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (0.05922 lb/cu ft) for dry air heated to 99 °C (210 °F).</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory_of_operation">Theory of operation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generating_lift">Generating lift</h3></div> <p>Increasing the air temperature inside the envelope makes it less dense than the surrounding (ambient) air. The balloon floats because of the buoyant force exerted on it. This force is the same force that acts on objects when they are in water and is described by <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy#Archimedes'_principle" title="Buoyancy">Archimedes' principle</a>. The amount of lift (or <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>) provided by a hot air balloon depends primarily upon the difference between the temperature of the air inside the envelope and the temperature of the air outside the envelope. For most envelopes made of nylon fabric, the maximal internal temperature is limited to approximately 120 °C (250 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The melting point of nylon is significantly greater than this maximal <a href="/wiki/Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">operating temperature</a>—about 230 °C (450 °F)—but higher temperatures cause the strength of the nylon fabric to degrade more quickly over time. With a maximal operating temperature of 120 °C (250 °F), balloon envelopes can generally be flown for between 400 and 500 hours before the fabric needs to be replaced. Many balloon pilots operate their envelopes at temperatures significantly less than the maximum to extend envelope-fabric life. </p><p>The lift generated by 2,800 m<sup>3</sup> (100,000 cu ft) of dry air heated to various temperatures may be calculated as follows: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Air temperature </th> <th>Air density </th> <th>Air mass </th> <th>Lift generated </th></tr> <tr> <td>20 °C (68 °F) </td> <td>1.2041 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (0.07517 lb/cu ft) </td> <td>3,409.7 kg (7,517 lb) </td> <td>0 lb, 0 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>99 °C (210 °F) </td> <td>0.9486 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (0.05922 lb/cu ft) </td> <td>2,686.2 kg (5,922 lb) </td> <td>723.5 kg (1,595 lb) </td></tr> <tr> <td>120 °C (248 °F) </td> <td>0.8978 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (0.05605 lb/cu ft) </td> <td>2,542.4 kg (5,605 lb) </td> <td>867.3 kg (1,912 lb) </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infarot_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Infarot_9.jpg/220px-Infarot_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Infarot_9.jpg/330px-Infarot_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Infarot_9.jpg/440px-Infarot_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Thermal image showing temperature variation in a hot air balloon</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Density_of_air" title="Density of air">density of air</a> at 20 °C (68 °F) is about 1.2 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (0.075 lb/cu ft). The total lift for a balloon of 2,800 m<sup>3</sup> (100,000 cu ft) heated to 99 °C (210 °F) would be 723.5 kg (1,595 lb). This is just enough to generate neutral buoyancy for the total system mass (not including the heated air trapped in the envelope, of course) stated in the previous section. Liftoff would require a slightly greater temperature, depending on the desired rate of climb. In reality, the air contained in the envelope is not all at the same temperature, as the accompanying thermal image shows, and so these calculations are based on averages. </p><p>For typical atmospheric conditions (20 °C or 68 °F), a hot air balloon heated to 99 °C (210 °F) requires about 3.91 m<sup>3</sup> of envelope volume to lift 1 kilogram (equivalently, 62.5 cu ft/lb). The precise amount of lift provided depends not only upon the internal temperature mentioned above, but the external temperature, altitude above sea level, and humidity of the air surrounding. On a warm day, a balloon cannot lift as much as on a cool day, because the temperature required for launch will exceed the maximum sustainable for nylon envelope fabric. Also, in the lower atmosphere, the lift provided by a hot air balloon decreases about 3% per 1,000 m (1% per 1,000 ft) of altitude gained.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_Hot_Air_Balloons">Types of Hot Air Balloons</h3></div> <p>There are several different types of hot air balloons, all with different means of taking and sustaining flight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Montgolfier">Montgolfier</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_Hot_Air_Balloon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Virgin_Hot_Air_Balloon.jpg/180px-Virgin_Hot_Air_Balloon.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Virgin_Hot_Air_Balloon.jpg/270px-Virgin_Hot_Air_Balloon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Virgin_Hot_Air_Balloon.jpg/360px-Virgin_Hot_Air_Balloon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Balloon_Flights" title="Virgin Balloon Flights">Virgin hot air balloon</a> flying over <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Standard hot air balloons are known as <b>Montgolfier balloons</b> and rely solely on the buoyancy of hot air provided by the burner and contained by the envelope.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This style of balloon was developed by the <a href="/wiki/Montgolfier_brothers" title="Montgolfier brothers">Montgolfier brothers</a> and had its first public demonstration on 4 June 1783 with an unmanned flight lasting 10 minutes, followed later that year with manned flights.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gas">Gas</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1900_Olympic_Ballooning_-_Pelouse_p_252_of_Report_on_Exposition_Universelle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/1900_Olympic_Ballooning_-_Pelouse_p_252_of_Report_on_Exposition_Universelle.png/250px-1900_Olympic_Ballooning_-_Pelouse_p_252_of_Report_on_Exposition_Universelle.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/1900_Olympic_Ballooning_-_Pelouse_p_252_of_Report_on_Exposition_Universelle.png/375px-1900_Olympic_Ballooning_-_Pelouse_p_252_of_Report_on_Exposition_Universelle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/1900_Olympic_Ballooning_-_Pelouse_p_252_of_Report_on_Exposition_Universelle.png/500px-1900_Olympic_Ballooning_-_Pelouse_p_252_of_Report_on_Exposition_Universelle.png 2x" data-file-width="1645" data-file-height="1289" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1900_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1900 Olympics">1900 Olympics</a> ballooning event at Le Parc d'aerostation, Paris<sup id="cite_ref-report_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Instead of using regular air it is also possible to use lighter than air gasses such as Helium or Hydrogen to lift the balloon,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this means it is technically not a hot air balloon, though they did influence the design of hybrid balloons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hybrid">Hybrid</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breitling_Orbiter_3_aloft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Breitling_Orbiter_3_aloft.jpg/180px-Breitling_Orbiter_3_aloft.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Breitling_Orbiter_3_aloft.jpg/270px-Breitling_Orbiter_3_aloft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Breitling_Orbiter_3_aloft.jpg/360px-Breitling_Orbiter_3_aloft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>During 1999, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Piccard" title="Bertrand Piccard">Bertrand Piccard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Jones_(aeronaut)" title="Brian Jones (aeronaut)">Brian Jones</a> achieved the first non-stop balloon <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigation" title="Circumnavigation">circumnavigation</a> of the globe in <i><a href="/wiki/Breitling_Orbiter_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Breitling Orbiter 3">Breitling Orbiter 3</a></i>, a Rozière/Hybrid balloon.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_mundo_f%C3%ADsico,_1882_%22Primera_ascensi%C3%B3n_aerost%C3%A1tica_de_Pilatre_de_Roziers_y_de_Arlandes_el_21_de_noviembre_de_1783%22._(4031001655).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/El_mundo_f%C3%ADsico%2C_1882_%22Primera_ascensi%C3%B3n_aerost%C3%A1tica_de_Pilatre_de_Roziers_y_de_Arlandes_el_21_de_noviembre_de_1783%22._%284031001655%29.jpg/220px-El_mundo_f%C3%ADsico%2C_1882_%22Primera_ascensi%C3%B3n_aerost%C3%A1tica_de_Pilatre_de_Roziers_y_de_Arlandes_el_21_de_noviembre_de_1783%22._%284031001655%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/El_mundo_f%C3%ADsico%2C_1882_%22Primera_ascensi%C3%B3n_aerost%C3%A1tica_de_Pilatre_de_Roziers_y_de_Arlandes_el_21_de_noviembre_de_1783%22._%284031001655%29.jpg/330px-El_mundo_f%C3%ADsico%2C_1882_%22Primera_ascensi%C3%B3n_aerost%C3%A1tica_de_Pilatre_de_Roziers_y_de_Arlandes_el_21_de_noviembre_de_1783%22._%284031001655%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/El_mundo_f%C3%ADsico%2C_1882_%22Primera_ascensi%C3%B3n_aerost%C3%A1tica_de_Pilatre_de_Roziers_y_de_Arlandes_el_21_de_noviembre_de_1783%22._%284031001655%29.jpg/440px-El_mundo_f%C3%ADsico%2C_1882_%22Primera_ascensi%C3%B3n_aerost%C3%A1tica_de_Pilatre_de_Roziers_y_de_Arlandes_el_21_de_noviembre_de_1783%22._%284031001655%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1573" data-file-height="1695" /></a><figcaption>Early depiction of hybrid balloon</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1785 <a href="/wiki/Rozi%C3%A8re_balloon" title="Rozière balloon">Rozière balloon</a>, is the main type of <b>hybrid balloon</b>, named after its creator, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier. It has a separate cell for a lighter-than-air gas (typically <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>), as well as a cone below for hot air (as is used in a hot air balloon) to heat the helium at night. <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> gas was used in the very early stages of development but was quickly abandoned due to the danger of introducing an open flame near the gas, for example when Rozier attempted to cross the English Channel with his prototype, the fire used to heat the air ignited the Hydrogen and killed both him and his copilot thirty minutes after takeoff.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, all modern hybrid balloons now use helium as a <a href="/wiki/Lifting_gas" title="Lifting gas">lifting gas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Amsbaugh_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amsbaugh-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These balloons are commonly used for high performance records for hot air balloons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solar">Solar</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solarballon_Hot_18_Wikipedia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Solarballon_Hot_18_Wikipedia.jpg/220px-Solarballon_Hot_18_Wikipedia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Solarballon_Hot_18_Wikipedia.jpg/330px-Solarballon_Hot_18_Wikipedia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Solarballon_Hot_18_Wikipedia.jpg/440px-Solarballon_Hot_18_Wikipedia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>A four-meter-high solar balloon floating over a meadow</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Solar_balloon" title="Solar balloon">Solar balloons</a> are hot air balloons that use just <a href="/wiki/Solar_power#Solar_thermal" title="Solar power">solar energy</a> captured by an envelope. These envelopes are more specialized than for other hot air balloons, trying to maximize the amount of solar energy they collect. This can be accomplished by rotating the envelope during flight or by having the envelope colored black or another dark color.<sup id="cite_ref-Solar_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solar-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were pioneered in the 1970s in Europe by Tracy Barnes, Dominic Michaelis, and in the US by Frederick Espoo and Paul Woessher.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thermal_Airship">Thermal Airship</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heissluft-Luftschiff_Start_THWZ_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Heissluft-Luftschiff_Start_THWZ_08.jpg/220px-Heissluft-Luftschiff_Start_THWZ_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Heissluft-Luftschiff_Start_THWZ_08.jpg/330px-Heissluft-Luftschiff_Start_THWZ_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Heissluft-Luftschiff_Start_THWZ_08.jpg/440px-Heissluft-Luftschiff_Start_THWZ_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3566" data-file-height="2369" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Thermal_airship" title="Thermal airship">Thermal airship</a> being prepared for take-off during the "Warsteiner Internationale Montgolfiade" at <a href="/wiki/Warstein" title="Warstein">Warstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Thermal_airship" title="Thermal airship">Thermal airship</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Blimp" title="Blimp">blimp</a>, became a reality in the 1960s. Thermal airships were the first steerable air buoyant vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They utilized tail fins and a rudder and contained strictly hot air rather than a mix with hydrogen or helium.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Observation_Balloon">Observation Balloon</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Observation_balloon" title="Observation balloon">Observation balloons</a> were deployed as early as the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and used as reconnaissance towers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first military funded balloon in America was designed by <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_S._C._Lowe" title="Thaddeus S. C. Lowe">Thaddeus Lowe</a> on August 2, 1861, for the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His design utilized gas from municipal lines to inflate the balloon as he did not have access to a portable generator.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Observation_balloon" title="Observation balloon">Observation balloons</a> during this time were all made using multicolored-silk, wicker baskets, and were vertically oriented and tear shaped.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrogen, or <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">illumination gas</a> became the most used inflation fuel by the 20th Century, as it was lighter than air.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Observation_balloon" title="Observation balloon">Observation balloon</a> usage skyrocketed in Britain by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a> at the end of the 19th Century, deploying to Sudan in 1885 and to South Africa during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> from 1899 to 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steering">Steering</h3></div> <p>Due to the overall design of hot air balloons, controlled and precise steering of hot air balloons is not possible; it is possible for pilots to try to achieve basic directional control by changing altitude and catching different wind streams.<sup id="cite_ref-hotairflight_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hotairflight-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wind in the northern hemisphere tends to turn east due to <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis effect">coriolis effect</a> as the altitude increases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landing">Landing</h3></div> <p>The most effective way of landing a hot air balloon is to reduce the energy in the envelope, either by turning down the flame in Montgolfier and Hybrid balloons, or more directly by opening a flap in the envelope that will release the air/gas inside.<sup id="cite_ref-hotairflight_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hotairflight-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_equipment">Safety equipment</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hot_air_balloon" title="Special:EditPage/Hot air balloon">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To help ensure the safety of pilot and passengers, a hot air balloon may carry several pieces of safety equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basket_2">Basket</h3></div> <p>To relight the burner if the pilot light goes out and the optional piezo ignition fails, the pilot should have ready access to a means of backup ignition, such as a flint spark lighter. Many systems, especially those that carry passengers, have completely duplicate fuel and burner systems: two fuel tanks, connected to two separate hoses, which feed two distinct burners. This enables a safe landing in the case of a blockage somewhere in one system or if a system must be disabled because of a fuel leak. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">fire extinguisher</a> suitable for extinguishing propane fires is useful. Most balloons carry a 1 or 2 kg <a href="/wiki/Fire_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire classes">AB:E</a> type fire extinguisher.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A handling or drop line is mandatory safety equipment in many countries. This is a rope or webbing of 20–30 meters in length attached to the balloon basket with a quick-release connection at one end. In very calm winds the balloon pilot can throw the handling line from the balloon so that the ground crew can guide the balloon safely away from obstructions on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For commercial passenger balloons, a pilot restraint harness is mandatory in some countries. This consists of a hip belt and a webbing line that together allow for some movement while preventing the pilot from being ejected from the basket during a hard landing. </p><p>Further safety equipment may include a first-aid kit, a fire blanket and a strong rescue knife. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupants">Occupants</h3></div> <p>At a minimum, the pilot should wear leather or flame-retardant fiber (such as <a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">nomex</a>) gloves, so that they may shut off a gas valve in the case of a leak, even if there is a flame present; quick action in this regard can turn a potential catastrophe into a mere inconvenience. The pilot should additionally wear flame-resistant clothing covering their arms and legs; either natural fiber, such as <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, or engineered flame-retardant fiber, such as nomex, is acceptable in this capacity. Most engineered fibers (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a>, which is also safe to wear) are <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a>; many are also <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">hydrocarbons</a>. This makes such fabrics very much unsuitable to wear near high temperatures, since non-flame-retardant thermoplastics will melt onto the wearer, and most hydrocarbons, whether fibrous or not, are suitable to use as fuels. Natural fiber will singe rather than melt or burn readily, and flame-retardant fiber generally has a very high melting point and is intrinsically non-flammable. Many pilots also advise their passengers to wear similar protective clothing that covers their arms and legs, as well as strong shoes or boots that offer good ankle support. Finally, some balloon systems, especially those that hang the burner from the envelope instead of supporting it rigidly from the basket, require the use of helmets by the pilot and passengers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ground_crew">Ground crew</h3></div> <p>The ground crew should wear gloves whenever there is a possibility of handling ropes or lines. The mass and exposed surface to air movement of a medium-sized balloon is sufficient to cause rope friction burns to the hands of anyone trying to stop or prevent movement. The ground crew should also wear sturdy shoes and at least long pants in case of the need to access a landing or landed balloon in rough or overgrown terrain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maintenance_and_repair">Maintenance and repair</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balloonreflection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Balloonreflection.jpg/220px-Balloonreflection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Balloonreflection.jpg/330px-Balloonreflection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Balloonreflection.jpg/440px-Balloonreflection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Taken from the basket, the reflection of the balloon can be seen in the lake below. Obstacles in the landscape can inhibit smooth retrieval of the balloon upon landing.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015_Birds_In_Hand_Balloons_02_image_FRD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/2015_Birds_In_Hand_Balloons_02_image_FRD.jpg/220px-2015_Birds_In_Hand_Balloons_02_image_FRD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/2015_Birds_In_Hand_Balloons_02_image_FRD.jpg/330px-2015_Birds_In_Hand_Balloons_02_image_FRD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/2015_Birds_In_Hand_Balloons_02_image_FRD.jpg/440px-2015_Birds_In_Hand_Balloons_02_image_FRD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A commercial balloon ride approaching its landing site at <a href="/wiki/Bird-in-Hand,_Pennsylvania" title="Bird-in-Hand, Pennsylvania">Bird-in-Hand, Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As with aircraft, hot air balloons require regular maintenance to remain airworthy. As aircraft made of fabric and that lack direct horizontal control, hot air balloons may occasionally require repairs to rips or snags. While some operations, such as cleaning and drying, may be performed by the owner or pilot, other operations, such as sewing, must be performed by a qualified repair technician and recorded in the balloon's maintenance log book. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintenance">Maintenance</h3></div> <p>To ensure long life and safe operation, the envelope should be kept clean and dry. This prevents <a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">mold</a> and mildew from forming on the fabric and abrasion from occurring during packing, transport, and unpacking due to contact with foreign particles. In the event of a landing in a wet (because of precipitation or early morning or late evening dew) or muddy location (farmer's field), the envelope should be cleaned and laid out or hung to dry. </p><p>The burner and fuel system must also be kept clean to ensure safe operation on demand. Damaged fuel hoses need to be replaced. Stuck or leaky valves must be repaired or replaced. The wicker basket may require occasional refinishing or repair. The skids on its bottom may require occasional replacement. </p><p>Balloons in most parts of the world are maintained in accordance with a fixed manufacturer's maintenance schedule that includes regular (100 flight hours or 12 month) inspections, in addition to maintenance work to correct any damage. In Australia, balloons used for carrying commercial passengers must be inspected and maintained by approved workshops.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repair">Repair</h3></div> <p>In the case of a snag, burn, or rip in the envelope fabric, a patch may be applied or the affected panel completely replaced. Patches may be held in place with glue, tape, stitching, or a combination of these techniques. Replacing an entire panel requires the stitching around the old panel to be removed, and a new panel to be sewn in with the appropriate technique, thread, and stitch pattern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing">Licensing</h2></div> <p>Depending on the size of the balloon, location, and intended use, hot air balloons and their pilots need to comply with a variety of regulations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balloons">Balloons</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Setting_up_hot_air_balloon,_Poughkeepsie,_NY_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Setting_up_hot_air_balloon%2C_Poughkeepsie%2C_NY_2.JPG/220px-Setting_up_hot_air_balloon%2C_Poughkeepsie%2C_NY_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Setting_up_hot_air_balloon%2C_Poughkeepsie%2C_NY_2.JPG/330px-Setting_up_hot_air_balloon%2C_Poughkeepsie%2C_NY_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Setting_up_hot_air_balloon%2C_Poughkeepsie%2C_NY_2.JPG/440px-Setting_up_hot_air_balloon%2C_Poughkeepsie%2C_NY_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Top of balloon during inflation. <a href="/wiki/Crew" title="Crew">Crew</a> is securing parachute vent.</figcaption></figure> <p>As with other aircraft in the US, balloons must be registered (have an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_registration" title="Aircraft registration">N-number</a>), have an <a href="/wiki/Airworthiness" title="Airworthiness">airworthiness</a> certificate, and pass annual inspections. Balloons below a certain size (empty weight of less than 155 pounds or 70 kg including envelope, basket, burners and empty fuel tanks) can be used as an <a href="/wiki/Ultralight_aircraft_(United_States)" title="Ultralight aircraft (United States)">ultralight aircraft</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilots">Pilots</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Australia">In Australia</h4></div> <p>In Australia, private balloon pilots are managed by the Australian Ballooning Federation<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and typically become members of regional hot air ballooning clubs. Commercial operations carrying fare paying passengers or charging for promotional flights must operate under an Air Operators Certificate from the Australian Civil Aviation and Safety Authority (CASA) with a nominated Chief Pilot. Pilots must have different degrees of experience before they are allowed to progress to larger balloons. Hot air balloons must be registered aircraft with CASA and are subject to regular airworthiness checks by authorised personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_UK">In the UK</h4></div> <p>In the UK, the person in command must hold a valid Private Pilot's Licence issued by the Civil Aviation Authority specifically for ballooning; this is known as the PPL(B). There are two types of commercial balloon licences: CPL(B) Restricted and CPL(B) (Full). The CPL(B) Restricted is required if the pilot is undertaking work for a sponsor or being paid by an external agent to operate a balloon. The pilot can fly a sponsored balloon with everything paid for with a PPL unless asked to attend any event. Then a CPL(B) Restricted is required. The CPL(B) is required if the pilot is flying passengers for money. The balloon then needs a transport category C of A (certificate of air worthiness). If the pilot is only flying sponsor's guests and not charging money for flying other passengers, then the pilot is exempted from holding an AOC (air operator's certificate) though a copy of it is required.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="how can pilot have copy of license not held? (February 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For passenger flying the balloon also requires a maintenance log. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h4></div> <p>In the United States, a pilot of a hot air balloon must have a <a href="/wiki/Pilot_certification_in_the_United_States" title="Pilot certification in the United States">pilot certificate</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (FAA), carrying the rating of "Lighter-than-air free balloon", and unless the pilot is also qualified to fly gas balloons, will also carry this limitation: "Limited to hot-air balloons with airborne heater". A pilot does not need a license to fly an <a href="/wiki/Ultralight_aviation" title="Ultralight aviation">ultralight</a> aircraft, but training is highly advised, and some hot-air balloons meet the criteria. </p><p>To carry paying passengers for hire (and attend some <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot air balloon festival">balloon festivals</a>), a pilot must have a <a href="/wiki/Pilot_certification_in_the_United_States#Commercial" title="Pilot certification in the United States">commercial pilot certificate</a>. Commercial hot air balloon pilots may also act as hot air balloon <a href="/wiki/Flight_instructor" title="Flight instructor">flight instructors</a>. While most balloon pilots fly for the pure joy of floating through the air, many are able to make a living as a professional balloon pilot. Some professional pilots fly commercial passenger sightseeing flights, while others fly corporate advertising balloons.<sup id="cite_ref-Professional_Pilots_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Professional_Pilots-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accidents_and_incidents">Accidents and incidents</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_ballooning#Notable_accidents" title="History of ballooning">History of ballooning § Notable accidents</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_Alice_Springs_hot_air_balloon_crash" title="1989 Alice Springs hot air balloon crash">1989 Alice Springs hot air balloon crash</a>: On 13 August 1989, two hot air balloons collided at <a href="/wiki/Alice_Springs,_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice Springs, Northern Territory">Alice Springs, Northern Territory</a>, Australia, causing one to fall, killing all 13 people on board.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Somerset_hot_air_balloon_crash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 Somerset hot air balloon crash (page does not exist)">2011 Somerset hot air balloon crash</a>: On 1 January 2011, a hot air balloon attempting a high-altitude flight crashed at Pratten's Bowls Club in <a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Somerset" title="Westfield, Somerset">Westfield, Somerset</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, England, killing both people on board.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Carterton_hot_air_balloon_crash" title="2012 Carterton hot air balloon crash">2012 Carterton hot air balloon crash</a>: On 7 January 2012, a hot air balloon collided with a power line, caught fire and crashed at <a href="/wiki/Carterton,_North_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Carterton, North Island">Carterton, North Island</a>, New Zealand, killing all 11 people on board.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Ljubljana_Marshes_hot_air_balloon_crash" title="2012 Ljubljana Marshes hot air balloon crash">2012 Ljubljana Marshes hot air balloon crash</a>: On 23 August 2012, a storm blew a hot air balloon to the ground, causing it to catch fire on impact near <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, Slovenia. The crash killed 6 of the 32 people on board, and injured the other 26.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Luxor_hot_air_balloon_crash" title="2013 Luxor hot air balloon crash">2013 Luxor hot air balloon crash</a>: On 26 February 2013, a hot air balloon carrying foreign tourists ignited and crashed near the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>, Egypt, killing 19 of the 21 people on board, making it the deadliest balloon accident in history.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_Egypt_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Egypt-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Lockhart_hot_air_balloon_crash" title="2016 Lockhart hot air balloon crash">2016 Lockhart hot air balloon crash</a>: On 30 July 2016, a hot air balloon carrying 16 people caught fire and crashed near <a href="/wiki/Lockhart,_Texas" title="Lockhart, Texas">Lockhart, Texas</a>. There were no survivors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Albuquerque_hot_air_balloon_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Albuquerque hot air balloon crash">2021 Albuquerque hot air balloon crash</a>: On 26 June 2021, a hot air balloon carrying five people made contact with a power line and crashed in <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a>. All five people on board died as a result of the accident.</li> <li>On 14 January 2024, a hot air balloon crashed outside Eloy, Arizona,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> killing the three passengers and pilot. Eight skydivers had exited the balloon immediately prior to the incident.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Cameron_Balloon_designed_by_Seattle_Ballooning_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/2017_Cameron_Balloon_designed_by_Seattle_Ballooning_.jpg/220px-2017_Cameron_Balloon_designed_by_Seattle_Ballooning_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/2017_Cameron_Balloon_designed_by_Seattle_Ballooning_.jpg/330px-2017_Cameron_Balloon_designed_by_Seattle_Ballooning_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/2017_Cameron_Balloon_designed_by_Seattle_Ballooning_.jpg/440px-2017_Cameron_Balloon_designed_by_Seattle_Ballooning_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>New 2017 Cameron hot air balloon in flight</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest manufacturer of hot air balloons is <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Balloons" title="Cameron Balloons">Cameron Balloons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England, which also owns <a href="/wiki/Lindstrand_Balloons" title="Lindstrand Balloons">Lindstrand Balloons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oswestry" title="Oswestry">Oswestry</a>, England. Cameron Balloons, Lindstrand Balloons and another English balloon manufacturing company <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thunder_and_Colt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thunder and Colt (page does not exist)">Thunder and Colt</a> (since acquired by Cameron) have been innovators and developers of special shaped balloons. These hot-air balloons use the same principle of lift as conventional inverted teardrop-shaped balloons, but often sections of the special balloon envelope shape do not contribute to the balloon's ability to stay aloft. </p><p>The second largest manufacturer of hot air balloons is <a href="/wiki/Ultramagic" title="Ultramagic">Ultramagic</a> company, based in Spain, which produces from 80 to 120 balloons per year. Ultramagic can produce very large balloons, such as the N-500 that accommodates as many as 27 persons in the basket, and has also produced many balloons with special shapes, as well as cold-air inflatables. </p><p>One of the three largest companies in the world is <a href="/wiki/Kubicek_Balloons" title="Kubicek Balloons">Kubicek Balloons</a>. From its factory in <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a> the company ships its products worldwide. Produces from 100 to 115 balloons per year. Kubicek company also focus on special shape balloons, FAA/EASA type certified and are delivered with a Standard Airworthiness Certificate. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Balloon_guruballoon.com_407.758.7007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Guru_Balloon_guruballoon.com_407.758.7007.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>One of the last Aerostar International, Inc. RX8 balloons</figcaption></figure> <p>In the USA <a href="/wiki/Raven_Industries" title="Raven Industries">Aerostar International, Inc.</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">Sioux Falls, South Dakota</a> was North America's largest balloon manufacturer and a close second in world manufacturing before ceasing to build balloons in January 2007. The oldest U.S. certified manufacturer is now Adams Balloons out of Albuquerque, New Mexico. <a href="/wiki/Firefly_Balloons" title="Firefly Balloons">Firefly Balloons</a>, formerly The Balloon Works, is a manufacturer of hot air balloons in <a href="/wiki/Statesville,_North_Carolina" title="Statesville, North Carolina">Statesville, North Carolina</a>. Another manufacturer is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_Balloons,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Head Balloons, Inc. (page does not exist)">Head Balloons, Inc.</a> of <a href="/wiki/Helen,_Georgia" title="Helen, Georgia">Helen, Georgia</a>. </p><p>The major manufacturers in Canada are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sundance_Balloons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sundance Balloons (page does not exist)">Sundance Balloons</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_Sky_Promotions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fantasy Sky Promotions (page does not exist)">Fantasy Sky Promotions</a>. Other manufacturers include Kavanagh Balloons of Australia, Schroeder Fire Balloons of Germany, <a href="/wiki/Kubicek_Balloons" title="Kubicek Balloons">Kubicek Balloons</a> of the Czech Republic, and LLopis Balloons of France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_balloon" title="Barrage balloon">Barrage balloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blimp" title="Blimp">Blimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_ballooning" title="Cluster ballooning">Cluster ballooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage_balloon" class="mw-redirect" title="Espionage balloon">Espionage balloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_balloon" title="Gas balloon">Gas balloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_balloon" title="High-altitude balloon">High-altitude balloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_ballooning" title="History of military ballooning">History of military ballooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot air balloon festival">Hot air balloon festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_air_ballooning" title="Hot air ballooning">Hot air ballooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation_balloon" title="Observation balloon">Observation balloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_balloon" title="Research balloon">Research balloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyhook_balloon" title="Skyhook balloon">Skyhook balloon</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTom_D._Crouch2008" class="citation book cs1">Tom D. Crouch (2008). <i>Lighter Than Air</i>. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9127-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9127-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-9127-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lighter+Than+Air&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9127-4&rft.au=Tom+D.+Crouch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+air+balloon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-centennialofflight.gov-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-centennialofflight.gov_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-centennialofflight.gov_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602012700/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/Early_Balloon_Flight_in_Europe/LTA1.htm">"U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission: Early Balloon Flight in Europe"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/Early_Balloon_Flight_in_Europe/LTA1.htm">the original</a> on 2008-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Centennial+of+Flight+Commission%3A+Early+Balloon+Flight+in+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centennialofflight.gov%2Fessay%2FLighter_than_air%2FEarly_Balloon_Flight_in_Europe%2FLTA1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+air+balloon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng2005" class="citation book cs1">Deng, Yinke (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ssO_19TRQ9AC&q=Kongming+balloon&pg=PA112"><i>Ancient Chinese Inventions</i></a>. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7508508375" title="Special:BookSources/978-7508508375"><bdi>978-7508508375</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Chinese+Inventions&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=China+Intercontinental+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-7508508375&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Yinke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DssO_19TRQ9AC%26q%3DKongming%2Bballoon%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+air+balloon" class="Z3988"></span>, cited in Joel Serrão, <i>Dicionário de História de Portugal</i>, Vol III. Porto: Livraria Figueirinhas, 1981, 184–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Needham (1965). <i>Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering</i>; rpr. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo. "Cartas Consultas e Mais Obras de Alexandre de Gusmão" (páginas do manuscrito 201–209).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Gusmão" class="citation web cs1">De Gusmão, Bartolomeu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.pt/706">"Reproduction fac-similé d'un dessin à la plume de sa description et de la pétition adressée au Jean V. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-06</span></span>. <q>2 Needle Double Lap Seaming Also called Felled Seam</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Machine+Style+56500&rft.pub=Arch+Sewing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archsewing.com%2Fnewmachines%2FUS_56900.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+air+balloon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_NachbarPaul_Stumpf2008" class="citation web cs1">Daniel Nachbar; Paul Stumpf (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xlta.org/plans/basics.html">"Construction basics"</a>. XLTA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-06</span></span>. <q>all of the seams are the "French fell" type</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Construction+basics&rft.pub=XLTA&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Daniel+Nachbar&rft.au=Paul+Stumpf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xlta.org%2Fplans%2Fbasics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+air+balloon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-madehow-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-madehow_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-madehow_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnette_Petrusso" class="citation web cs1">Annette Petrusso. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Hot-Air-Balloon.html">"How Things Are Made: Hot Air Balloon, The Manufacturing Process"</a>. Advameg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-06</span></span>. <q>The double lap seam features two rows of parallel stitching along the folded over fabric seam. A few manufactures use a flat seam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Things+Are+Made%3A+Hot+Air+Balloon%2C+The+Manufacturing+Process&rft.pub=Advameg&rft.au=Annette+Petrusso&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madehow.com%2FVolume-3%2FHot-Air-Balloon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+air+balloon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Radowski2010" class="citation web cs1">Jon Radowski (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apexballoons.com/tips/">"How To Sew A Hot Air Balloon!"</a>. Apex Balloons<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-06</span></span>. <q>perfect French Fell hot air balloon seam</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+To+Sew+A+Hot+Air+Balloon%21&rft.pub=Apex+Balloons&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Jon+Radowski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apexballoons.com%2Ftips%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+air+balloon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cameron-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cameronballoons.com/tanks.html">"Cameron Balloons Fuel Tanks"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cameron+Balloons+Fuel+Tanks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cameronballoons.com%2Ftanks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+air+balloon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MidAtlantic-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MidAtlantic_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hotairrepair.com/recoating/">"Mid-Atlantic Balloon Repair: Balloon Envelope Fabric Recoating"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mid-Atlantic+Balloon+Repair%3A+Balloon+Envelope+Fabric+Recoating&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hotairrepair.com%2Frecoating%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+air+balloon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LindstrandUK-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LindstrandUK_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LindstrandUK_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090701145406/http://www.lindstrand.co.uk/">"Lindstrand Hot Air Balloons: Cloudhopper"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lindstrand.co.uk">the original</a> on 2009-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lindstrand+Hot+Air+Balloons%3A+Cloudhopper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lindstrand.co.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+air+balloon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818154726/http://www.avianballoon.com/envelope.html">"Avian Balloon Corporation: The Avian Envelope"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avianballoon.com/envelope.html">the original</a> on 2016-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avian+Balloon+Corporation%3A+The+Avian+Envelope&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avianballoon.com%2Fenvelope.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+air+balloon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ballooninghistory.com/barnes/">"The early years of sport ballooning"</a>. David M. Wesner<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+early+years+of+sport+ballooning&rft.pub=David+M.+Wesner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ballooninghistory.com%2Fbarnes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+air+balloon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myairship.com/building/design.html">"Airship and Blimp Resources: Balloon Envelope Design"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balloonlife.com/2005/Aug-Sep05/racers.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+the+Skinny+on+Racing+Balloons%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balloonlife.com%2F2005%2FAug-Sep05%2Fracers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+air+balloon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101113211335/http://www.uppner.se/Om-Upp-och-Ner.aspx">"Ballongflyg Upp & Ner"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uppner.se/Om-Upp-och-Ner.aspx">the original</a> on 2010-11-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ballongflyg+Upp+%26+Ner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuppner.se%2FOm-Upp-och-Ner.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+air+balloon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eballoon.org/balloon/basket.html">"The Basket"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Basket&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eballoon.org%2Fballoon%2Fbasket.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+air+balloon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeramecourt2002" class="citation web cs1">Deramecourt, Arnaud (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aerostation.free.fr/mfr/en/mfr_3.shtml#experiment03">"Experimental Buildings: Collapsible Basket"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Experimental+Buildings%3A+Collapsible+Basket&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Deramecourt&rft.aufirst=Arnaud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faerostation.free.fr%2Fmfr%2Fen%2Fmfr_3.shtml%23experiment03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+air+balloon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181822/http://www.balloonlife.com/publications/balloon_life/9703/perint.htm">"Virgin Global Challenger: An Interview with Per Lindstrand"</a>. Balloon Life. 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balloonlife.com/publications/balloon_life/9703/perint.htm">the original</a> on 2015-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balloonlife.com/publications/balloon_life/9612/nitrogen.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nitrogen+vs.+Heat+Tapes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balloonlife.com%2Fpublications%2Fballoon_life%2F9612%2Fnitrogen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+air+balloon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lindstrand-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lindstrand_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321023058/http://www.lindstrand.com/instruments.php">"Flytec 3040 Digital Wireless Instrument Package"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lindstrand.com/instruments.php">the original</a> on 2012-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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crash">Ljubljana, Slovenia</a> (August 2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Luxor_hot_air_balloon_crash" title="2013 Luxor hot air balloon crash">Luxor, Egypt</a> (February 2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_Lockhart_hot_air_balloon_crash" title="2016 Lockhart hot air balloon crash">Lockhart, United States</a> (July 2016)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ballooning_accidents" title="List of ballooning accidents">List of ballooning accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_air_ballooning_in_Luxor" title="Hot air ballooning in Luxor">Hot air ballooning in Luxor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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