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<span>Reception and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Selected bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selected bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translations_credited_to_Garnett" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations_credited_to_Garnett"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Translations credited to Garnett</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations_credited_to_Garnett-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anton_Chekhov_(was_originally_transliterated_as_"Anton_Tchehov")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anton_Chekhov_(was_originally_transliterated_as_"Anton_Tchehov")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Anton Chekhov (was originally transliterated as "Anton Tchehov")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anton_Chekhov_(was_originally_transliterated_as_"Anton_Tchehov")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fyodor_Dostoyevsky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Fyodor Dostoyevsky</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fyodor_Dostoyevsky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nikolai_Gogol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nikolai_Gogol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Nikolai Gogol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nikolai_Gogol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ivan_Goncharov" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ivan_Goncharov"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Ivan Goncharov</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ivan_Goncharov-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexander_Herzen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexander_Herzen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Alexander Herzen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexander_Herzen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexander_Ostrovsky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexander_Ostrovsky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Alexander Ostrovsky</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexander_Ostrovsky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leo_Tolstoy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leo_Tolstoy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.7</span> <span>Leo Tolstoy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leo_Tolstoy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ivan_Turgenev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ivan_Turgenev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.8</span> <span>Ivan Turgenev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ivan_Turgenev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Garnett" title="Constance Garnett – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Constance Garnett" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Garnett" title="Constance Garnett – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Constance Garnett" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Garnett" title="Constance Garnett – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constance Garnett" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="کنستانس گارنت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنستانس گارنت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Garnett" title="Constance Garnett – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constance Garnett" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Garnett" title="Constance Garnett – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Constance Garnett" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="كونستانس جارنيت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كونستانس جارنيت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="コンスタンス・ガーネット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンスタンス・ガーネット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Garnett" title="Constance Garnett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Constance Garnett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Garnett" title="Constance Garnett – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Constance Garnett" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82,_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Гарнетт, Констанс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гарнетт, Констанс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English translator of Russian literature (1861–1946)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Constance Garnett</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Constance_Garnett_with_her_son,_mid-1890s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Constance Garnett with her son David in the mid-1890s"><img alt="Constance Garnett with her son David in the mid-1890s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Constance_Garnett_with_her_son%2C_mid-1890s.jpg/220px-Constance_Garnett_with_her_son%2C_mid-1890s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Constance_Garnett_with_her_son%2C_mid-1890s.jpg/330px-Constance_Garnett_with_her_son%2C_mid-1890s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Constance_Garnett_with_her_son%2C_mid-1890s.jpg/440px-Constance_Garnett_with_her_son%2C_mid-1890s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2248" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Constance Garnett with her son <a href="/wiki/David_Garnett" title="David Garnett">David</a> in the mid-1890s</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Constance Clara Black<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1861-12-19</span>)</span>19 December 1861<br /><a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">17 December 1946<span style="display:none">(1946-12-17)</span> (aged 84)<br />The Cearne, <a href="/wiki/Crockham_Hill" title="Crockham Hill">Crockham Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Translator</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton and Hove High School">Brighton and Hove High School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge" title="Newnham College, Cambridge">Newnham College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Garnett" title="Edward Garnett">Edward Garnett</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/David_Garnett" title="David Garnett">David Garnett</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Constance Clara Garnett</b> (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> <b>Black</b></span>; 19 December 1861 – 17 December 1946) was an English translator of <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#Golden_Age" title="Russian literature">nineteenth-century Russian literature</a>. She was the first English translator to render numerous volumes of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a>'s work into English and the first to translate almost all of <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a>'s fiction into English. She also rendered works by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev" title="Ivan Turgenev">Ivan Turgenev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goncharov" title="Ivan Goncharov">Ivan Goncharov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ostrovsky" title="Alexander Ostrovsky">Alexander Ostrovsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a> into English. Altogether, she translated 71 volumes of Russian literature, many of which are still in print today. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Garnett&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Garnett was born in <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, England, the sixth of the eight children of the solicitor David Black (1817–1892), afterwards town clerk and coroner, and his wife, Clara Maria Patten (1825–1875), daughter of painter <a href="/wiki/George_Patten" title="George Patten">George Patten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her brother was the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Black_(mathematician)" title="Arthur Black (mathematician)">Arthur Black</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and her sister was the labour organiser and novelist <a href="/wiki/Clementina_Black" title="Clementina Black">Clementina Black</a>. Her father became paralysed in 1873, and two years later her mother died from a heart attack after lifting him from his chair to his bed.<sup id="cite_ref-Remnick_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remnick-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She was initially educated at <a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton and Hove High School">Brighton and Hove High School</a>. Afterwards she studied <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> at <a href="/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge" title="Newnham College, Cambridge">Newnham College, Cambridge</a>, on a government scholarship. In 1883 she moved to London, where she started work as a governess, and then as the librarian at the People's Palace Library. Through her sister, Clementina, she met Dr. Richard Garnett, then the Keeper of Printed Materials at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, and his son <a href="/wiki/Edward_Garnett" title="Edward Garnett">Edward Garnett</a>, whom she married in Brighton on 31 August 1889. Edward, after working as a publisher's reader for T. Fisher Unwin, William Heinemann, and Duckworth, went on to become a reader for the publisher <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a>. In the summer of 1891, then pregnant with her only child, she was introduced by Edward to the Russian exile <a href="/wiki/Feliks_Volkhovsky" title="Feliks Volkhovsky">Feliks Volkhovsky</a>, who began teaching her Russian. He also introduced her to his fellow exile and colleague <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Stepnyak-Kravchinsky" title="Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky">Sergius Stepniak</a> and his wife Fanny. Soon after, Garnett began working with Stepniak, translating Russian works for publication; her first published translations were <i><a href="/wiki/A_Common_Story" class="mw-redirect" title="A Common Story">A Common Story</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goncharov" title="Ivan Goncharov">Ivan Goncharov</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_is_Within_You" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kingdom of God is Within You">The Kingdom of God is Within You</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>. The latter was published while she was making her first trip to Russia in early 1894. After visits to Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, she travelled to <a href="/wiki/Yasnaya_Polyana" title="Yasnaya Polyana">Yasnaya Polyana</a> where she met Tolstoy; although the latter expressed interest in having her translate more of his religious works, she had already begun working on the novels of Turgenev and continued with that on her return home. Initially she worked with Stepniak on her translations; after his untimely death in 1895, Stepniak's wife Fanny worked with her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeilbrun1961_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeilbrun1961-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1906, her favourite <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a> was a young Russian woman, <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Duddington" title="Natalie Duddington">Natalie Duddington</a> whom she had met in Russia and in whom she found "real intellectual companionship".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarnett1991251_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarnett1991251-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the next four decades, Garnett produced English-language versions of dozens of volumes by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goncharov" title="Ivan Goncharov">Goncharov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Dostoyevsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev" title="Ivan Turgenev">Turgenev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ostrovsky" title="Alexander Ostrovsky">Ostrovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Herzen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a>. </p><p>Her son and only child, <a href="/wiki/David_Garnett" title="David Garnett">David Garnett</a>, trained as a biologist and later wrote novels, including the popular <a href="/wiki/Lady_into_Fox" title="Lady into Fox"><i>Lady into Fox</i> (1922)</a>. </p><p>By the late 1920s, Garnett was frail and half-blind. She retired from translating after the publication in 1934 of <i>Three Plays</i> by Turgenev. After her husband's death in 1937, she became reclusive. She developed a heart condition, with attendant breathlessness, and in her last years had to walk with crutches. She died at The Cearne, <a href="/wiki/Crockham_Hill" title="Crockham Hill">Crockham Hill</a>, Kent, at the age of 84. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_legacy">Reception and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Garnett&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reception and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constance Garnett translated 71 volumes of Russian literary works, and her translations received acclaim from numerous critics and authors, including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> admired her translations of <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a> and once told a friend that he was unable to read through <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a></i> "until I got the Constance Garnett translation."<sup id="cite_ref-Remnick_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remnick-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite some complaints about being outdated, her translations are still being reprinted today (most are now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>). </p><p>However, Garnett also has had critics, notably Russian authors <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a>. Nabokov said that Garnett's translations were "dry and flat, and always unbearably demure." Commenting on a letter of Joseph Conrad to Edward Garnett, in which Conrad had written that "[Constance's] translation of Karenina is splendid. Of the thing itself [i.e. Anna Karenina] I think but little, so that her merit shines with the greater luster", Nabokov wrote "I shall never forgive Conrad this crack. Actually the Garnett translation is very poor".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Nabokov's criticism of Garnett, however, should be viewed in light of his publicly stated ideal that the translator must be male.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Brodsky criticised Garnett for blurring the distinctive authorial voices of different Russian authors: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The reason English-speaking readers can barely tell the difference between Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky is that they aren't reading the prose of either one. They're reading Constance Garnett.<sup id="cite_ref-Remnick_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remnick-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hingley" title="Ronald Hingley">Ronald Hingley</a> criticized Garnett's translations of colloquial speech in Chekhov's stories, stating "These are not very convincing samples of country speech ... or of a Russian village in the 1890s."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace" title="David Foster Wallace">David Foster Wallace</a> criticized Garnett's translations as 'excruciatingly Victorianish'.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her translations, she worked quickly, and smoothed over certain small portions for "readability", particularly in her translations of Dostoyevsky.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay199432-33_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay199432-33-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her translations of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev" title="Ivan Turgenev">Ivan Turgenev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a> were well regarded by <a href="/wiki/Rachel_May" title="Rachel May">Rachel May</a> in her study on translating Russian classics, <i>The Translator in the Text: On Reading Russian Literature in English</i>. However, May's study also critiqued Garnett for her tendency of "stylistic homogenizing" that "eras[ed] those idiosyncrasies of narrative voice and dialogue that different authors possessed"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay199439_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay199439-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for making prudish word choices that "tamed [the Russian classics] further."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay199438_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay199438-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> May also analyzed how for decades, Garnett's translations were unquestioningly acclaimed by critics because "she suited the needs of her time so well, that no one knew what questions to ask."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay199436-41_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay199436-41-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kornei_Chukovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Kornei Chukovsky">Kornei Chukovsky</a> respected Garnett for introducing millions of English readers to Russian literature, and praised her translations of Turgenev, stating that they "fully correspond to the originals in tonality,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChukovsky1984221-222_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChukovsky1984221-222-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but condemned her other translations, writing that she had reduced Dostoevsky's style into "a safe blandscript: not a volcano, but a smooth lawn mowed in the English manner—which is to say a complete distortion of the original"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChukovsky1984221_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChukovsky1984221-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the same criticisms applied to her translation of Tolstoy's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Ivan_Ilyich" title="The Death of Ivan Ilyich">The Death of Ivan Ilyich</a></i>. He concluded that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[H]er translations of the works of Gogol, Dostoyevsky, and Chekhov have to be done over. All of her translations seem insipid, pale, and—worst of all—trivial... [H]er translations would have been considerably better if they had been submitted at the time to the intense scrutiny of critics... But there was no criticism"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChukovsky1984222_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChukovsky1984222-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1994 <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rayfield" title="Donald Rayfield">Donald Rayfield</a> compared Garnett's translations with the most recent scholarly versions of Chekhov's stories and concluded: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>While she makes elementary blunders, her care in unravelling difficult syntactical knots and her research on the right terms for Chekhov's many plants, birds and fish are impressive... Her English is not only nearly contemporaneous to Chekhov's, it is often comparable.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Later translators such as <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Edmonds" title="Rosemary Edmonds">Rosemary Edmonds</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Magarshack" title="David Magarshack">David Magarshack</a> continued to use Garnett's translations as models for their own work.<sup id="cite_ref-Figes_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Figes-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For his <a href="/wiki/Norton_Critical_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Norton Critical Edition">Norton Critical Edition</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov" title="The Brothers Karamazov">The Brothers Karamazov</a></i>, Ralph Matlaw based his revised version on her translation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the basis for the influential <i>A Karamazov Companion</i> by Victor Terras.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matlaw published an earlier revision of Garnett's translation of the Grand Inquisitor chapter in a volume paired with <i><a href="/wiki/Notes_from_Underground" title="Notes from Underground">Notes from Underground</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Garnett&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations_credited_to_Garnett">Translations credited to Garnett</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Garnett&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Translations credited to Garnett"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This literature-related list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constance_Garnett&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anton_Chekhov_(was_originally_transliterated_as_"Anton_Tchehov")"><span id="Anton_Chekhov_.28was_originally_transliterated_as_.22Anton_Tchehov.22.29"></span><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a> (was originally transliterated as "Anton Tchehov")</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Garnett&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anton Chekhov (was originally transliterated as "Anton Tchehov")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Darling and Other Stories</i> London: Chatto & Windus (1916) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Darling_(short_story)" title="The Darling (short story)">The Darling</a></i></li> <li>Critique of <i>The Darling</i> by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(short_story)" title="Ariadne (short story)">Ariadne</a></i></li> <li><i>Polinka</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anyuta_(short_story)" title="Anyuta (short story)">Anyuta</a></i></li> <li><i>The Two Volodyas</i></li> <li><i>The Trousseau</i></li> <li><i>The Helpmate</i></li> <li><i>Talent</i></li> <li><i>An Artist's Story</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Years" title="Three Years">Three Years</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i>The Duel and Other Stories</i> London: Chatto & Windus (1916) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Duel_(Chekhov_story)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Duel (Chekhov story)">The Duel</a></i></li> <li><i>Excellent People</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mire_(short_story)" title="Mire (short story)">Mire</a></i></li> <li><i>Neighbours</i></li> <li><i>At Home</i></li> <li><i>Expensive Lessons</i></li> <li><i>The Princess</i></li> <li><i>The Chemist's Wife</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>The Lady with the Dog and Other Stories</i> London: Chatto & Windus (1917) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_with_the_Dog" title="The Lady with the Dog">The Lady with the Dog</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Doctor%27s_Visit" title="A Doctor's Visit">A Doctor's Visit</a></i></li> <li><i>An Upheaval</i></li> <li><i>Ionitch</i></li> <li><i>The Head of the Family</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Monk" title="The Black Monk">The Black Monk</a></i></li> <li><i>Volodya</i></li> <li><i>An Anonymous Story</i></li> <li><i>The Husband</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>The Party and Other Stories</i> London: Chatto & Windus (1917) <ul><li><i>The Party</i></li> <li><i>Terror</i></li> <li><i>A Woman's Kingdom</i></li> <li><i>A Problem</i></li> <li><i>The Kiss</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anna_on_the_Neck" title="Anna on the Neck">Anna on the Neck</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Teacher_of_Literature" title="The Teacher of Literature">The Teacher of Literature</a></i></li> <li><i>Not Wanted</i></li> <li><i>Typhus</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Misfortune" title="A Misfortune">A Misfortune</a></i></li> <li><i>A Trifle from Life</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>The Wife and Other Stories</i> London: Chatto & Windus (1918) <ul><li><i>The Wife</i></li> <li><i>Difficult People</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Grasshopper_(short_story)" title="The Grasshopper (short story)">The Grasshopper</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dreary_Story" title="A Dreary Story">A Dreary Story</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Privy_Councillor" title="The Privy Councillor">The Privy Councillor</a></i></li> <li><i>The Man in a Case</i></li> <li><i>Gooseberries</i></li> <li><i>About Love</i></li> <li><i>The Lottery Ticket</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>The Witch and Other Stories</i> London: Chatto & Windus (1918) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Witch_(short_story)" title="The Witch (short story)">The Witch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peasant_Wives" title="Peasant Wives">Peasant Wives</a></i></li> <li><i>The Post</i></li> <li><i>The New Villa</i></li> <li><i>Dreams</i></li> <li><i>The Pipe</i></li> <li><i>Agafya</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/At_Christmas_Time" title="At Christmas Time">At Christmas Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gusev_(short_story)" title="Gusev (short story)">Gusev</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Student_(short_story)" title="The Student (short story)">The Student</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Ravine" title="In the Ravine">In the Ravine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Huntsman_(short_story)" title="The Huntsman (short story)">The Huntsman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Happiness_(short_story)" title="Happiness (short story)">Happiness</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Malefactor" title="A Malefactor">A Malefactor</a></i></li> <li><i>Peasants</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>The Bishop and Other Stories</i> London: Chatto & Windus (1919) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bishop_(short_story)" title="The Bishop (short story)">The Bishop</a></i></li> <li><i>The Letter</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Easter_Eve_(short_story)" title="Easter Eve (short story)">Easter Eve</a></i></li> <li><i>A Nightmare</i></li> <li><i>The Murder</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Steppe_(novella)" title="The Steppe (novella)">The Steppe</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i>The Chorus Girl and Other Stories</i> London: Chatto & Windus (1920) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chorus_Girl" title="The Chorus Girl">The Chorus Girl</a></i></li> <li><i>Verotchka</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(novella)" title="My Life (novella)">My Life</a></i></li> <li><i>At a Country House</i></li> <li><i>A Father</i></li> <li><i>On the Road</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rothschild%27s_Fiddle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothschild's Fiddle">Rothschild's Fiddle</a></i></li> <li><i>Ivan Matveyitch</i></li> <li><i>Zinotchka</i></li> <li><i>Bad Weather</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Gentleman_Friend" title="A Gentleman Friend">A Gentleman Friend</a></i></li> <li><i>A Trivial Incident</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>Letters of Anton Tchehov to his Family and Friends</i> London: Chatto & Windus (1920)</li> <li><i>The Cherry Orchard and Other Plays</i> London: Chatto & Windus (1923) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cherry_Orchard" title="The Cherry Orchard">The Cherry Orchard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Vanya" title="Uncle Vanya">Uncle Vanya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seagull" title="The Seagull">The Sea-Gull</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bear_(play)" title="The Bear (play)">The Bear</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Marriage_Proposal" title="A Marriage Proposal">The Proposal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i>Three Sisters and Other Plays</i> London: Chatto & Windus (1923) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(play)" title="Three Sisters (play)">Three Sisters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ivanov_(play)" title="Ivanov (play)">Ivanov</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swansong_(play)" title="Swansong (play)">A Swan-Song</a></i></li> <li><i>An Unwilling Martyr</i></li> <li><i>The Anniversary</i></li> <li><i>On the High Road</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_(Chekhov_play)" title="The Wedding (Chekhov play)">The Wedding</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fyodor_Dostoyevsky"><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Garnett&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fyodor Dostoyevsky"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov" title="The Brothers Karamazov">The Brothers Karamazov</a></i> London: Heinemann (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Idiot" title="The Idiot">The Idiot</a></i> London: Heinemann (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demons_(Dostoyevsky_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demons (Dostoyevsky novel)">The Possessed</a></i> London: Heinemann (1913; revised to incorporate "Stavrogin's Confession" [the censored chapter "At Tikhon's"], 1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment" title="Crime and Punishment">Crime and Punishment</a></i> London: Heinemann (1914)</li> <li><i>The Gambler and Other Stories</i> London: Heinemann (1914) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gambler_(novel)" title="The Gambler (novel)">The Gambler</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poor_Folk" title="Poor Folk">Poor People</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Landlady_(novella)" title="The Landlady (novella)">The Landlady</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead_(novel)" title="The House of the Dead (novel)">The House of the Dead</a></i> London: Heinemann (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humiliated_and_Insulted" title="Humiliated and Insulted">The Insulted and Injured</a></i> London: Heinemann (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Raw_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Raw Youth">A Raw Youth</a></i> London: Heinemann (1916)</li> <li><i>The Eternal Husband and Other Stories</i> London: Heinemann (1917) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eternal_Husband" title="The Eternal Husband">The Eternal Husband</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Double_(Dostoevsky_novel)" title="The Double (Dostoevsky novel)">The Double</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Gentle_Creature" title="A Gentle Creature">A Gentle Spirit</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i>White Nights and Other Stories</i> London: Heinemann (1918) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Nights_(short_story)" title="White Nights (short story)">White Nights</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_from_Underground" title="Notes from Underground">Notes from Underground</a></i></li> <li><i>A Faint Heart</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Tree_and_a_Wedding" title="A Christmas Tree and a Wedding">A Christmas Tree and a Wedding</a></i></li> <li><i>Polzunkov</i></li> <li><i>A Little Hero</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Prokharchin" title="Mr. Prokharchin">Mr. Prohartchin</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i>An Honest Thief and Other Stories</i> London: Heinemann (1919) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Honest_Thief" title="An Honest Thief">An Honest Thief</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle%27s_Dream" title="Uncle's Dream">Uncle's Dream</a></i></li> <li><i>A Novel in Nine Letters</i></li> <li><i>An Unpleasant Predicament</i></li> <li><i>Another Man's Wife</i></li> <li><i>The Heavenly Christmas Tree</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peasant_Marey" title="The Peasant Marey">The Peasant Marey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crocodile_(short_story)" title="The Crocodile (short story)">The Crocodile</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bobok" title="Bobok">Bobok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_a_Ridiculous_Man" title="The Dream of a Ridiculous Man">The Dream of a Ridiculous Man</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i>The Friend of the Family; or, Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants and Another Story</i> London: Heinemann (1920) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_of_Stepanchikovo" title="The Village of Stepanchikovo">The Friend of the Family</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Netochka_Nezvanova_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Netochka Nezvanova (novel)">Nyetochka Nyezvanov</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nikolai_Gogol"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Garnett&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nikolai Gogol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Souls" title="Dead Souls">Dead Souls</a></i> London: Chatto & Windus (1922)</li> <li><i>The Overcoat and Other Stories</i> London: Chatto & Windus (1923) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Overcoat" title="The Overcoat">The Overcoat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Carriage" title="The Carriage">The Carriage</a></i></li> <li><i>The Nevsky Prospect</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Madman_(Nikolai_Gogol)" title="Diary of a Madman (Nikolai Gogol)">A Madman's Diary</a></i></li> <li><i>The Prisoner</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nose_(Gogol_short_story)" title="The Nose (Gogol short story)">The Nose</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Portrait_(short_story)" title="The Portrait (short story)">The Portrait</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evenings_on_a_Farm_Near_Dikanka" title="Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka">Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka</a></i> London: Chatto & Windus (1926)</li> <li><i>The Government Inspector and Other Plays</i> London: Chatto & Windus (1926) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Government_Inspector" title="The Government Inspector">The Government Inspector</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_(play)" title="Marriage (play)">Marriage</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gamblers_(Gogol)" title="The Gamblers (Gogol)">The Gamblers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Order_of_Vladimir,_Third_Class" title="The Order of Vladimir, Third Class">An Official's Morning</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Order_of_Vladimir,_Third_Class" title="The Order of Vladimir, Third Class">A Lawsuit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Order_of_Vladimir,_Third_Class" title="The Order of Vladimir, Third Class">The Servant's Hall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Order_of_Vladimir,_Third_Class" title="The Order of Vladimir, Third Class">A Fragment</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirgorod_(short_story_collection)" title="Mirgorod (short story collection)">Mirgorod</a></i> London: Chatto & Windus (1928)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ivan_Goncharov"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goncharov" title="Ivan Goncharov">Ivan Goncharov</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Garnett&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ivan Goncharov"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Common_Story" class="mw-redirect" title="A Common Story">A Common Story</a></i> London: Heinemann (1894)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alexander_Herzen"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Garnett&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alexander Herzen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Past_and_Thoughts" title="My Past and Thoughts">My Past and Thoughts: The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen</a></i> London: Chatto & Windus (published in six volumes; 1924–1927)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alexander_Ostrovsky"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ostrovsky" title="Alexander Ostrovsky">Alexander Ostrovsky</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Garnett&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alexander Ostrovsky"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Storm_(Ostrovsky)" title="The Storm (Ostrovsky)">The Storm</a></i> London: Duckworth (1899)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leo_Tolstoy"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Garnett&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Leo Tolstoy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></i> London: Heinemann (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i>The Death of Ivan Ilyitch and Other Stories</i> (1902) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Ivan_Ilyich" title="The Death of Ivan Ilyich">The Death of Ivan Ilyitch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Happiness" title="Family Happiness">Family Happiness</a></i></li> <li><i>Polikushka</i></li> <li><i>Two Hussars</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Snowstorm" title="The Snowstorm">The Snowstorm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Deaths" title="Three Deaths">Three Deaths</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a></i> London: Heinemann (1904)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ivan_Turgenev"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev" title="Ivan Turgenev">Ivan Turgenev</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Garnett&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ivan Turgenev"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Home_of_the_Gentry" title="Home of the Gentry">A Nest of Gentlefolk</a></i> London: Heinemann (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rudin" title="Rudin">Rudin</a></i> London: Heinemann (1894)</li> <li><i>The Diary of a Superfluous Man and Other Stories</i> London: Heinemann (1894) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Diary_of_a_Superfluous_Man" title="The Diary of a Superfluous Man">The Diary of a Superfluous Man</a></i></li> <li><i>A Tour in the Forest</i></li> <li><i>Yakov Pasinkov</i></li> <li><i>Andrei Kolosov</i></li> <li><i>A Correspondence</i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sportsman%27s_Sketches" title="A Sportsman's Sketches">A Sportsman's Sketches</a></i> London: Heinemann (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fathers_and_Sons_(novel)" title="Fathers and Sons (novel)">Fathers and Children</a></i> London: Heinemann (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Eve" title="On the Eve">On the Eve</a></i> London: Heinemann (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smoke_(Turgenev_novel)" title="Smoke (Turgenev novel)">Smoke</a></i> London: Heinemann (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Soil" title="Virgin Soil">Virgin Soil</a></i> London: Heinemann (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torrents_of_Spring" title="Torrents of Spring">Torrents of Spring</a></i> London: Heinemann (1897)</li> <li><i>A Desperate Character and Other Stories</i> London: Heinemann (1899) <ul><li><i>A Desperate Character</i></li> <li><i>A Strange Story</i></li> <li><i>Punin and Baburin</i></li> <li><i>Old Portraits</i></li> <li><i>The Brigadier</i></li> <li><i>Pyetushkov</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>The Jew and Other Stories</i> London: Heinemann (1899) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jew_(Turgenev)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jew (Turgenev)">The Jew</a></i></li> <li><i>An Unhappy Girl</i></li> <li><i>The Duellist</i></li> <li><i>Three Portraits</i></li> <li><i>Enough</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>Three Plays</i> London: Cassell & Company (1934) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Month_in_the_Country_(play)" title="A Month in the Country (play)">A Month in the Country</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Provincial_Lady" title="A Provincial Lady">A Provincial Lady</a></i></li> <li><i>A Poor Gentleman</i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Garnett&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunnigan" title="Ann Dunnigan">Ann Dunnigan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Garnett&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorales" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Morales, Patricia. "Patten, George". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F21570">10.1093/ref:odnb/21570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patten%2C+George&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F21570&rft.aulast=Morales&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstance+Garnett" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511045930/http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=1588&inst_id=13">"AIM25 entry on Arthur Black"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=1588&inst_id=13">the original</a> on 11 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AIM25+entry+on+Arthur+Black.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aim25.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch2%3Fcoll_id%3D1588%26inst_id%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstance+Garnett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Remnick-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Remnick_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remnick_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remnick_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRemnick,_David2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Remnick, David (7 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/11/07/051107fa_fact_remnick?currentPage=all">"The Translation Wars"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Translation+Wars&rft.date=2005-11-07&rft.au=Remnick%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F2005%2F11%2F07%2F051107fa_fact_remnick%3FcurrentPage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstance+Garnett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeilbrun1961-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeilbrun1961_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeilbrun1961">Heilbrun 1961</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarnett1991251-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarnett1991251_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarnett1991">Garnett 1991</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nabokov, Vladimir. <i>Lectures on Russian Literature</i> (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1981), p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pifer, Ellen. "Her monster, his nymphet: Nabokov and Mary Shelley" in Julian W. Connolly (ed.), <i>Nabokov and His Fiction: New Perspectives</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rutledge, David S. <i>Nabokov's Permanent Mystery: The Expression of Metaphysics in His Work</i> (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2011), fn. 7, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hingley, Ronald. Preface to <i>The Oxford Chekhov: Volume VIII</i>, translated and edited by R. Hingley (Oxford University Press, 1965), p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWallace,_David_Foster1996" class="citation journal cs1">Wallace, David Foster (April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.villagevoice.com/2019/07/04/feodors-guide-joseph-franks-dostoevsky/">"Feodor's Guide: Joseph Frank's Dostoevsky"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Village+Voice&rft.atitle=Feodor%27s+Guide%3A+Joseph+Frank%27s+Dostoevsky&rft.date=1996-04&rft.au=Wallace%2C+David+Foster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.villagevoice.com%2F2019%2F07%2F04%2Ffeodors-guide-joseph-franks-dostoevsky%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstance+Garnett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay199432-33-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay199432-33_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay1994">May 1994</a>, p. 32-33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay199439-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay199439_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay1994">May 1994</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay199438-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay199438_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay1994">May 1994</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay199436-41-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay199436-41_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay1994">May 1994</a>, p. 36-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChukovsky1984221-222-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChukovsky1984221-222_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChukovsky1984">Chukovsky 1984</a>, p. 221-222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChukovsky1984221-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChukovsky1984221_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChukovsky1984">Chukovsky 1984</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChukovsky1984222-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChukovsky1984222_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChukovsky1984">Chukovsky 1984</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rayfield, Donald (1994). <i>The Chekhov Omnibus: Selected Stories</i>. p. xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Figes-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Figes_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFiges,_Orlando2007" class="citation news cs1">Figes, Orlando (22 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/20810">"Tolstoy's Real Hero"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Tolstoy%27s+Real+Hero&rft.date=2007-11-22&rft.au=Figes%2C+Orlando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F20810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstance+Garnett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNavrozov,_Andrei1990" class="citation news cs1">Navrozov, Andrei (11 November 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE4DB163AF932A25752C1A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">"Dostoyevsky, With All the Music"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dostoyevsky%2C+With+All+the+Music&rft.date=1990-11-11&rft.au=Navrozov%2C+Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C0CE4DB163AF932A25752C1A966958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstance+Garnett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matlaw, Ralph E. ed., New York: W. W. Norton, 1976, rev. 1981. See his "Afterword: On Translating <i>The Brothers Karamazov</i>, pp. 736–744.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terras, Victor. <i>A Karamazov Companion</i>. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matlaw, Ralph E. (1960). <i>Notes From Underground and The Grand Inquisitor by Fyodor Dostoevsky</i>. New York: E. P. Dutton. (Now published by Penguin.)</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChukovsky1984" class="citation book cs1">Chukovsky, Kornei (1984). Leighton, Lauren G. (ed.). <i>The Art of Translation: Kornei Chukovsky's A High Art</i>. Translated by Leighton, Lauren G. Knoxville, TN.: The University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870494058" title="Special:BookSources/0870494058"><bdi>0870494058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Translation%3A+Kornei+Chukovsky%27s+A+High+Art&rft.place=Knoxville%2C+TN.&rft.pub=The+University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0870494058&rft.aulast=Chukovsky&rft.aufirst=Kornei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstance+Garnett" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarnett1991" class="citation book cs1">Garnett, Richard (1991). <i>Constance Garnett: A Heroic Life</i>. London: Sinclair-Stevenson Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1856190331" title="Special:BookSources/1856190331"><bdi>1856190331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constance+Garnett%3A+A+Heroic+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sinclair-Stevenson+Ltd&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1856190331&rft.aulast=Garnett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstance+Garnett" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeilbrun1961" class="citation book cs1">Heilbrun, Carolyn (1961). <i>The Garnett Family</i>. London: Allen & Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garnett+Family&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Heilbrun&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstance+Garnett" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMay1994" class="citation book cs1">May, Rachel (1994). <i>The Translator in the Text: On Reading Russian Literature in English</i>. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810111586" title="Special:BookSources/0810111586"><bdi>0810111586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Translator+in+the+Text%3A+On+Reading+Russian+Literature+in+English&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0810111586&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstance+Garnett" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> article by Patrick Waddington, "Garnett , Constance Clara (1861–1946)", September 2004; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33332">online edn, May 2006</a>. Retrieved 31 December 2006.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Garnett&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Constance_Garnett" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Constance Garnett">Constance Garnett</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource logo"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works by or about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Constance_Garnett" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Constance Garnett">Constance Garnett</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2858">Works by Constance Garnett</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Garnett%2C%20Constance%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Constance%20Garnett%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Garnett%2C%20Constance%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Constance%20Garnett%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Garnett%2C%20C%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Constance%20Garnett%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Garnett%2C%20Constance%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Constance%20Garnett%22%29%20OR%20%28%221861-1946%22%20AND%20Garnett%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Constance Garnett</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/6497">Works by Constance Garnett</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/eldritch/ac/jr/biblo.htm">Translations by Constance Garnett</a>, a list at <a href="/wiki/Ibiblio" title="Ibiblio">ibiblio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/n50015174">Constance Garnett</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, with 205 library catalogue records</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495818#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3497" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495818#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3497" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495818#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108720342">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/14820156">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1716408/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwmVVvcwyvKvbMYGP4g8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118991108">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50015174">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122120087">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122120087">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00466961">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Garnett, Constance"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV069231">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35113652">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000601707&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/188000">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067584993">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/7002129">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Garnett, Constance, 1861-1946"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000130244&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000083884&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=249386">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202205409">Korea</a></span></li><li><span 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href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/51e3928e-0f99-4529-ae97-6ad963719b98">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118991108">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/830540">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118991108">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030770971">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6k36df6">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constance_Garnett&oldid=1221714110">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constance_Garnett&oldid=1221714110</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Newnham_College,_Cambridge" title="Category:Alumni 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