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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="tVr8SNNFmVDYEdolkyQkxhGpczINfEcVcOkp09Anrb1ZI1dOGTD3-RC_TV3tV-jp3eF6eekSZEBAEZV0BI7rCw" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Rationality" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2010" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="World Futures" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Mauro Maldonato" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Silvia Dell&#39;orco" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="66" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="2" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="103-123" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0260-4027" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/10017540/Toward_an_evolutionary_theory_of_rationality" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Toward an evolutionary theory of rationality" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Since the dawn of time, humankind’s singular ability to make decisions has allowed human beings to face innumerable environmental challenges and com- plex evolutionary dynamics. Environmental pressures are not so urgent anymore, comparing to our" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/3597496/1295024/14189987/s200_mauro.maldonato.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/10017540/Toward_an_evolutionary_theory_of_rationality" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Toward an evolutionary theory of rationality" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Since the dawn of time, humankind’s singular ability to make decisions has allowed human beings to face innumerable environmental challenges and com- plex evolutionary dynamics. Environmental pressures are not so urgent anymore, comparing to our" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://unina.academia.edu/NelsonMauroMaldonato" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/silviadellorco" /> <meta name="description" content="Since the dawn of time, humankind’s singular ability to make decisions has allowed human beings to face innumerable environmental challenges and com- plex evolutionary dynamics. Environmental pressures are not so urgent anymore, comparing to our" /> <title>(PDF) Toward an evolutionary theory of rationality</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/10017540/Toward_an_evolutionary_theory_of_rationality" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'dc2ad41da5d7ea682babd20f90650302fb0a3a36'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739713899000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739713899000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Since the dawn of time, humankind’s singular ability to make decisions has allowed human beings to face innumerable environmental challenges and com- plex evolutionary dynamics. Environmental pressures are not so urgent anymore, comparing to our ancestors. Nonetheless, the number of decisions that contem- porary humans are called to make is very high. During the last three centuries, the change from normative to descriptive theories, from formal to natural logic, from substantive to limited rationality has allowed us to explain how many of the decisional strategies are coherent with the functioning of the cognitive economy of our species, even if they are limited and fallible.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Nelson Mauro Maldonato","url":"https://unina.academia.edu/NelsonMauroMaldonato"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Silvia Dell'Orco","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/silviadellorco"}],"contributor":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Silvia Dell'Orco","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/silviadellorco"}],"dateCreated":"2015-01-05","headline":"Toward an evolutionary theory of rationality","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36152607/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Emotion","Decision Making","Neuroethics","Evolution","Heuristic"],"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"unina"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36152607/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10017540/Toward_an_evolutionary_theory_of_rationality"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: 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Environmental pressures are not so urgent anymore, comparing to our ancestors. Nonetheless, the number of decisions that contem- porary humans are called to make is very high. 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window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":36152607,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Toward an evolutionary theory of rationality”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/36152607/mini_magick20190309-20521-tvlgql.png?1552192037" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Toward an evolutionary theory of rationality</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3597496" href="https://unina.academia.edu/NelsonMauroMaldonato"><img alt="Profile image of Nelson Mauro Maldonato" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3597496/1295024/14189987/s65_mauro.maldonato.jpg" />Nelson Mauro Maldonato</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21843300" href="https://independent.academia.edu/silviadellorco"><img alt="Profile image of Silvia Dell'Orco" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/21843300/78097799/66644031/s65_silvia.dell_orco.jpg" />Silvia Dell'Orco</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">22 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 10017540; 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Environmental pressures are not so urgent anymore, comparing to our ancestors. Nonetheless, the number of decisions that contem- porary humans are called to make is very high. During the last three centuries, the change from normative to descriptive theories, from formal to natural logic, from substantive to limited rationality has allowed us to explain how many of the decisional strategies are coherent with the functioning of the cognitive economy of our species, even if they are limited and fallible.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":36152607,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/10017540/Toward_an_evolutionary_theory_of_rationality"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":36152607,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/10017540/Toward_an_evolutionary_theory_of_rationality"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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On some unexpected consequences of ecological rationality</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="18101167" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MarcinGorazda">Marcin Gorazda</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper outlines various concepts of rationality, their characteristics and consequences. In the first, most general part, the metaphysical, instrumental and discursive rationality is distinguished. The following part focuses on instrumental rationality and the rational choice theory and ordinal and cardinal utility, expected utility and game theory, respectively. All those concepts are summarised as being the most mathematically elegant and mostly decidable and helpful in the decision-making process. Giving primacy to individual preferences and withholding the judgment on their "objective" value, they are also devoid of double standards. They are, however, strongly normative and weakly coincide with actual agents' behaviour. Empirical findings on agents' decision making seem to demonstrate their irrationality, unless we introduce into the analysis different concepts of rationality, namely based on costs efficient heuristics, inclusive fitness and ecological rationality. They are discussed respectively, and although they seem better to explain the set of humans' seemingly irrational behaviour, they are likely week in predicting that behaviour. They are also losing their normative dimension and thus cease to be helpful in decision making. Applying the particular theory of rationality, either descriptively or normatively, seems to depend strongly on the environment, which can be characterised by its extension from a small to a large world. The more the small world's features an environment reveals, the more effective is the application of the particular model of rationality. Beyond the small worlds, rule stochasticity, underspecification and misspecification and the only reasonable method are consecutive trials and errors, which eventually may reduce the large world to the small one.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Can we remain rational in the large world? On some unexpected consequences of ecological rationality","attachmentId":68901634,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/51032485/Can_we_remain_rational_in_the_large_world_On_some_unexpected_consequences_of_ecological_rationality","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/51032485/Can_we_remain_rational_in_the_large_world_On_some_unexpected_consequences_of_ecological_rationality"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="351686" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/351686/Rational_After_All_Toward_an_Improved_Model_of_Rationality_in_Economics">Rational After All: Toward an Improved Model of Rationality in Economics </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="239883143" href="https://en-uoa-gr.academia.edu/YulieFokaKavalieraki">Yulie Foka-Kavalieraki</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="166346" href="https://en-uoa-gr.academia.edu/AristidesHatzis" rel="nofollow">Aristides N . Hatzis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this paper we critically review the literature on rational choice theory (RCT) and the critical approaches to it. We will present a concise description of the theory as defended by Gary Becker, Richard Posner and James Coleman (as well as others) at the University of Chicago from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s, we will discuss its epistemological assumptions and predictions and we will also examine the most important arguments against it. We will give our main emphasis on the critique coming from behavioral economics and we will try to see if humans’ supposed cognitive constraints lead to a failure of rationality or if they constitute rational responses to the scarcity of information, time and energy. In our discussion we will use findings from experimental economics and the sciences of the brain, especially evolutionary psychology and neuroeconomics. Our intention is to present an improved theory of rational choice that, informed from the above discussion, will be descriptively more accurate but without losing its predicting power. Moreover, we will conclude by trying to answer the most important related policy question: when rationality seems to fail, does this necessarily imply that agents should be paternalistically protected against themselves? We will briefly defend the thesis that, in the long-run, it is much better for them and the society at large for the individual decision makers to be let alone to develop rational responses to their cognitive constraints. Keywords: Rational Choice Theory, Behavioral Economics, Evolutionary Psychology, Rationality, Cognition, Paternalism JEL Classification: A10, A12, D01, D03, B41, D81</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rational After All: Toward an Improved Model of Rationality in Economics ","attachmentId":1774722,"attachmentType":"","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/351686/Rational_After_All_Toward_an_Improved_Model_of_Rationality_in_Economics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/351686/Rational_After_All_Toward_an_Improved_Model_of_Rationality_in_Economics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="4092808" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4092808/Naturalized_Rationality_Evolutionary_Psychology_and_Economic_Theory">Naturalized Rationality, Evolutionary Psychology and Economic Theory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2156195" href="https://bgu.academia.edu/ArnonCahen">Arnon Cahen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Cognition and Neuroethics, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Itzhak Aharon (Gingi) is a lecturer at the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya, Israel, and a visiting fellow of the Center for Rationality and Interactive Decision Making in Jerusalem. After receiving his PhD in computational neuroscience from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, he worked for several years in the high-tech industry, before returning to academia as a member of the Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging in Boston. His research centers on the neurobiology of motivation and decision making (neuroeconomics).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Naturalized Rationality, Evolutionary Psychology and Economic Theory","attachmentId":32414735,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4092808/Naturalized_Rationality_Evolutionary_Psychology_and_Economic_Theory","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4092808/Naturalized_Rationality_Evolutionary_Psychology_and_Economic_Theory"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="5502039" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5502039/Rationality_and_choices_in_economics_behavioral_and_evolutionary_approaches">Rationality and choices in economics: behavioral and evolutionary approaches</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4893091" href="https://unime.academia.edu/MarioGraziano">Mario Graziano</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7761060" href="https://unime.academia.edu/DanieleSchilir%C3%B2">Daniele Schilirò</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">MPRA Paper 31910, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper critically discusses the issue of rationality and choices in economics in both the behavioural and evolutionary approaches. Our study aims, on the one hand, to highlight the scientific contributions of psychology in economics, since psychology, and with it the theoretical approach of the behavioral economics, has made more complex and problematic the analysis of economic choices, showing the limits of rationality. On the other hand, the work offers a reinterpretation of the theory of Alfred Marshall in a biologicalevolutionary perspective. The reinterpretation of Marshall's theory in a evolutionary perspective aims to show that, historically, economics has not been a discipline aligned in a homogenous way to a single and undifferentiated thought, locked into the idea of perfect rationality, but, on the opposite, is a discipline that has enriched itself and continually is enriching by contributions and significant contaminations with other research fields.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rationality and choices in economics: behavioral and evolutionary approaches","attachmentId":33889321,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5502039/Rationality_and_choices_in_economics_behavioral_and_evolutionary_approaches","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5502039/Rationality_and_choices_in_economics_behavioral_and_evolutionary_approaches"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="34113840" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34113840/The_Classical_Model_of_Rationality_and_Its_Weaknesses_1_I_The_Problem_of_Rationality">The Classical Model of Rationality and Its Weaknesses 1 I The Problem of Rationality</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66944275" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JUANSEBASTIANPEREZ2">JUAN SEBASTIAN PEREZ</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Classical Model of Rationality and Its Weaknesses 1 I The Problem of Rationality","attachmentId":54044627,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34113840/The_Classical_Model_of_Rationality_and_Its_Weaknesses_1_I_The_Problem_of_Rationality","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34113840/The_Classical_Model_of_Rationality_and_Its_Weaknesses_1_I_The_Problem_of_Rationality"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="10707337" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10707337/Can_evolution_get_us_off_the_hook_Evaluating_the_ecological_defence_of_human_rationality">Can evolution get us off the hook? Evaluating the ecological defence of human rationality </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="175482" href="https://royalholloway.academia.edu/RyanMcKay">Ryan McKay</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="692779" href="https://ugent.academia.edu/MaartenBoudry">Maarten Boudry</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper discusses the ecological case for epistemic innocence: does biased cognition have evolutionary benefits, and if so, does that exculpate human reasoners from irrationality? Proponents of ‘ecological rationality’ have challenged the bleak view of human reasoning emerging from research on biases and fallacies. If we approach the human mind as an adaptive toolbox, tailored to the structure of the environment, many alleged biases and fal- lacies turn out to be artefacts of narrow norms and artificial set-ups. However, we argue that putative demonstrations of ecological rationality involve subtle locus shifts in attribu- tions of rationality, conflating the adaptive rationale of heuristics with our own epistemic credentials. By contrast, other cases also involve an ecological reframing of human reason, but do not involve such problematic locus shifts. We discuss the difference between these cases, bringing clarity to the rationality debate.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Can evolution get us off the hook? Evaluating the ecological defence of human rationality ","attachmentId":36599397,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10707337/Can_evolution_get_us_off_the_hook_Evaluating_the_ecological_defence_of_human_rationality","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10707337/Can_evolution_get_us_off_the_hook_Evaluating_the_ecological_defence_of_human_rationality"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="10771175" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10771175/Rationality_biology_and_optimality_">Rationality, biology and optimality*</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26225080" href="https://open.academia.edu/CarolynPrice">Carolyn Price</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A historical theory of rational norms claims that, if we are supposed to think rationally, this is because it is biologically normal for us to do so. The historical theorist is committed to the view that we are supposed to think rationally only if, in the past, adult humans sometimes thought rationally. I consider whether there is any plausible model of rational norms that can be adopted by the historical theorist that is compatible with the claim that adult human beings are subject to rational norms, given certain plausible empirical assumptions about our history and capabilities. I suggest that there is one such model: this model centres on the idea that a procedure is rational if it has been endorsed (or at least not rejected) by mechanisms that have the function to ensure that the subject learns to reason in a way that approaches a certain kind of optimality.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rationality, biology and optimality*","attachmentId":36709936,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10771175/Rationality_biology_and_optimality_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10771175/Rationality_biology_and_optimality_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="76734114" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76734114/Unifying_Decision_Making_A_Review_on_Evolutionary_Theories_on_Rationality_and_Cognitive_Biases">Unifying Decision-Making: A Review on Evolutionary Theories on Rationality and Cognitive Biases</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44374726" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ErvanIbsahrodan">Ervan Ibsahrodan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Synthese Library, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this paper, we make a review on the concepts of rationality across several different fields, namely in economics, psychology and evolutionary biology and behavioural ecology. We review how processes like natural selection can help us understand the evolution of cognition and how cognitive biases might be a consequence of this natural selection. In the end we argue that humans are not irrational, but rather rationally bounded and we complement the discussion on how quantum cognitive models can contribute for the modelling and prediction of human paradoxical decisions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Unifying Decision-Making: A Review on Evolutionary Theories on Rationality and Cognitive Biases","attachmentId":84343212,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76734114/Unifying_Decision_Making_A_Review_on_Evolutionary_Theories_on_Rationality_and_Cognitive_Biases","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76734114/Unifying_Decision_Making_A_Review_on_Evolutionary_Theories_on_Rationality_and_Cognitive_Biases"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="93461019" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93461019/Introduction_Bounded_Rationality_of_Economic_Man_New_Frontiers_in_Evolutionary_Psychology_and_Bioeconomics">Introduction: Bounded Rationality of Economic Man: New Frontiers in Evolutionary Psychology and Bioeconomics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6153137" href="https://independent.academia.edu/XTWang">XT Wang</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This special double issue of the Journal of Bioeconomics on 'Bioeconomics, Law and Evolutionary Psychology' takes an interdisciplinary approach to studying bounded rationality of economic man in its ecological, social and institutional environments. The contributors to the special issue come from different disciplines: economics, bioeconomics, psychology, and law. Their research interests involve behavioral decision making, evolutionary biology, law-and-economics/new institutional economics, bioeconomics, experimental economics, game theory, corporate law, risk management, artificial intelligence, and more. The special issue presents not only an interdisciplinary effort but also diverse methods of investigation. The laboratory experiments usually have a high degree of control and accuracy but are low in ecological validity. Theoretical modeling is high in generality but low in precision. Field studies possess a high ecological validity but are less controlled. In this issue, the diversity of methods used by these authors-theoretical modeling (see Burnham, and Smith), computer simulations (see Dudey & Todd, Smith, and Wang in Landa and Wang), field work (Landa, in Landa & Wang), demographical analysis (Silverman & Case), and laboratory experiments (see Fiddick & Cummins, Saad & Gill, and Wang in Landa & Wang)-all converge to highlight the importance of knowledge about Homo sapiens in helping us to understand Homo economicus. Mainstream economics and psychology In the center of the mainstream or standard (neoclassical) economic model of decision-making resides the anonymous rational man (Homo economicus) who performs omniscient probability calculations with unlimited cognitive resources, and maximizes expected utility in the face of scarce resources. This hypothetical rational being does all these feats in a world free of institutions and with zero transaction costs. New institutional economics, in the last forty years or so, has criticized mainstream economics and has incorporated concepts of bounded rationality, institutions, and transaction costs. (See Landa & Wang in this issue). In contrast to mainstream economics, psychologists often assume that human learning, memory, and decision-making are constrained by limited mental resources. In their article on the differences between psychological and economical perspectives of human decisions, Zwick, Erev & Budescu (1999, p. 6) wrote: 'Economists assume that environmental resources are scarce but, ironically, consider the mental resources available to the actors whose behavior is modeled to be unlimited. Psychologists, on the other hand, have always been interested in studying the mechanisms that allow humans and other animals to cope with, and adapt to, an environment that is characterized by subjective information overload.'</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Introduction: Bounded Rationality of Economic Man: New Frontiers in Evolutionary Psychology and Bioeconomics","attachmentId":96192941,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93461019/Introduction_Bounded_Rationality_of_Economic_Man_New_Frontiers_in_Evolutionary_Psychology_and_Bioeconomics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93461019/Introduction_Bounded_Rationality_of_Economic_Man_New_Frontiers_in_Evolutionary_Psychology_and_Bioeconomics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="8310815" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8310815/Adaptive_Rationality_in_the_Evolutionary_and_Behavioral_Perspectives">Adaptive Rationality in the Evolutionary and Behavioral Perspectives</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16560892" href="https://sfedu.academia.edu/VyacheslavVolchik">Vyacheslav Volchik</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The concept of adaptive rationality as a characteristic of economic behavior viewed in the framework of evolution of institutions is proposed in the paper. The analysis of the most important approaches to rationality in the economic theory has allowed identifying the special nature of adaptive rationality and its manifestations at various levels of the economic behavior. The adaptive rationality is discussed in connection with formation and identification of institutions. Such an approach is aimed at development of tools contributing to a deeper understanding of evolutionary processes within a specific economic order.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Adaptive Rationality in the Evolutionary and Behavioral Perspectives","attachmentId":34719318,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8310815/Adaptive_Rationality_in_the_Evolutionary_and_Behavioral_Perspectives","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8310815/Adaptive_Rationality_in_the_Evolutionary_and_Behavioral_Perspectives"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":36152607,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":36152607,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_36152607" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="4224584" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4224584/Rationality_and_Human_Cognition">Rationality and Human Cognition</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1267074" href="https://upol.academia.edu/AdrianSlavkovsky">Adrian Slavkovsky</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rationality and Human Cognition","attachmentId":31711312,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4224584/Rationality_and_Human_Cognition","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4224584/Rationality_and_Human_Cognition"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="9406896" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md 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class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9406896/Intuition_Decision_and_Ecological_Rationality_The_Toolbox_of_Evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="81429805" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81429805/Cognition_and_Rationality">Cognition and Rationality</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1016350" href="https://enmu.academia.edu/MichaelShaughnessy">Michael Shaughnessy</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1984</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cognition and Rationality","attachmentId":87475971,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81429805/Cognition_and_Rationality","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/81429805/Cognition_and_Rationality"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="70393475" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70393475/Rationality_for_mortals_how_people_cope_with_uncertainty">Rationality for mortals: how people cope with uncertainty</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32277028" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GerdGigerenzer">Gerd Gigerenzer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Choice Reviews Online</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rationality for mortals: how people cope with 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href="https://www.academia.edu/14862307/Is_there_Still_a_Role_for_Rationality_in_Human_Affairs">Is there Still a Role for Rationality in Human Affairs</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33835085" href="https://iub-bd.academia.edu/samiulahmed">samiul ahmed</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Philosophy, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Is there Still a Role for Rationality in Human Affairs","attachmentId":43834615,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14862307/Is_there_Still_a_Role_for_Rationality_in_Human_Affairs","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span 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data-author-id="75838926" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EmmaBorg3">Emma Borg</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"IX—In Defence of Individual Rationality","attachmentId":96699000,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94165209/IX_In_Defence_of_Individual_Rationality","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94165209/IX_In_Defence_of_Individual_Rationality"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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Calne (1999) © H. J. Spencer [15May2022] < 7,500 words; 12 pages>.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52187999" href="https://jamescook.academia.edu/HerbSpencer">Herb Spencer</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"RATIONALITY: A Review/Essay of “WITHIN REASON: Rationality and Human Behavior” by Donald B. Calne (1999) © H. J. 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Elio (ed.) Common Sense, Reasoning and Rationality. New York: Oxford University Press. 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