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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Oxides and chalcogenides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxides_and_chalcogenides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nitrides_and_pnictides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrides_and_pnictides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Nitrides and pnictides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrides_and_pnictides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Halides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Hydrides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organogallium_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organogallium_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Organogallium compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organogallium_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Production and availability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_and_availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Semiconductors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semiconductors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Semiconductors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semiconductors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galinstan_and_other_alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galinstan_and_other_alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Galinstan and other alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galinstan_and_other_alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biomedical_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomedical_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Biomedical applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomedical_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radiogallium_salts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiogallium_salts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Radiogallium salts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiogallium_salts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallium_in_the_ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallium_in_the_ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Gallium in the ocean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallium_in_the_ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Gallium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 151 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" > 151 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ጋሊየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጋሊየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="गैलियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गैलियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="غاليوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غاليوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galio" title="Galio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Galio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galiu" title="Galiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Galiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galiu" title="Galiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Galiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ग्यालियम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ग्यालियम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qallium" title="Qallium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qallium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="قالیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قالیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="গ্যালিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্যালিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Галлий – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Галлий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Галій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Галь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Галь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="गैलियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गैलियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galyo_(elemento)" title="Galyo (elemento) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Galyo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Галий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Галий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="གྷེ་ལིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གྷེ་ལིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galij" title="Galij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Galij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliom" title="Galliom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Galliom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C2%B7li" title="Gal·li – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gal·li" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Галлий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Галлий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galio" title="Galio – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Galio" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliu" title="Galliu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Galliu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galiwm" title="Galiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Galiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DD%A3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ݣاليوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ݣاليوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Γάλλιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γάλλιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2li" title="Gâli – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Gâli" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galio" title="Galio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Galio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galiumo" title="Galiumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Galiumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galio" title="Galio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Galio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="گالیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گالیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gali" title="Gali – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Gali" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gailliam" title="Gailliam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gailliam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gailium" title="Gailium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gailium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galio" title="Galio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Galio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="ગેલિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગેલિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Галлион – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Галлион" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A5%A8" title="갈륨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갈륨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Գալիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գալիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="गैलियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गैलियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galij" title="Galij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Galij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galio" title="Galio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Galio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galium" title="Galium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Galium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Галлий – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Галлий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmGambana" title="UmGambana – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmGambana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall%C3%ADn" title="Gallín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gallín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallio_(elemento_chimico)" title="Gallio (elemento chimico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gallio (elemento chimico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="גליום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גליום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galiyum" title="Galiyum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Galiyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Kalɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kalɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗ್ಯಾಲಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ಯಾಲಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="გალიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გალიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Галлий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Галлий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliom" title="Galliom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Galliom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gali" title="Gali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Галлий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Галлий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galy%C3%B2m" title="Galyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Galyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galy%C3%BBm" title="Galyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Galyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Галлий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Галлий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Галлий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Галлий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallijs" title="Gallijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gallijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galis" title="Galis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Galis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallio" title="Gallio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Gallio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/fasyjinme" title="fasyjinme – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="fasyjinme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galio" title="Galio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Galio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Галиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Галиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gali%C3%B4ma" title="Galiôma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Galiôma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഗാലിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗാലിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="गॅलियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गॅलियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="جاليوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاليوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galium" title="Galium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Galium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Галли – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Галли" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဂဲလီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂဲလီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ग्यालियम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ग्यालियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ग्यालियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ग्यालियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ガリウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガリウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galium" title="Galium – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Galium" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galli" title="Galli – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Galli" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ଗାଲିଅମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗାଲିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaaliyaamii" title="Gaaliyaamii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Gaaliyaamii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliy" title="Galliy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Galliy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਗੈਲੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੈਲੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ग्यालियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ग्यालियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="گیلیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گیلیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ကဲလီယမ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကဲလီယမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="گاليوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="گاليوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galio" title="Galio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Galio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal" title="Gal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1lio" title="Gálio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gálio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galiu" title="Galiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Galiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalyu" title="Qalyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qalyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Галлий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Галлий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="गेलियम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गेलियम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0lliu" title="Gàlliu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gàlliu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galiumi" title="Galiumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Galiumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliu_(elementu)" title="Galliu (elementu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Galliu (elementu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="ගැලියම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගැලියම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1lium" title="Gálium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gálium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galij" title="Galij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Galij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaaliyaam" title="Gaaliyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Gaaliyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="گالیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گالیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Галијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Галијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galijum" title="Galijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Galijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galium" title="Galium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Galium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galyo_(elemento)" title="Galyo (elemento) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Galyo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="காலியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காலியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Галлий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Галлий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="గాలియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గాలియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="แกลเลียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แกลเลียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Галлий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Галлий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galyum" title="Galyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Galyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Галій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Галій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="گیلیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گیلیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A" title="گاللىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گاللىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallii" title="Gallii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gallii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gali" title="Gali – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gali" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8E%B5" title="鎵 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鎵" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galyo" title="Galyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Galyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="镓" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="גאליום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גאליום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gallium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8E%B5" title="鎵 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鎵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="镓" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q861#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element, symbol Ga</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gallium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gallium (disambiguation)">Gallium (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 31 (Ga)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Gallium, 31Ga</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallium_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gallium_crystals.jpg/220px-Gallium_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gallium_crystals.jpg/330px-Gallium_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gallium_crystals.jpg/440px-Gallium_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Gallium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɡæliəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">GAL-ee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery blue</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Ga)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>69.723±0.001<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW-1">[1]</a></li><li>69.723±0.001 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Gallium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> 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title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> ↑ Ga ↓ <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> ← gallium → <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">31</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">group 13 (boron group)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">period 4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#p-block" title="Block (periodic table)">p-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d10 4s2 4p1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 3</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">302.9146 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (29.7646 °C, 85.5763 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2676 K (2403 °C, 4357 °F)<a href="#cite_note-Zhang-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">5.907 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">6.095 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.59 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">256 kJ/mol<a href="#cite_note-Zhang-3">[3]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25.86 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>1310 </td> <td>1448 </td> <td>1620 </td> <td>1838 </td> <td>2125 </td> <td>2518 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +3 −5,<a href="#cite_note-Colture-6">[6]</a> −4,<a href="#cite_note-Colture-6">[6]</a> −3,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> −2,<a href="#cite_note-Colture-6">[6]</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a> +2<a href="#cite_note-GE28-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.81 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 578.8 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1979.3 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2963 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#gallium" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 135 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">122±3 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">187 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:31_(Ga_I)_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/31_%28Ga_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/240px-31_%28Ga_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/31_%28Ga_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/360px-31_%28Ga_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/31_%28Ga_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/480px-31_%28Ga_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of gallium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">base-centered orthorhombic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">oS8</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Base-centered orthorhombic crystal structure for gallium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg/50px-Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg/75px-Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg/100px-Base-centered_orthorhombic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="142" /></a></div>a = 452.05 pm b = 766.25 pm c = 452.66 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20.5×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">40.6 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">270 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetic</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−21.6×10−6 cm3/mol (at 290 K)<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9.8 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">2740 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.47 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.5 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">56.8–68.7 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-55-3 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after Gallia (Latin for: France), homeland of the discoverer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prediction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> (1871)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lecoq de Boisbaudran">Lecoq de Boisbaudran</a> (1875)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gallium" title="Isotopes of gallium">Isotopes of gallium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_gallium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox gallium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_gallium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox gallium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-13">[12]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">66Ga </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">9.5 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc-66" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc-66">66Zn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">67Ga </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">3.3 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc-67" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc-67">67Zn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">68Ga </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.2 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β+ </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc-68" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc-68">68Zn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">69Ga </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">60.1% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">70Ga </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">21 min </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium-70" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium-70">70Ge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">ε </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc-70" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc-70">70Zn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">71Ga </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">39.9% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">72Ga </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">14.1 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium-72" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium-72">72Ge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">73Ga </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">4.9 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium-73" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium-73">73Ge</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gallium" title="Category:Gallium">Category: Gallium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_gallium" title="Template:Infobox gallium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_gallium" title="Template talk:Infobox gallium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_gallium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox gallium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Gallium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Ga and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 31. Discovered by the French <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul-%C3%89mile_Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran" title="Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran">Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran</a> in 1875,<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> gallium is in <a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">group 13</a> of the periodic table and is similar to the other metals of the group (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>). Elemental gallium is a relatively soft, silvery <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>. In its liquid state, it becomes silvery white. If enough force is applied, solid gallium may fracture <a href="/wiki/Conchoidal_fracture" title="Conchoidal fracture">conchoidally</a>. Since its discovery in 1875, gallium has widely been used to make <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> with low melting points. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Dopant" title="Dopant">dopant</a> in semiconductor substrates. The melting point of gallium, 29.7646 °C (85.5763 °F; 302.9146 K),<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> is used as a temperature reference point. Gallium alloys are used in <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometers</a> as a non-toxic and <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">environmentally friendly</a> alternative to <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, and can withstand higher temperatures than mercury. A melting point of −19 °C (−2 °F), well below the freezing point of water, is claimed for the alloy <a href="/wiki/Galinstan" title="Galinstan">galinstan</a> (62–⁠95% gallium, 5–⁠22% <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>, and 0–⁠16% <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> by weight), but that may be the freezing point with the effect of <a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">supercooling</a>. Gallium does not occur as a free element in nature, but rather as gallium(III) compounds in trace amounts in <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> ores (such as <a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">sphalerite</a>) and in <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>. Elemental gallium is a liquid at temperatures greater than 29.76 °C (85.57 °F), and will melt in a person's hands at normal human body temperature of 37.0 °C (98.6 °F). Gallium is predominantly used in <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">Gallium arsenide</a>, the primary <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compound</a> of gallium in electronics, is used in <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> circuits, high-speed switching circuits, and <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> circuits. Semiconducting <a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitride" title="Gallium nitride">gallium nitride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indium_gallium_nitride" title="Indium gallium nitride">indium gallium nitride</a> produce blue and violet <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diode_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Diode laser">diode lasers</a>. Gallium is also used in the production of artificial <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium_gallium_garnet" title="Gadolinium gallium garnet">gadolinium gallium garnet</a> for jewelry. Gallium is considered a <a href="/wiki/Technology-critical_element" title="Technology-critical element">technology-critical element</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">United States National Library of Medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_Media" title="Frontiers Media">Frontiers Media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Gallium has no known natural role in biology. Gallium(III) behaves in a similar manner to <a href="/wiki/Ferric#Ferric_iron_and_life" title="Ferric">ferric</a> salts in biological systems and has been used in some medical applications, including pharmaceuticals and <a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">radiopharmaceuticals</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallium_kristallisiert.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gallium_kristallisiert.JPG/220px-Gallium_kristallisiert.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gallium_kristallisiert.JPG/330px-Gallium_kristallisiert.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gallium_kristallisiert.JPG/440px-Gallium_kristallisiert.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="2018" /></a><figcaption>Crystallization of gallium from the melt</figcaption></figure> Elemental gallium is not found in nature, but it is easily obtained by <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a>. Very pure gallium is a silvery blue metal that fractures <a href="/wiki/Conchoidal_fracture" title="Conchoidal fracture">conchoidally</a> like <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>. Gallium's volume expands by 3.10% when it changes from a liquid to a solid so care must be taken when storing it in containers that may rupture when it changes state. Gallium shares the higher-density liquid state with a short list of other materials that includes <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd-18">[17]</a>: 222  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid_gallium_pouring.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Liquid_gallium_pouring.png/220px-Liquid_gallium_pouring.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Liquid_gallium_pouring.png/330px-Liquid_gallium_pouring.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Liquid_gallium_pouring.png/440px-Liquid_gallium_pouring.png 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>Liquid gallium at 86 °F (30 °C)</figcaption></figure> Gallium forms alloys with most metals. It readily diffuses into cracks or <a href="/wiki/Grain_boundary" title="Grain boundary">grain boundaries</a> of some metals such as aluminium, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>–<a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> causing extreme loss of strength and ductility called <a href="/wiki/Liquid_metal_embrittlement" title="Liquid metal embrittlement">liquid metal embrittlement</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of gallium, at 302.9146 K (29.7646 °C, 85.5763 °F), is just above room temperature, and is approximately the same as the average summer daytime temperatures in Earth's mid-latitudes. This melting point (mp) is one of the formal temperature reference points in the <a href="/wiki/International_Temperature_Scale_of_1990" title="International Temperature Scale of 1990">International Temperature Scale of 1990</a> (ITS-90) established by the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> (BIPM).<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a> of gallium, 302.9166 K (29.7666 °C, 85.5799 °F), is used by the US <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST) in preference to the melting point.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> The melting point of gallium allows it to melt in the human hand, and then solidify if removed. The liquid metal has a strong tendency to <a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">supercool</a> below its <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a>/<a href="/wiki/Freezing_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezing point">freezing point</a>: Ga <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> can be kept in the liquid state below 90 K.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seed_crystal" title="Seed crystal">Seeding</a> with a crystal helps to initiate freezing. Gallium is one of the four non-radioactive metals (with <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>) that are known to be liquid at, or near, normal room temperature. Of the four, gallium is the only one that is neither highly reactive (as are rubidium and caesium) nor highly toxic (as is mercury) and can, therefore, be used in metal-in-glass high-temperature thermometers. It is also notable for having one of the largest liquid ranges for a metal, and for having (unlike mercury) a low <a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">vapor pressure</a> at high temperatures. Gallium's boiling point, 2676 K, is nearly nine times higher than its melting point on the <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">absolute scale</a>, the greatest ratio between melting point and boiling point of any element.<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd-18">[17]</a>: 224  Unlike mercury, liquid gallium metal <a href="/wiki/Wetting" title="Wetting">wets</a> glass and skin, along with most other materials (with the exceptions of quartz, graphite, <a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_oxide" title="Gallium(III) oxide">gallium(III) oxide</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> and <a href="/wiki/PTFE" class="mw-redirect" title="PTFE">PTFE</a>),<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd-18">[17]</a>: 221  making it mechanically more difficult to handle even though it is substantially less toxic and requires far fewer precautions than mercury. Gallium painted onto glass is a brilliant mirror.<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd-18">[17]</a>: 221  For this reason as well as the metal contamination and freezing-expansion problems, samples of gallium metal are usually supplied in polyethylene packets within other containers. <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.5em;"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Properties of gallium for different crystal axes<a href="#cite_note-anis-27">[26]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Property</th> <th>a</th> <th>b</th> <th>c </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">α</a> (~25 °C, μm/m)</td> <td>16</td> <td>11</td> <td>31 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">ρ</a> (29.7 °C, nΩ·m)</td> <td>543</td> <td>174</td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ρ (0 °C, nΩ·m)</td> <td>480</td> <td>154</td> <td>71.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ρ (77 K, nΩ·m)</td> <td>101</td> <td>30.8</td> <td>14.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ρ (4.2 K, pΩ·m)</td> <td>13.8</td> <td>6.8</td> <td>1.6 </td></tr></tbody></table></div> Gallium does not <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystallize</a> in any of the simple <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structures</a>. The stable phase under normal conditions is <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthorhombic">orthorhombic</a> with 8 atoms in the conventional <a href="/wiki/Unit_cell" title="Unit cell">unit cell</a>. Within a unit cell, each atom has only one nearest neighbor (at a distance of 244 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a>). The remaining six unit cell neighbors are spaced 27, 30 and 39 pm farther away, and they are grouped in pairs with the same distance.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Many stable and <a href="/wiki/Metastability_in_molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastability in molecules">metastable</a> phases are found as function of temperature and pressure.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> The bonding between the two nearest neighbors is <a href="/wiki/Covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent">covalent</a>; hence Ga2 <a href="/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimer (chemistry)">dimers</a> are seen as the fundamental building blocks of the crystal. This explains the low melting point relative to the neighbor elements, aluminium and indium. This structure is strikingly similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> and may form because of interactions between the single 4p electrons of gallium atoms, further away from the nucleus than the 4s electrons and the [Ar]3d10 core. This phenomenon recurs with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> with its "pseudo-noble-gas" [Xe]4f145d106s2 electron configuration, which is liquid at room temperature.<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd-18">[17]</a>: 223  The 3d10 electrons do not shield the outer electrons very well from the nucleus and hence the first ionisation energy of gallium is greater than that of aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd-18">[17]</a>: 222  Ga2 dimers do not persist in the liquid state and liquid gallium exhibits a complex low-coordinated structure in which each gallium atom is surrounded by 10 others, rather than 11–12 neighbors typical of most liquid metals.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> The physical properties of gallium are highly <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a>, i.e. have different values along the three major crystallographic axes a, b, and c (see table), producing a significant difference between the linear (α) and volume <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">thermal expansion</a> coefficients. The properties of gallium are strongly temperature-dependent, particularly near the melting point. For example, the coefficient of thermal expansion increases by several hundred percent upon melting.<a href="#cite_note-anis-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gallium" title="Isotopes of gallium">Isotopes of gallium</a></div> Gallium has 30 known isotopes, ranging in <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass number</a> from 60 to 89. Only two isotopes are stable and occur naturally, gallium-69 and gallium-71. Gallium-69 is more abundant: it makes up about 60.1% of natural gallium, while gallium-71 makes up the remaining 39.9%. All the other isotopes are radioactive, with gallium-67 being the longest-lived (half-life 3.261 days). Isotopes lighter than gallium-69 usually decay through <a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">beta plus decay</a> (positron emission) or <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> to isotopes of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, while isotopes heavier than gallium-71 decay through <a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">beta minus decay</a> (electron emission), possibly with delayed <a href="/wiki/Neutron_emission" title="Neutron emission">neutron emission</a>, to isotopes of <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>. Gallium-70 can decay through both beta minus decay and electron capture. Gallium-67 is unique among the light isotopes in having only electron capture as a decay mode, as its decay energy is not sufficient to allow positron emission.<a href="#cite_note-Audi-32">[31]</a> Gallium-67 and <a href="/wiki/Gallium-68" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium-68">gallium-68</a> (half-life 67.7 min) are both used in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">nuclear medicine</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical properties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gallium_compounds" title="Gallium compounds">Gallium compounds</a></div> Gallium is found primarily in the +3 <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a>. The +1 oxidation state is also found in some compounds, although it is less common than it is for gallium's heavier congeners <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>. For example, the very stable GaCl2 contains both gallium(I) and gallium(III) and can be formulated as GaIGaIIICl4; in contrast, the monochloride is unstable above 0 °C, <a href="/wiki/Disproportionating" class="mw-redirect" title="Disproportionating">disproportionating</a> into elemental gallium and gallium(III) chloride. Compounds containing Ga–Ga bonds are true gallium(II) compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Gallium(II)_sulfide" title="Gallium(II) sulfide">GaS</a> (which can be formulated as Ga24+(S2−)2) and the <a href="/wiki/Dioxan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxan">dioxan</a> complex Ga2Cl4(C4H8O2)2.<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd-18">[17]</a>: 240  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aqueous_chemistry">Aqueous chemistry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aqueous chemistry">edit</a>]</div> Strong acids dissolve gallium, forming gallium(III) salts such as <a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium(III) nitrate">Ga(NO 3) 3</a> (gallium nitrate). <a href="/wiki/Aqueous" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous">Aqueous</a> solutions of gallium(III) salts contain the hydrated gallium ion, [Ga(H 2O) 6]3+ .<a href="#cite_note-wiberg_holleman-33">[32]</a>: 1033  <a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_hydroxide" title="Gallium(III) hydroxide">Gallium(III) hydroxide</a>, Ga(OH) 3, may be precipitated from gallium(III) solutions by adding <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. Dehydrating Ga(OH) 3 at 100 °C produces gallium oxide hydroxide, GaO(OH).<a href="#cite_note-downs-34">[33]</a>: 140–141  Alkaline <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> solutions dissolve gallium, forming gallate salts (not to be confused with identically named <a href="/wiki/Gallic_acid" title="Gallic acid">gallic acid</a> salts) containing the Ga(OH)− 4 anion.<a href="#cite_note-eagleson-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-wiberg_holleman-33">[32]</a>: 1033 <a href="#cite_note-sipos-36">[35]</a> Gallium hydroxide, which is <a href="/wiki/Amphoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoteric">amphoteric</a>, also dissolves in alkali to form gallate salts.<a href="#cite_note-downs-34">[33]</a>: 141  Although earlier work suggested Ga(OH)3− 6 as another possible gallate anion,<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> it was not found in later work.<a href="#cite_note-sipos-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxides_and_chalcogenides">Oxides and chalcogenides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oxides and chalcogenides">edit</a>]</div> Gallium reacts with the <a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">chalcogens</a> only at relatively high temperatures. At room temperature, gallium metal is not reactive with air and water because it forms a <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passive</a>, protective <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> layer. At higher temperatures, however, it reacts with atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_oxide" title="Gallium(III) oxide">gallium(III) oxide</a>, Ga 2O 3.<a href="#cite_note-eagleson-35">[34]</a> Reducing Ga 2O 3 with elemental gallium in vacuum at 500 °C to 700 °C yields the dark brown <a href="/wiki/Gallium(I)_oxide" title="Gallium(I) oxide">gallium(I) oxide</a>, Ga 2O.<a href="#cite_note-downs-34">[33]</a>: 285  Ga 2O is a very strong <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reducing agent</a>, capable of reducing <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">H 2SO 4</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">H 2S</a>.<a href="#cite_note-downs-34">[33]</a>: 207  It disproportionates at 800 °C back to gallium and Ga 2O 3.<a href="#cite_note-emeleus_sharpe-38">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_sulfide" title="Gallium(III) sulfide">Gallium(III) sulfide</a>, Ga 2S 3, has 3 possible crystal modifications.<a href="#cite_note-emeleus_sharpe-38">[37]</a>: 104  It can be made by the reaction of gallium with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> (H 2S) at 950 °C.<a href="#cite_note-downs-34">[33]</a>: 162  Alternatively, Ga(OH) 3 can be used at 747 °C:<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <dl><dd>2 Ga(OH) 3 + 3 H 2S → Ga 2S 3 + 6 H 2O</dd></dl> Reacting a mixture of alkali metal carbonates and Ga 2O 3 with H 2S leads to the formation of thiogallates containing the [Ga 2S 4]2− anion. Strong acids decompose these salts, releasing H 2S in the process.<a href="#cite_note-emeleus_sharpe-38">[37]</a>: 104–105  The mercury salt, HgGa 2S 4, can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Gallium also forms sulfides in lower oxidation states, such as <a href="/wiki/Gallium(II)_sulfide" title="Gallium(II) sulfide">gallium(II) sulfide</a> and the green <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium(I)_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallium(I) sulfide (page does not exist)">gallium(I) sulfide</a>, the latter of which is produced from the former by heating to 1000 °C under a stream of nitrogen.<a href="#cite_note-emeleus_sharpe-38">[37]</a>: 94  The other binary chalcogenides, Ga 2Se 3 and Ga 2Te 3, have the <a href="/wiki/Zincblende_(crystal_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zincblende (crystal structure)">zincblende</a> structure. They are all semiconductors but are easily <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysed</a> and have limited utility.<a href="#cite_note-emeleus_sharpe-38">[37]</a>: 104  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nitrides_and_pnictides">Nitrides and pnictides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nitrides and pnictides">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal-GaN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Crystal-GaN.jpg/160px-Crystal-GaN.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Crystal-GaN.jpg/240px-Crystal-GaN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Crystal-GaN.jpg/320px-Crystal-GaN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="331" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallium_Arsenide_(GaAs)_2%22_wafer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gallium_Arsenide_%28GaAs%29_2%22_wafer.jpg/160px-Gallium_Arsenide_%28GaAs%29_2%22_wafer.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gallium_Arsenide_%28GaAs%29_2%22_wafer.jpg/240px-Gallium_Arsenide_%28GaAs%29_2%22_wafer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gallium_Arsenide_%28GaAs%29_2%22_wafer.jpg/320px-Gallium_Arsenide_%28GaAs%29_2%22_wafer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="772" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Gallium nitride (left) and gallium arsenide (right) wafers</div></div></div></div> Gallium reacts with ammonia at 1050 °C to form <a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitride" title="Gallium nitride">gallium nitride</a>, GaN. Gallium also forms binary compounds with <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gallium_phosphide" title="Gallium phosphide">gallium phosphide</a> (GaP), <a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">gallium arsenide</a> (GaAs), and <a href="/wiki/Gallium_antimonide" title="Gallium antimonide">gallium antimonide</a> (GaSb). These compounds have the same structure as <a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfide" title="Zinc sulfide">ZnS</a>, and have important <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconducting</a> properties.<a href="#cite_note-wiberg_holleman-33">[32]</a>: 1034  GaP, GaAs, and GaSb can be synthesized by the direct reaction of gallium with elemental phosphorus, arsenic, or antimony.<a href="#cite_note-emeleus_sharpe-38">[37]</a>: 99  They exhibit higher electrical conductivity than GaN.<a href="#cite_note-emeleus_sharpe-38">[37]</a>: 101  GaP can also be synthesized by reacting Ga 2O with phosphorus at low temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Gallium forms ternary <a href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">nitrides</a>; for example:<a href="#cite_note-emeleus_sharpe-38">[37]</a>: 99  <dl><dd>Li 3Ga + N 2 → Li 3GaN 2</dd></dl> Similar compounds with phosphorus and arsenic are possible: Li 3GaP 2 and Li 3GaAs 2. These compounds are easily hydrolyzed by dilute <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> and water.<a href="#cite_note-emeleus_sharpe-38">[37]</a>: 101  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halides">Halides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Halides">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gallium_halides" title="Gallium halides">Gallium halides</a></div> Gallium(III) oxide reacts with <a href="/wiki/Halogenation" title="Halogenation">fluorinating agents</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">HF</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F 2</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_fluoride" title="Gallium(III) fluoride">gallium(III) fluoride</a>, GaF 3. It is an ionic compound strongly insoluble in water. However, it dissolves in <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a>, in which it forms an <a href="/wiki/Adduct" title="Adduct">adduct</a> with water, GaF 3·3H 2O. Attempting to dehydrate this adduct forms GaF 2OH·nH 2O. The adduct reacts with ammonia to form GaF 3·3NH 3, which can then be heated to form anhydrous GaF 3.<a href="#cite_note-downs-34">[33]</a>: 128–129  <a href="/wiki/Gallium_trichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium trichloride">Gallium trichloride</a> is formed by the reaction of gallium metal with <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> gas.<a href="#cite_note-eagleson-35">[34]</a> Unlike the trifluoride, gallium(III) chloride exists as dimeric molecules, Ga 2Cl 6, with a melting point of 78 °C. Equivalent compounds are formed with bromine and iodine, <a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_bromide" title="Gallium(III) bromide">Ga 2Br 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_iodide" title="Gallium(III) iodide">Ga 2I 6</a>.<a href="#cite_note-downs-34">[33]</a>: 133  Like the other group 13 trihalides, gallium(III) halides are <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acids</a>, reacting as halide acceptors with alkali metal halides to form salts containing GaX− 4 anions, where X is a halogen. They also react with <a href="/wiki/Haloalkane" title="Haloalkane">alkyl halides</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Carbocation" title="Carbocation">carbocations</a> and GaX− 4.<a href="#cite_note-downs-34">[33]</a>: 136–137  When heated to a high temperature, gallium(III) halides react with elemental gallium to form the respective gallium(I) halides. For example, GaCl 3 reacts with Ga to form GaCl: <dl><dd>2 Ga + GaCl 3 ⇌ 3 GaCl (g)</dd></dl> At lower temperatures, the equilibrium shifts toward the left and GaCl disproportionates back to elemental gallium and GaCl 3. GaCl can also be produced by reacting Ga with HCl at 950 °C; the product can be condensed as a red solid.<a href="#cite_note-wiberg_holleman-33">[32]</a>: 1036  Gallium(I) compounds can be stabilized by forming adducts with Lewis acids. For example: <dl><dd>GaCl + AlCl 3 → Ga+ [AlCl 4]− </dd></dl> The so-called "gallium(II) halides", GaX 2, are actually adducts of gallium(I) halides with the respective gallium(III) halides, having the structure Ga+ [GaX 4]− . For example:<a href="#cite_note-eagleson-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-wiberg_holleman-33">[32]</a>: 1036 <a href="#cite_note-arora-42">[41]</a> <dl><dd>GaCl + GaCl 3 → Ga+ [GaCl 4]− </dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrides">Hydrides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hydrides">edit</a>]</div> Like <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, gallium also forms a <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydride</a>, GaH 3, known as <a href="/wiki/Gallane" title="Gallane">gallane</a>, which may be produced by reacting lithium gallanate (LiGaH 4) with <a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_chloride" title="Gallium(III) chloride">gallium(III) chloride</a> at −30 °C:<a href="#cite_note-wiberg_holleman-33">[32]</a>: 1031  <dl><dd>3 LiGaH 4 + GaCl 3 → 3 LiCl + 4 GaH 3</dd></dl> In the presence of <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">dimethyl ether</a> as solvent, GaH 3 polymerizes to (GaH 3) n. If no solvent is used, the dimer Ga 2H 6 (<a href="/wiki/Digallane" title="Digallane">digallane</a>) is formed as a gas. Its structure is similar to <a href="/wiki/Diborane" title="Diborane">diborane</a>, having two hydrogen atoms bridging the two gallium centers,<a href="#cite_note-wiberg_holleman-33">[32]</a>: 1031  unlike α-<a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydride" title="Aluminium hydride">AlH 3</a> in which aluminium has a coordination number of 6.<a href="#cite_note-wiberg_holleman-33">[32]</a>: 1008  Gallane is unstable above −10 °C, decomposing to elemental gallium and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sykes-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organogallium_compounds">Organogallium compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organogallium compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organogallium_chemistry" title="Organogallium chemistry">Organogallium chemistry</a></div> Organogallium compounds are of similar reactivity to <a href="/wiki/Organoindium_chemistry" title="Organoindium chemistry">organoindium</a> compounds, less reactive than <a href="/wiki/Organoaluminium_chemistry" title="Organoaluminium chemistry">organoaluminium</a> compounds, but more reactive than <a href="/wiki/Thallium#Organothallium_compounds" title="Thallium">organothallium</a> compounds.<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd-18">[17]</a>: 262–5  Alkylgalliums are monomeric. <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acidity</a> decreases in the order Al > Ga > In and as a result organogallium compounds do not form bridged dimers as organoaluminium compounds do. Organogallium compounds are also less reactive than organoaluminium compounds. They do form stable peroxides.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> These alkylgalliums are liquids at room temperature, having low melting points, and are quite mobile and flammable. Triphenylgallium is monomeric in solution, but its crystals form chain structures due to weak intermolecluar Ga···C interactions.<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd-18">[17]</a>: 262–5  Gallium trichloride is a common starting reagent for the formation of organogallium compounds, such as in <a href="/wiki/Carbometalation" title="Carbometalation">carbogallation</a> reactions.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Gallium trichloride reacts with <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> cyclopentadienide in <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">diethyl ether</a> to form the trigonal planar gallium cyclopentadienyl complex GaCp3. Gallium(I) forms complexes with <a href="/wiki/Arene" class="mw-redirect" title="Arene">arene</a> <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hexamethylbenzene" title="Hexamethylbenzene">hexamethylbenzene</a>. Because this ligand is quite bulky, the structure of the [Ga(η6-C6Me6)]+ is that of a <a href="/wiki/Half_sandwich_compound" title="Half sandwich compound">half-sandwich</a>. Less bulky ligands such as <a href="/wiki/Mesitylene" title="Mesitylene">mesitylene</a> allow two ligands to be attached to the central gallium atom in a bent sandwich structure. <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a> is even less bulky and allows the formation of dimers: an example is [Ga(η6-C6H6)2] [GaCl4]·3C6H6.<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd-18">[17]</a>: 262–5  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gallium_drops.ogv/220px--Gallium_drops.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="10" data-mwtitle="Gallium_drops.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Gallium_drops.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Gallium_drops.ogv/Gallium_drops.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Gallium_drops.ogv/Gallium_drops.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Gallium_drops.ogv/Gallium_drops.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Gallium_drops.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Gallium_drops.ogv/Gallium_drops.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Gallium_drops.ogv/Gallium_drops.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Gallium_drops.ogv/Gallium_drops.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Gallium_drops.ogv/Gallium_drops.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Small gallium droplets fusing together</figcaption></figure> In 1871, the existence of gallium was first predicted by Russian chemist <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a>, who named it "<a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">eka-aluminium</a>" from its position in his <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>. He also predicted several properties of eka-aluminium that correspond closely to the real properties of gallium, such as its <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a>, oxide character, and bonding in chloride.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison between Mendeleev's 1871 predictions and the known properties of gallium<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd-18">[17]</a>: 217  </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Property </th> <th>Mendeleev's predictions </th> <th>Actual properties </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">Atomic weight</a> </th> <td>~68 </td> <td>69.723 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Density </th> <td>5.9 g/cm3 </td> <td>5.904 g/cm3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Melting point </th> <td>Low </td> <td>29.767 °C </td></tr> <tr> <th>Formula of oxide </th> <td>M2O3 </td> <td>Ga2O3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Density of oxide </th> <td>5.5 g/cm3 </td> <td>5.88 g/cm3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nature of hydroxide </th> <td>amphoteric </td> <td>amphoteric </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> Mendeleev further predicted that eka-aluminium would be discovered by means of the <a href="/wiki/Spectroscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectroscope">spectroscope</a>, and that metallic eka-aluminium would dissolve slowly in both acids and alkalis and would not react with air. He also predicted that M2O3 would dissolve in acids to give MX3 salts, that eka-<a href="/wiki/Aluminium_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium salt">aluminium salts</a> would form basic salts, that eka-aluminium sulfate should form <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alums</a>, and that anhydrous MCl3 should have a greater volatility than ZnCl2: all of these predictions turned out to be true.<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd-18">[17]</a>: 217  Gallium was discovered using <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> by French chemist <a href="/wiki/Paul-%C3%89mile_Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran" title="Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran">Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran</a> in 1875 from its characteristic spectrum (two <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a> lines) in a sample of <a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">sphalerite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bois-47">[46]</a> Later that year, Lecoq obtained the free metal by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_hydroxide" title="Gallium(III) hydroxide">hydroxide</a> in <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a> solution.<a href="#cite_note-Weeks-48">[47]</a> He named the element "gallia", from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> Gallia meaning '<a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>', a name for his native land of France. It was later claimed that, in a multilingual <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">pun</a> of a kind favoured by men of science in the 19th century, he had also named gallium after himself: Le coq is French for 'the rooster', and the Latin word for 'rooster' is gallus. In an 1877 article, Lecoq denied this conjecture.<a href="#cite_note-Weeks-48">[47]</a> Originally, de Boisbaudran determined the density of gallium as 4.7 g/cm3, the only property that failed to match Mendeleev's predictions; Mendeleev then wrote to him and suggested that he should remeasure the density, and de Boisbaudran then obtained the correct value of 5.9 g/cm3, that Mendeleev had predicted exactly.<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd-18">[17]</a>: 217  From its discovery in 1875 until the era of semiconductors, the primary uses of gallium were high-temperature thermometrics and metal alloys with unusual properties of stability or ease of melting (some such being liquid at room temperature). The development of <a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">gallium arsenide</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_band_gaps" title="Direct and indirect band gaps">direct bandgap semiconductor</a> in the 1960s ushered in the most important stage in the applications of gallium.<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd-18">[17]</a>: 221  In the late 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">electronics industry</a> started using gallium on a commercial scale to fabricate light emitting diodes, <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaics</a> and semiconductors, while the metals industry used it<a href="#cite_note-petkof78-49">[48]</a> to reduce the melting point of <a href="/wiki/Alloys" class="mw-redirect" title="Alloys">alloys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-azomga-50">[49]</a> First blue <a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitride" title="Gallium nitride">gallium nitride</a> LED were developed in 1971-1973, but they were feeble.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Only in the early 1990s <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a> managed to combine GaN with <a href="/wiki/Indium_gallium_nitride" title="Indium gallium nitride">indium gallium nitride</a> and develop the modern blue LED, now making the basis of ubiquitous white LEDs, which <a href="/wiki/Nichia" title="Nichia">Nichia</a> commercialized in 1993. He and two other Japanese scientists received a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel in Physics</a> in 2014 for this work.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Global gallium production slowly grew from several tens of t/year in the 1970s til ca. 2010, when it passed 100 t/yr and rapidly accelerated,<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> by 2024 reaching about 450 t/yr.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> Gallium does not exist as a free element in the Earth's crust, and the few high-content minerals, such as gallite (CuGaS2), are too rare to serve as a primary source.<a href="#cite_note-Frenzel-2016b-56">[55]</a> The abundance <a href="/wiki/Earth#Chemical_composition" title="Earth">in the Earth's crust</a> is approximately 16.9 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a>. It is the 34th most abundant element in the crust.<a href="#cite_note-Burton-57">[56]</a> This is comparable to the crustal abundances of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>. Yet unlike these elements, gallium does not form its own ore deposits with concentrations of > 0.1 wt.% in ore. Rather it occurs at trace concentrations similar to the crustal value in zinc ores,<a href="#cite_note-Frenzel-2016b-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FrenzelMeta-2016-58">[57]</a> and at somewhat higher values (~ 50 ppm) in aluminium ores, from both of which it is extracted as a by-product. This lack of independent deposits is due to gallium's geochemical behaviour, showing no strong enrichment in the processes relevant to the formation of most ore deposits.<a href="#cite_note-Frenzel-2016b-56">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS) estimates that more than 1 million tons of gallium is contained in known reserves of bauxite and zinc ores.<a href="#cite_note-USGSCS2008-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGSCS2006-60">[59]</a> Some coal <a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">flue</a> <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dusts</a> contain small quantities of gallium, typically less than 1% by weight.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> However, these amounts are not extractable without mining of the host materials (see below). Thus, the availability of gallium is fundamentally determined by the rate at which bauxite, zinc ores, and coal are extracted. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_and_availability">Production and availability</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Production and availability">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6N_Gallium_sealed_in_vacuum_ampoule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/6N_Gallium_sealed_in_vacuum_ampoule.jpg/220px-6N_Gallium_sealed_in_vacuum_ampoule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/6N_Gallium_sealed_in_vacuum_ampoule.jpg/330px-6N_Gallium_sealed_in_vacuum_ampoule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/6N_Gallium_sealed_in_vacuum_ampoule.jpg/440px-6N_Gallium_sealed_in_vacuum_ampoule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>99.9999% (6N) gallium sealed in vacuum ampoule</figcaption></figure> Gallium is produced exclusively as a <a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">by-product</a> during the processing of the ores of other metals. Its main source material is <a href="/wiki/Bauxite#Source_of_gallium" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, the chief ore of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, but minor amounts are also extracted from sulfidic zinc ores (<a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">sphalerite</a> being the main host mineral).<a href="#cite_note-Frenzel-2016a-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FrenzelMeta-2016-58">[57]</a> In the past, certain coals were an important source. During the processing of <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">alumina</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bayer_process" title="Bayer process">Bayer process</a>, gallium accumulates in the <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> liquor. From this it can be extracted by a variety of methods. The most recent is the use of <a href="/wiki/Ion-exchange_resin" title="Ion-exchange resin">ion-exchange resin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frenzel-2016a-65">[64]</a> Achievable extraction efficiencies critically depend on the original concentration in the feed bauxite. At a typical feed concentration of 50 ppm, about 15% of the contained gallium is extractable.<a href="#cite_note-Frenzel-2016a-65">[64]</a> The remainder reports to the <a href="/wiki/Red_mud" title="Red mud">red mud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide">aluminium hydroxide</a> streams. Gallium is removed from the ion-exchange resin in solution. Electrolysis then gives gallium metal. For <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> use, it is further purified with <a href="/wiki/Zone_melting" title="Zone melting">zone melting</a> or single-crystal extraction from a melt (<a href="/wiki/Czochralski_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Czochralski process">Czochralski process</a>). Purities of 99.9999% are routinely achieved and commercially available.<a href="#cite_note-Moskalyk-66">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bauxite_Jamaica_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bauxite_Jamaica_1984.jpg/220px-Bauxite_Jamaica_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bauxite_Jamaica_1984.jpg/330px-Bauxite_Jamaica_1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bauxite_Jamaica_1984.jpg/440px-Bauxite_Jamaica_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption>Bauxite mine in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> (1984)</figcaption></figure> Its by-product status means that gallium production is constrained by the amount of bauxite, sulfidic zinc ores (and coal) extracted per year. Therefore, its availability needs to be discussed in terms of supply potential. The supply potential of a by-product is defined as that amount which is economically extractable from its host materials per year under current market conditions (i.e. technology and price).<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Reserves and resources are not relevant for by-products, since they cannot be extracted independently from the main-products.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Recent estimates put the supply potential of gallium at a minimum of 2,100 t/yr from bauxite, 85 t/yr from sulfidic zinc ores, and potentially 590 t/yr from coal.<a href="#cite_note-Frenzel-2016a-65">[64]</a> These figures are significantly greater than current production (375 t in 2016).<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Thus, major future increases in the by-product production of gallium will be possible without significant increases in production costs or price. The average price for low-grade gallium was $120 per kilogram in 2016 and $135–140 per kilogram in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2018-70">[69]</a> In 2017, the world's production of low-grade gallium was <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 315 tons—an increase of 15% from 2016. China, Japan, South Korea, Russia, and Ukraine were the leading producers, while Germany ceased primary production of gallium in 2016. The yield of high-purity gallium was ca. 180 tons, mostly originating from China, Japan, Slovakia, UK and U.S. The 2017 world annual production capacity was estimated at 730 tons for low-grade and 320 tons for refined gallium.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2018-70">[69]</a> China produced <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 250 tons of low-grade gallium in 2016 and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 tons in 2017. It also accounted for more than half of global <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LED</a> production.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2018-70">[69]</a> As of July 2023, China accounted for between 80%<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> and 95% of its production.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> Semiconductor applications dominate the commercial demand for gallium, accounting for 98% of the total. The next major application is for <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium_gallium_garnet" title="Gadolinium gallium garnet">gadolinium gallium garnets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-73">[72]</a> As of 2022, 44% of world use went to light fixtures and 36% to integrated circuits, with smaller shares equal to ~7% going to photovoltaics and magnets each.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semiconductors">Semiconductors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Semiconductors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_LED_and_Reflection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Blue_LED_and_Reflection.jpg/220px-Blue_LED_and_Reflection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Blue_LED_and_Reflection.jpg/330px-Blue_LED_and_Reflection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Blue_LED_and_Reflection.jpg/440px-Blue_LED_and_Reflection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Gallium-based blue LEDs</figcaption></figure> Extremely high-purity (>99.9999%) gallium is commercially available to serve the <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> industry. <a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">Gallium arsenide</a> (GaAs) and <a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitride" title="Gallium nitride">gallium nitride</a> (GaN) used in electronic components represented about 98% of the gallium consumption in the United States in 2007. About 66% of semiconductor gallium is used in the U.S. in integrated circuits (mostly gallium arsenide), such as the manufacture of ultra-high-speed logic chips and <a href="/wiki/MESFET" title="MESFET">MESFETs</a> for low-noise microwave preamplifiers in cell phones. About 20% of this gallium is used in <a href="/wiki/Optoelectronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Optoelectronic">optoelectronics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGSCS2008-59">[58]</a> Worldwide, gallium arsenide makes up 95% of the annual global gallium consumption.<a href="#cite_note-Moskalyk-66">[65]</a> It amounted to $7.5 billion in 2016, with 53% originating from cell phones, 27% from wireless communications, and the rest from automotive, consumer, fiber-optic, and military applications. The recent increase in GaAs consumption is mostly related to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> and <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, which employ up to 10 times the amount of GaAs in older models.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2018-70">[69]</a> Gallium arsenide and gallium nitride can also be found in a variety of optoelectronic devices which had a market share of $15.3 billion in 2015 and $18.5 billion in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2018-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_gallium_arsenide" title="Aluminium gallium arsenide">Aluminium gallium arsenide</a> (AlGaAs) is used in high-power infrared laser diodes. The semiconductors gallium nitride and <a href="/wiki/Indium_gallium_nitride" title="Indium gallium nitride">indium gallium nitride</a> are used in blue and violet optoelectronic devices, mostly <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">laser diodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a>. For example, gallium nitride 405 nm diode lasers are used as a violet light source for higher-density <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a> compact data disc drives.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Other major applications of gallium nitride are cable television transmission, commercial wireless infrastructure, power electronics, and satellites. The GaN radio frequency device market alone was estimated at $370 million in 2016 and $420 million in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2018-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Multijunction_photovoltaic_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Multijunction photovoltaic cell">Multijunction photovoltaic cells</a>, developed for <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> power applications, are made by <a href="/wiki/Molecular-beam_epitaxy" title="Molecular-beam epitaxy">molecular-beam epitaxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metalorganic_vapour-phase_epitaxy" title="Metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy">metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thin_film" title="Thin film">thin films</a> of gallium arsenide, <a href="/wiki/Indium_gallium_phosphide" title="Indium gallium phosphide">indium gallium phosphide</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Indium_gallium_arsenide" title="Indium gallium arsenide">indium gallium arsenide</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a> and several satellites use triple-junction gallium arsenide on germanium cells.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Gallium is also a component in <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic">photovoltaic</a> compounds (such as copper indium gallium selenium sulfide <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2) used in solar panels as a cost-efficient alternative to <a href="/wiki/Crystalline_silicon" title="Crystalline silicon">crystalline silicon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galinstan_and_other_alloys">Galinstan and other alloys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Galinstan and other alloys">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galinstan_on_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Galinstan_on_glass.jpg/220px-Galinstan_on_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Galinstan_on_glass.jpg/330px-Galinstan_on_glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Galinstan_on_glass.jpg/440px-Galinstan_on_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Galinstan easily wetting a piece of ordinary glass</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallium_alloy_3D_prints_(26519727708).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gallium_alloy_3D_prints_%2826519727708%29.jpg/220px-Gallium_alloy_3D_prints_%2826519727708%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gallium_alloy_3D_prints_%2826519727708%29.jpg/330px-Gallium_alloy_3D_prints_%2826519727708%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gallium_alloy_3D_prints_%2826519727708%29.jpg/440px-Gallium_alloy_3D_prints_%2826519727708%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>Owing to their low melting points, gallium and its alloys can be shaped into various 3D forms using <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Additive_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Additive manufacturing">additive manufacturing</a>.</figcaption></figure> Gallium readily <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> with most metals, and is used as an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Low-melting_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-melting alloy">low-melting alloys</a>. The nearly <a href="/wiki/Eutectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutectic">eutectic</a> alloy of gallium, <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> is a room temperature liquid used in medical thermometers. This alloy, with the trade-name <a href="/wiki/Galinstan" title="Galinstan">Galinstan</a> (with the "-stan" referring to the tin, stannum in Latin), has a low melting point of −19 °C (−2.2 °F).<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> It has been suggested that this family of alloys could also be used to cool computer chips in place of water, and is often used as a replacement for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_grease" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal grease">thermal paste</a> in high-performance computing.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Gallium alloys have been evaluated as substitutes for mercury <a href="/wiki/Dental_amalgam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental amalgam">dental amalgams</a>, but these materials have yet to see wide acceptance. Liquid alloys containing mostly gallium and indium have been found to precipitate gaseous CO2 into solid carbon and are being researched as potential methodologies for <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">carbon removal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Because gallium <a href="/wiki/Wetting" title="Wetting">wets</a> glass or <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, gallium can be used to create brilliant <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirrors</a>. When the wetting action of gallium-alloys is not desired (as in Galinstan glass thermometers), the glass must be protected with a transparent layer of <a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_oxide" title="Gallium(III) oxide">gallium(III) oxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Due to their high <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">deformability</a>,<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> gallium-based liquid metals can be used to create <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuators</a> by controlling the surface tension.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Researchers have demonstrated the potentials of using liquid metal actuators as <a href="/wiki/Artificial_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial muscles">artificial muscle</a> in robotic actuation.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Plutonium_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium pit">nuclear weapon pits</a> is stabilized in the <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_plutonium" title="Allotropes of plutonium">δ phase</a> and made machinable by <a href="/wiki/Plutonium%E2%80%93gallium_alloy" title="Plutonium–gallium alloy">alloying with gallium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomedical_applications">Biomedical applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Biomedical applications">edit</a>]</div> Although gallium has no natural function in biology, gallium ions interact with processes in the body in a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Ferric#Ferric_iron_and_life" title="Ferric">iron(III)</a>. Because these processes include <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, a marker for many disease states, several gallium salts are used (or are in development) as <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceuticals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">radiopharmaceuticals</a> in medicine. Interest in the anticancer properties of gallium emerged when it was discovered that 67Ga(III) citrate injected in tumor-bearing animals localized to sites of tumor. Clinical trials have shown gallium nitrate to have antineoplastic activity against non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and urothelial cancers. A new generation of gallium-ligand complexes such as tris(8-quinolinolato)gallium(III) (KP46) and gallium maltolate has emerged.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitrate" title="Gallium nitrate">Gallium nitrate</a> (brand name Ganite) has been used as an intravenous pharmaceutical to treat <a href="/wiki/Hypercalcemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercalcemia">hypercalcemia</a> associated with tumor <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a> to bones. Gallium is thought to interfere with <a href="/wiki/Osteoclast" title="Osteoclast">osteoclast</a> function, and the therapy may be effective when other treatments have failed.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallium_maltolate" title="Gallium maltolate">Gallium maltolate</a>, an oral, highly absorbable form of gallium(III) ion, is an anti-proliferative to pathologically proliferating cells, particularly cancer cells and some bacteria that accept it in place of ferric iron (Fe3+). Researchers are conducting clinical and preclinical trials on this compound as a potential treatment for a number of cancers, infectious diseases, and inflammatory diseases.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> When gallium ions are mistakenly taken up in place of iron(III) by bacteria such as <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas" title="Pseudomonas">Pseudomonas</a>, the ions interfere with respiration, and the bacteria die. This happens because iron is redox-active, allowing the transfer of electrons during respiration, while gallium is redox-inactive.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> A complex <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amine</a>-<a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a> Ga(III) compound MR045 is selectively toxic to parasites resistant to <a href="/wiki/Chloroquine" title="Chloroquine">chloroquine</a>, a common drug against <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. Both the Ga(III) complex and chloroquine act by inhibiting crystallization of <a href="/wiki/Hemozoin" title="Hemozoin">hemozoin</a>, a disposal product formed from the digestion of blood by the parasites.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radiogallium_salts">Radiogallium salts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Radiogallium salts">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Gallium-67" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium-67">Gallium-67</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> such as gallium <a href="/wiki/Citrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrate">citrate</a> and gallium <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> are used as <a href="/wiki/Radiopharmaceutical" title="Radiopharmaceutical">radiopharmaceutical</a> agents in the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">nuclear medicine</a> imaging known as <a href="/wiki/Gallium_scan" title="Gallium scan">gallium scan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radioactive isotope</a> 67Ga is used, and the compound or salt of gallium is unimportant. The body handles Ga3+ in many ways as though it were Fe3+, and the ion is bound (and concentrates) in areas of inflammation, such as infection, and in areas of rapid cell division. This allows such sites to be imaged by nuclear scan techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Nordberg-99">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallium-68" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium-68">Gallium-68</a>, a positron emitter with a half-life of 68 min, is now used as a diagnostic radionuclide in PET-CT when linked to pharmaceutical preparations such as <a href="/wiki/DOTATOC" class="mw-redirect" title="DOTATOC">DOTATOC</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">somatostatin</a> analogue used for <a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroendocrine tumors">neuroendocrine tumors</a> investigation, and <a href="/wiki/DOTA-TATE" title="DOTA-TATE">DOTA-TATE</a>, a newer one, used for neuroendocrine <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a> and lung neuroendocrine cancer, such as certain types of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcytoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microcytoma (page does not exist)">microcytoma</a>. Gallium-68's preparation as a pharmaceutical is chemical, and the radionuclide is extracted by <a href="/wiki/Elution" title="Elution">elution</a> from germanium-68, a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synthetic radioisotope</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Gallium-68_generator" title="Gallium-68 generator">gallium-68 generators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> Neutrino detection: Gallium is used for <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrino detection">neutrino detection</a>. Possibly the largest amount of pure gallium ever collected in a single location is the Gallium-Germanium Neutrino Telescope used by the <a href="/wiki/SAGE_(Soviet-American_Gallium_Experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE (Soviet-American Gallium Experiment)">SAGE experiment</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Baksan_Neutrino_Observatory" title="Baksan Neutrino Observatory">Baksan Neutrino Observatory</a> in Russia. This detector contains 55–57 tonnes (~9 cubic metres) of liquid gallium.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Another experiment was the <a href="/wiki/GALLEX" title="GALLEX">GALLEX</a> neutrino detector operated in the early 1990s in an Italian mountain tunnel. The detector contained 12.2 tons of watered gallium-71. <a href="/wiki/Solar_neutrino" title="Solar neutrino">Solar neutrinos</a> caused a few atoms of 71Ga to become radioactive 71<a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a>, which were detected. This experiment showed that the solar neutrino flux is 40% less than theory predicted. This deficit (<a href="/wiki/Solar_neutrino_problem" title="Solar neutrino problem">solar neutrino problem</a>) was not explained until better solar neutrino detectors and theories were constructed (see <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Neutrino_Observatory" title="Sudbury Neutrino Observatory">SNO</a>).<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Ion source: Gallium is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_metal_ion_source" title="Liquid metal ion source">liquid metal ion source</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Focused_ion_beam" title="Focused ion beam">focused ion beam</a>. For example, a focused gallium-ion beam was used to create the world's smallest book, <a href="/wiki/Teeny_Ted_from_Turnip_Town" title="Teeny Ted from Turnip Town">Teeny Ted from Turnip Town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pr-103">[102]</a> Lubricants: Gallium serves as an additive in <a href="/wiki/Glide_wax" class="mw-redirect" title="Glide wax">glide wax</a> for skis and other low-friction surface materials.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Flexible electronics: Materials scientists speculate that the properties of gallium could make it suitable for the development of flexible and wearable devices.<a href="#cite_note-Kleiner-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tang-106">[105]</a> Hydrogen generation: Gallium disrupts the <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">protective oxide layer</a> on aluminium, allowing water to react with the aluminium in <a href="/wiki/AlGa" title="AlGa">AlGa</a> to produce hydrogen gas.<a href="#cite_note-Amberchan_2022-107">[106]</a> Humor: A well-known <a href="/wiki/Practical_joke" title="Practical joke">practical joke</a> among chemists is to fashion gallium spoons and use them to serve tea to unsuspecting guests, since gallium has a similar appearance to its lighter homolog aluminium. The spoons then melt in the hot tea.<a href="#cite_note-Sam_Kean2010-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallium_in_the_ocean">Gallium in the ocean</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gallium in the ocean">edit</a>]</div> Advances in trace element testing have allowed scientists to discover traces of dissolved gallium in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.<a href="#cite_note-Dissolved_Gallium_in_the_Open_Ocean-109">[108]</a> In recent years, dissolved gallium concentrations have presented in the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dissolved_Gallium_in_the_Open_Ocean-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dissolved_Gallium_in_the_Beaufort_S-110">[109]</a> These reports reflect the possible profiles of the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean waters.<a href="#cite_note-Dissolved_Gallium_in_the_Beaufort_S-110">[109]</a> For the Pacific Oceans, typical dissolved gallium concentrations are between 4 and 6 pmol/kg at depths <~150 m. In comparison, for Atlantic waters 25–28 pmol/kg at depths >~350 m.<a href="#cite_note-Dissolved_Gallium_in_the_Beaufort_S-110">[109]</a> Gallium has entered oceans mainly through aeolian input, but having gallium in our oceans can be used to resolve aluminium distribution in the oceans.<a href="#cite_note-Shiller_87–99-111">[110]</a> The reason for this is that gallium is geochemically similar to aluminium, just less reactive. Gallium also has a slightly larger surface water residence time than aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-Shiller_87–99-111">[110]</a> Gallium has a similar dissolved profile similar to that of aluminium, due to this gallium can be used as a tracer for aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-Shiller_87–99-111">[110]</a> Gallium can also be used as a tracer of aeolian inputs of iron.<a href="#cite_note-Dissolved_Gallium_in_the_northwest-112">[111]</a> Gallium is used as a tracer for iron in the northwest Pacific, south and central Atlantic Oceans.<a href="#cite_note-Dissolved_Gallium_in_the_northwest-112">[111]</a> For example, in the northwest Pacific, low gallium surface waters, in the subpolar region suggest that there is low dust input, which can subsequently explain the following <a href="/wiki/High-nutrient,_low-chlorophyll" class="mw-redirect" title="High-nutrient, low-chlorophyll">high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll</a> environmental behavior.<a href="#cite_note-Dissolved_Gallium_in_the_northwest-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Precautions">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Gallium </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS05: Corrosive"><img alt="GHS05: Corrosive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Danger </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H290: May be corrosive to metals">H290</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H318: Causes serious eye damage">H318</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P305: IF IN EYES:">P305</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P310: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.">P310</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P338: Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.">P338</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P351: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.">P351</abbr><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-74-diamond-refs"><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_e43abf6a22fcb96c" /><map name="ImageMap_e43abf6a22fcb96c"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" title="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">1</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Metallic gallium is not toxic. However, several gallium compounds are toxic. Gallium halide complexes can be toxic.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> The Ga3+ ion of soluble gallium salts tends to form the insoluble hydroxide when injected in large doses; precipitation of this hydroxide resulted in <a href="/wiki/Nephrotoxicity" title="Nephrotoxicity">nephrotoxicity</a> in animals. In lower doses, soluble gallium is tolerated well and does not accumulate as a poison, instead being excreted mostly through urine. Excretion of gallium occurs in two phases: the first phase has a <a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">biological half-life</a> of 1 hour, while the second has a biological half-life of 25 hours.<a href="#cite_note-Nordberg-99">[98]</a> Inhaled Ga2O3 particles are probably toxic.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> The thermal expansion is <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a>: the parameters (in the range 280–302.9 K) are αa = 31.9×10−6/K, αb = 16.2×10−6/K, αc = 13.3×10−6/K, and αaverage = 20.5×10−6/K.<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-5">[5]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colture-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colture_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colture_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colture_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann,_Patrick1997" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hofmann, Patrick (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-kassel.de/upress/online/frei/978-3-7281-2597-2.volltext.frei.pdf">Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden</a> (PDF) (Thesis) (in German). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3929%2Fethz-a-001859893">10.3929/ethz-a-001859893</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F143357">20.500.11850/143357</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3728125972" title="Special:BookSources/978-3728125972"><bdi>978-3728125972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Colture.+Ein+Programm+zur+interaktiven+Visualisierung+von+Festk%C3%B6rperstrukturen+sowie+Synthese%2C+Struktur+und+Eigenschaften+von+bin%C3%A4ren+und+tern%C3%A4ren+Alkali-+und+Erdalkalimetallgalliden&rft.inst=PhD+Thesis%2C+ETH+Zurich&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F143357&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3929%2Fethz-a-001859893&rft.isbn=978-3728125972&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-kassel.de%2Fupress%2Fonline%2Ffrei%2F978-3-7281-2597-2.volltext.frei.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDürrBauerRöhr2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.znaturforsch.com/s66b/s66b1107.pdf">"Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen"</a> (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in German). 66b: 1107–1121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Z.+Naturforsch.&rft.atitle=Lanthan-Triel%2FTetrel-ide+La%28Al%2CGa%29%3Csub%3Ex%3C%2Fsub%3E%28Si%2CGe%29%3Csub%3E1-x%3C%2Fsub%3E.+Experimentelle+und+theoretische+Studien+zur+Stabilit%C3%A4t+intermetallischer+1%3A1-Phasen&rft.volume=66b&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1107-%3C%2Fspan%3E1121&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCrr&rft.aufirst=Ines&rft.au=Bauer%2C+Britta&rft.au=R%C3%B6hr%2C+Caroline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.znaturforsch.com%2Fs66b%2Fs66b1107.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Ga(−1) has been observed in LiGa; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg,_EgonWiberg,_Nils2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110206845" title="Special:BookSources/9783110206845"><bdi>9783110206845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1185&rft.edition=102&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783110206845&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Ga(0) is known in <a href="/wiki/Gallium_monoiodide" title="Gallium monoiodide">gallium monoiodide</a>; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiddifieldJurcaRichesonBryce2012" class="citation journal cs1">Widdifield, Cory M.; Jurca, Titel; Richeson, Darrin S.; Bryce, David L. (16 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277538712000101">"Using 69/71Ga solid-state NMR and 127I NQR as probes to elucidate the composition of "GaI""</a>. Polyhedron. 35 (1): 96–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.poly.2012.01.003">10.1016/j.poly.2012.01.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-5387">0277-5387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polyhedron&rft.atitle=Using+69%2F71Ga+solid-state+NMR+and+127I+NQR+as+probes+to+elucidate+the+composition+of+%22GaI%22&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2012-03-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.poly.2012.01.003&rft.issn=0277-5387&rft.aulast=Widdifield&rft.aufirst=Cory+M.&rft.au=Jurca%2C+Titel&rft.au=Richeson%2C+Darrin+S.&rft.au=Bryce%2C+David+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0277538712000101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4"><bdi>0-8493-0464-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-13"><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScerri2020" class="citation book cs1">Scerri, Eric (2020). The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-091436-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-091436-3"><bdi>978-0-19-091436-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Periodic+Table%3A+Its+Story+and+Its+Significance&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-091436-3&rft.aulast=Scerri&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/31/gallium">"Gallium – Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table"</a>. www.rsc.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rsc.org&rft.atitle=Gallium+%E2%80%93+Element+information%2C+properties+and+uses+%7C+Periodic+Table&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fperiodic-table%2Felement%2F31%2Fgallium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobelo-GarcíaFilellaCrootFrazzoli2015" class="citation journal cs1">Cobelo-García, A.; Filella, M.; Croot, P.; Frazzoli, C.; Du Laing, G.; Ospina-Alvarez, N.; Rauch, S.; Salaun, P.; Schäfer, J.; Zimmermann, S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4592495">"COST action TD1407: network on technology-critical elements (NOTICE)—from environmental processes to human health threats"</a>. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 22 (19): 15188–15194. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ESPR...2215188C">2015ESPR...2215188C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-015-5221-0">10.1007/s11356-015-5221-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0944-1344">0944-1344</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4592495">4592495</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26286804">26286804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research+International&rft.atitle=COST+action+TD1407%3A+network+on+technology-critical+elements+%28NOTICE%29%E2%80%94from+environmental+processes+to+human+health+threats&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15188-%3C%2Fspan%3E15194&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4592495%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ESPR...2215188C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26286804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-015-5221-0&rft.issn=0944-1344&rft.aulast=Cobelo-Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Filella%2C+M.&rft.au=Croot%2C+P.&rft.au=Frazzoli%2C+C.&rft.au=Du+Laing%2C+G.&rft.au=Ospina-Alvarez%2C+N.&rft.au=Rauch%2C+S.&rft.au=Salaun%2C+P.&rft.au=Sch%C3%A4fer%2C+J.&rft.au=Zimmermann%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4592495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero-FreireSantos-EcheandíaNeiraCobelo-García2019" class="citation journal cs1">Romero-Freire, Ana; Santos-Echeandía, Juan; Neira, Patricia; Cobelo-García, Antonio (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmars.2019.00532">"Less-Studied Technology-Critical Elements (Nb, Ta, Ga, In, Ge, Te) in the Marine Environment: Review on Their Concentrations in Water and Organisms"</a>. Frontiers in Marine Science. 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmars.2019.00532">10.3389/fmars.2019.00532</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F307794">10261/307794</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-7745">2296-7745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Less-Studied+Technology-Critical+Elements+%28Nb%2C+Ta%2C+Ga%2C+In%2C+Ge%2C+Te%29+in+the+Marine+Environment%3A+Review+on+Their+Concentrations+in+Water+and+Organisms&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F307794&rft.issn=2296-7745&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmars.2019.00532&rft.aulast=Romero-Freire&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft.au=Santos-Echeand%C3%ADa%2C+Juan&rft.au=Neira%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Cobelo-Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffmars.2019.00532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd_18-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd_18-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd_18-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd_18-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd_18-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodEarnshaw2nd_18-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 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Nature. 332 (21): 717–19. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.332..717O">1988Natur.332..717O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F332717a0">10.1038/332717a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4323435">4323435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Dissolved+Gallium+in+the+Open+Ocean&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E717-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=1988-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4323435%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F332717a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988Natur.332..717O&rft.aulast=Orians&rft.aufirst=K.+J.&rft.au=Bruland%2C+K.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dissolved_Gallium_in_the_Beaufort_S-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dissolved_Gallium_in_the_Beaufort_S_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dissolved_Gallium_in_the_Beaufort_S_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dissolved_Gallium_in_the_Beaufort_S_110-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAlisterOrians2015" class="citation journal cs1">McAlister, Jason A.; Orians, Kristin J. (20 December 2015). "Dissolved Gallium in the Beaufort Sea of the Western Arctic Ocean: A GEOTRACES cruise in the International Polar Year". Marine Chemistry. 177 (Part 1): 101–109. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MarCh.177..101M">2015MarCh.177..101M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marchem.2015.05.007">10.1016/j.marchem.2015.05.007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Dissolved+Gallium+in+the+Beaufort+Sea+of+the+Western+Arctic+Ocean%3A+A+GEOTRACES+cruise+in+the+International+Polar+Year&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=Part+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=2015-12-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marchem.2015.05.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015MarCh.177..101M&rft.aulast=McAlister&rft.aufirst=Jason+A.&rft.au=Orians%2C+Kristin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shiller_87–99-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shiller_87–99_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shiller_87–99_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shiller_87–99_111-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiller1998" class="citation journal cs1">Shiller, A. M. (June 1998). "Dissolved Gallium in the Atlantic Ocean". Marine Chemistry. 61 (1): 87–99. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998MarCh..61...87S">1998MarCh..61...87S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0304-4203%2898%2900009-7">10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00009-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Dissolved+Gallium+in+the+Atlantic+Ocean&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=1998-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0304-4203%2898%2900009-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998MarCh..61...87S&rft.aulast=Shiller&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dissolved_Gallium_in_the_northwest-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dissolved_Gallium_in_the_northwest_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dissolved_Gallium_in_the_northwest_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dissolved_Gallium_in_the_northwest_112-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillerBairamadgi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Shiller, A. M.; Bairamadgi, G. R. (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GC001118">"Dissolved Gallium in the northwest Pacific and the south and central Atlantic Oceans: Implications for aeolian Fe input and reconsideration of Profiles"</a>. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 7 (8): n/a. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GGG.....7.8M09S">2006GGG.....7.8M09S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GC001118">10.1029/2005GC001118</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129738391">129738391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochemistry%2C+Geophysics%2C+Geosystems&rft.atitle=Dissolved+Gallium+in+the+northwest+Pacific+and+the+south+and+central+Atlantic+Oceans%3A+Implications+for+aeolian+Fe+input+and+reconsideration+of+Profiles&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=n%2Fa&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129738391%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2005GC001118&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006GGG.....7.8M09S&rft.aulast=Shiller&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft.au=Bairamadgi%2C+G.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2005GC001118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/203319?lang=en&region=US">"Gallium 203319"</a>. Sigma Aldrich.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gallium+203319&rft.pub=Sigma+Aldrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F203319%3Flang%3Den%26region%3DUS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=US&language=en&productNumber=203319&brand=ALDRICH&PageToGoToURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F203319%3Flang%3Den">"MSDS – 203319"</a>. Sigma Aldrich.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MSDS+%E2%80%93+203319&rft.pub=Sigma+Aldrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2FMSDS%2FMSDS%2FDisplayMSDSPage.do%3Fcountry%3DUS%26language%3Den%26productNumber%3D203319%26brand%3DALDRICH%26PageToGoToURL%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%252Fcatalog%252Fproduct%252Faldrich%252F203319%253Flang%253Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanoffIvanoffHottel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ivanoff, C. S.; Ivanoff, A. E.; Hottel, T. L. (February 2012). "Gallium poisoning: a rare case report". Food Chem. Toxicol. 50 (2): 212–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fct.2011.10.041">10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.041</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22024274">22024274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Chem.+Toxicol.&rft.atitle=Gallium+poisoning%3A+a+rare+case+report.&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fct.2011.10.041&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22024274&rft.aulast=Ivanoff&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft.au=Ivanoff%2C+A.+E.&rft.au=Hottel%2C+T.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuLiao2011" class="citation book cs1">Yu, H.-S.; Liao, W.-T. (2011). "Gallium: Environmental Pollution and Health Effects". Encyclopedia of Environmental Health. pp. 829–833. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-444-52272-6.00474-8">10.1016/b978-0-444-52272-6.00474-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52272-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52272-6"><bdi>978-0-444-52272-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gallium%3A+Environmental+Pollution+and+Health+Effects&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Environmental+Health&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E829-%3C%2Fspan%3E833&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-444-52272-6.00474-8&rft.isbn=978-0-444-52272-6&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=H.-S.&rft.au=Liao%2C+W.-T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallium&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/031.htm">Gallium</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acialloys.com/wp-content/uploads/msds/ga.html">acialloys.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://france-gallium.com/photos-gallium.php">High-resolution photographs of molten gallium, gallium crystals and gallium ingots under Creative Commons licence</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/ga.htm">Textbook information regarding gallium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gallium/index.html">Environmental effects of gallium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/gallium-statistics-and-information">Gallium Statistics and Information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://permanent.fdlp.gov/gpo42065/fs2013-3006.pdf">Gallium: A Smart Metal</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515021612/http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v26/i4/p784_s1?isAuthorized=no">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.impmc.jussieu.fr/%7Eayrinhac/documents/Ga_data.pdf">Physical and thermodynamical properties of liquid gallium</a> (doc pdf)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;color:inherit; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gallium_compounds81" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gallium_compounds" title="Template:Gallium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gallium_compounds" title="Template talk:Gallium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gallium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gallium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gallium_compounds81" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gallium_compounds" title="Gallium compounds">Gallium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gallium(−V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentamagnesium_digallide" title="Pentamagnesium digallide">Mg5Ga2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gallium(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(I)_oxide" title="Gallium(I) oxide">Ga2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_halides#Monohalides" title="Gallium halides">GaCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_halides#Monohalides" title="Gallium halides">GaBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_monoiodide" title="Gallium monoiodide">GaI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gallium(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(II)_sulfide" title="Gallium(II) sulfide">GaS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(II)_selenide" title="Gallium(II) selenide">GaSe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(II)_telluride" title="Gallium(II) telluride">GaTe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gallium(I,III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_halides#Intermediate_halides" title="Gallium halides">GaCl2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gallium(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">GaAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallane" title="Gallane">GaH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digallane" title="Digallane">Ga2H6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_bromide" title="Gallium(III) bromide">GaBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_trichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium trichloride">GaCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_fluoride" title="Gallium(III) fluoride">GaF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_iodide" title="Gallium(III) iodide">GaI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitride" title="Gallium nitride">GaN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_hydroxide" title="Gallium(III) hydroxide">Ga(OH)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_cyanide" title="Gallium(III) cyanide">Ga(CN)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitrate" title="Gallium nitrate">Ga(NO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_sulfate" title="Gallium(III) sulfate">Ga2(SO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_phosphate" title="Gallium phosphate">GaPO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_phosphide" title="Gallium phosphide">GaP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_antimonide" title="Gallium antimonide">GaSb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_oxide" title="Gallium(III) oxide">Ga2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_sulfide" title="Gallium(III) sulfide">Ga2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_selenide" title="Gallium(III) selenide">Ga2Se3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_acetate" title="Gallium acetate">Ga(CH3COO)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_telluride" title="Gallium(III) telluride">Ga2Te3</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organogallium(III)_compounds56" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organogallium_chemistry" title="Organogallium chemistry">Organogallium(III) compounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_acetylacetonate" title="Gallium acetylacetonate">Ga(C5H7O2)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethylgallium" title="Trimethylgallium">Ga(CH3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triethylgallium" title="Triethylgallium">Ga(C2H5)3</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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