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This was the first discovered Viking ring fortress, and the geometry is clearly visible. | Includes = [[Aggersborg]], [[Fyrkat]], [[Nonnebakken]], [[Trelleborg]], and [[Borgring]] | Criteria = Cultural: iii, iv | ID = 1660 | Year = 2023 | Area = 51 ha | Buffer_zone = 16,820.8 ha }} A '''Viking ring fortress''', '''Trelleborg-type fortress''', or ''trelleborg'' (pl. ''trelleborgs''), is a type of [[circular fort]] of a special design, built in Scandinavia during the [[Viking Age]]. These fortresses have a strictly circular shape, with roads and gates pointing in the four cardinal directions. Inside the fort, each quadrant has one, in a single case four, square blocks of longhouses, completing the geometric symmetry. There are a total of five confirmed Viking ring fortresses at present, located in [[Denmark]] (although sites in Sweden and across Northern Europe have similar construction).<ref>cf. {{harvnb|Slots- og Kulturstyrelsen - Nomination of Viking-Age Ring Fortresses|p=225}} ; {{harvnb|Runge|2018|p=49}}</ref> They have been dated to the reign of [[Harold I of Denmark|Harold Bluetooth of Denmark]], with an estimated near contemporary time of construction c. 980. Their exact historical context is subject to debate. In 2023, the five Danish forts were inscribed on the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] because of their unique architecture and testimony to the military power of the [[House of Knýtlinga|Jelling Dynasty]].<ref name = "unesco">{{Citation|title=Viking-Age Ring Fortresses|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|via=whc.unesco.org|language=en|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1660/|access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref> == Etymology == {{See also|Danish slave trade|Swedish slave trade}} This specific type of fortification was named after the first discovered example: [[Trelleborg (Slagelse)|Trelleborg]] near [[Slagelse]], excavated in the years 1936-1941. Traditionally, the name ''trelleborg'' has been translated and explained as ″a fortress built by slaves″, since the [[Old Norse]] word for slave was ''[[thrall]]'' (The modern word is ''[[:da:træl|træl]]'' in Danish and {{Lang|sv|träl}} in Swedish) and ''borg'' means fortress or city. The word ''trel'' (pl. ''trelle'') is also a plausible explanation and relates to the wooden staves, covering both sides of the protective circular walls.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.janskovgard.dk/veje/Veje_screen.pdf|title=Veje ind i arkæologien|language=da|page=66|author=Janne Bøje Andersen|year=2010|isbn=978-87-993972-0-4|access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> == History == At the end of the 10th century Harold Bluetooth vied with tribal [[Saxons]], the [[Holy Roman Empire]]—at that time governed by the (integrated) Saxon [[Ottonian dynasty|Ottonian house]]—and the [[Slavs|Slavic]] [[Obotrites|Abodrit]] and [[Veleti]] tribes for the control of the southern region of the [[Jutland]] peninsula,<ref>{{harvnb|Slots- og Kulturstyrelsen - Nomination of Viking-Age Ring Fortresses|loc=pp.109 (Table 8),114-117}}</ref> This area was also the very same region presumed to have been the ancient homelands of the [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]]. Harald also had to contend with [[Norsemen#Viking age|Norse people]] exercising coastal raids.<ref>{{harvnb|Slots- og Kulturstyrelsen - Nomination of Viking-Age Ring Fortresses|p=114}}</ref> At the [[Schlei|Firth of Schlei]] lay [[Hedeby]], known in the contemporary literary sources as [[Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig]], where the [[Danevirke]] complex of fortifications stretched across the foot of the peninsula, holding back the hostile hosts from entering the territory, as well as providing a safe trade route via [[Ejderen]] from the [[North Sea]] coastline into Hedeby and the [[Baltic Sea]]. The entire complex of fortifications, bridges and roads, including [[Ravninge Bridge]] on the land route towards [[Jelling]], are presumed to have been in the hands of Harold. The fortresses establish a string of strategic points stretching from Aggersborg at the north of Jutland southward across [[Funen]] to end in Borgring at the east coast of [[Zealand]].<ref>{{harvnb|Slots- og Kulturstyrelsen - Nomination of Viking-Age Ring Fortresses|loc=118 (Figure 118)}}</ref> They have been dated to the reign of Harold Bluetooth, who held sway until c. 985, where he was ousted by his son [[Sweyn Forkbeard]], who eventually conquered the [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] kingdom of [[Æthelred the Unready]] some years later. This is the apex of the [[House of Knýtlinga|Jelling dynasty]], its patristic line ending the year 1042 with [[Harthacnut]], son of [[Cnut the Great]], son of Sweyn.<ref>cf. {{harvnb|Slots- og Kulturstyrelsen - Nomination of Viking-Age Ring Fortresses|pages=112–114}}</ref> Fortifications of a similar shape and date have been found around other old towns in Scandinavia, including [[Borgeby]], [[Trelleborgen]], and [[Helsingborg]] in [[Skåne]], Sweden, near [[Aarhus]] in Jutland, and [[Rygge]], [[Norway]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The Vikings' Aros - The Ramparts|website=The Viking Museum|publisher=Moesgård Museum|language=da|url=http://www.hum.au.dk/moesgaard/vikingemuseet/voldene.htm|access-date=6 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Stylegar|first=Frans-Arne H.|title=En trelleborg i Rygge?|date=29 March 2005|website=Arkeologi i nord|language=da|url=http://arkeologi.blogspot.com/2005/03/en-trelleborg-i-rygge.html|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> Other, similar forts across Northern Europe include the [[Walcheren]] forts in [[Friesland]] (built in the outskirts of the [[Carolingian Empire]], with a similar street orientation), and [[Warham Camp]] in England, but these are not considered Viking ring forts as they were likely built at different periods in time.<ref>{{harvnb|Olesen|2000|pages=105–107}} ; cf. {{harvnb|Ten Harkel|2019|pp=242,251–253,256–258}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Prickett |first=Katy |date=2024-01-09 |title=Digging for Britain: Iron Age Warham Camp to feature on BBC show |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-norfolk-67912823 |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> The precise purpose of the fortresses is unknown. Some historians argue that they functioned as military barracks or training grounds by [[Sweyn Forkbeard]]. However, it is more likely that they were intended as defensive strongholds along strategic trade points and/or administrative outposts of the budding state.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|Goodchild|Sindbæk|2014}} ; {{harvnb|Dobat|2009}}</ref> Søren Sindbæk has offered the hypothesis that the fortresses allowed local populations to seek shelter within the fortress walls against an enemy while waiting for assistance from friendly forces from afar; this means that the fortresses helped Harold Bluetooth to control vast territory and send his army to a particular part of his territory without worrying that the undefended parts would be conquered or plundered.<ref>{{harvnb|Sindbæk|2020}}</ref> Others have debated whether the fortresses were defensive structures, military strongholds, or primarily served as barracks, as well as the economic, religious, and symbolic significance of the fortresses.<ref>{{harvnb|Price|2015|p=350}}</ref> [[File:Vallø Borgring fra luften.png|thumb|Satellite image showing the ring outline of [[Borgring]] on the landscape, which at the time was obscured by farmland (it has subsequently been partially re-established)]] The fortresses were soon abandoned and never mentioned in the literary sources, effectively creating the enigma now known as ''trelleborge'' ([[Danish language|Danish]] plural of 'trelleborg'). [[Nonnebakken]] was enveloped by the near contemporary municipal [[Ancient Diocese of Odense|bishopric of Odense]], while the rest receded into the landscape. The modern discovery of these sites began in the 1930s, with the excavation of [[Trelleborg (Slagelse)|Trelleborg]] in Denmark. Since then, a total of five sites have been officially accepted as Viking ring fortresses. During the royally funded research project ''Kongens Borge'' (The Kings Castles), in 2010, Denmark applied for the admission of Trelleborg, Fyrkat and Aggersborg as ''The Trelleborg Fortresses'' as a UNESCO [[World Heritage]] cultural property,<ref> {{Citation|title=Baggrund|date=2010|publisher=Kongens Borge [2008-2011] / Internet Archive|language=da}} ; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924100947/http://www.kongensborge.dk/index.php?pageid=baggrund}}.<br/> {{Citation|title=WHC-11/34.COM/8A|work=34th session of the World Heritage Committee, Brasília, Brazil 25 July - 3 August 2010|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/sessions/34COM/documents/}}, pages 6 & 10</ref> It is rumoured, that Denmark and Sweden, perhaps around that time, applied for admission of the Viking ring fortresses, but the records available at the World Heritage Centre cannot confirm that any Swedish ring fortresses were ever mentioned.<ref>Cf. the nordic serial application ''Viking Monuments'', pages 7,8,18,22, in {{Citation|title=WHC-11/35.COM/8A|work=35th session of the World Heritage Committee, UNESCO, Paris 19–29 June 2011|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/sessions/35COM/documents/}}</ref> The five ''trelleborge'' presently known became the ''Viking-Age Ring Fortresses World Heritage Site'' in 2023.<ref name = "unesco"/> == List of Viking ring fortresses == [[File:Viking Ring Fortresses Map.png|thumb|Map of Viking ring fortresses]] * [[Aggersborg]] near [[Aggersund]], [[Denmark]]. * [[Borgring]] near [[Køge]], [[Denmark]]. * [[Fyrkat]] near [[Hobro]], [[Denmark]]. * [[Nonnebakken]] in [[Odense]], [[Denmark]]. * [[Trelleborg (Slagelse)|Trelleborg]] near [[Slagelse]], [[Denmark]]. ; Suspected * [[Borgeby]] north of [[Lund]], [[Skåne]], [[Sweden]]. * [[Helsingborg]], [[Skåne]], [[Sweden]]. * [[Trelleborgen]], [[Skåne]], [[Sweden]]. == Fortification typology == [[Image:Aggersborg Viking Castle.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Aerial view of the Viking ring fortress of Aggersborg. The similarity in design with Trelleborg near Slagelse, is clearly evident.]] The ''trelleborgs'' had similar design,<ref>cf. {{harvnb|Slots- og Kulturstyrelsen - Nomination of Viking-Age Ring Fortresses|loc=p.58 (Table 3)}}</ref> "perfectly circular with gates opening to the four corners of the earth, and a courtyard divided into four areas which held large houses set in a square pattern",<ref>{{harvnb|Forte|Oram|Pederson|2005|p=180}}</ref> and differ clearly from other fortifications in that region, essentially because of the geometrical plan - though excepting the Frankish forts at Walcheren. A short exposé over early Viking camps in Scandinavia, by Arjen Heijnis, has turned the picture around, marking out these earlier camps "fundamentally different from later defensive structures (ie. the early castles)."<ref>{{harvnb|Heijnis|2018|loc=p.35, discussion & tabularized overview pp.41-42}}</ref> {{Quote box|quote=Another characteristic of the ring fortresses of Trelleborg type is their internal features, consisting of axial roads running between the four gates, a ring road running around the inner side of the rampart and the aforementioned four “squares” with blocks of buildings. One of the aims of the excavation in 2015 was to undertake a specific search for these blocks of buildings, […] But as in the earlier excavations, it did not prove possible to locate the blocks of buildings and the axial roads in 2015 (figure 11). […] the collective archaeological findings <u>at the present state of knowledge</u> suggest that these structures never existed in the fortress. This conclusion receives further support from the fact that blocks of buildings and axial roads have not, as yet, been found at the newly excavated Borgring fortress either, and they are also missing from the fortresses in Scania […]|align=right|style=width:32%|qstyle=font-size:110%;font-style:italic|source={{harvnb|Runge|2018|p=49}}}} The fortresses are sometimes partially encircled by advanced ramparts, though not always circular. {{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} It has been said the ''trelleborgs'' were measured with the [[Ancient Roman units of measurement#Length)|Roman foot]] and that the pointed bottom of the [[moat]]s is a Roman trait. {{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} Dating by [[dendrochronology]] has found the wood used for the construction of Trelleborg to have been felled in the autumn of 980 and thus being used for building presumably in the spring of 981. The findings indicate a short construction time with no signs of maintenance, leading to the interpretation of only a short use of the buildings, maybe five years but hardly more than twenty. Fyrkat may be a little older, Aggersborg somewhat younger. 2014 brought a corresponding date to Borgring (end of 10th century),<ref>{{harvnb|Christensen etal. (2018)|pages=61–62,68}}</ref> and, in 2019, following the geo-radar survey and subsequent excavation, Nonnebakken also was dated to c. 980.<ref name="harvnb|Runge & Neubauer 2018">{{harvnb|Runge & Neubauer (2018)}}</ref> In the 2021 application to UNESCO, all five Danish ''trelleborgs'' appear with dates between 970 and 980.<ref>{{harvnb|Slots- og Kulturstyrelsen - Nomination of Viking-Age Ring Fortresses|loc=p.69 (Table 6)}}</ref> Some say the material found at Nonnebakken, Borgring and the Scandian forts is not suffient for a precise dating, {{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} but still the layout of the ''trelleborgs'' in their local setting - at Trelleborg, Fyrkat, Aggersborg, Nonnebakken under Odense, Borgring and the forts at Trelleborg and Borgeby in Sweden - are so similar that it is probable that they were also functionally associated.<ref>{{harvnb|Runge|2018|p=49}}</ref> At the turn of the century much debate had passed under the bridge,<ref>a couple of overview articles in Danish highlight this, for example {{harvnb|Stilling|1981}} and {{harvnb|Olesen|2000}}</ref> with much emphasis on adding or not adding an archaeological site to the list of ''trelleborgs''; [[Nonnebakken]] was accepted as late as 2017,<ref>{{harvnb|Runge|2018|p=57}}</ref> though at that time the archaeologist Mads Runge had to conclude there was no sign of any buildings inside the rampart.<ref>{{harvnb|Runge|2018|pages=45–46,49,56}}</ref> This knowledge status changed the following year, when geo-radar technology was applied.<ref name="harvnb|Runge & Neubauer 2018"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right" |- ! Name !! Inner<br>diameter !! Rampart<br>width !! Number of<br>houses !! Length of<br>houses !! Position !! Year of discovery !! Year of construction |- | align="left"|[[Aggersborg]]||240 m||11 m||48||32.0 m|| align="left"|{{coord|56|59|44|N|9|15|18|E|type:landmark|name=Aggersborg}}|| ||975–980 |- | align="left"|[[Borgeby Castle|Borgeby]]||150 m||15 m|||||| align="left"|{{coord|55|45|05|N|13|02|12|E|type:landmark|name=Borgeby}}||1997|| |- | align="left"|[[Borgring]]||122 m||10–11 m|||||| align="left"|{{coord|55|28|11|N|12|7|19|E|type:landmark|name=Borgring}}||2014 (1875)|| |- | align="left"|[[Fyrkat]]||120 m||13 m||16||28.5 m|| align="left"|{{coord|56|37|24|N|9|46|14|E|type:landmark|name=Fyrkat}}||1950||980 |- | align="left"|[[Nonnebakken]]||120 m|||||||| align="left"|{{coord|55|23|32|N|10|23|17|E|type:landmark|name=Nonnebakken}}||1953||980–1000 |- | align="left"|[[Trelleborg (Slagelse)|Trelleborg]]||136 m||19 m||16 (30)||29.4 m|| align="left"|{{coord|55|23|39|N|11|15|55|E|type:landmark|name=Slagelse}}||1936||981 |- | align="left"|[[Trelleborgen]]||112 m|||||||| align="left"|{{coord|55.3762|13.1476|type:landmark|name=Trelleborg, Sweden}}||1988||c. 800 |} == Gallery == <gallery> File:Fyrkat-2.jpg|alt=|Aerial image of [[Fyrkat]] File:Hallbyggnaden i Fyrkat 2.JPG|alt=|Recreation of a typical building at [[Fyrkat]] File:Trelleborgen2.jpg|alt=|Recreation of the fortress walls at [[Trelleborg]] </gallery> == See also == * [[Eketorp]] * [[Circular rampart]] {{Viking ring fortresses}} {{Viking}} {{Fortifications}} == External links == * [https://artsandculture.google.com/story/HgWhaacu4A35UA Viking-Age Ring Fortresses] UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture * {{cite web|url=http://www.danmarksborgcenter.dk/en/breaking-news|title=Enigmatic Viking Fortress discovered in Denmark|publisher=Danish Castle Center|access-date=6 September 2014}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.kulturarv.dk/fundogfortidsminder/Lokalitet/95462/|title=Borgring|website=Fund og Fortidsminder|publisher=[[Agency for Culture and Palaces (Denmark)]]|language=da|access-date=6 September 2014}} * {{cite web|title=Trelleborgen|publisher=Trelleborg Municipality|language=sv|url=https://trelleborgsmuseer.se/en/exhibition/borgen-vid-havet/|access-date=1 February 2024}} * [http://viking.hgo.se/Files/Sweden/Skane/Borgby.html The second circular fort "Trelleborg" found in Sweden] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616204524/http://viking.hgo.se/Files/Sweden/Skane/Borgby.html|date=June 16, 2004}} == Sources == * {{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Hannah|last2=Goodchild|first2=Helen|last3=Sindbæk|first3=Søren M.|date=2014|title=Making Place for a Viking Fortress. An archaeological and geophysical reassessment of Aggersborg, Denmark|journal=[[Internet Archaeology]]|volume=36|issue=36|doi=10.11141/ia.36.2|doi-access=free}} * {{Citation|editor-first1=Jesper|editor-last1=Hansen|editor-first2=Mette|editor-last2=Bruus|title=The Fortified Viking Age. 36th Interdisciplinary Viking Symposium|first1=Jonas|last1=Christensen|first2=Nanna|last2=Holm|first3=Maja K.|last3=Schultz|first4=Søren M.|last4=Sindbæk|first5=Jens|last5=Ulriksen|chapter=The Borgring Project 2016–2018: Investigating the 5th geometrical Viking-age ring fortress in Denmark|pages=60–68|date=2018|series=Kulturhistoriske studier i centralitet - Archaeological & Historical Studies in Centrality|volume=3|publisher=Odense City Museums, University Press of Southern Denmark|isbn=9788740832129|ref={{harvid|Christensen etal. (2018)}}}} * {{Cite journal|last=Dobat|first=Andres Siegfried|date=2009|title=The State and the Strangers: The Role of External Forces in a Process of State Formation in Viking-Age South Scandinavia (c. ad 900-1050)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45019120|journal=Viking and Medieval Scandinavia|volume=5|pages=65–104|doi=10.1484/J.VMS.1.100674|issn=1782-7183|jstor=45019120}} * {{Citation|first1=A.|last1=Forte|first2=R.|last2=Oram|first3=F.|last3=Pederson|title=Viking Empires|date=2005|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-82992-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vEd859jvk0C}} * {{Citation|editor-first1=Jesper|editor-last1=Hansen|editor-first2=Mette|editor-last2=Bruus|title=The Fortified Viking Age. 36th Interdisciplinary Viking Symposium|last=Heijnis|first=Arjen|chapter=Early Viking camps in Scandinavia and abroad|pages=35–43|date=2018|series=Kulturhistoriske studier i centralitet - Archaeological & Historical Studies in Centrality|volume=3|publisher=Odense City Museums, University Press of Southern Denmark|isbn=9788740832129}} * {{Citation|first=Martin Borring|last=Olesen|title=Trelleborg eller ej? om den skånske trelleborgs tilknytning til de danske ringborge|date=2000|pages=91–111|journal=Kuml|language=da|url=https://tidsskrift.dk/kuml/article/view/114018|access-date=25 January 2024}} * {{Cite book|last=Price|first=T. Douglas|title=Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-023199-6|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYBJCAAAQBAJ}} * {{Citation|editor-first1=Jesper|editor-last1=Hansen|editor-first2=Mette|editor-last2=Bruus|title=The Fortified Viking Age. 36th Interdisciplinary Viking Symposium|first=Mads|last=Runge|chapter=New archaeological investigations at Nonnebakken, a Viking Age fortress in Odense|pages=44–59|date=2018|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/38019351|series=Kulturhistoriske studier i centralitet - Archaeological & Historical Studies in Centrality|volume=3|publisher=Odense City Museums, University Press of Southern Denmark|isbn=9788740832129}} * {{Citation|editor-last1=Runge|editor-first1=Mads Thagård|editor-first2=Barry|editor-last2=Gamble|title=Nomination of Viking-Age Ring Fortresses for inclusion on the World Heritage List|date=2021|publisher=Danish Agency for Culture and Palaces|isbn=9788792687364|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1660/documents/|ref={{harvid|Slots- og Kulturstyrelsen - Nomination of Viking-Age Ring Fortresses}}}} * {{Citation|first1=Mads|last1=Runge|first2=Wolfgang|last2=Neubauer|chapter=Vikingeborgen Nonnebakken i Odense – Museum Odense|title=Årbogen Odense bys museer 2020|publisher=Odense bys museer|via=museumodense.dk|chapter-url=https://museumodense.dk/artikler/vikingeborgen-nonnebakken-i-odense/|isbn=9788790267360|access-date=30 January 2024|ref={{harvid|Runge & Neubauer (2018)}}}} * {{Cite journal|first=Søren|last=Sindbæk|url=https://www.academia.edu/45551143|title=Borgring and Harald Bluetooth's Burgenpolitik|journal=Viking Encounters. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Viking Congress, Denmark, August 6–12, 2017|date=January 2020}} * {{Citation|first1=Letty|last1=Ten Harkel|chapter=‘Est haec effera gens’: landscapes of negotiation on the former island of Walcheren, the Netherlands|pages=225–265|editor-first1=Julio Escalona|editor-last1=Monge|editor-first2=Orri|editor-last2=Vésteinsson|editor-first3=Stuart|editor-last3=Brookes|title=Polity and Neighbourhood in Early Medieval Europe|date=2019|volume=21|series=The Medieval Countryside|publisher=Brepols|place=Turnhout|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/40998111|access-date=2 February 2024}} * {{Citation|first=Margareta|last=Weidhagen-Hallerdt |author-link=Margareta Hallerdt|title=A possible ring fort from the late Viking period in Helsingborg|date=2009|journal=Current Swedish Archaeology|volume=17|url=http://www.arkeologiskasamfundet.se/csa/Dokument/Volumes/csa_vol_17_2009/csa_vol_17_2009_s187-204_weidhagen-hallerdt.pdf|access-date=6 September 2014}} ; Supplement * {{Cite journal|last1=Lund|first1=Julie|last2=Sindbæk|first2=Søren M.|date=2021-05-15|title=Crossing the Maelstrom: New Departures in Viking Archaeology|journal=Journal of Archaeological Research|volume=30|issue=2|pages=169–229|doi=10.1007/s10814-021-09163-3|issn=1573-7756|doi-access=free|hdl=10852/89013|hdl-access=free}} * {{cite journal|id={{ProQuest|1761147618}}|last1=Ten Harkel|first1=Letty|title=Aggersborg. The Viking-age settlement and fortress|journal=Antiquity|volume=89|issue=345|date=June 2015|pages=759–760}} * {{Cite journal|first=Mads|last=Runge|title=Revitalising the Danish Viking Age Ring Fortress Nonnebakken, Odense, Denmark|date=2019-07-03|journal=Landscapes|volume=20|issue=2|pages=98–119|doi=10.1080/14662035.2020.1861726|s2cid=232080910|issn=1466-2035}} * {{Citation|first=Niels Peter|last=Stilling|title=Trelleborg-hypoteser. Om de danske vikingeborges funktion og historiske betydning|journal=Scandia|date=1981|pages=29–65|url=https://journals.lub.lu.se/scandia/article/view/1258}} == References == {{Reflist|20em}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Forts in Denmark]] [[Category:Germanic archaeological artifacts]] [[Category:Viking ring fortresses|Viking ring fortresses]] [[Category:10th-century fortifications]] [[Category:Viking Age slave trade]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Template:Authority control</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit" title="Template:Authority control">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a 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