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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reconstruction_to_Obama:_1870–2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction_to_Obama:_1870–2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Reconstruction to Obama: 1870–2011</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction_to_Obama:_1870–2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_period:_2013–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_period:_2013–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Contemporary period: 2013–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_period:_2013–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_African-American_U.S._senators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_African-American_U.S._senators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of African-American U.S. senators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_African-American_U.S._senators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_Americans_elected_to_the_United_States_Senate,_but_not_seated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Americans_elected_to_the_United_States_Senate,_but_not_seated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>African Americans elected to the United States Senate, but not seated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Americans_elected_to_the_United_States_Senate,_but_not_seated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_states_represented_by_African_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_states_represented_by_African_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of states represented by African Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_states_represented_by_African_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Graphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_with_two_African-American_major-party_nominees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_with_two_African-American_major-party_nominees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Elections with two African-American major-party nominees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_with_two_African-American_major-party_nominees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Raphael_Warnock_official_photo.jpg/127px-Raphael_Warnock_official_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Raphael_Warnock_official_photo.jpg/191px-Raphael_Warnock_official_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Raphael_Warnock_official_photo.jpg/254px-Raphael_Warnock_official_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2812" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sen._Lisa_Blunt_Rochester_official_Senate_photo,_119th_Congress_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sen._Lisa_Blunt_Rochester_official_Senate_photo%2C_119th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg/127px-Sen._Lisa_Blunt_Rochester_official_Senate_photo%2C_119th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sen._Lisa_Blunt_Rochester_official_Senate_photo%2C_119th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg/191px-Sen._Lisa_Blunt_Rochester_official_Senate_photo%2C_119th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Sen._Lisa_Blunt_Rochester_official_Senate_photo%2C_119th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="294" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sen._Angela_Alsobrooks_official_Senate_photo,_119th_Congress_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sen._Angela_Alsobrooks_official_Senate_photo%2C_119th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg/127px-Sen._Angela_Alsobrooks_official_Senate_photo%2C_119th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sen._Angela_Alsobrooks_official_Senate_photo%2C_119th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg/191px-Sen._Angela_Alsobrooks_official_Senate_photo%2C_119th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Sen._Angela_Alsobrooks_official_Senate_photo%2C_119th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="287" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3x4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/3x4.svg/127px-3x4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/3x4.svg/191px-3x4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/3x4.svg/254px-3x4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="4" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Five incumbent senators are African American: <a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Tim Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Warnock" title="Raphael Warnock">Raphael Warnock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Blunt_Rochester" title="Lisa Blunt Rochester">Lisa Blunt Rochester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Angela_Alsobrooks" title="Angela Alsobrooks">Angela Alsobrooks</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>This is a list of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> who have served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. The Senate has had 14 African-American elected or appointed officeholders. Two each served during both the 19th and 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_diversity_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate_diversity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first was <a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram R. Revels</a>. </p><p>Three of the 14 African-American senators held <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Class 3 seat</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, who went on to become <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>. This makes Illinois the state with the most African-American U.S. senators to date. </p><p>In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> became the first African American to be elected a U.S. senator from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. Harris would go on to become the first African-American <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president of the United States</a> and first African-American <a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">president of the United States Senate</a>. </p><p>Of the 14 African-American senators, nine were popularly elected (including one that previously had been appointed by his state's governor), two were elected by the state legislature prior to the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Seventeenth Amendment</a> to the United States Constitution in 1913 (which mandated the direct election of U.S. senators by the people of each state), and three were appointed by a state <a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">governor</a> and have not subsequently been elected.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_African-American_United_States_senators&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States Senate is the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> of the United States. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> defines "African Americans" as citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> populations of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-censusblack_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusblack-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is generally used for Americans with at least partial ancestry in any of the original peoples of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States#Early_years_of_the_republic" title="History of the United States">founding of the federal government</a>, African Americans were consigned to a status of <a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class citizenship</a> or <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">enslaved</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No African American served in federal elective office before the ratification in 1870 of the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, although some (including <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Twilight" title="Alexander Twilight">Alexander Twilight</a>, as state senator in <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>) served in state elective offices concurrently with slavery. The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_African-American_United_States_senators&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction_to_Obama:_1870–2011"><span id="Reconstruction_to_Obama:_1870.E2.80.932011"></span>Reconstruction to Obama: 1870–2011</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_African-American_United_States_senators&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reconstruction to Obama: 1870–2011"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:358px;max-width:358px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiram_Rhodes_Revels_-_Brady-Handy-(restored)_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels_-_Brady-Handy-%28restored%29_%28cropped%29.png/176px-Hiram_Rhodes_Revels_-_Brady-Handy-%28restored%29_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels_-_Brady-Handy-%28restored%29_%28cropped%29.png/264px-Hiram_Rhodes_Revels_-_Brady-Handy-%28restored%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels_-_Brady-Handy-%28restored%29_%28cropped%29.png/352px-Hiram_Rhodes_Revels_-_Brady-Handy-%28restored%29_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="643" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sen._Carol_Moseley_Braun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sen._Carol_Moseley_Braun.jpg/174px-Sen._Carol_Moseley_Braun.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sen._Carol_Moseley_Braun.jpg/261px-Sen._Carol_Moseley_Braun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sen._Carol_Moseley_Braun.jpg/348px-Sen._Carol_Moseley_Braun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1446" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiram Rhodes Revels">Hiram Rhodes Revels</a> (left) was the first African American to serve in the U.S. Senate; <a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a> was the first African American woman elected to the chamber.</div></div></div></div> <p>The first two African-American senators represented the state of <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiram Rhodes Revels">Hiram Rhodes Revels</a>, the first African American to serve in the Senate, was elected in 1870<sup id="cite_ref-gallery_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallery-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi State Legislature">Mississippi State Legislature</a> to succeed <a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Brown" title="Albert G. Brown">Albert G. Brown</a>, who resigned during the Civil War. Some <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> members of the United States Senate <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels#Election_to_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiram Rhodes Revels">opposed his being seated</a> based on the court case <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857) by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>, claiming that Revels did not meet the nine-year citizenship requirement, but the majority of senators voted to seat him.<sup id="cite_ref-gallery_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallery-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1872, the Louisiana state legislature elected <a href="/wiki/P._B._S._Pinchback" title="P. B. S. Pinchback">P. B. S. Pinchback</a> to the Senate. However, the 1872 elections in Louisiana were challenged by white Democrats, and Pinchback was never seated in Congress. </p><p>The Mississippi state legislature elected <a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a> in 1875, but Republicans lost power of the Mississippi state legislature in 1876. Bruce was not elected to a second term in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-gallery_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallery-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1890, the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mississippi" title="Constitution of Mississippi">new constitution</a> <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disfranchising most black voters</a>. Every other Southern state also passed disfranchising constitutions by 1908, thus excluding African Americans from the political system in the entire former Confederacy. This situation persisted well into the 1960s, when federal enforcement of constitutional rights under the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> commenced. </p><p>The next black United States senator, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, took office in 1967. He was the first African American to be elected by popular vote after the ratification in 1913 of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Seventeenth Amendment</a> to the United States Constitution, which established <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct election</a> of United States senators instead of <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">indirect election</a> by a state legislature. A <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party of Massachusetts">Republican</a>, Brooke was the first black senator to serve two terms in the Senate, holding office until 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-gallery_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallery-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1979 to 1993, there were no black members of the United States Senate. </p><p>Between 1993 and 2010, three black members of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Democratic Party">Illinois Democratic Party</a> would hold Illinois's Class 3 Senate seat at different times. <a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a> entered the Senate in 1993 and was the first African-American woman in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-gallery_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallery-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She served one term. Barack Obama entered the Senate in 2005 and, in 2008, became the first African American to be <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">elected president of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Obama,_Barack,_1961_-_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obama,_Barack,_1961_--6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obama was still a senator when he was elected president and <a href="/wiki/Roland_Burris" title="Roland Burris">Roland Burris</a>, also an African American, was appointed to fill the remainder of Obama's Senate term. Burris only briefly ran for election and did not enter the Democratic primary.<sup id="cite_ref-Burris,_Roland,_1937_-_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burris,_Roland,_1937_--7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2011 to 2013, there were no black senators for the first time since Obama was elected in 2004. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_period:_2013–present"><span id="Contemporary_period:_2013.E2.80.93present"></span>Contemporary period: 2013–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_African-American_United_States_senators&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contemporary period: 2013–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Obama's election as president, the next two black senators, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Tim Scott</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mo_Cowan" title="Mo Cowan">Mo Cowan</a> of Massachusetts, were both appointed by governors to fill the terms of <a href="/wiki/Jim_DeMint" title="Jim DeMint">Jim DeMint</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, respectively, who had resigned their positions.<sup id="cite_ref-gallery_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallery-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, 2013 marked the first time in history that more than one African American served in the Senate at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 16 of that year, <a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> was elected in a <a href="/wiki/2013_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_New_Jersey" title="2013 United States Senate special election in New Jersey">special election</a> to fill the seat of <a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank R. Lautenberg">Frank R. Lautenberg</a>, who died in office earlier in the year.<sup id="cite_ref-Corey_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corey-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booker was the first African-American senator to be elected since Obama and, when he was sworn into office, became the first to represent New Jersey. He later was elected to a full six-year term in the 2014 mid-term elections. Scott retained his seat in a special election in 2014 and also secured a full six-year term in 2016. </p><p>In 2017, Scott and Booker were joined by <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Willon_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harris was the second African-American woman to serve in the Senate, and, in 2020, was <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">elected as the first female vice president of the United States</a>. In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Warnock" title="Raphael Warnock">Raphael Warnock</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> was elected as the first African-American Democrat to represent a former <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate state</a> in the Senate. </p><p>As of 2024, there have been over 2,000 members of the United States Senate,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which 12 have been African American.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_diversity_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate_diversity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_African-American_U.S._senators">List of African-American U.S. senators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_African-American_United_States_senators&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of African-American U.S. senators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Image </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Senator </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">State </th> <th scope="col" colspan="3">Tenure </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Party</a> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Congress </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="date">Start </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="date">End </th> <th scope="col">Duration </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class=""> <div style="width: 125px; height: 155px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -25px; left: -90px; width: 410px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiram_Rhodes_Revels_-_Brady-Handy-(restored).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hiram Rhodes Revels - Brady-Handy-(restored).png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels_-_Brady-Handy-%28restored%29.png/410px-Hiram_Rhodes_Revels_-_Brady-Handy-%28restored%29.png" decoding="async" width="410" height="478" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels_-_Brady-Handy-%28restored%29.png/615px-Hiram_Rhodes_Revels_-_Brady-Handy-%28restored%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels_-_Brady-Handy-%28restored%29.png/820px-Hiram_Rhodes_Revels_-_Brady-Handy-%28restored%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1568" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <th scope="row"><b><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiram Rhodes Revels">Hiram Rhodes Revels</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1827–1901)</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </td> <td>February 25, 1870 </td> <td>March 3, 1871 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002372000000000000♠"></span>1 year, 7 days </td> <td style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/41st_United_States_Congress" title="41st United States Congress">41st</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1869–1871)</span> </td> <td>Elected to complete an unfinished term after Mississippi was readmitted to the Union on February 23, 1870. First African American to serve in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>. Retired.<sup id="cite_ref-Revels,_Hiram_Rhodes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revels,_Hiram_Rhodes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><div class=""> <div style="width: 125px; height: 155px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -23px; left: -70px; width: 350px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blanche_Bruce_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Blanche Bruce - Brady-Handy.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Blanche_Bruce_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/350px-Blanche_Bruce_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="429" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Blanche_Bruce_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/525px-Blanche_Bruce_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Blanche_Bruce_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/700px-Blanche_Bruce_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="2607" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <th scope="row" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1841–1898)</span> </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">March 4, 1875 </td> <td rowspan="3">March 4, 1881 </td> <td rowspan="3"><span data-sort-value="7003219200000000000♠"></span>6 years, 0 days </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/44th_United_States_Congress" title="44th United States Congress">44th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1875–1877)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">First African American to serve a full six-year term as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States senator">United States senator</a>. The only senator to be a former slave. Retired.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Former_Slave_Presides_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Former_Slave_Presides-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/45th_United_States_Congress" title="45th United States Congress">45th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1877–1879)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/46th_United_States_Congress" title="46th United States Congress">46th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1879–1881)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><div class=""> <div style="width: 125px; height: 170px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -30px; left: -105px; width: 300px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_brooke_senator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Edward brooke senator.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Edward_brooke_senator.jpg/300px-Edward_brooke_senator.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Edward_brooke_senator.jpg/450px-Edward_brooke_senator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Edward_brooke_senator.jpg/600px-Edward_brooke_senator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="2237" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <th scope="row" rowspan="6"><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1919–2015)</span> </th> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td rowspan="6">January 3, 1967 </td> <td rowspan="6">January 3, 1979 </td> <td rowspan="6"><span data-sort-value="7003438300000000000♠"></span>12 years, 0 days </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/90th_United_States_Congress" title="90th United States Congress">90th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1967–1969)</span> </td> <td rowspan="6">First African American elected to the Senate by <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct election</a>. First African American to serve in Congress from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. Lost reelection.<sup id="cite_ref-http_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/91st_United_States_Congress" title="91st United States Congress">91st</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1969–1971)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/92nd_United_States_Congress" title="92nd United States Congress">92nd</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1971–1973)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/93rd_United_States_Congress" title="93rd United States Congress">93rd</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1975)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/94th_United_States_Congress" title="94th United States Congress">94th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1977)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/95th_United_States_Congress" title="95th United States Congress">95th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1977–1979)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><div class=""> <div style="width: 125px; height: 155px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -5px; left: -17px; width: 153px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sen._Carol_Moseley_Braun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sen. Carol Moseley Braun.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sen._Carol_Moseley_Braun.jpg/153px-Sen._Carol_Moseley_Braun.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sen._Carol_Moseley_Braun.jpg/230px-Sen._Carol_Moseley_Braun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sen._Carol_Moseley_Braun.jpg/306px-Sen._Carol_Moseley_Braun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1446" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <th scope="row" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1947)</span> </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">January 3, 1993 </td> <td rowspan="3">January 3, 1999 </td> <td rowspan="3"><span data-sort-value="7003219100000000000♠"></span>6 years, 0 days </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/103rd_United_States_Congress" title="103rd United States Congress">103rd</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–1995)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">First African-American female and African-American Democrat to serve in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. First African American to serve in the Senate from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. Lost reelection.<sup id="cite_ref-Moseley_Braun,_Carol,_1947_-_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moseley_Braun,_Carol,_1947_--17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/104th_United_States_Congress" title="104th United States Congress">104th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1995–1997)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/105th_United_States_Congress" title="105th United States Congress">105th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1997–1999)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><div class=""> <div style="width: 125px; height: 155px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -28px; left: -60px; width: 247px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BarackObamaportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="BarackObamaportrait.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/247px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/371px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/494px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1961)</span> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">January 3, 2005 </td> <td rowspan="2">November 16, 2008 </td> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="7003141300000000000♠"></span>3 years, 318 days </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/109th_United_States_Congress" title="109th United States Congress">109th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2005–2007)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">First African-American senator to be elected <a href="/wiki/United_States_President" class="mw-redirect" title="United States President">President of the United States</a>. Resigned following election as president.<sup id="cite_ref-Obama,_Barack,_1961_-_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obama,_Barack,_1961_--6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/110th_United_States_Congress" title="110th United States Congress">110th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2007–2009)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class=""> <div style="width: 125px; height: 155px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -8px; left: -38px; width: 185px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sen_Roland_Burris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sen Roland Burris.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sen_Roland_Burris.jpg/185px-Sen_Roland_Burris.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sen_Roland_Burris.jpg/278px-Sen_Roland_Burris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sen_Roland_Burris.jpg/370px-Sen_Roland_Burris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <th scope="row"><b><a href="/wiki/Roland_Burris" title="Roland Burris">Roland Burris</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1937)</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td>January 15, 2009 </td> <td>November 29, 2010 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002683000000000000♠"></span>1 year, 318 days </td> <td style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">111th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–2011)</span> </td> <td>Appointed by Illinois Governor <a href="/wiki/Rod_Blagojevich" title="Rod Blagojevich">Rod Blagojevich</a> to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of <a href="/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States" title="President-elect of the United States">President-elect</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. First African American to succeed another African American in the Senate. Not a candidate during <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Illinois, 2010">special election</a> following his appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-Burris,_Roland,_1937_-_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burris,_Roland,_1937_--7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><div class=""> <div style="width: 125px; height: 155px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -6px; left: -35px; width: 195px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tim_Scott,_official_portrait,_113th_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tim Scott, official portrait, 113th Congress.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tim_Scott%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg/195px-Tim_Scott%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tim_Scott%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg/293px-Tim_Scott%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tim_Scott%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg/390px-Tim_Scott%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3040" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <th scope="row" rowspan="8"><b><a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Tim Scott</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1965)</span> </th> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td rowspan="8">January 2, 2013 </td> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a> </td> <td rowspan="8"><span data-sort-value="7003442800000000000♠"></span>12 years, 45 days </td> <td rowspan="8" style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2011–2013)</span> </td> <td rowspan="8">Appointed by South Carolina Governor <a href="/wiki/Nikki_Haley" title="Nikki Haley">Nikki Haley</a> to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Jim_DeMint" title="Jim DeMint">Jim DeMint</a>. First African American to serve in the Senate from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. First African American to serve in both chambers of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Scott,_Tim,_1965_-_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott,_Tim,_1965_--20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TS_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–2015)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–2017)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">115th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–2019)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/116th_United_States_Congress" title="116th United States Congress">116th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2019–2021)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–2023)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–2025)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/119th_United_States_Congress" title="119th United States Congress">119th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2025–present)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class=""> <div style="width: 125px; height: 155px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -48px; width: 225px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mo_Cowan,_official_portrait,_113th_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mo Cowan, official portrait, 113th Congress.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mo_Cowan%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg/225px-Mo_Cowan%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mo_Cowan%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg/338px-Mo_Cowan%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mo_Cowan%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg/450px-Mo_Cowan%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <th scope="row"><b><a href="/wiki/Mo_Cowan" title="Mo Cowan">Mo Cowan</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1969)</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td>February 1, 2013 </td> <td>July 16, 2013 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002165000000000000♠"></span>165 days </td> <td style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–2015)</span> </td> <td>Appointed by Massachusetts Governor <a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Deval Patrick</a> to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>. Not a candidate during <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Massachusetts,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, 2013">special election</a> following his appointment. First African-American senator appointed by an African-American governor. The first African American to serve alongside another African-American senator: <a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Tim Scott</a>. Retired.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowan,_William_(Mo),_1969_-_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowan,_William_(Mo),_1969_--22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MC_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MC-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><div class=""> <div style="width: 125px; height: 155px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 127px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cory_Booker,_official_portrait,_114th_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cory Booker, official portrait, 114th Congress.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cory_Booker%2C_official_portrait%2C_114th_Congress.jpg/127px-Cory_Booker%2C_official_portrait%2C_114th_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cory_Booker%2C_official_portrait%2C_114th_Congress.jpg/191px-Cory_Booker%2C_official_portrait%2C_114th_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cory_Booker%2C_official_portrait%2C_114th_Congress.jpg/254px-Cory_Booker%2C_official_portrait%2C_114th_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="762" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <th scope="row" rowspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1969)</span> </th> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td rowspan="7">October 31, 2013 </td> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a> </td> <td rowspan="7"><span data-sort-value="7003412600000000000♠"></span>11 years, 108 days </td> <td rowspan="7" style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–2015)</span> </td> <td rowspan="7">First African American to serve in the Senate from <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. First African American to be elected to the Senate by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_New_Jersey,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate special election in New Jersey, 2013">special election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Corey_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corey-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Booker,_Cory_Anthony,_1969_-_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booker,_Cory_Anthony,_1969_--24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–2017)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">115th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–2019)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/116th_United_States_Congress" title="116th United States Congress">116th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2019–2021)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–2023)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–2025)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/119th_United_States_Congress" title="119th United States Congress">119th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2025–present)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><div class=""> <div style="width: 125px; height: 155px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -25px; width: 175px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_Harris_official_senate_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Senator Harris official senate portrait.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Senator_Harris_official_senate_portrait.jpg/175px-Senator_Harris_official_senate_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Senator_Harris_official_senate_portrait.jpg/263px-Senator_Harris_official_senate_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Senator_Harris_official_senate_portrait.jpg/350px-Senator_Harris_official_senate_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3434" data-file-height="4580" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <th scope="row" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></b> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1964)</span> </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">January 3, 2017 </td> <td rowspan="3">January 18, 2021 </td> <td rowspan="3"><span data-sort-value="7003147600000000000♠"></span>4 years, 15 days </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">115th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–2019)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">First African American to serve in the Senate from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. First African-American senator to be elected as <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a>. Resigned following election as Vice President of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style=""> <td><a href="/wiki/116th_United_States_Congress" title="116th United States Congress">116th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2019–2021)</span> </td></tr> <tr style=""> <td><a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–2023)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><div class=""> <div style="width: 125px; height: 155px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -10px; width: 145px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_Warnock_official_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Raphael Warnock official photo.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Raphael_Warnock_official_photo.jpg/145px-Raphael_Warnock_official_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Raphael_Warnock_official_photo.jpg/218px-Raphael_Warnock_official_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Raphael_Warnock_official_photo.jpg/290px-Raphael_Warnock_official_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2812" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <th rowspan="3" scope="row"><b><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Warnock" title="Raphael Warnock">Raphael Warnock</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1969)</span> </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">January 20, 2021 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span data-sort-value="7003148800000000000♠"></span>4 years, 27 days </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–2023)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">First African American to serve in the Senate from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style=""> <td><a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–2025)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/119th_United_States_Congress" title="119th United States Congress">119th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2025–present)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class=""> <div style="width: 125px; height: 155px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -8px; width: 136px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laphonza_Butler_Senate_photo,_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Laphonza Butler Senate photo, 2023 (cropped).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Laphonza_Butler_Senate_photo%2C_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/136px-Laphonza_Butler_Senate_photo%2C_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Laphonza_Butler_Senate_photo%2C_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/204px-Laphonza_Butler_Senate_photo%2C_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Laphonza_Butler_Senate_photo%2C_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/272px-Laphonza_Butler_Senate_photo%2C_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4274" data-file-height="5698" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <th scope="row"><b><a href="/wiki/Laphonza_Butler" title="Laphonza Butler">Laphonza Butler</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1979)</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/California_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="California (U.S. state)">California</a> </td> <td>October 3, 2023 </td> <td>December 8, 2024 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002432000000000000♠"></span>1 year, 66 days </td> <td style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–2025)</span> </td> <td>Appointed by Governor <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a> to fill the vacancy created by the death of Senator <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First openly <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> African-American senator.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not a candidate for election. Resigned. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angela_Alsobrooks_SEPT24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Angela_Alsobrooks_SEPT24.jpg/125px-Angela_Alsobrooks_SEPT24.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Angela_Alsobrooks_SEPT24.jpg/188px-Angela_Alsobrooks_SEPT24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Angela_Alsobrooks_SEPT24.jpg/250px-Angela_Alsobrooks_SEPT24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2741" data-file-height="3657" /></a></span> </td> <th scope="row"><b><a href="/wiki/Angela_Alsobrooks" title="Angela Alsobrooks">Angela Alsobrooks</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1971)</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td>January 3, 2025 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001440000000000000♠"></span>44 days </td> <td style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/119th_United_States_Congress" title="119th United States Congress">119th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2025–present)</span> </td> <td>First African American to serve in the Senate from <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. First African-American woman to serve alongside another African-American woman in the Senate: <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Blunt_Rochester" title="Lisa Blunt Rochester">Lisa Blunt Rochester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class=""> <div style="width: 125px; height: 155px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -8px; width: 136px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisa_Blunt_Rochester_official_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lisa Blunt Rochester official photo.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lisa_Blunt_Rochester_official_photo.jpg/136px-Lisa_Blunt_Rochester_official_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lisa_Blunt_Rochester_official_photo.jpg/204px-Lisa_Blunt_Rochester_official_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lisa_Blunt_Rochester_official_photo.jpg/272px-Lisa_Blunt_Rochester_official_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3071" data-file-height="3839" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <th scope="row"><b><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Blunt_Rochester" title="Lisa Blunt Rochester">Lisa Blunt Rochester</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1962)</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> </td> <td>January 3, 2025 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001440000000000000♠"></span>44 days </td> <td style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/119th_United_States_Congress" title="119th United States Congress">119th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2025–present)</span> </td> <td>First African American to serve in the Senate from <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>. First African-American woman to serve alongside another African-American woman in the Senate: <a href="/wiki/Angela_Alsobrooks" title="Angela Alsobrooks">Angela Alsobrooks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="African_Americans_elected_to_the_United_States_Senate,_but_not_seated"><span id="African_Americans_elected_to_the_United_States_Senate.2C_but_not_seated"></span>African Americans elected to the United States Senate, but not seated</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_African-American_United_States_senators&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: African Americans elected to the United States Senate, but not seated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Image </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Senator-elect </th> <th scope="col">State </th> <th scope="col">Year elected </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Party</a> </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Congress </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class=""> <div style="width: 125px; height: 155px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -12px; left: -70px; width: 260px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P._B._S._Pinchback_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="P. B. S. Pinchback - Brady-Handy.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/P._B._S._Pinchback_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/260px-P._B._S._Pinchback_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/P._B._S._Pinchback_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/390px-P._B._S._Pinchback_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/P._B._S._Pinchback_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/520px-P._B._S._Pinchback_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="3608" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <th scope="row"><b><a href="/wiki/P._B._S._Pinchback" title="P. B. S. Pinchback">P. B. S. Pinchback</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1837–1921)</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td>1873 </td> <td style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/44th_United_States_Congress" title="44th United States Congress">44th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1875–1877)</span> </td> <td>Denied seat due to a contested election that involved <a href="/wiki/William_L._McMillen" title="William L. McMillen">William L. McMillen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_states_represented_by_African_Americans">List of states represented by African Americans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_African-American_United_States_senators&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of states represented by African Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seven states have been represented by black senators. As of October 2023, four states are represented by black senators. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th>Current </th> <th>Previous </th> <th>Total </th> <th>First black senator </th> <th>Years represented by black senators </th> <th>Year first <i><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">elected</a></i> a black senator </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">California</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></td> <td>2017–2021, 2023–2024</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="2016 United States Senate election in California">2016</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Delaware" title="List of United States senators from Delaware">Delaware</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Blunt_Rochester" title="Lisa Blunt Rochester">Lisa Blunt Rochester</a></td> <td>2025–present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="2024 United States Senate election in Delaware">2024</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">Georgia</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Warnock" title="Raphael Warnock">Raphael Warnock</a></td> <td>2021–present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020-21_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="2020-21 United States Senate special election in Georgia">2021</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Illinois</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley-Braun" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Moseley-Braun">Carol Moseley-Braun</a></td> <td>1993–1999, 2005–2008, 2009–2010</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="1992 United States Senate election in Illinois">1992</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">Maryland</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angela_Alsobrooks" title="Angela Alsobrooks">Angela Alsobrooks</a></td> <td>2025–present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland" title="2024 United States Senate election in Maryland">2024</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></td> <td>1967–1979, 2013</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1966 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1966</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Mississippi" title="List of United States senators from Mississippi">Mississippi</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiram Rhodes Revels">Hiram Rhodes Revels</a></td> <td>1870–1871, 1875–1881</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1870–71 United States Senate elections">1870</a> (by state legislature) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Jersey" title="List of United States senators from New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a></td> <td>2013–present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2013_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_New_Jersey" title="2013 United States Senate special election in New Jersey">2013</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">South Carolina</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Tim Scott</a></td> <td>2013–present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_South_Carolina" title="2014 United States Senate special election in South Carolina">2014</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Graphs">Graphs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_African-American_United_States_senators&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Graphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The histogram below sets forth the number of African Americans who served in the United States Senate during the periods provided. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Starting </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Graph </th></tr> <tr> <td>March 4, 1789</td> <td>0</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 25, 1870</td> <td>1</td> <td><span style="color:#FF6666">❚</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 4, 1871</td> <td>0</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 4, 1875</td> <td>1</td> <td><span style="color:#FF6666">❚</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 4, 1881</td> <td>0</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 3, 1967</td> <td>1</td> <td><span style="color:#FF6666">❚</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 4, 1979</td> <td>0</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 3, 1993</td> <td>1</td> <td><span style="color:#6666FF">❚</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 4, 1999</td> <td>0</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 3, 2005</td> <td>1</td> <td><span style="color:#6666FF">❚</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 17, 2008</td> <td>0</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 15, 2009</td> <td>1</td> <td><span style="color:#6666FF">❚</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 30, 2010</td> <td>0</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 2, 2013</td> <td>1</td> <td><span style="color:#FF6666">❚</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 1, 2013</td> <td>2</td> <td><span style="color:#FF6666">❚</span><span style="color:#6666FF">❚</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 17, 2013</td> <td>1</td> <td><span style="color:#FF6666">❚</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 31, 2013</td> <td>2</td> <td><span style="color:#FF6666">❚</span><span style="color:#6666FF">❚</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 3, 2017</td> <td>3</td> <td><span style="color:#FF6666">❚</span><span style="color:#6666FF">❚❚</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 18, 2021</td> <td>2</td> <td><span style="color:#FF6666">❚</span><span style="color:#6666FF">❚</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 20, 2021</td> <td>3</td> <td><span style="color:#FF6666">❚</span><span style="color:#6666FF">❚❚</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 3, 2023</td> <td>4</td> <td><span style="color:#FF6666">❚</span><span style="color:#6666FF">❚❚❚</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 8, 2024</td> <td>3</td> <td><span style="color:#FF6666">❚</span><span style="color:#6666FF">❚❚</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 3, 2025</td> <td>5</td> <td><span style="color:#FF6666">❚</span><span style="color:#6666FF">❚❚❚❚</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections_with_two_African-American_major-party_nominees">Elections with two African-American major-party nominees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_African-American_United_States_senators&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Elections with two African-American major-party nominees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" border="" cellpadding="3"> <caption>Elections with two African-American major-party nominees </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Election year </th> <th>State </th> <th>Winner </th> <th>Second-place finisher </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2004 United States Senate elections">2004</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2014 United States Senate elections">2014</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_South_Carolina" title="2014 United States Senate special election in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Tim Scott</a></b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Dickerson" title="Joyce Dickerson">Joyce Dickerson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2016 United States Senate elections">2016</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina" title="2016 United States Senate election in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Tim Scott</a></b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Thomas Dixon </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2022 United States Senate elections">2022</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_Georgia" title="2022 United States Senate election in Georgia">Georgia</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Warnock" title="Raphael Warnock">Raphael Warnock</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Walker" title="Herschel Walker">Herschel Walker</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina" title="2022 United States Senate election in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Tim Scott</a></b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Krystle_Matthews" title="Krystle Matthews">Krystle Matthews</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><small>Note: Incumbent Senators are in <b>bold</b></small></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_African-American_United_States_senators&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Senate_candidates" title="List of African-American United States Senate candidates">List of African-American United States Senate Candidates</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Federal government</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="African Americans in the United States Congress">African Americans in the United States Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">List of African-American United States representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus_Foundation" title="Congressional Black Caucus Foundation">Congressional Black Caucus Foundation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">List of African-American United States Cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African American firsts">List of African American firsts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>State and local government</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_officeholders_in_the_United_States,_1789%E2%80%931866" title="African-American officeholders in the United States, 1789–1866">African-American officeholders in the United States, 1789–1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_officeholders_during_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction">List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">List of African-American U.S. state firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">List of first African-American mayors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_African-American_United_States_senators&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Harris is the child of a black, Caribbean-born father and an India-born mother.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other African Americans who were elected to Congress and were born in the Caribbean or to Caribbean-born parents include Rep. <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a>, Rep. <a href="/wiki/Yvette_D._Clarke" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvette D. Clarke">Yvette D. Clarke</a>, Del. <a href="/wiki/Stacey_Plaskett" title="Stacey Plaskett">Stacey Plaskett</a>, Rep. <a href="/wiki/Mia_Love" title="Mia Love">Mia Love</a>, Del. <a href="/wiki/Melvin_H._Evans" title="Melvin H. Evans">Melvin H. Evans</a>, Del. <a href="/wiki/Donna_Christian-Christensen" class="mw-redirect" title="Donna Christian-Christensen">Donna Christian-Christensen</a>, and Del. <a href="/wiki/Victor_O._Frazer" title="Victor O. Frazer">Victor O. Frazer</a>. Chisholm was the child of Caribbean-born parents and was the first African-American woman to be elected to Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_African-American_United_States_senators&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-senate_diversity-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-senate_diversity_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-senate_diversity_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/minority_senators.htm">"Ethnic Diversity in the Senate"</a>. Senate Historical Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Diversity+in+the+Senate&rft.pub=Senate+Historical+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2Fminority_senators.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-censusblack-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-censusblack_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-06.pdf">"The Black Population: 2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190131170100/https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-06.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 31, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Minutes+Essays%2C+1878%E2%80%931920&rft.atitle=First+African+American+Senator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fminute%2FFirst_African_American_Senator.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000968">"Bruce, Blanche Kelso, (1841–1898)"</a>. <i>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125121806/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000968">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Bruce%2C+Blanche+Kelso%2C+%281841%E2%80%931898%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DB000968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Former_Slave_Presides-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Former_Slave_Presides_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Former_Slave_Presides_Over_Senate.htm">"Former Slave Presides over Senate"</a>. <i>Historical Minutes Essays, 1878–1920</i>. <a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Senate Historical Office</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121085700/http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Former_Slave_Presides_Over_Senate.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Minutes+Essays%2C+1878%E2%80%931920&rft.atitle=Former+Slave+Presides+over+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fminute%2FFormer_Slave_Presides_Over_Senate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-http-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-http_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000871">"Brooke, Edward William, III, (1919–)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102212213/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000871">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Brooke%2C+Edward+William%2C+III%2C+%281919%E2%80%93%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DB000871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moseley_Braun,_Carol,_1947_--17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moseley_Braun,_Carol,_1947_-_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001025">"Moseley Braun, Carol, (1947–)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015075413/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001025">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Moseley+Braun%2C+Carol%2C+%281947%E2%80%93%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DM001025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121217033655/http://jcp.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Photo_Carol_MoseleyBraun.htm">"Carol Moseley Braun"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Senate Historical Office</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carol+Moseley+Braun&rft.pub=Senate+Historical+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcp.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fgeneric%2FPhoto_Carol_MoseleyBraun.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Photo_Barack_Obama.htm">"Barack Obama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Senate Historical Office</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121218091904/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Photo_Barack_Obama.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama&rft.pub=Senate+Historical+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fgeneric%2FPhoto_Barack_Obama.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott,_Tim,_1965_--20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scott,_Tim,_1965_-_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S001184">"Scott, Tim, (1965–)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102183228/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S001184">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Scott%2C+Tim%2C+%281965%E2%80%93%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DS001184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TS-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TS_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeCillizza2012" class="citation news cs1">Blake, Aaron; Cillizza, Chris (December 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2012/12/17/nikki-haley-to-appoint-rep-tim-scott-to-senate/">"Nikki Haley appoints Rep. Tim Scott to Senate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130107094519/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2012/12/17/nikki-haley-to-appoint-rep-tim-scott-to-senate/">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Nikki+Haley+appoints+Rep.+Tim+Scott+to+Senate&rft.date=2012-12-17&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=Cillizza%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fthe-fix%2Fwp%2F2012%2F12%2F17%2Fnikki-haley-to-appoint-rep-tim-scott-to-senate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cowan,_William_(Mo),_1969_--22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cowan,_William_(Mo),_1969_-_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C001099">"Cowan, William (Mo), (1969–)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075859/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C001099">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Cowan%2C+William+%28Mo%29%2C+%281969%E2%80%93%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DC001099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MC-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MC_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2013" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Frank (January 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/01/30/governor-deval-patrick-announce-interim-senator-pick-today/0dFtO6tg5pnvg6WiLgw7dL/story.html">"William 'Mo' Cowan is Governor Deval Patrick's pick to serve as interim US senator"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131023540/http://boston.com/metrodesk/2013/01/30/governor-deval-patrick-announce-interim-senator-pick-today/0dFtO6tg5pnvg6WiLgw7dL/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=William+%27Mo%27+Cowan+is+Governor+Deval+Patrick%27s+pick+to+serve+as+interim+US+senator&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fmetrodesk%2F2013%2F01%2F30%2Fgovernor-deval-patrick-announce-interim-senator-pick-today%2F0dFtO6tg5pnvg6WiLgw7dL%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Booker,_Cory_Anthony,_1969_--24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Booker,_Cory_Anthony,_1969_-_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B001288">"Booker, Cory Anthony, (1969–)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141126221129/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B001288">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Booker%2C+Cory+Anthony%2C+%281969%E2%80%93%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DB001288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiambusso2013" class="citation news cs1">Giambusso, David (October 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/10/cory_booker_to_be_sworn_in_to_senate_on_halloween.html">"Cory Booker planning to be sworn in to Senate on Halloween"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Ledger" title="The Star-Ledger">The Star-Ledger</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/NJ.com" title="NJ.com">NJ.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131026093230/http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/10/cory_booker_to_be_sworn_in_to_senate_on_halloween.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star-Ledger&rft.atitle=Cory+Booker+planning+to+be+sworn+in+to+Senate+on+Halloween&rft.date=2013-10-23&rft.aulast=Giambusso&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fpolitics%2Findex.ssf%2F2013%2F10%2Fcory_booker_to_be_sworn_in_to_senate_on_halloween.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWire2016" class="citation news cs1">Wire, Sarah D. (November 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-election-day-2016-harris-bid-would-make-her-first-1478632724-htmlstory.html">"Kamala Harris Will Be the First Indian American U.S. senator and California's First Black Senator"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702035726/http://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-election-day-2016-harris-bid-would-make-her-first-1478632724-htmlstory.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>Harris' mother, Dr. Shyamala Harris, emigrated from India. Her father, Donald Harris, emigrated from Jamaica.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Kamala+Harris+Will+Be+the+First+Indian+American+U.S.+senator+and+California%27s+First+Black+Senator&rft.date=2016-11-08&rft.aulast=Wire&rft.aufirst=Sarah+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnation%2Fpolitics%2Ftrailguide%2Fla-na-election-day-2016-harris-bid-would-make-her-first-1478632724-htmlstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasniewski2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Wasniewski" title="Matthew Wasniewski">Wasniewski, Matthew</a>, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-cNiPp-D260C&pg=PA340">"Shirley A. Chisholm 1924 — 2005"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-cNiPp-D260C"><i>Black Americans in Congress, 1870–2007</i></a>. United States Government Printing Office. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160801945" title="Special:BookSources/9780160801945"><bdi>9780160801945</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522093341/https://books.google.com/books?id=-cNiPp-D260C&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shirley+A.+Chisholm+1924+%E2%80%94+2005&rft.btitle=Black+Americans+in+Congress%2C+1870%E2%80%932007&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780160801945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-cNiPp-D260C%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H001075">"Harris, Kamala Devi, (1964 – )"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106010233/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H001075">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Harris%2C+Kamala+Devi%2C+%281964+%E2%80%93+%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DH001075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources for label "African American" or "Black" include: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/history/h_multi_sections_and_teasers/Photo_Exhibit_African_American_Senators.htm">"African American Senators"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702035451/https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/history/h_multi_sections_and_teasers/Photo_Exhibit_African_American_Senators.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>Kamala D. Harris (D-CA) became the <b>first African American</b> to represent California in the United States Senate on January 3, 2017.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+American+Senators&rft.pub=United+States+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fpagelayout%2Fhistory%2Fh_multi_sections_and_teasers%2FPhoto_Exhibit_African_American_Senators.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politifact.com/personalities/kamala-harris/">"Kamala Harris's File"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702035750/http://www.politifact.com/personalities/kamala-harris/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>Harris, a Democrat, was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2016. She became California's attorney general in January 2011. She was the first woman and the <b>first African-American</b> to hold the office in California's history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PolitiFact&rft.atitle=Kamala+Harris%27s+File&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politifact.com%2Fpersonalities%2Fkamala-harris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigel2018" class="citation news cs1">Weigel, David (January 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2018/01/09/democrats-add-harris-booker-to-senate-judiciary-committee/?noredirect=on">"Democrats Add Harris, Booker to Senate Judiciary Committee"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>The Senate Judiciary Committee will welcome its <b>first African American</b> members in this century after Democrats added Sens. Kamala D. Harris (D-Calif.) and Cory Booker (D-N.J.) to the panel that handles judicial nominations and appointments to the Justice Department.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Democrats+Add+Harris%2C+Booker+to+Senate+Judiciary+Committee&rft.date=2018-01-09&rft.aulast=Weigel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpowerpost%2Fwp%2F2018%2F01%2F09%2Fdemocrats-add-harris-booker-to-senate-judiciary-committee%2F%3Fnoredirect%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWire2016" class="citation news cs1">Wire, Sarah D. (November 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-election-day-2016-harris-bid-would-make-her-first-1478632724-htmlstory.html">"Kamala Harris Will Be the First Indian American U.S. senator and California's First Black Senator"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702035726/http://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-election-day-2016-harris-bid-would-make-her-first-1478632724-htmlstory.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>She will also be just the second black woman to serve in the U.S. Senate, and the <b>first black senator</b> from California.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Kamala+Harris+Will+Be+the+First+Indian+American+U.S.+senator+and+California%27s+First+Black+Senator&rft.date=2016-11-08&rft.aulast=Wire&rft.aufirst=Sarah+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnation%2Fpolitics%2Ftrailguide%2Fla-na-election-day-2016-harris-bid-would-make-her-first-1478632724-htmlstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPhate2016" class="citation news cs1">McPhate, Mike (September 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/29/us/california-today-senate-kamala-harris-loretta-sanchez.html">"California Today: A Snooze of a Senate Race"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702035748/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/29/us/california-today-senate-kamala-harris-loretta-sanchez.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>The race to succeed Senator Barbara L. Boxer of California was supposed to be one of the marquee contests of the year ... It offers a window into the ethnic kaleidoscope that is California: Pitting a Latino, Representative Loretta Sanchez, against an <b>African-American</b>, Kamala Harris, the state attorney general.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=California+Today%3A+A+Snooze+of+a+Senate+Race&rft.date=2016-09-29&rft.aulast=McPhate&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F09%2F29%2Fus%2Fcalifornia-today-senate-kamala-harris-loretta-sanchez.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMarche2018" class="citation news cs1">DeMarche, Edmund (April 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/sen-kamala-harris-raises-eyebrows-on-ellen-with-trump-joke">"Sen. Kamala Harris Raises Eyebrows on 'Ellen' With Trump Joke"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702093114/http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2018/04/06/sen-kamala-harris-raises-eyebrows-on-ellen-with-trump-joke.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>Harris, California's <b>first African-American</b> senator, has not responded to the conservative response online.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Sen.+Kamala+Harris+Raises+Eyebrows+on+%27Ellen%27+With+Trump+Joke&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft.aulast=DeMarche&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fentertainment%2Fsen-kamala-harris-raises-eyebrows-on-ellen-with-trump-joke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeoplesBarrowBynum2021" class="citation news cs1">Peoples, Steve; Barrow, Bill; Bynum, Russ (January 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-donald-trump-race-and-ethnicity-georgia-david-perdue-4b82ba7ee3cc74d33e68daadaee2cbf3">"Warnock, Ossoff Win in Georgia, Handing Dems Senate Control"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Warnock%2C+Ossoff+Win+in+Georgia%2C+Handing+Dems+Senate+Control&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.aulast=Peoples&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Barrow%2C+Bill&rft.au=Bynum%2C+Russ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Felection-2020-donald-trump-race-and-ethnicity-georgia-david-perdue-4b82ba7ee3cc74d33e68daadaee2cbf3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadelago2023" class="citation news cs1">Cadelago, Christopher (October 1, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/01/newsom-senate-pick-butler-00119360">"Newsom picks Laphonza Butler as Feinstein replacement"</a>. <i>Politico</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Newsom+picks+Laphonza+Butler+as+Feinstein+replacement&rft.date=2023-10-01&rft.aulast=Cadelago&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F10%2F01%2Fnewsom-senate-pick-butler-00119360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRestonPager2023" class="citation news cs1">Reston, Maeve; Pager, Tyler (2023-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/10/01/dianne-feinstein-replacement-senate/">"Newsom taps Emily's List leader to fill Feinstein's Senate seat"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Newsom+taps+Emily%27s+List+leader+to+fill+Feinstein%27s+Senate+seat&rft.date=2023-10-02&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Reston&rft.aufirst=Maeve&rft.au=Pager%2C+Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2023%2F10%2F01%2Fdianne-feinstein-replacement-senate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearsFord2024" class="citation news cs1">Sears, Bryan P.; Ford, William J. (November 6, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marylandmatters.org/2024/11/05/alsobrooks-makes-history-in-senate-race-as-hogan-cannot-repeat-his-magic/">"Alsobrooks makes history in Senate race, as Hogan cannot repeat his magic"</a>. <i>Maryland Matters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maryland+Matters&rft.atitle=Alsobrooks+makes+history+in+Senate+race%2C+as+Hogan+cannot+repeat+his+magic&rft.date=2024-11-06&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Bryan+P.&rft.au=Ford%2C+William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarylandmatters.org%2F2024%2F11%2F05%2Falsobrooks-makes-history-in-senate-race-as-hogan-cannot-repeat-his-magic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens2024" class="citation news cs1">Owens, Donna M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Lisa+Blunt+Rochester+wins+in+Delaware%2C+making+her+the+state%27s+first+female+senator&rft.date=2024-11-06&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Donna+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnbcblk%2Flisa-blunt-rochester-delaware-first-female-senator-election-win-rcna177903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Historian" class="citation web cs1">Office of the Historian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Essays/Fifteenth-Amendment/Crafting-Identity/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Crafting an Identity,' Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood"</a>. Office of the Clerk, House of Representatives of the United States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111074345/http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Essays/Fifteenth-Amendment/Crafting-Identity/">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Crafting+an+Identity%2C%27+Fifteenth+Amendment+in+Flesh+and+Blood&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Clerk%2C+House+of+Representatives+of+the+United+States&rft.au=Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FExhibitions-and-Publications%2FBAIC%2FHistorical-Essays%2FFifteenth-Amendment%2FCrafting-Identity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_African-American_United_States_senators&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher1971" class="citation book cs1">Christopher, Maurine (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasblackcon00chri"><i>America's Black Congressmen</i></a>. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780690085853" title="Special:BookSources/9780690085853"><bdi>9780690085853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Black+Congressmen&rft.pub=Thomas+Y.+Crowell+Company&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780690085853&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=Maurine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasblackcon00chri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClay1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clay" title="Bill Clay">Clay, William L.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justpermanentint00clay"><i>Just Permanent Interests: Black Americans in Congress, 1870–1991</i></a>. Amistad Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56743-000-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56743-000-7"><bdi>1-56743-000-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+Permanent+Interests%3A+Black+Americans+in+Congress%2C+1870%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=Amistad+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-56743-000-7&rft.aulast=Clay&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjustpermanentint00clay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDray2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Dray" title="Philip Dray">Dray, Philip</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hrebAgAAQBAJ"><i>Capitol Men: The Epic Story of Reconstruction Through the Lives of the First Black Congressmen</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-56370-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-56370-8"><bdi>978-0-618-56370-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitol+Men%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+Reconstruction+Through+the+Lives+of+the+First+Black+Congressmen&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-618-56370-8&rft.aulast=Dray&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhrebAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (1996). <i>Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction</i>. LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807120828" title="Special:BookSources/9780807120828"><bdi>9780807120828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom%27s+Lawmakers%3A+A+Directory+of+Black+Officeholders+During+Reconstruction&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780807120828&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedmanJones2008" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, Eric; Jones, Stephen A. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanamericans0000free"><i>African Americans In Congress: A Documentary History</i></a></span>. CQ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872893856" title="Special:BookSources/9780872893856"><bdi>9780872893856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Americans+In+Congress%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780872893856&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Jones%2C+Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanamericans0000free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1997" class="citation book cs1">Gill, LaVerne McCain (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanamericanw00gill"><i>African American Women in Congress: Forming and Transforming History</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813523538" title="Special:BookSources/9780813523538"><bdi>9780813523538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+American+Women+in+Congress%3A+Forming+and+Transforming+History&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780813523538&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=LaVerne+McCain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanamericanw00gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Hahn" title="Steven Hahn">Hahn, Steven</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationunderourfe00hahn"><i>A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration</i></a></span>. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674017658" title="Special:BookSources/9780674017658"><bdi>9780674017658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation+Under+Our+Feet%3A+Black+Political+Struggles+in+the+Rural+South+from+Slavery+to+the+Great+Migration&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780674017658&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationunderourfe00hahn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaskins1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Haskins" title="James Haskins">Haskins, James</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/distinguishedafr0000hask"><i>Distinguished African American Political and Governmental Leaders</i></a>. Oryx Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573561266" title="Special:BookSources/9781573561266"><bdi>9781573561266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distinguished+African+American+Political+and+Governmental+Leaders&rft.pub=Oryx+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781573561266&rft.aulast=Haskins&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdistinguishedafr0000hask&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2012" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Matthew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l0wbFAxaAAgC"><i>Before Obama: A Reappraisal of Black Reconstruction Era Politicians</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313397929" title="Special:BookSources/9780313397929"><bdi>9780313397929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Obama%3A+A+Reappraisal+of+Black+Reconstruction+Era+Politicians&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780313397929&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl0wbFAxaAAgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2002" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, Stephen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JwLl_kFqzdkC"><i>Black Congressmen During Reconstruction: A Documentary Sourcebook</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313322815" title="Special:BookSources/9780313322815"><bdi>9780313322815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Congressmen+During+Reconstruction%3A+A+Documentary+Sourcebook&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780313322815&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJwLl_kFqzdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinowitz1982" class="citation book cs1">Rabinowitz, Howard N., ed. (1982). <i>Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era</i>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252009723" title="Special:BookSources/9780252009723"><bdi>9780252009723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Black+Leaders+of+the+Reconstruction+Era&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780252009723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltonPuckettDeskins2012" class="citation book cs1">Walton, Hanes Jr.; Puckett, Sherman C.; <a href="/wiki/Donald_R._Deskins,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Donald R. Deskins, Jr.">Deskins, Donald R. Jr.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b8zVVp8qJ5sC"><i>The African American Electorate: A Statistical History</i></a>. Congressional Quarterly Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872895089" title="Special:BookSources/9780872895089"><bdi>9780872895089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+American+Electorate%3A+A+Statistical+History&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780872895089&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Hanes+Jr.&rft.au=Puckett%2C+Sherman+C.&rft.au=Deskins%2C+Donald+R.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db8zVVp8qJ5sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasniewski2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Wasniewski" title="Matthew Wasniewski">Wasniewski, Matthew</a>, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-cNiPp-D260C"><i>Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007</i></a>. United States Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160801945" title="Special:BookSources/9780160801945"><bdi>9780160801945</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Americans+in+Congress%2C+1870-2007&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780160801945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-cNiPp-D260C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+African-American+United+States+senators" class="Z3988"></span> The website, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Black-Americans-in-Congress/">Black Americans in Congress</a> maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk of the United States House of Representatives</a>, serves as an ongoing supplement to the book. To download a free copy of the entire publication or a specific portion of the publication, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc224/content-detail.html">H. Doc. 108–224 – Black Americans in Congress 1870 – 2007</a>. Made available by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a> (GPO).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_African-American_United_States_senators&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/history/h_multi_sections_and_teasers/Photo_Exhibit_African_American_Senators.htm">"African American Senators"</a> – United States Senate official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL30378.pdf">"African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870–2012"</a> – 66-page history produced by the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>, a legislative branch agency within the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100423082228/http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch.asp">"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 – Present"</a> – perform search of desired representative or delegate by last name, first name, position, state, party, by year or congress</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304356-1">"Black Americans in Congress, 1870–2007"</a> – 164-minute <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> video with Matt Wasniewski, historian of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, as the presenter discussing the history of African Americans in Congress from 1870 to 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Black-Americans-in-Congress/">"Black Americans in Congress"</a> – maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk of the United States House of Representatives</a>, serves as an ongoing supplement to the book <i>Black Americans in Congress: 1870–2007</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/major-african-american-office-holders">"Major African American Office Holders Since 1641"</a> – maintained by <a href="/wiki/Blackpast.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackpast.org">Blackpast.org</a>, includes a listing for the United States Senate</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Congress547" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Congress" title="Template:United States Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Congress" title="Template talk:United States Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Congress547" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th</a> → <a href="/wiki/119th_United_States_Congress" title="119th United States Congress">119th</a> → <a href="/wiki/120th_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="120th United States Congress">120th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_Congress" title="Lists of United States Congress">Lists of United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Members_and_leaders547" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_congress" title="Member of congress">Members and leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_longevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service">By length of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_brevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by brevity of service">By shortness of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_youngest_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of youngest members of the United States Congress">Youngest members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unseated_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Unseated members of the United States Congress">Unseated members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">seniority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Dean of the United States Senate">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_senators" title="List of former United States senators">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_expelled_or_censured" title="List of United States senators expelled or censured">Expelled or censured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_born_outside_the_United_States" title="List of United States senators born outside the United States">Born outside the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate" title="Resignation from the United States Senate">Resigned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_appointed_United_States_senators" title="List of appointed United States senators">Appointed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States senators who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Seniority in the United States House of Representatives">seniority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Dean of the United States House of Representatives">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of former members of the United States House of Representatives">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_expelled,_censured,_or_reprimanded" title="List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded">Expelled, censured, and reprimanded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_served_a_single_term" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who served a single term">Served a single term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_lost_re-election_in_a_primary" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who lost re-election in a primary">Lost re-election in a primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States representatives who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members-elect_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_never_took_their_seats" title="List of members-elect of the United States House of Representatives who never took their seats">Elected but did not serve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_90th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 90th United States Congress">90th (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_91st_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 91st United States Congress">91st (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_92nd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 92nd United States Congress">92nd (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_93rd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 93rd United States Congress">93rd (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_94th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 94th United States Congress">94th (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_95th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 95th United States Congress">95th (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_96th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 96th United States Congress">96th (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_97th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 97th United States Congress">97th (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_98th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 98th United States Congress">98th (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_99th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 99th United States Congress">99th (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_100th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 100th United States Congress">100th (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_101st_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 101st United States Congress">101st (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_102nd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 102nd United States Congress">102nd (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_103rd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 103rd United States Congress">103rd (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_104th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 104th United States Congress">104th (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_105th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 105th United States Congress">105th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_106th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 106th United States Congress">106th (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_107th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 107th United States Congress">107th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_108th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 108th United States Congress">108th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_109th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 109th United States Congress">109th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_110th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 110th United States Congress">110th (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_111th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 111th United States Congress">111th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_112th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 112th United States Congress">112th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_113th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 113th United States Congress">113th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_114th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 114th United States Congress">114th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_115th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 115th United States Congress">115th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_116th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 116th United States Congress">116th (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_117th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 117th United States Congress">117th (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_118th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 118th United States Congress">118th (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_119th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 119th United States Congress">119th (2025)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Chairs" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Caucus_secretary" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_conference_chairmen_and_chairwomen" title="Senate Republican Conference">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_Secretary_and_Vice_Chairman" title="Senate Republican Conference">Vice-Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Legal_Advisory_Group" title="Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group">Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering#United_States" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_caucus" title="Congressional caucus">Congressional caucus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucuses_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Caucuses of the United States Congress">Caucuses of the United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="African Americans in the United States Congress">African-American members</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Black Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_and_Middle_Eastern_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Arab and Middle Eastern Americans in the United States Congress">Arab and Middle Eastern members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Americans_and_Pacific_Islands_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress">Asian Pacific American members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Asian_Pacific_American_Caucus" title="Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus">Asian Pacific American Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">Hispanic and Latino members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Caucus" title="Congressional Hispanic Caucus">Hispanic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Hispanic Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Jewish_Caucus" title="Congressional Jewish Caucus">Congressional Jewish Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Native Americans in the United States Congress">Native American members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gender and sexual identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT members of the United States Congress">LGBT members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Equality_Caucus" title="Congressional Equality Caucus">Equality Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Women in the United States Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Caucus_for_Women%27s_Issues" title="Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues">Issues Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives#Current_female_members" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">current House</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Physicians in the United States Congress">Physicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Buddhist members of the United States Congress">Buddhist members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hindu members of the United States Congress">Hindu members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mormon_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Mormon members of the United States Congress">Mormon (LDS) members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Muslim members of the United States Congress">Muslim members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quaker_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Quaker members of the United States Congress">Quaker members</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalip_Singh_Saund" title="Dalip Singh Saund">Sikh members</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_longest-serving_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of historical longest-serving members of the United States Congress">By length of service historically</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_wealth" title="List of current members of the United States Congress by wealth">Current members by wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_from_multiple_states" title="List of members of the United States Congress from multiple states">From multiple states</a></li> <li>Died in office <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1790%E2%80%931899)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)">1790–1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1900%E2%80%931949)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–1949)">1900–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1950%E2%80%931999)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–1999)">1950–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(2000%E2%80%93)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (2000–)">2000–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_killed_or_wounded_in_office" title="List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office">Killed or wounded in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States" title="List of party switchers in the United States">Party switchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_who_owned_slaves" title="List of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves">Slave owners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Powers,_privileges,_procedure,_committees,_history,_media547" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">(Dormant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">Contempt of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States" title="Declaration of war by the United States">Declaration of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment inquiry in the United States">Inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_trial_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment trial in the United States">Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">Naturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">"Necessary and Proper"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Power of enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing/spending</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privileges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">Salaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">Franking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Immunity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_legislation" title="List of United States federal legislation">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriation bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_(United_States_Congress)" title="Bill (United States Congress)">Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_budget_process" title="United States budget process">Budget process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censure_in_the_United_States" title="Censure in the United States">Censure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Closed session of the United States Congress">Closed sessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Closed sessions of the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Closed sessions of the United States Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">Cloture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_resolution" title="Concurrent resolution">Concurrent resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_resolution" title="Continuing resolution">Continuing resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dear_Colleague_letter_(United_States)" title="Dear Colleague letter (United States)">Dear Colleague letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrolled_bill" title="Enrolled bill">Enrolled bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_States_Congress" title="Expulsion from the United States Congress">Expulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_resolution" title="Joint resolution">Joint resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_joint_sessions_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of joint sessions of the United States Congress">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame-duck_session" title="Lame-duck session">Lame-duck session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_minute" title="Magic minute">Magic minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastert_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastert Rule">Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_referral" title="Multiple referral">Multiple referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Procedures of the United States House of Representatives">House procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">Quorum call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rider_(legislation)" title="Rider (legislation)">Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)" title="Sponsor (legislative)">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_rules_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Suspension of the rules in the United States Congress">Suspension of the rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">Unanimous consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">Veto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line-item_veto" title="Line-item veto">Line-item veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">Pocket veto</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">Advice and consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_slip_(U.S._Senate)" title="Blue slip (U.S. Senate)">Blue slip (U.S. Senate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_communication" title="Executive communication">Executive communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_session" title="Executive session">Executive session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">Filibuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">Jefferson's <i>Manual</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Journal" title="United States Senate Journal"><i>Senate Journal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_business" title="Morning business">Morning business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_option" title="Nuclear option">Nuclear option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">Presiding Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddick%27s_Senate_Procedure" title="Riddick's Senate Procedure">Riddick's Senate Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_hold" title="Senate hold">Senate hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">Senatorial courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">Seniority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate">Standing Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">Tie-breaking votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Traditions of the United States Senate">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Clause" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">Chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Of the Whole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_hearing" title="United States congressional hearing">Hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markup_(legislation)" title="Markup (legislation)">Markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_oversight" title="Congressional oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_joint_committees" title="List of United States congressional joint committees">List (Joint)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="List of United States House of Representatives committees">List (House)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_committees" title="List of United States Senate committees">List (Senate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Select_or_special_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Select or special committee (United States Congress)">Select and special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Standing committee (United States Congress)">Standing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_subcommittee" title="United States congressional subcommittee">Subcommittees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavel#United_States_Congress_gavels" title="Gavel">Gavels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Mace of the United States House of Representatives">Mace of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the United States Senate">Seal of the Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="History of the United States Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="History of the United States House of Representatives">House history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._representative_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. representative bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections">speaker elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="History of the United States Senate">Senate history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_election_disputes" title="List of United States Senate election disputes">election disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._senator_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. senator bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall (1789–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Hall" title="Congress Hall">Congress Hall (1790–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Brick_Capitol" title="Old Brick Capitol">Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"><i>Biographical Directory</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government_in_the_United_States" title="Divided government in the United States">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses" title="Party divisions of United States Congresses">Party divisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Capitol_Complex_(Capitol_Hill)547" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Complex" title="United States Capitol Complex">Capitol Complex</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_staff" title="Congressional staff">Congressional staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comptroller_General_of_the_United_States" title="Comptroller General of the United States">Comptroller General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architect_of_the_Capitol" title="Architect of the Capitol">Architect of the Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Cap. Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Police_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Police Board">Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Guide_Service" title="United States Capitol Guide Service">Cap. Guide Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congr. Budget Office (CBO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Workplace_Rights" title="Office of Congressional Workplace Rights">Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Technology Assessment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Library" title="United States Senate Library">Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Ethics" title="Office of Congressional Ethics">Congr. Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Emergency_Planning,_Preparedness,_and_Operations" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations">Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Interparliamentary_Affairs" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Interparliamentary Affairs">Interparliamentary Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Law_Revision_Counsel" title="Office of the Law Revision Counsel">Law Revision Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Legislative_Counsel" title="Office of the Legislative Counsel">Legislative Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Library" title="United States House of Representatives Library">Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Secretary of the United States Senate">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Chaplain of the United States Senate">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Librarian" title="United States Senate Librarian">Librarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Page of the United States Senate">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Parliamentarian of the United States Senate">Parliamentarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate">Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Administrative_Officer_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives">Chief Administrative Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorkeeper_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives">Doorkeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Floor_Operations" title="Director of Floor Operations">Floor Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_Services_Chief" title="Floor Services Chief">Floor Services Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Historian of the United States House of Representatives">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Page of the United States House of Representatives">Pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Page_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="House Page Board">Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Parliamentarian of the United States House of Representatives">Parliamentarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmaster_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Postmaster of the United States House of Representatives">Postmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Reading Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Reading Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives">Sergeant at Arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of<br />Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Research Service reports">reports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">Copyright Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Poet_Laureate" title="United States Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THOMAS" title="THOMAS">THOMAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">Adams Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Jefferson Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov.<br />Publishing Office</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Printer_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Printer of the United States">Public Printer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Pictorial_Directory" title="Congressional Pictorial Directory">Congressional Pictorial Directory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Official_Congressional_Directory" title="Official Congressional Directory">Official Congressional Directory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Manual" title="United States Government Manual">U.S. Gov. Manual</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Serial_Set" title="United States Congressional Serial Set">Serial Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Statutes at Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artwork_at_the_United_States_Capitol_complex" title="List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex">List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_portraits_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_collection_(A-J)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)">List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brumidi_Corridors" title="Brumidi Corridors">Brumidi Corridors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Prayer_Room" title="Congressional Prayer Room">Congressional Prayer Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_crypt" title="United States Capitol crypt">Crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">Dome</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Columns" title="Hall of Columns">Hall of Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">Statuary Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center" title="United States Capitol Visitor Center">Visitor Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)"><i>Declaration of Independence</i> painting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis_of_Democracy" title="Apotheosis of Democracy">Apotheosis of Democracy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_of_Civilization_Pediment" title="Progress of Civilization Pediment">Progress of Civilization Pediment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Reading_of_the_Emancipation_Proclamation_of_President_Lincoln" title="First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln">First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne" title="Surrender of General Burgoyne">Surrender of General Burgoyne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_the_Revolutionary_War_Door" title="George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door">George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Doors" title="Columbus Doors">Columbus Doors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Princeton" title="Washington at Princeton">Washington at Princeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way" title="Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way">Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President%27s_Room" title="Vice President's Room">VP's Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Vice_Presidential_Bust_Collection" title="United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection">VP Bust Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">Office<br />buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirksen_Senate_Office_Building" title="Dirksen Senate Office Building">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Senate_Office_Building" title="Hart Senate Office Building">Hart</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mountains_and_Clouds" title="Mountains and Clouds">Mountains and Clouds</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Senate_Office_Building" title="Russell Senate Office Building">Russell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Office_Building_Commission" title="House Office Building Commission">Building Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_lottery" title="Congressional office lottery">office lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longworth_House_Office_Building" title="Longworth House Office Building">Longworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_House_Office_Building" title="O'Neill House Office Building">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayburn_House_Office_Building" title="Rayburn House Office Building">Rayburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Staff_Health_and_Fitness_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Staff Health and Fitness Facility">Health and Fitness Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_Studio_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Recording Studio of the United States House of Representatives">House Recording Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">Senate chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Supreme_Court_Chamber" title="Old Supreme Court Chamber">Old Supreme Court Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Power_Plant" title="Capitol Power Plant">Power Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_Senate_Page_Residence" title="Daniel Webster Senate Page Residence">Webster Page Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_subway_system" title="United States Capitol subway system">Subway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_cornerstone_laying" title="United States Capitol cornerstone laying">United States Capitol cornerstone laying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African-American_politics67" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African-American_politics" title="Template:African-American politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African-American_politics" title="Template talk:African-American politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African-American_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African-American politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African-American_politics67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">African-American politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officeholders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="African Americans in the United States Congress">African Americans in the United States Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">House</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus_Foundation" title="Congressional Black Caucus Foundation">Congressional Black Caucus Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_majority-minority_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of majority-minority United States congressional districts">Majority-minority congressional districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">Cabinet members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State and local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_statewide_elected_officials" title="List of African-American statewide elected officials">Statewide elected officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Black_Mayors" title="National Conference of Black Mayors">National Conference of Black Mayors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">Statewide and local firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of first African-American U.S. state legislators">First state legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Caucus_of_State_Legislators" title="National Black Caucus of State Legislators">National Black Caucus of State Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_speakers_of_U.S._state_legislatures" title="List of African-American speakers of U.S. state legislatures">Speakers and presidents of state legislatures</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Legislative_Caucuses67" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Caucus_of_State_Legislators" title="National Black Caucus of State Legislators">Legislative Caucuses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Legislative_Black_Caucus" title="California Legislative Black Caucus">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Black_Caucus" title="Delaware Black Caucus">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Legislative_Black_Caucus" title="Georgia Legislative Black Caucus">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Legislative_Black_Caucus" title="Illinois Legislative Black Caucus">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Black_Legislative_Caucus" title="Indiana Black Legislative Caucus">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_African_American_Legislative_Caucus" title="Kansas African American Legislative Caucus">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Black_Caucus_of_Maryland" title="Legislative Black Caucus of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Legislative_Black_Caucus" title="Missouri Legislative Black Caucus">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Legislative_Black_Caucus" title="Louisiana Legislative Black Caucus">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Legislative_Black_Caucus" title="Ohio Legislative Black Caucus">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Legislative_Black_Caucus" title="Pennsylvania Legislative Black Caucus">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Legislative_Black_Caucus" title="Virginia Legislative Black Caucus">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_officeholders_in_the_United_States,_1789%E2%80%931866" title="African-American officeholders in the United States, 1789–1866">Officeholders 1789–1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_officeholders_from_the_end_of_the_Civil_War_until_before_1900" title="African American officeholders from the end of the Civil War until before 1900">1866–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_officeholders_(1900%E2%80%931959)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American officeholders (1900–1959)">1900–1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_women_in_American_politics" title="Black women in American politics">Black women in American politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="African-American candidates for President of the United States">Candidates for President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_presidential_and_vice_presidential_candidates" title="List of African-American United States presidential and vice presidential candidates">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Senate_candidates" title="List of African-American United States Senate candidates">Candidates for U.S. Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_fist" class="mw-redirect" title="Black fist">Black fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mute_R._Kelly" title="Mute R. Kelly">Mute R. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_statehood_movement" title="District of Columbia statehood movement">District of Columbia statehood movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">African-American self-determination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans629" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans629" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Black genocide in the United States">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_African_diaspora" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the African diaspora">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBTQ_community" title="African-American LGBTQ community">LGBTQ community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science<br />and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations<br />and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Freedmen" title="Cherokee Freedmen">Cherokee Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Choctaw Freedmen">Choctaw Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_Nebraska" title="African-American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_(state)" title="African Americans in New York (state)">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_jurists" title="List of African American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_firsts" title="Timeline of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> 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