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art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fine_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputed_accuracy_of_the_accounts_of_gatherings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputed_accuracy_of_the_accounts_of_gatherings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Disputed accuracy of the accounts of gatherings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disputed_accuracy_of_the_accounts_of_gatherings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disputed accuracy of the accounts of gatherings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disputed_accuracy_of_the_accounts_of_gatherings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ritual_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritual_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ritual elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ritual_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_connections_to_real_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_connections_to_real_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Possible connections to real groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_connections_to_real_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_topically-applied_hallucinogens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_topically-applied_hallucinogens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Role of topically-applied hallucinogens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_topically-applied_hallucinogens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabad_(sorserezh)" title="Sabad (sorserezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sabad (sorserezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquelarre" title="Aquelarre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aquelarre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Carod%C4%9Bjnick%C3%BD_sabat" title="Čarodějnický sabat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čarodějnický sabat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heksesabbat" title="Heksesabbat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Heksesabbat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexensabbat" title="Hexensabbat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hexensabbat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquelarre" title="Aquelarre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aquelarre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabatorgio" title="Sabatorgio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sabatorgio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akelarre" title="Akelarre – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Akelarre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بزم جادوان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بزم جادوان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat_(sorcellerie)" title="Sabbat (sorcellerie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sabbat (sorcellerie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crni_sabat" title="Crni sabat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crni sabat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabba" title="Sabba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sabba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boszork%C3%A1nyszombat" title="Boszorkányszombat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Boszorkányszombat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_rehat_pesihir" title="Hari rehat pesihir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hari rehat pesihir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heksensabbat" title="Heksensabbat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heksensabbat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%90%E3%83%88_(%E9%AD%94%E5%A5%B3)" title="サバト (魔女) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サバト (魔女)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heksesabbat" title="Heksesabbat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Heksesabbat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabat_(zlot)" title="Sabat (zlot) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sabat (zlot)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat" title="Sabbat – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sabbat" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Шабаш – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шабаш" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Witches' Sabbath" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crni_sabat" title="Crni sabat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crni sabat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noitasapatti" title="Noitasapatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Noitasapatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4xsabbat" title="Häxsabbat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Häxsabbat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88_(%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Шабаш (відьомський) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шабаш (відьомський)" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Witches%27_sabbath&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Witches' sabbath">Witches' sabbath</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gathering of those believed to practice witchcraft</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical and legendary Witches' Sabbath. For the modern Wiccan Sabbat, see <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Witches' Sabbath (disambiguation)">Witches' Sabbath (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg/220px-Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg/330px-Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg/440px-Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1565" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of Witches' Sabbath by <a href="/wiki/Martin_van_Ma%C3%ABle" title="Martin van Maële">Martin van Maële</a>, from the 1911 edition of the book <i>La Sorcière</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Jules Michelet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Witches' Sabbath</b> is a purported gathering of those believed to practice <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a>. The phrase became especially popular in the 20th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_phrase">Origin of the phrase</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witches%27_Sabbath&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the phrase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexensabbat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hexensabbat.jpg/220px-Hexensabbat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hexensabbat.jpg/330px-Hexensabbat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hexensabbat.jpg/440px-Hexensabbat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Sixteenth-century Swiss representation of Sabbath gathering from the chronicles of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Wick" title="Johann Jakob Wick">Johann Jakob Wick</a>. Note the horned god seated on serpent-enlaced throne, witch performing the <a href="/wiki/Osculum_infame" title="Osculum infame">osculum infame</a> upon a demon and another being aided by a demon to summon a storm from her <a href="/wiki/Cauldron" title="Cauldron">cauldron</a>, while others carouse and prepare magic <a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">potions</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most infamous and influential work of witch-hunting lore, <i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (1486) does not contain the word sabbath (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sabbatum</i></span>). </p><p>The first recorded English use of <i>sabbath</i> referring to sorcery was in 1660, in Francis Brooke's translation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincent_Le_Blanc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincent Le Blanc (page does not exist)">Vincent Le Blanc</a>'s book <i>The World Surveyed</i>: "Divers Sorcerers […] have confessed that in their Sabbaths […] they feed on such fare."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase "Witches' Sabbath" appeared in a 1613 translation by "W.B." of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Micha%C3%ABlis" title="Sébastien Michaëlis">Sébastien Michaëlis</a>'s <i>Admirable History of Possession and Conversion of a Penitent Woman</i>: "He also said to Magdalene, Art not thou an accursed woman, that the Witches Sabbath (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i>le Sabath</i>] is kept here?"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase is used by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Charles_Lea" title="Henry Charles Lea">Henry Charles Lea</a> in his <i>History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages</i> (1888).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in 1900, German historian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hansen_(historian)" title="Joseph Hansen (historian)">Joseph Hansen</a> who was a correspondent and a German translator of Lea's work, frequently uses the shorthand phrase <i>hexensabbat</i> to interpret medieval trial records, though any consistently recurring term is noticeably rare in the copious Latin sources Hansen also provides (see more on various Latin synonyms, below).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Index_of_a_1574_printing_of_Malleus_Maleficarum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Index_of_a_1574_printing_of_Malleus_Maleficarum.jpg/220px-Index_of_a_1574_printing_of_Malleus_Maleficarum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Index_of_a_1574_printing_of_Malleus_Maleficarum.jpg/330px-Index_of_a_1574_printing_of_Malleus_Maleficarum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Index_of_a_1574_printing_of_Malleus_Maleficarum.jpg/440px-Index_of_a_1574_printing_of_Malleus_Maleficarum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Index of a 1574 printing of Malleus Maleficarum</figcaption></figure> <p>Lea and Hansen's influence may have led to a much broader use of the shorthand phrase, including in English. Prior to Hansen, use of the term by German historians also seems to have been relatively rare. A compilation of German folklore by <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Grimm" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob Grimm">Jakob Grimm</a> in the 1800s (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kinder und HausMärchen, Deutsche Mythologie</i></span>) seems to contain no mention of <i>hexensabbat</i> or any other form of the term <i>sabbat</i> relative to fairies or magical acts.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contemporary of Grimm and early historian of witchcraft, W.G. Soldan also does not seem to use the term in his history (1843). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_French_connection">A French connection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witches%27_Sabbath&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: A French connection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to German and English counterparts, French writers (including Francophone authors writing in Latin) used the term more frequently, albeit still relatively rarely. There seems to be deep roots to inquisitorial persecution of the <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a>. In 1124, the term <i>inzabbatos</i> is used to describe the Waldensians in Northern Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1438 and 1460, seemingly related terms <i>synagogam</i> and <i>synagogue of Sathan</i> are used to describe Waldensians by inquisitors in France. These terms could be a reference to Revelation 2:9 ("I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews and are not, but are the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_Satan" title="Synagogue of Satan">synagogue of Satan</a>.")<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in Latin in 1458, Francophone author <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Jacquier" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Jacquier">Nicolas Jacquier</a> applies <i>synagogam fasciniorum</i> to what he considers a gathering of witches.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 150 years later, near the peak of the witch-phobia and the persecutions which led to the execution of an estimated 40,000-100,000 persons,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with roughly 80% being women,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> writers still seem to be the main ones using these related terms, although still infrequently and sporadically in most cases. <a href="/wiki/Lambert_Daneau" title="Lambert Daneau">Lambert Daneau</a> uses <i>sabbatha</i> one time (1581) as <i>Synagogas quas Satanica sabbatha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas Remi uses the term occasionally as well as <i>synagoga</i> (1588). <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Jean Bodin</a> uses the term three times (1580) and, across the channel, the Englishman <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Scot" title="Reginald Scot">Reginald Scot</a> (1585) writing a book in opposition to witch-phobia, uses the term but only once in quoting Bodin. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1611, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fontaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Fontaine">Jacques Fontaine</a> uses <i>sabat</i> five times writing in French and in a way that would seem to correspond with modern usage. The following year (1612), <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Lancre" title="Pierre de Lancre">Pierre de Lancre</a> seems to use the term more frequently than anyone before.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Praetorius_Blocksberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Praetorius_Blocksberg.jpg/216px-Praetorius_Blocksberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Praetorius_Blocksberg.jpg/324px-Praetorius_Blocksberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Praetorius_Blocksberg.jpg/432px-Praetorius_Blocksberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2071" /></a><figcaption>Witches' Sabbath - Johannes Praetorius: Blockes-Berges Verrichtung, Leipzig, 1668.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Danse_du_Sabbat_(no_caption).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/La_Danse_du_Sabbat_%28no_caption%29.jpg/216px-La_Danse_du_Sabbat_%28no_caption%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/La_Danse_du_Sabbat_%28no_caption%29.jpg/324px-La_Danse_du_Sabbat_%28no_caption%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/La_Danse_du_Sabbat_%28no_caption%29.jpg/432px-La_Danse_du_Sabbat_%28no_caption%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption><i>La danse du Sabbat</i>, artist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bayard" title="Émile Bayard">Émile Bayard</a>: illustration from <i>Histoire de la Magie</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Pitois" title="Jean-Baptiste Pitois">Jean-Baptiste Pitois</a> (a.k.a. Paul Christian), Paris, 1870: <a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">circle dance</a> of naked witches and <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> around Devil standing on a <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmen</a> atop a <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1668, a late date relative to the major European witch trials, German writer <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Praetorius_(writer)" title="Johannes Praetorius (writer)">Johannes Praetorius</a> published "Blockes-Berges Verrichtung", with the subtitle "Oder Ausführlicher Geographischer Bericht/ von den hohen trefflich alt- und berühmten Blockes-Berge: ingleichen von der Hexenfahrt/ und Zauber-Sabbathe/ so auff solchen Berge die Unholden aus gantz Teutschland/ Jährlich den 1. Maij in Sanct-Walpurgis Nachte anstellen sollen".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As indicated by the subtitle, Praetorius attempted to give a "Detailed Geographical Account of the highly admirable ancient and famous <a href="/wiki/Blockula" title="Blockula">Blockula</a>, also about the witches' journey and magic sabbaths". </p><p>Writing more than two hundred years after Pierre de Lancre, another French writer, <a href="/wiki/Lamothe-Langon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamothe-Langon">Lamothe-Langon</a> (whose character and scholarship was questioned in the 1970s), uses the term in (presumably) translating into French a handful of documents from the inquisition in Southern France. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hansen_(historian)" title="Joseph Hansen (historian)">Joseph Hansen</a> cited Lamothe-Langon as one of many sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_term_favored_by_recent_translators">A term favored by recent translators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witches%27_Sabbath&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: A term favored by recent translators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the infrequency of the use of the word <i>sabbath</i> to denote any such gatherings in the historical record, it became increasingly popular during the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cautio_Criminalis">Cautio Criminalis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witches%27_Sabbath&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cautio Criminalis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 2003 translation of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Spee" title="Friedrich Spee">Friedrich Spee</a>'s <i>Cautio Criminalis</i> (1631) the word <i>sabbaths</i> is listed in the index with a large number of entries.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unlike some of Spee's contemporaries in France (mentioned above), who occasionally, if rarely, use the term <i>sabbatha</i>, Friedrich Spee does not ever use words derived from <i>sabbatha</i> or <i>synagoga</i>. Spee was German-speaking, and like his contemporaries, wrote in Latin. <i>Conventibus</i> is the word Spee uses most frequently to denote a gathering of witches, whether supposed or real, physical or spectral, as seen in the first paragraph of question one of his book.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the same word from which English words <i>convention</i>, <i>convent</i>, and <i>coven</i> are derived. <i>Cautio Criminalis</i> (1631) was written as a passionate innocence project. As a Jesuit, Spee was often in a position of witnessing the torture of those accused of witchcraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malleus_Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witches%27_Sabbath&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Malleus Maleficarum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 2009 translation of Dominican inquisitor <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer">Heinrich Kramer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (1486), the word <i>sabbath</i> does not occur. There is a line describing a supposed gathering that uses the word <i>concionem</i>; it is accurately translated as an <i>assembly</i>. However in the accompanying footnote, the translator seems to apologize for the lack of both the term <i>sabbath</i> and a general scarcity of other gatherings that would seem to fit the bill for what he refers to as a "black sabbath".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fine_art">Fine art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witches%27_Sabbath&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fine art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Witches%27_Sabbath_(The_Great_He-Goat).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Witches%27_Sabbath_%28The_Great_He-Goat%29.jpg/550px-Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Witches%27_Sabbath_%28The_Great_He-Goat%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Witches%27_Sabbath_%28The_Great_He-Goat%29.jpg/825px-Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Witches%27_Sabbath_%28The_Great_He-Goat%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Witches%27_Sabbath_%28The_Great_He-Goat%29.jpg/1100px-Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Witches%27_Sabbath_%28The_Great_He-Goat%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a> - <i><a href="/wiki/Akelarre" title="Akelarre">Aquelarre</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>/Spanish Witches' Sabbath) a.k.a. <i>The Great He-Goat</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The phrase is also popular in recent translations of the titles of artworks, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Witches_(Hans_Baldung)" title="The Witches (Hans Baldung)"><i>The Witches' Sabbath</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Baldung" title="Hans Baldung">Hans Baldung</a> (1510)</li> <li><i>Witches' Sabbath</i> by <a href="/wiki/Frans_Francken_the_Younger" title="Frans Francken the Younger">Frans Francken</a> (1606)</li> <li><i>Witches' Sabbath in Roman Ruins</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Swanenburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob van Swanenburgh">Jacob van Swanenburgh</a> (1608)</li> <li>As a recent translation from the original Spanish <i>El aquelarre</i> to the English title <i><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath_(Goya,_1798)" title="Witches' Sabbath (Goya, 1798)">Witches' Sabbath</a></i> (1798) and <a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath_(The_Great_He-Goat)" title="Witches' Sabbath (The Great He-Goat)"><i>Witches' Sabbath</i> or <i>The Great He-Goat</i></a> (1823) both works by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:LuisRicardsFalero-AFairyUnderStarry1Skies-Large.jpg" title="File:LuisRicardsFalero-AFairyUnderStarry1Skies-Large.jpg">Muse of the Night (Witches' Sabbath)</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Luis_Ricardo_Falero" title="Luis Ricardo Falero">Luis Ricardo Falero</a> (1880)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witches%27_Sabbath&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlioz_ill05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Berlioz_ill05.jpg/191px-Berlioz_ill05.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Berlioz_ill05.jpg/287px-Berlioz_ill05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Berlioz_ill05.jpg/382px-Berlioz_ill05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1622" /></a><figcaption>Hector Berlioz</figcaption></figure><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Symphonie_fantastique" title="Symphonie fantastique">Symphonie Fantastique</a></i>, the fifth and final <a href="/wiki/Movement_(music)" title="Movement (music)">movement</a> of the composition is titled <i>"Hexensabbath"</i> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> and <i>"Songe d'une nuit du Sabbat"</i> in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, strangely having two different meanings. In the popular English editions of the symphony, the title of the movement is <i>"Dream of a Witches' Sabbath"</i>, a mixture of the two translations.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The setting of the movement is in a satanic dream depicting the protagonist's own funeral. Crowds of sorcerers and monsters stand around him, laughing, shouting, and screeching. The protagonist's beloved appears as a witch, distorted from her previous beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputed_accuracy_of_the_accounts_of_gatherings">Disputed accuracy of the accounts of gatherings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witches%27_Sabbath&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Disputed accuracy of the accounts of gatherings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern researchers have been unable to find any corroboration with the notion that physical gatherings of practitioners of witchcraft occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-hen_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hen-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his study "The Pursuit of Witches and the Sexual Discourse of the Sabbat", the historian Scott E. Hendrix presents a two-fold explanation for why these stories were so commonly told in spite of the fact that sabbats likely never actually occurred. First, belief in the real power of witchcraft grew during the late medieval and early-modern Europe as a doctrinal view in opposition to the canon Episcopi gained ground in certain communities. This fueled a paranoia among certain religious authorities that there was a vast underground conspiracy of witches determined to overthrow Christianity. Women beyond child-bearing years provided an easy target and were scapegoated and blamed for famines, plague, warfare, and other problems.<sup id="cite_ref-hen_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hen-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having prurient and orgiastic elements helped ensure that these stories would be relayed to others.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ritual_elements">Ritual elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witches%27_Sabbath&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ritual elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bristol_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol University">Bristol University</a>'s Ronald Hutton has encapsulated the witches' sabbath as an essentially modern construction, saying: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[The concepts] represent a combination of three older mythical components, all of which are active at night: </p><p>(1) A procession of female spirits, often joined by privileged human beings and often led by a supernatural woman; </p><p>(2) A lone spectral huntsman, regarded as demonic, accursed, or otherworldly; </p><p>(3) A procession of the human dead, normally thought to be wandering to expiate their sins, often noisy and tumultuous, and usually consisting of those who had died prematurely and violently. </p><p> The first of these has pre-Christian origins, and probably contributed directly to the formulation of the concept of the witches’ sabbath. The other two seem to be <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> in their inception, with the third to be directly related to growing speculation about the fate of the dead in the 11th and 12th centuries."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The book <i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_Maleficarum" title="Compendium Maleficarum">Compendium Maleficarum</a></i> (1608), by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Guazzo" title="Francesco Maria Guazzo">Francesco Maria Guazzo</a>, illustrates a typical view of gathering of witches as "the attendants riding flying goats, trampling the cross, and being re-baptised in the name of the Devil while giving their clothes to him, kissing his behind, and dancing back to back forming a round." </p><p>In effect, the sabbat acted as an effective 'advertising' gimmick, causing knowledge of what these authorities believed to be the very real threat of witchcraft to be spread more rapidly across the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-hen_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hen-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That also meant that stories of the sabbat promoted the hunting, prosecution, and execution of supposed witches. </p><p>The descriptions of Sabbats were made or published by priests, jurists and judges who never took part in these gatherings, or were transcribed during the process of the <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Witchcraft trials">witchcraft trials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That these testimonies reflect actual events is for most of the accounts considered doubtful. Norman Cohn argued that they were determined largely by the expectations of the interrogators and free association on the part of the accused, and reflect only popular imagination of the times, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ignorance" title="Ignorance">ignorance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> and religious intolerance towards minority groups.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frans_Francken_(II)_-_Witches%27_Sabbath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Frans_Francken_%28II%29_-_Witches%27_Sabbath.jpg/220px-Frans_Francken_%28II%29_-_Witches%27_Sabbath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Frans_Francken_%28II%29_-_Witches%27_Sabbath.jpg/331px-Frans_Francken_%28II%29_-_Witches%27_Sabbath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Frans_Francken_%28II%29_-_Witches%27_Sabbath.jpg/441px-Frans_Francken_%28II%29_-_Witches%27_Sabbath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption><i>Witches' Sabbath</i> (1606) by <a href="/wiki/Frans_Francken_the_Younger" title="Frans Francken the Younger">Frans Francken the Younger</a>. Note amorous <a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">imps</a>, brewing of magic potions and magical flight of witches up a chimney</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Witches_Sabbath_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Witches_Sabbath_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Witches_Sabbath_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Witches_Sabbath_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/331px-Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Witches_Sabbath_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Witches_Sabbath_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/441px-Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Witches_Sabbath_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2801" data-file-height="4001" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Akelarre" title="Akelarre">Aquelarre</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>/Spanish Witches' Sabbath; circa 1797-1798) by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the existing accounts of the Sabbat were given when the person recounting them was being <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">tortured</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so motivated to agree with suggestions put to them. </p><p>Christopher F. Black claimed that the Roman Inquisition's sparse employment of torture allowed accused witches to not feel pressured into mass accusation. This in turn means there were fewer alleged groups of witches in Italy and places under inquisitorial influence. Because the Sabbath is a gathering of collective witch groups, the lack of mass accusation means Italian popular culture was less inclined to believe in the existence of Black Sabbath. The Inquisition itself also held a skeptical view toward the legitimacy of Sabbath Assemblies.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the diabolical elements of the Witches' Sabbath stereotype, such as the eating of babies, poisoning of wells, <a href="/wiki/Host_desecration" title="Host desecration">desecration of hosts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Osculum_infame" title="Osculum infame">kissing of the devil's anus</a>, were also made about heretical Christian sects, <a href="/wiki/Leper" class="mw-redirect" title="Leper">lepers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ginz_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ginz-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is the same as the normal English word "<a href="/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">Sabbath</a>" (itself a transliteration of Hebrew "<a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>", the seventh day, on which the <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Creator</a> rested after creation of the world), referring to the witches' equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Sabbath" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Sabbath">Christian day of rest</a>; a more common term was "synagogue" or "<a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_Satan" title="Synagogue of Satan">synagogue of Satan</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Kieckhefer_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieckhefer-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly reflecting anti-Jewish sentiment, although the acts attributed to witches bear little resemblance to the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">Sabbath in Christianity</a> or Jewish <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> customs. The <i>Errores Gazariorum</i> ("<i>Errors of the Cathars"</i>), which mentions the Sabbat, while not discussing the actual behavior of the <a href="/wiki/Cathars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathars">Cathars</a>, is named after them, in an attempt to link these stories to an heretical Christian group.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Emma_Wilby" title="Emma Wilby">Emma Wilby</a> have argued that although the more diabolical elements of the witches' sabbath stereotype were invented by inquisitors, the witchcraft suspects themselves may have encouraged these ideas to circulate by drawing on popular beliefs and experiences around liturgical misrule, cursing rites, magical conjuration and confraternal gatherings to flesh-out their descriptions of the sabbath during interrogations.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian missionaries' attitude to African cults was not much different in principle to their attitude to the Witches' Sabbath in Europe; some accounts viewed them as a kind of Witches' Sabbath, but they are not.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some African communities believe in witchcraft, but as in the European witch trials, people they believe to be "witches" are condemned rather than embraced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_connections_to_real_groups">Possible connections to real groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witches%27_Sabbath&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Possible connections to real groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></div> <p>Other historians, including <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Ginzburg" title="Carlo Ginzburg">Carlo Ginzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89va_P%C3%B3cs" title="Éva Pócs">Éva Pócs</a>, Bengt Ankarloo and Gustav Henningsen hold that these testimonies can give insights into the belief systems of the accused. Ginzburg famously discovered records of a group of individuals in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>, calling themselves <i><a href="/wiki/Benandanti" title="Benandanti">benandanti</a></i>, who believed that they went out of their bodies in spirit and fought amongst the clouds against evil spirits to secure prosperity for their villages, or congregated at large feasts presided over by a goddess, where she taught them magic and performed divinations.<sup id="cite_ref-ginz_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ginz-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ginzburg links these beliefs with similar testimonies recorded across Europe, from the <i>armiers</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, from the followers of <a href="/wiki/Signora_Oriente" class="mw-redirect" title="Signora Oriente">Signora Oriente</a> in fourteenth century <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and the followers of <a href="/wiki/Richella" class="mw-redirect" title="Richella">Richella</a> and 'the wise Sibillia' in fifteenth century northern Italy, and much further afield, from <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">werewolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Krsnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Krsnik">kresniki</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1ltos" title="Táltos">táltos</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lu%C5%9Fari" class="mw-redirect" title="Căluşari">căluşari</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetian</a> <i>burkudzauta</i>. In many testimonies, these meetings were described as out-of-body, rather than physical, occurrences.<sup id="cite_ref-ginz_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ginz-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_topically-applied_hallucinogens">Role of topically-applied hallucinogens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witches%27_Sabbath&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Role of topically-applied hallucinogens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Atropa_bella-donna0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Illustration_Atropa_bella-donna0.jpg/220px-Illustration_Atropa_bella-donna0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Illustration_Atropa_bella-donna0.jpg/330px-Illustration_Atropa_bella-donna0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Illustration_Atropa_bella-donna0.jpg/440px-Illustration_Atropa_bella-donna0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1489" data-file-height="2332" /></a><figcaption>"Flying ointment" ingredient: deadly nightshade: <i><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></i> (family: <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyoscyamus_niger_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-073.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hyoscyamus_niger_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-073.jpg/220px-Hyoscyamus_niger_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-073.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hyoscyamus_niger_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-073.jpg/330px-Hyoscyamus_niger_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-073.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hyoscyamus_niger_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-073.jpg/440px-Hyoscyamus_niger_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-073.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>"Flying ointment" ingredient black henbane <i><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></i> (family: Solanaceae) </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aconitum_napellus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-151.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Aconitum_napellus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-151.jpg/220px-Aconitum_napellus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-151.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Aconitum_napellus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-151.jpg/330px-Aconitum_napellus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-151.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Aconitum_napellus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-151.jpg/440px-Aconitum_napellus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-151.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="3382" /></a><figcaption>"Flying ointment" ingredient Aconite/Wolfsbane <i><a href="/wiki/Aconitum_napellus" title="Aconitum napellus">Aconitum napellus</a></i> Aconite/Wolfsbane (family: <a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Magic ointments...produced effects which the subjects themselves believed in, even stating that they had intercourse with evil spirits, had been at the Sabbat and danced on the <a href="/wiki/Brocken" title="Brocken">Brocken</a> with their lovers...The peculiar hallucinations evoked by the drug had been so powerfully transmitted from the subconscious mind to consciousness that mentally uncultivated persons...believed them to be reality.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Carlo Ginzburg's researches have highlighted shamanic elements in European witchcraft compatible with (although not invariably inclusive of) drug-induced altered states of consciousness. In this context, a persistent theme in European witchcraft, stretching back to the time of classical authors such as <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a>, is the use of unguents conferring the power of "flight" and "shape-shifting."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recipes for such "flying ointments" have survived from early modern times<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, permitting not only an assessment of their likely pharmacological effects – based on their various plant (and to a lesser extent animal) ingredients – but also the actual recreation of and experimentation with such fat or oil-based preparations.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ginzburg makes brief reference to the use of entheogens in European witchcraft at the end of his analysis of the Witches Sabbath, mentioning only the fungi <a href="/wiki/Claviceps_purpurea" title="Claviceps purpurea">Claviceps purpurea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a> by name, and stating about the "flying ointment" on page 303 of 'Ecstasies...' : </p> <blockquote><p>In the Sabbath the judges more and more frequently saw the accounts of real, physical events. For a long time the only dissenting voices were those of the people who, referring back to the <i><a href="/wiki/Canon_Episcopi" title="Canon Episcopi">Canon episcopi</a></i>, saw witches and sorcerers as the victims of demonic illusion. In the sixteenth century scientists like <a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano">Cardano</a> or <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_della_Porta" title="Giambattista della Porta">Della Porta</a> formulated a different opinion : animal metamorphoses, flights, apparitions of the devil were the effect of malnutrition or the use of hallucinogenic substances contained in vegetable concoctions or ointments...But no form of privation, no substance, no <i><a href="/wiki/Shamanism:_Archaic_Techniques_of_Ecstasy" title="Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy">ecstatic technique</a></i> can, by itself, cause the recurrence of such complex experiences...the deliberate use of psychotropic or hallucinogenic substances, while not explaining the ecstasies of the followers of the nocturnal goddess, the <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">werewolf</a>, and so on, would place them in a not exclusively mythical dimension.</p></blockquote> <p>– in short, a substrate of shamanic myth could, when catalysed by a drug experience (or simple starvation), give rise to a 'journey to the Sabbath', not of the body, but of the mind. Ergot and the Fly Agaric mushroom, while hallucinogenic,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were not among the ingredients listed in recipes for the flying ointment. The active ingredients in such unguents were primarily, not fungi, but plants in the nightshade family <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a>, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a> (Deadly Nightshade) and <a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a> (Henbane), belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Tropane" title="Tropane">tropane</a> alkaloid-rich tribe <a href="/wiki/Hyoscyameae" title="Hyoscyameae">Hyoscyameae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other tropane-containing, nightshade ingredients included the Mandrake <a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scopolia_carniolica" title="Scopolia carniolica">Scopolia carniolica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Datura_stramonium" title="Datura stramonium">Datura stramonium</a>, the Thornapple.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alkaloids <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamine" title="Hyoscyamine">Hyoscyamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyoscine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine">Scopolamine</a> present in these Solanaceous plants are not only potent and highly toxic hallucinogens, but are also fat-soluble and capable of being absorbed through unbroken human skin.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witches%27_Sabbath&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Witches%27_Sabbath" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akelarre" title="Akelarre">Akelarre</a> – Basque for Witches' Sabbath</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aradia" title="Aradia">Aradia</a> – Character in the Gospel of the Witches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_Mountain_(folklore)" title="Bald Mountain (folklore)">Bald Mountain (folklore)</a> – Witchcraft location in Slavic mythology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mass" title="Black Mass">Black Mass</a> – Satanic religious practice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockula" title="Blockula">Blockula</a> – Devil's secret island in Swedish legend</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecstasies:_Deciphering_the_Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath">Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath</a></i> – 1989 book by Carlo Ginzburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a> – Hallucinogenic salve used in the practice of witchcraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobel_Gowdie" title="Isobel Gowdie">Isobel Gowdie</a> – Scottish woman who confessed to witchcraft at Auldearn near Nairn during 1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4ret_Jonsdotter" title="Märet Jonsdotter">Märet Jonsdotter</a> – Swedish witch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Kyteler" title="Alice Kyteler">Alice Kyteler</a> – Hiberno-Norman noblewoman accused of witchcraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Shabbat#Shabbat_Chazon_–_of_Vision" title="Special Shabbat">Shabbat Chazon - Sabbath of Vision</a>, aka "Black Sabbath"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorginak" title="Sorginak">Sorginak</a> – Supernatural being in Basque mythology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">Witch-hunt</a> – Search for witchcraft or subversive activity<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witches%27_Sabbath&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2284528989">"sabbath, n."</a>, July 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2828411604">"witches' Sabbath, n."</a>, July 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American historian GL Burr does not seem to use the term in his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=6ZUlAQAAMAAJ&pg=GBS.RA1-PA64">essay "The Literature of Witchcraft"</a> presented to the American Historical Association in 1890.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Hansen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=9dkPAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA85"><i>Zauberwahn</i></a> (1900) also see companion volume of sources <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=QXXX48OyGjcC&pg=GBS.PA459">Quellen</a></i> (1901)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimm, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=f2gHAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA144"><i>Kinder und HausMärchen</i> (1843 ed, 2nd Volume)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillipus van Limborch, History of Inquisition (1692), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=NohCAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA88">English translation (1816) p. 88</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=cysymJOAxLwC&pg=GBS.PP316">original Latin here</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen, <i>Quellen</i> (1901) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=QXXX48OyGjcC&pg=GBS.PA186">p.186</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The verse in Revelation is pointed to by Wolfgang Behringer, <i>Witches and Witch-Hunts</i>(2004) p.60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolaus Jacquier <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=fGtMAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA40"><i>Flagellum</i> (printed 1581) p. 40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alison Rowlands, Witchcraft Narratives in Germany, Rothenburg,1561-1652 (Manchester, 2003), 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...the fear of a monstrous conspiracy of Devil-worshipping witches was fairly recent, and indeed modern scholarship has confirmed that massive witch hunts occurred almost exclusively in the early modern period, reaching their peak intensity during the century 1570-1670." Benjamin G. Kohl and H.C. Erik Midelfort, editors, On Witchcraft An Abridged Translation of Johann Weyer's De praestigiis daemonun. Translation by John Shea (North Carolina, 1998) xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Per Scarre & Callow (2001),"Records suggest that in Europe, as a whole, about 80 per cent of trial defendants were women, though the ratio of women to men charged with the offence varied from place to place, and often, too, in one place over time."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Menopausal and post-menopausal women were disproportionally represented amongst the victims of the witch craze--and their over-representation is the more striking when we recall how rare women over fifty must have been in the population as a whole." Lyndal Roper Witch Craze (2004)p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daneau's work is included with Jacquier in 1581 printing, link above. See p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Puritan <a href="/wiki/Richard_Baxter" title="Richard Baxter">Richard Baxter</a>, writing much later (1691), also uses the term only once, in the exact same way – quoting Bodin. Other witch-phobic English Puritans who were Baxter's contemporaries, like <a href="/wiki/Increase_Mather" title="Increase Mather">Increase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a> (1684, 1689, 1692), did not use the term, perhaps because they were <a href="/wiki/Puritan_Sabbatarianism" title="Puritan Sabbatarianism">Sabbatarians</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=lwVAAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA74">Pierre de Lancre</a> p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannes Praetorius <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/show/praetorius_verrichtung_1668"><i>Blockes-Berges Verrichtung</i></a> (1900)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation by Marcus Hellyer,(UVA Press, 2003)p.232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=am1jAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA398">here and also see p.398.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It is sometimes argued that the Malleus was of minor influence in the spread of the conception of sorcery as a satanic cult because the black sabbath, which formed a major element in later notions of sorcery, receives little emphasis. Yet, here the black sabbath clearly is mentioned..." --footnote 74, Christopher S. Mackay, The Hammer of Witches, A Complete Translation of Malleus Maleficarum p. 283 fn. 74. The original work with the line Mackay refers to is page 208 as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=0NE7AAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PP208">found here</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Symphonie_fantastique,_H_48_(Berlioz,_Hector)">"Symphonie fantastique, H 48 (Berlioz, Hector) - IMSLP"</a>. <i>imslp.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imslp.org&rft.atitle=Symphonie+fantastique%2C+H+48+%28Berlioz%2C+Hector%29+-+IMSLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimslp.org%2Fwiki%2FSymphonie_fantastique%2C_H_48_%28Berlioz%2C_Hector%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitches%27+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/keepingscore/berlioz-symphonie-fantastique.html#:~:text=Dream%20of%20a%20Witches'%20Sabbath,of%20laughter,%20shouts%20and%20echoes.">"Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique: Keeping Score | PBS"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=Berlioz%27s+Symphonie+fantastique%3A+Keeping+Score+%7C+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fkeepingscore%2Fberlioz-symphonie-fantastique.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DDream%2520of%2520a%2520Witches%27%2520Sabbath%2Cof%2520laughter%2C%2520shouts%2520and%2520echoes.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitches%27+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hen-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hen_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hen_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hen_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrix2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hendrix, Scott E. (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthroserbia.org/content/pdf/articles/292d4fb4d9504f0dad86fab257b023ca.pdf">"The Pursuit of Witches and the Sexual Discourse of the Sabbat"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anthropology</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Pursuit+of+Witches+and+the+Sexual+Discourse+of+the+Sabbat&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2011-12&rft.aulast=Hendrix&rft.aufirst=Scott+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthroserbia.org%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2Farticles%2F292d4fb4d9504f0dad86fab257b023ca.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitches%27+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett2013" class="citation journal cs1">Garrett, Julia M. (2013). "Witchcraft and Sexual Knowledge in Early Modern England". <i>Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjem.2013.0002">10.1353/jem.2013.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141076116">141076116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Early+Modern+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Witchcraft+and+Sexual+Knowledge+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjem.2013.0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141076116%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=Julia+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitches%27+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hutton, Ronald (3 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/en/publications/the-wild-hunt-and-the-witches-sabbath(f84bddca-c4a6-4091-b9a4-28a1f1bd5361).html">"The Wild Hunt and the Witches' Sabbath"</a>. <i>Folklore</i>. <b>125</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">161–</span>178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.2014.896968">10.1080/0015587X.2014.896968</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2Ff84bddca-c4a6-4091-b9a4-28a1f1bd5361">1983/f84bddca-c4a6-4091-b9a4-28a1f1bd5361</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53371957">53371957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Wild+Hunt+and+the+Witches%27+Sabbath&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=2014-07-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2Ff84bddca-c4a6-4091-b9a4-28a1f1bd5361&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53371957%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.2014.896968&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-information.bristol.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fthe-wild-hunt-and-the-witches-sabbath%28f84bddca-c4a6-4091-b9a4-28a1f1bd5361%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitches%27+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlass1965" class="citation book cs1">Glass, Justine (1965). <i>Witchcraft: The Sixth Sense</i>. North Hollywood, California: Wilshire Book Company. p. 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft%3A+The+Sixth+Sense&rft.place=North+Hollywood%2C+California&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Wilshire+Book+Company&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Justine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitches%27+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn1975" class="citation book cs1">Cohn, Norman (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europesinnerdemo00cohn"><i>Europe's inner demons : an enquiry inspired by the great witch-hunt</i></a></span>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465021314" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465021314"><bdi>978-0465021314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+inner+demons+%3A+an+enquiry+inspired+by+the+great+witch-hunt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0465021314&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropesinnerdemo00cohn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitches%27+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarnef1997" class="citation book cs1">Marnef, Guido (1997). "Between Religion and Magic: An Analysis of Witchcraft Trials in the Spanish Netherlands, Seventeenth Century". In <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Schäfer, Peter</a>; Kippenberg, Hans Gerhard (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sgRcr0ScIO0C&q=%22from+the+confessions%22+torture+sabbath&pg=PA251"><i>Envisioning Magic: A Princeton Seminar and Symposium</i></a>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">235–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10777-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10777-9"><bdi>978-90-04-10777-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Religion+and+Magic%3A+An+Analysis+of+Witchcraft+Trials+in+the+Spanish+Netherlands%2C+Seventeenth+Century&rft.btitle=Envisioning+Magic%3A+A+Princeton+Seminar+and+Symposium&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10777-9&rft.aulast=Marnef&rft.aufirst=Guido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsgRcr0ScIO0C%26q%3D%2522from%2Bthe%2Bconfessions%2522%2Btorture%2Bsabbath%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitches%27+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span> p. 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2009" class="citation book cs1">Black, Christopher F. (2009). <i>The Italian inquisition</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300117066" title="Special:BookSources/9780300117066"><bdi>9780300117066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+inquisition&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780300117066&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Christopher+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitches%27+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ginz-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ginz_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ginz_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ginz_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1991" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Carlo Ginzburg; translated by Raymond (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eV0ZhvAkHC0C&pg=PA1"><i>Ecstasies deciphering the witches' Sabbath</i></a> (1st American ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394581637" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394581637"><bdi>978-0394581637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecstasies+deciphering+the+witches%27+Sabbath&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+American&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0394581637&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Carlo+Ginzburg%3B+translated+by+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeV0ZhvAkHC0C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitches%27+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kieckhefer-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kieckhefer_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieckhefer1976" class="citation book cs1">Kieckhefer, Richard (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2hmFIAlaxqQC"><i>European witch trials : their foundations in popular and learned culture, 1300–1500</i></a>. London: Routledge & K. Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710083142" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710083142"><bdi>978-0710083142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+witch+trials+%3A+their+foundations+in+popular+and+learned+culture%2C+1300%E2%80%931500&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+K.+Paul&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0710083142&rft.aulast=Kieckhefer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2hmFIAlaxqQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitches%27+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2001" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward (2001). "Sorcerer and Witch". In Jolly, Karen Louise; Raudvere, Catharina; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzitzV4fSWgC&q=errores+gazariorum+cathars&pg=PA233"><i>Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: The Middle Ages</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">233–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-485-89003-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-485-89003-7"><bdi>978-0-485-89003-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sorcerer+and+Witch&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+Magic+in+Europe%3A+The+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-485-89003-7&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzitzV4fSWgC%26q%3Derrores%2Bgazariorum%2Bcathars%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitches%27+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilby, Emma. <i>Invoking the Akelarre: Voices of the Accused in the Basque Witch-Craze 1609-14</i>. Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845199999" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845199999">978-1845199999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Park" title="Robert E. Park">Park, Robert E.</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2769036">Review of <i>Life in a Haitian Valley</i></a>," <i>American Journal of Sociology</i> Vol. 43, No. 2 (Sep., 1937), pp. 346–348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewin, Louis <i>Phantastica, Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs : Their Use and Abuse</i>. Translated from the second German edition by P.H.A. Wirth, pub. New York : E.P. Dutton. Original German edition 1924.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harner, Michael J., Hallucinogens and Shamanism, pub. Oxford University Press 1973, reprinted U.S.A.1978 Chapter 8 : pps. 125–150 : The Role of Hallucinogenic Plants in European Witchcraft.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen, Harold A. The Witch's Garden pub. Unity Press 1978 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0913300473" title="Special:BookSources/978-0913300473">978-0913300473</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schultes, Richard Evans; Hofmann, Albert (1979). The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens (2nd ed.). Springfield Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. pps. 261-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunziker, Armando T. The Genera of Solanaceae A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G., Ruggell, Liechtenstein 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-904144-77-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-904144-77-4">3-904144-77-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schultes, Richard Evans; Albert Hofmann (1979). Plants of the Gods: Origins of Hallucinogenic Use New York: McGraw-Hill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-056089-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-056089-7">0-07-056089-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sollmann, Torald, A Manual of Pharmacology and Its Applications to Therapeutics and Toxicology. 8th edition. Pub. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia and London 1957.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witches%27_Sabbath&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarner,_Michael1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harner" title="Michael Harner">Harner, Michael</a> (1973). <i>Hallucinogens and Shamanism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hallucinogens+and+Shamanism&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Harner%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitches%27+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span> – See the chapter "The Role of Hallucinogenic Plants in European Witchcraft"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelet,_Jules1862" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet, Jules</a> (1862). <a href="/wiki/Satanism_and_Witchcraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanism and Witchcraft"><i>Satanism and Witchcraft: The Classic Study of Medieval Superstition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-0059-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-0059-1"><bdi>978-0-8065-0059-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satanism+and+Witchcraft%3A+The+Classic+Study+of+Medieval+Superstition&rft.date=1862&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-0059-1&rft.au=Michelet%2C+Jules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitches%27+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span> The first modern attempt to outline the details of the medieval Witches' Sabbath.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers,_Montague1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Montague_Summers" title="Montague Summers">Summers, Montague</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173667"><i>The History of Witchcraft</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Witchcraft&rft.date=1926&rft.au=Summers%2C+Montague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.173667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitches%27+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span> Chapter IV, <i>The Sabbat</i> has detailed description of Witches' Sabbath, with complete citations of sources.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins1959" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Robbins, Rossell Hope, ed. (1959). "Sabbat". <i>The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft and Demonology</i>. Crown. pp. <span class="nowrap">414–</span>424.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sabbat&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Witchcraft+and+Demonology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E414-%3C%2Fspan%3E424&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=1959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitches%27+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span> See also the extensive topic bibliography to the primary literature on pg. 560.</li> <li>Musgrave, James Brent and James Houran. (1999). "The Witches' Sabbat in Legend and Literature." <i>Lore and Language</i> 17, no. 1-2. pg 157–174.</li> <li>Wilby, Emma. (2013) "Burchard's Strigae, the Witches' Sabbath, and Shamnistic Cannibalism in Early Modern Europe." <i>Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft</i> 8, no.1: 18–49.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilby,_Emma2019" class="citation book cs1">Wilby, Emma (2019). <i>Invoking the Akelarre: Voices of the Accused in the Basque Witch-Craze 1609-14</i>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845199999" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845199999"><bdi>978-1845199999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invoking+the+Akelarre%3A+Voices+of+the+Accused+in+the+Basque+Witch-Craze+1609-14&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1845199999&rft.au=Wilby%2C+Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitches%27+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sharpe, James. (2013) "In Search of the English Sabbat: Popular Conceptions of Witches' Meetings in Early Modern England. <i>Journal of Early Modern Studies</i>. 2: 161–183.</li> <li>Hutton, Ronald. (2014) "The Wild Hunt and the Witches' Sabbath." <i>Folklore</i>. 125, no. 2: 161–178.</li> <li>Roper, Lyndal. (2004) Witch Craze: Terror and Fantasy in Baroque Germany. -<i>See Part II: Fantasy Chapter 5: Sabbaths</i></li> <li>Thompson, R.L. (1929) <i>The History of the Devil- The Horned God of the West- Magic and Worship.</i></li> <li>Murray, Margaret A. (1962)<i>The Witch-Cult in Western Europe.</i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press)</li> <li>Black, Christopher F. (2009) <i>The Italian Inquisition</i>. (New Haven: Yale University Press). See Chapter 9- The World of Witchcraft, Superstition and Magic</li> <li>Ankarloo, Bengt and Gustav Henningsen. (1990) <i>Early Modern European Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries</i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press). see the following essays- pg 121 Ginzburg, Carlo "Deciphering the Sabbath," pg 139 Muchembled, Robert "Satanic Myths and Cultural Reality," pg 161 Rowland, Robert. "Fantastically and Devilishe Person's: European Witch-Beliefs in Comparative Perspective," pg 191 Henningsen, Gustav "'The Ladies from outside': An Archaic Pattern of Witches' Sabbath."</li> <li>Wilby, Emma. (2005) <i>Cunning Folk and Familiar Spirits: Shamanistic visionary traditions in Early Modern British Witchcraft and Magic</i>. (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press)</li> <li>Garrett, Julia M. (2013) "Witchcraft and Sexual Knowledge in Early Modern England," <i>Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies</i> 13, no. 1. pg 32–72.</li> <li>Roper, Lyndal. (2006) "Witchcraft and the Western Imagination," <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i> 6, no. 16. pg 117–141.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Africa" title="Witchcraft in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azande_witchcraft" title="Azande witchcraft">Azande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Ghana" title="Witchcraft in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_smeller" title="Witch smeller">Witch smeller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_witchcraft" title="Asian witchcraft">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines" title="Witchcraft in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Italy" title="Witchcraft in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akelarre" title="Akelarre">Akelarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benandanti" title="Benandanti">Benandanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">Greece and Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Völva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Witchcraft in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Britain" title="Witchcraft in early modern Britain">Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Middle_East" title="Witchcraft in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft#Oceania" title="Witchcraft">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81kutu" title="Mākutu">Mākutu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_magic" title="Chaos magic">Chaos magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_European_magic" title="Medieval European magic">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">Solitary practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlock" title="Warlock">Warlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">Witch doctor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Black magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">Magical formula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">Coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Curse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">Anathema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">Damnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">Jinx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">Gray magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_shamanism" title="Black shamanism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_forms_of_shamanism" title="Regional forms of shamanism">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_shamanism" title="Yellow shamanism">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil" title="Sigil">Sigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">Sympathetic magic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Witches' Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">Broom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">besom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility" title="Cloak of invisibility">Cloak of invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_ball" title="Crystal ball">Crystal ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofer_dust" title="Goofer dust">Goofer dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julleuchter" title="Julleuchter">Julleuchter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkondi" title="Nkondi">Nkondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet" title="Poppet">Poppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">Potions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_ladder" title="Witch's ladder">Witch's ladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folklore and<br />mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamede" title="Agamede">Agamede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aradia" title="Aradia">Aradia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Yaga" title="Baba Yaga">Baba Yaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayan_(witch)" title="Dayan (witch)">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_witch" title="Elbow witch">Elbow witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huld" title="Huld">Huld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalku" title="Kalku">Kalku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muma_P%C4%83durii" title="Muma Pădurii">Muma Pădurii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_sorceresses" title="Nine sorceresses">Nine sorceresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayifo" title="Obayifo">Obayifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorginak" title="Sorginak">Sorginak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfinger" title="Spearfinger">Spearfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Witches" title="Three Witches">Three Witches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Benevento" title="Witches of Benevento">Witches of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />historic treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament</a> (8th–2nd centuries BC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorum</a></i> (1376)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_maleficis_mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De maleficis mulieribus">De maleficis mulieribus</a></i> (1440)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Formicarius" title="Formicarius">Formicarius</a></i> (1475)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a></i> (1484)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (1487)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Lamiis_et_Pythonicis_Mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus">De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus</a></i> (1489)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laienspiegel" title="Laienspiegel">Laienspiegel</a></i> (1509)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_praestigiis_daemonum" title="De praestigiis daemonum">De praestigiis daemonum</a></i> (1563)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i> (1584)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newes_from_Scotland" title="Newes from Scotland">Newes from Scotland</a></i> (1591)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Witches_and_Witchcrafts" title="A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts">A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts</a></i> (1593)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonolatreiae_libri_tres" title="Daemonolatreiae libri tres">Daemonolatreiae libri tres</a></i> (1595)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> (1597)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical Investigations">Magical Investigations</a></i> (1599)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_Maleficarum" title="Compendium Maleficarum">Compendium Maleficarum</a></i> (1608)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Grand-Jury_Men" title="A Guide to Grand-Jury Men">A Guide to Grand-Jury Men</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Witches">The Discovery of Witches</a></i> (1647)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></i> (1751)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persecution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_witch_hunts" title="Modern witch hunts">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamyi_Witch_hiring_controversy" title="Jamyi Witch hiring controversy">Jamyi Witch hiring controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_accusations_against_children" title="Witchcraft accusations against children">accusations against children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_India" title="Witch hunts in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Nepal" title="Witch hunts in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Witch hunts in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_camp" title="Witch camp">Witch camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Witch_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Witch Trials">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_New_York" title="Witch trials in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Virginia" title="Witch trials in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Hungary" title="Witch trials in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Moravia_witch_trials" title="Northern Moravia witch trials">Northern Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Poland" title="Witch trials in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Latvia_and_Estonia" title="Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Denmark" title="Witch trials in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_England" title="Witch trials in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Finland" title="Witch trials in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Iceland" title="Witch trials in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Norway" title="Witch trials in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Witch trials in early modern Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Sweden" title="Witch trials in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_France" title="Witch trials in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_witch_trials" title="Geneva witch trials">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Italy" title="Witch trials in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Spain" title="Witch trials in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_witch_trials" title="Basque witch trials">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire">Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_mark" title="Witch's mark">Witch's mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricking" title="Pricking">Pricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_for_witchcraft" title="List of people executed for witchcraft">List of people executed for witchcraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_witches" title="List of fictional witches">Witches in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(word)" title="Witch (word)">Witch (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(archetype)" title="Witch (archetype)">Witch (archetype)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">Christian views on magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleficium_(sorcery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleficium (sorcery)">Maleficium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_interpretations_of_witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period">Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adept" title="Adept">Adept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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