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id="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Before exposure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>After exposure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_doses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_doses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Additional doses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_doses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Veterinary use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Veterinary_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Veterinary use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Dogs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wild_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wild_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Wild animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wild_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oral_rabies_vaccine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_rabies_vaccine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Oral rabies vaccine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_rabies_vaccine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rabies vaccine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A8" title="لقاح داء الكلب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لقاح داء الكلب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="واکسن هاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="واکسن هاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollwutimpfstoff" title="Tollwutimpfstoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tollwutimpfstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Αντιλυσσικό εμβόλιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντιλυσσικό εμβόλιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuna_contra_la_rabia" title="Vacuna contra la rabia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vacuna contra la rabia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorru-kontrako_txerto" title="Amorru-kontrako txerto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amorru-kontrako txerto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="واکسن هاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واکسن هاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_(maladie)#Histoire_des_vaccins" title="Rage (maladie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rage (maladie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EA%B2%AC%EB%B3%91_%EB%B0%B1%EC%8B%A0" title="광견병 백신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광견병 백신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allurar_rigakafin_cutar_rabies" title="Allurar rigakafin cutar rabies – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Allurar rigakafin cutar rabies" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Կատաղության պատվաստանյութ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կատաղության պատվաստանյութ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="रेबीज़ का टीका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेबीज़ का टीका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaksin_rabies" title="Vaksin rabies – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vaksin rabies" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccino_antirabbico" title="Vaccino antirabbico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vaccino antirabbico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%AA" title="חיסון לכלבת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיסון לכלבת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veszetts%C3%A9g_elleni_v%C3%A9d%C5%91olt%C3%A1s" title="Veszettség elleni védőoltás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Veszettség elleni védőoltás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A7_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D" title="പേവിഷ പ്രതിരോധ മരുന്ന് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പേവിഷ പ്രതിരോധ മരുന്ന്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ခွေးရူးပြန်ရောဂါကာကွယ်ဆေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခွေးရူးပြန်ရောဂါကာကွယ်ဆေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%82%E7%8A%AC%E7%97%85%E3%83%AF%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="狂犬病ワクチン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="狂犬病ワクチン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE" title="ଜଳାତଙ୍କ ଟିକା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜଳାତଙ୍କ ଟିକା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quturishga_qarshi_vaksina" title="Quturishga qarshi vaksina – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Quturishga qarshi vaksina" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacina_antirr%C3%A1bica" title="Vacina antirrábica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vacina antirrábica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccin_antirabic" title="Vaccin antirabic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vaccin antirabic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Антирабическая вакцина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антирабическая вакцина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rabies vaccine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakc%C3%ADna_proti_besnote" title="Vakcína proti besnote – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vakcína proti besnote" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Активна и пасивна имунизација против беснила – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Активна и пасивна имунизација против беснила" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakuna_sa_rabies" title="Bakuna sa rabies – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bakuna sa rabies" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vaccines to prevent rabies in humans and animals</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharmaceutical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1269284339">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Rabies vaccine">Rabies vaccine</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size dark_mode_safe" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabies_vaccine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rabies_vaccine.png/220px-Rabies_vaccine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rabies_vaccine.png/330px-Rabies_vaccine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rabies_vaccine.png/440px-Rabies_vaccine.png 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="2113" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccine description</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">Rabies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vaccine#Types" title="Vaccine">Vaccine type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">Inactivated</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">RabAvert, Rabipur, Rabivax, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/rabies_vaccine.html">Monograph</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="medlineplus.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a607023.html">a607023</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr></small> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Rabavert">Rabavert</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy<br />category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> B2<sup id="cite_ref-Verorab_APMDS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verorab_APMDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drugs.com_pregnancy_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com_pregnancy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of<br />administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intramuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intramuscular">Intramuscular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intradermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intradermal">intradermal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J07" title="ATC code J07">J07BG01</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J07BG01">WHO</a></span>) <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J06" title="ATC code J06">J06AA06</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J06AA06">WHO</a></span>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S4</a> (Prescription only)<sup id="cite_ref-Verorab_APMDS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verorab_APMDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TGA_Verorab_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGA_Verorab-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">POM</a> (Prescription only)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">℞-only</a><sup id="cite_ref-Imovax_Rabies_FDA_label_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imovax_Rabies_FDA_label-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rabavert_FDA_label_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabavert_FDA_label-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="European Union">EU</abbr>:</small> Rx-only<sup id="cite_ref-EMA_Rabies_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMA_Rabies-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In general: ℞ (Prescription only)</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB10283">DB10283</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB10062">DB10062</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>none</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/FK894Q51YE">FK894Q51YE</a></span></li><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/C4HQF74XMW">C4HQF74XMW</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D06504">D06504</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">(what is this?)</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">  <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=418072925&page2=Rabies+vaccine">(verify)</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>rabies vaccine</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> used to prevent <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several rabies vaccines available that are both safe and effective.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vaccinations must be administered prior to rabies virus exposure or within the <a href="/wiki/Latent_period_(epidemiology)" title="Latent period (epidemiology)">latent period</a> after exposure to prevent the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transmission of rabies virus to humans typically occurs through a bite or scratch from an infectious animal, but exposure can occur through indirect contact with the saliva from an infectious individual.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doses are usually given by injection into the skin or muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After exposure, the vaccination is typically used along with <a href="/wiki/Rabies_immunoglobulin" title="Rabies immunoglobulin">rabies immunoglobulin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is recommended that those who are at high risk of exposure be vaccinated before potential exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabies vaccines are effective in humans and other animals, and vaccinating dogs is very effective in preventing the spread of rabies to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A long-lasting immunity to the virus develops after a full course of treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rabies vaccines may be used safely by all age groups.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 35 to 45 percent of people develop a brief period of redness and pain at the injection site, and 5 to 15 percent of people may experience <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Headaches">headaches</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After exposure to rabies, there is no contraindication to its use, because the untreated virus is virtually 100% fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first rabies vaccine was introduced in 1885 and was followed by an improved version in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 29 million people worldwide receive human rabies vaccine annually.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO21st_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO21st-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO22nd_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO22nd-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabies_vaccine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_exposure">Before exposure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabies_vaccine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before exposure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) recommends vaccinating those who are at high risk of the disease, such as children who live in areas where it is common.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other groups may include veterinarians, researchers, or people planning to travel to regions where rabies is common.<sup id="cite_ref-K_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three doses of the vaccine are given over a one-month period on days zero, seven, and either twenty-one or twenty-eight.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-K_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_exposure">After exposure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabies_vaccine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After exposure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For individuals who have been potentially exposed to the virus, four doses over two weeks are recommended, as well as an injection of <a href="/wiki/Rabies_immunoglobulin" title="Rabies immunoglobulin">rabies immunoglobulin</a> with the first dose.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is known as post-exposure vaccination.<sup id="cite_ref-J_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For people who have previously been vaccinated, only a single dose of the rabies vaccine is required.<sup id="cite_ref-J_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, vaccination after exposure is neither a treatment nor a cure for rabies; it can only prevent the development of rabies in a person if given before the virus reaches the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-J_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the rabies virus has a relatively long incubation period, post-exposure vaccinations are typically highly effective.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_doses">Additional doses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabies_vaccine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Additional doses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immunity following a course of doses is typically long lasting, and additional doses are usually not needed unless the person has a high risk of contracting the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those at risk may have tests done to measure the amount of rabies antibodies in the blood, and then get rabies boosters as needed.<sup id="cite_ref-K_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following administration of a booster dose, one study found 97% of immunocompetent individuals demonstrated protective levels of neutralizing antibodies after ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabies_vaccine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rabies vaccines are safe in all age groups.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-B2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 35 to 45 percent of people develop a brief period of redness and pain at the injection site, and 5 to 15 percent of people may experience <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Headaches">headaches</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the certain fatality of the virus, receiving the vaccine is always advisable.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vaccines made from nerve tissue are used in a few countries, mainly in Asia and Latin America, but are less effective and have greater side effects.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their use is thus not recommended by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabies_vaccine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The human <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> cell rabies vaccine (HDCV) was started in 1967. Human diploid cell rabies vaccines are <a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">inactivated vaccines</a> made using the attenuated Pitman-Moore L503 strain of the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to these developments, newer and less expensive purified chicken embryo cell vaccines (CCEEV) and purified <a href="/wiki/Vero_cell" title="Vero cell">Vero cell</a> rabies vaccines are now available and are recommended for use by the WHO.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purified Vero cell rabies vaccine uses the attenuated Wistar strain of the rabies virus, and uses the Vero cell line as its host. CCEEVs can be used in both pre- and post-exposure vaccinations. CCEEVs use inactivated rabies virus grown from either embryonated eggs or in cell cultures and are safe for use in humans and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_11-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vaccine was attenuated and prepared in the H.D.C. strain <a href="/wiki/WI-38" title="WI-38">WI-38</a> which was gifted to Hilary Koprowski at the Wistar Institute by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hayflick" title="Leonard Hayflick">Leonard Hayflick</a>, an Associate Member, who developed this normal human diploid cell strain.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verorab, developed by <a href="/wiki/Sanofi-Aventis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanofi-Aventis">Sanofi-Aventis</a> and Speeda, developed by <a href="/wiki/Liaoning_Chengda" title="Liaoning Chengda">Liaoning Chengda</a> are purified <a href="/wiki/Vero_cell" title="Vero cell">vero cell</a> rabies vaccine (PVRV).<sup id="cite_ref-Toovey_2007_pp._327–348_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toovey_2007_pp._327–348-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first is approved by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verorab is approved for medical use in Australia and the European Union and is <a href="/wiki/Indicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicated">indicated</a> for both pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis against rabies.<sup id="cite_ref-TGA_Verorab_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGA_Verorab-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EMA_Rabies_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMA_Rabies-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabies_vaccine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aplica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_vacina_anti-r%C3%A1bica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aplica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_vacina_anti-r%C3%A1bica.jpg/220px-Aplica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_vacina_anti-r%C3%A1bica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aplica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_vacina_anti-r%C3%A1bica.jpg/330px-Aplica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_vacina_anti-r%C3%A1bica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aplica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_vacina_anti-r%C3%A1bica.jpg/440px-Aplica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_vacina_anti-r%C3%A1bica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Early-20th-century rabies vaccination in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a>, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <p>Virtually all infections with rabies resulted in death until two French scientists, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Émile Roux">Émile Roux</a>, developed the first rabies vaccination in 1885. Nine-year-old <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Meister" title="Joseph Meister">Joseph Meister</a> (1876–1940), who had been mauled by a rabid dog, was the first human to receive this vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treatment started with a <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous injection</a> on 6 July 1885, at 8:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>pm, which was followed with 12 additional doses administered over the following 10 days. The first injection was derived from the spinal cord of an inoculated rabbit which had died of rabies 15 days earlier. All the doses were obtained by <a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">attenuation</a>, but later ones were progressively more virulent.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pasteur-Roux vaccine attenuated the harvested virus samples by allowing them to dry for five to ten days. Similar nerve tissue-derived vaccines are still used in some countries, and while they are much cheaper than modern cell culture vaccines, they are not as effective.<sup id="cite_ref-Plotkin1980_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plotkin1980-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neural tissue vaccines also carry a certain risk of neurological complications.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15069272_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15069272-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabies_vaccine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabies_vaccine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the modern cell-culture rabies vaccine was first introduced in the early 1980s, it cost $45 per dose, and was considered to be too expensive. The cost of the rabies vaccine continues to be a limitation to acquiring pre-exposure rabies immunization for travelers from developed countries. In 2015, in the United States, a course of three doses could cost over <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$1,000</span>, while in Europe a course costs around <span class="nowrap">€100</span>. It is possible and more cost-effective to split one intramuscular dose of the vaccine into several intradermal doses. This method is recommended by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) in areas that are constrained by cost or with supply issues. The route is as safe and effective as intramuscular according to the WHO.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veterinary_use">Veterinary use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabies_vaccine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Veterinary use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-COI plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-COI" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b> A major contributor to this section appears to have a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">close connection</a> with its subject.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>. Please discuss further on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Rabies_vaccine" title="Talk:Rabies vaccine">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lysvulpen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lysvulpen.jpg/220px-Lysvulpen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lysvulpen.jpg/330px-Lysvulpen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lysvulpen.jpg/440px-Lysvulpen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Baits with vaccine for oral vaccination</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oral_vaccination.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Oral_vaccination.jpg/220px-Oral_vaccination.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Oral_vaccination.jpg/330px-Oral_vaccination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Oral_vaccination.jpg/440px-Oral_vaccination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Machine for distribution of baits from airplane</figcaption></figure> <p>Pre-exposure <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">immunization</a> has been used on domesticated and wild populations. In many jurisdictions, domestic dogs, cats, ferrets, and rabbits are required to be vaccinated.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two main types of vaccines used for domesticated animals and pets (including pets from wildlife species): </p> <ul><li>Inactivated rabies virus (similar technology to that given to humans) administered by injection</li> <li>Modified live viruses administered orally (by mouth): Live rabies virus from attenuated strains. Attenuated means strains that have developed mutations that cause them to be weaker and do not cause disease.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Imrab is an example of a veterinary rabies vaccine containing the Pasteur strain of killed rabies virus. Several different types of Imrab exist, including Imrab, Imrab 3, and Imrab Large Animal. Imrab 3 has been approved for <a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">ferrets</a> and, in some areas, <a href="/wiki/Skunks_as_pets" class="mw-redirect" title="Skunks as pets">pet skunks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dogs">Dogs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabies_vaccine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dogs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aside from vaccinating humans, another approach was also developed by vaccinating dogs to prevent the spread of the virus. In 1979, the Van Houweling Research Laboratory of the <a href="/wiki/Silliman_University" title="Silliman University">Silliman University</a> Medical Center in <a href="/wiki/Dumaguete" title="Dumaguete">Dumaguete</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed and produced a <a href="/wiki/Dog_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog vaccine">dog vaccine</a> that gave a three-year immunity from <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>. The development of the vaccine resulted in the elimination of rabies in many parts of the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> Islands. The successful program in the Philippines was later used as a model by other countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and the Mexican state of <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a>, in their fight against rabies conducted in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, a rabies control program was initiated to give dog owners free vaccination to promote mass vaccination which was sponsored by their government. The vaccine is known as Rabisin (<a href="/wiki/Merial" class="mw-redirect" title="Merial">Mérial</a>), which is a <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> based rabies vaccine only used countrywide. Vaccinations are often administered when owners take in their dogs for check-ups and visits at the vet.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oral rabies vaccines (see below for details) have been trialled on feral/stray dogs in some areas with high rabies incidence, as it could potentially be more efficient than catching and injecting them. However these have not been deployed for dogs at large scale yet.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wild_animals">Wild animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabies_vaccine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wild animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wildlife species, primarily bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes, act as reservoir species for different variants of the rabies virus in distinct geographic regions of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-A2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This results in the general occurrence of rabies as well as outbreaks in animal populations.<sup id="cite_ref-A2_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 90% of all reported rabies cases in the US are from wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-A2_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oral_rabies_vaccine">Oral rabies vaccine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabies_vaccine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oral rabies vaccine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oral rabies vaccines are distributed across the landscape, targeting reservoir species, in an effort to produce a <a href="/wiki/Herd_immunity" title="Herd immunity">herd immunity</a> effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Chipman_2023_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chipman_2023-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> vaccination was conceived during the 1960s, and modified-live rabies viruses were used for the experimental oral vaccination of <a href="/wiki/Carnivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivores">carnivores</a> by the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Development of an oral immunization for wildlife began in the United States with laboratory trials using the live, attenuated Evelyn-Rokitnicki-Abselseth (ERA) vaccine, derived from the Street Alabama Dufferin (SAD) strain.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first ORV field trial using the live attenuated vaccine to immunize foxes occurred in Switzerland during 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are currently three different types of oral wildlife rabies vaccine in use: </p> <ul><li>Modified live virus: Attenuated vaccine strains of rabies virus such as SAG2 and SAD B19 <sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recombinant_virus" title="Recombinant virus">Recombinant</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaccinia_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccinia virus">vaccinia virus</a> expressing rabies glycoprotein (V-RG): This is a strain of the vaccinia virus (originally a smallpox vaccine) that has been engineered to encode the gene for the rabies glycoprotein. <ul><li>V-RG has been proven safe in over 60 animal species including cats and dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-F2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> vaccination was conceived during the 1960s, and modified-live rabies viruses were used for the experimental oral vaccination of <a href="/wiki/Carnivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivores">carnivores</a> by the 1970s.</li></ul></li> <li>ONRAB: an experimental live recombinant <a href="/wiki/Adenovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenovirus">adenovirus</a> vaccine <sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other oral rabies experimental vaccines in development include recombinant <a href="/wiki/Adenovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenovirus">adenovirus</a> vaccines.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) programs have been used in many countries in an effort to control the spread of rabies and limit the risk of human contact with the rabies virus.<sup id="cite_ref-A2_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ORV programs were initiated in Europe in the 1980s, Canada in 1985, and in the United States in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-C2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ORV is a preventive measure to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a> in wild animal vectors of disease, mainly <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Raccoon dog">raccoon dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackal" title="Jackal">jackals</a>, but also can be used for <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ORV programs typically attractive baits to deliver the vaccine to targeted animals. In the United States, RABORAL V-RG (Boehringer Ingelheim, Duluth, GA, USA) has been the only licensed ORV for rabies virus management since 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, ONRAB "Ultralite" (Artemis Technologies Inc., Guelph, Ontario, Canada) baits have been distributed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in select areas of the eastern United States under an experimental permit to target raccoons since 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RABORAL V-RG baits consist of a small packet containing the oral vaccine which is then either coated in a fishmeal paste or encased in a fishmeal-polymer block.<sup id="cite_ref-A2_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ONRAB "Ultralite" baits consist of a blister pack with a coating matrix of vanilla flavor, green food coloring, vegetable oil and hydrogenated vegetable fat.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When an animal bites into the bait, the packets burst and the vaccine is administered.<sup id="cite_ref-C2_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current research suggests that if adequate amounts of the vaccine is ingested, immunity to the virus should last for upwards of one year.<sup id="cite_ref-F_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By immunizing wild or stray animals, ORV programs work to create a buffer zone between the rabies virus and potential contact with humans, pets, or livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-C2_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landscape features such as large bodies of water and mountains are often used to enhance the effectiveness of the buffer<b>.</b><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effectiveness of ORV campaigns in specific areas is determined through trap-and-release methods.<sup id="cite_ref-I_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Titer tests are performed on the blood drawn from the sample animals in order to measure rabies antibody levels in the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-I_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baits are usually distributed by aircraft to more efficiently cover large, rural regions. In order to place baits more precisely and to minimize human and pet contact with baits, they are distributed by hand in suburban or urban regions.<sup id="cite_ref-C2_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard bait distribution density is 75 baits/km<sup>2</sup> in rural areas and 150 baits/km<sup>2</sup> in urban and developed areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Implementation of ORV programs in the United States has led to the elimination of the coyote rabies virus variant in 2003 and gray fox variant during 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, ORV has been successful in preventing the westward expansion of the raccoon rabies enzootic front beyond Alabama.<sup id="cite_ref-Chipman_2023_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chipman_2023-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabies_vaccine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Verorab_APMDS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verorab_APMDS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verorab_APMDS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/auspmd/verorab">"Verorab"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Aged_Care" title="Department of Health and Aged Care">Department of Health and Aged Care</a></i>. 28 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205203523/https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/auspmd/verorab">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Health+and+Aged+Care&rft.atitle=Verorab&rft.date=2022-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tga.gov.au%2Fresources%2Fauspmd%2Fverorab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drugs.com_pregnancy-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drugs.com_pregnancy_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/rabies-vaccine-human-diploid-cell.html">"Rabies vaccine, human diploid cell (Imovax Rabies) Use During Pregnancy"</a>. <i>Drugs.com</i>. 22 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229054156/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/rabies-vaccine-human-diploid-cell.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drugs.com&rft.atitle=Rabies+vaccine%2C+human+diploid+cell+%28Imovax+Rabies%29+Use+During+Pregnancy&rft.date=2019-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fpregnancy%2Frabies-vaccine-human-diploid-cell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/resource/guidance/updates-prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database">"Updates to the Prescribing Medicines in Pregnancy database"</a>. <i>Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)</i>. 21 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403064059/https://www.tga.gov.au/updates-prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Therapeutic+Goods+Administration+%28TGA%29&rft.atitle=Updates+to+the+Prescribing+Medicines+in+Pregnancy+database&rft.date=2022-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tga.gov.au%2Fresources%2Fresource%2Fguidance%2Fupdates-prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TGA_Verorab-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TGA_Verorab_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TGA_Verorab_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/prescription-medicines-registrations/verorab-sanofi-aventis-australia-pty-ltd">"Verorab"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration" title="Therapeutic Goods Administration">Therapeutic Goods Administration</a> (TGA). 28 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122020146/https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/prescription-medicines-registrations/verorab-sanofi-aventis-australia-pty-ltd">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verorab&rft.pub=Therapeutic+Goods+Administration+%28TGA%29&rft.date=2022-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tga.gov.au%2Fresources%2Fprescription-medicines-registrations%2Fverorab-sanofi-aventis-australia-pty-ltd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/prescription-medicines-registrations/verorab-sanofi-aventis-australia-pty-ltd">"VERORAB (Sanofi-Aventis Australia Pty Ltd)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Aged_Care" title="Department of Health and Aged Care">Department of Health and Aged Care</a></i>. 6 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327062459/https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/prescription-medicines-registrations/verorab-sanofi-aventis-australia-pty-ltd">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Health+and+Aged+Care&rft.atitle=VERORAB+%28Sanofi-Aventis+Australia+Pty+Ltd%29&rft.date=2022-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tga.gov.au%2Fresources%2Fprescription-medicines-registrations%2Fverorab-sanofi-aventis-australia-pty-ltd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306110017/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1527/smpc">"Rabies Vaccine BP - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Medicines_Compendium" title="Electronic Medicines Compendium">Electronic Medicines Compendium</a></i>. 28 June 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1527/smpc">the original</a> on 6 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Medicines+Compendium&rft.atitle=Rabies+Vaccine+BP+-+Summary+of+Product+Characteristics+%28SmPC%29&rft.date=2020-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicines.org.uk%2Femc%2Fproduct%2F1527%2Fsmpc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/2502/smpc">"Rabipur pre-filled syringe - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Medicines_Compendium" title="Electronic Medicines Compendium">Electronic Medicines Compendium</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210620070158/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/2502/smpc">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Medicines+Compendium&rft.atitle=Rabipur+pre-filled+syringe+-+Summary+of+Product+Characteristics+%28SmPC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicines.org.uk%2Femc%2Fproduct%2F2502%2Fsmpc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Imovax_Rabies_FDA_label-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Imovax_Rabies_FDA_label_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ba8d4e72-f452-4859-ae6f-3644b4b0a78c">"Imovax Rabies (rabies virus strain pm-1503-3m antigen- propiolactone inactivated and water kit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a></i>. 21 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324162529/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ba8d4e72-f452-4859-ae6f-3644b4b0a78c">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animal+and+Plant+Health+Inspection+Service+%28APHIS%29&rft.atitle=Oral+Rabies+Vaccination+Program+in+the+East&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aphis.usda.gov%2Fpublications%2Fwildlife_damage%2Fcontent%2Fprintable_version%2Ffs_oral_rabies_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidwaWilsonMooreOertli2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sidwa TJ, Wilson PJ, Moore GM, Oertli EH, Hicks BN, Rohde RE, Johnston DH (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2460%2Fjavma.2005.227.785">"Evaluation of oral rabies vaccination programs for control of rabies epizootics in coyotes and gray foxes: 1995-2003"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</i>. <b>227</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">785–</span>792. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2460%2Fjavma.2005.227.785">10.2460/javma.2005.227.785</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16178403">16178403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Veterinary+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+oral+rabies+vaccination+programs+for+control+of+rabies+epizootics+in+coyotes+and+gray+foxes%3A+1995-2003&rft.volume=227&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E785-%3C%2Fspan%3E792&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2460%2Fjavma.2005.227.785&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16178403&rft.aulast=Sidwa&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft.au=Wilson%2C+PJ&rft.au=Moore%2C+GM&rft.au=Oertli%2C+EH&rft.au=Hicks%2C+BN&rft.au=Rohde%2C+RE&rft.au=Johnston%2C+DH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2460%252Fjavma.2005.227.785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlantonHanlonRupprecht2007" class="citation journal cs1">Blanton JD, Hanlon CA, Rupprecht CE (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2460%2Fjavma.231.4.540">"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2006"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</i>. <b>231</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">540–</span>556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2460%2Fjavma.231.4.540">10.2460/javma.231.4.540</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17696853">17696853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Veterinary+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Rabies+surveillance+in+the+United+States+during+2006&rft.volume=231&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E540-%3C%2Fspan%3E556&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2460%2Fjavma.231.4.540&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17696853&rft.aulast=Blanton&rft.aufirst=JD&rft.au=Hanlon%2C+CA&rft.au=Rupprecht%2C+CE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2460%252Fjavma.231.4.540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabies_vaccine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/imovax">"Imovax"</a>. <i>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA)</i>. 16 December 2019. STN: 103931.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration+%28FDA%29&rft.atitle=Imovax&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fvaccines-blood-biologics%2Fvaccines%2Fimovax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/rabavert-rabies-vaccine">"RabAvert - Rabies Vaccine"</a>. <i>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA)</i>. 19 December 2019. STN: BL 103334.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration+%28FDA%29&rft.atitle=RabAvert+-+Rabies+Vaccine&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fvaccines-blood-biologics%2Fvaccines%2Frabavert-rabies-vaccine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Rabies+Vaccines">Rabies Vaccines</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">Inoculation</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J07" title="ATC code J07">J07</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">Adjuvants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_ingredients" title="Vaccine ingredients">Vaccine ingredients</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_excipients" title="List of vaccine excipients">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_diseases" title="Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases">Mathematical modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_storage" title="Vaccine storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_vaccines" title="Timeline of human vaccines">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_vaccine" title="Conjugate vaccine">Conjugate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">Inactivated</a></li> <li>Live <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">Attenuated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterologous_vaccine" title="Heterologous vaccine">Heterologous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">Subunit/component</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peptide_vaccine" title="Peptide vaccine">Peptide</a> / <a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_vaccine" title="Synthetic vaccine">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_vaccine" title="DNA vaccine">DNA</a> / <a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_vaccines" title="Therapeutic vaccines">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoid" title="Toxoid">Toxoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Global: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">GAVI Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immunization_Technical_Advisory_Group" title="National Immunization Technical Advisory Group">NITAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Advisory_Group_of_Experts" title="Strategic Advisory Group of Experts">SAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_wastage" title="Vaccine wastage">Vaccine wastage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_policy" title="Vaccination policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_schedule" title="Vaccination schedule">Schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_adverse_event" title="Vaccine adverse event">Vaccine injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>US: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Immunization_Practices" title="Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices">ACIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vaccine_Injury_Compensation_Program" title="National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program">Vaccine court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_for_Children_Program" title="Vaccines for Children Program">Vaccines for Children Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Adverse_Event_Reporting_System" title="Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System">VAERS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Safety_Datalink" title="Vaccine Safety Datalink">VSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vaccines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bacterial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax_vaccine" title="Anthrax vaccine">Anthrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis_vaccine" title="Brucellosis vaccine">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_vaccine" title="Diphtheria vaccine">Diphtheria</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hib_vaccine" title="Hib vaccine">Hib</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis#Prevention" title="Leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease#Vaccination" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_vaccine" title="Meningococcal vaccine">Meningococcus</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MeNZB" title="MeNZB">MeNZB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135" title="NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135">NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis_vaccine" title="Pertussis vaccine">Pertussis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_vaccine" title="Plague vaccine">Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal vaccine">Pneumococcal</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine">PCV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine">PPSV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever#Prevention" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Tetanus</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_vaccines" title="Tuberculosis vaccines">Tuberculosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_vaccine" title="Typhoid vaccine">Typhoid</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ty21a" title="Ty21a">Ty21a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi_capsular_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine">ViCPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhus_vaccine" title="Typhus vaccine">Typhus</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DPT_vaccine" title="DPT vaccine">DPT/DTwP/DTaP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Td/Tdap</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_infection#Research" title="Clostridioides difficile infection">Clostridioides difficile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection#Vaccine" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis#Vaccine" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_vaccine" title="Adenovirus vaccine">Adenovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya_vaccine" title="Chikungunya vaccine">Chikungunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_vaccine" title="Ebola vaccine">Ebola</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RVSV-ZEBOV_vaccine" title="RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine">rVSV-ZEBOV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">Flu</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_vaccine" title="2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine">H1N1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pandemrix" title="Pandemrix">Pandemrix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N1_vaccine" title="H5N1 vaccine">H5N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N8_vaccine" title="H5N8 vaccine">H5N8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">LAIV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_vaccine" title="Hantavirus vaccine">Hantavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A vaccine">Hepatitis A</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E#Vaccines" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Japanese encephalitis vaccine">Japanese encephalitis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles_vaccine" title="Measles vaccine">Measles</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpox_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpox vaccine">Mpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumps_vaccine" title="Mumps vaccine">Mumps</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Attenuated" title="Polio vaccine">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Inactivated" title="Polio vaccine">Salk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rabies</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus_vaccine" title="Rotavirus vaccine">Rotavirus</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubella_vaccine" title="Rubella vaccine">Rubella</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">SARS-CoV-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corbevax" title="Corbevax">Corbevax</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Bharat Biotech</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">CanSino</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EpiVacCorona" title="EpiVacCorona">EpiVacCorona</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Janssen COVID-19 vaccine">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapomeran" title="Zapomeran">Kostaive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Novavax COVID-19 vaccine">Novavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–GSK</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skycovione" title="Skycovione">Skycovione</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Valneva COVID-19 vaccine">Valneva</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus_vaccine" title="Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine">Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine">Tick-borne encephalitis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>Varicella zoster <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">Chicken pox</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoster_vaccine" title="Zoster vaccine">Shingles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine" title="Yellow fever vaccine">Yellow fever</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_and_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A and B vaccine">Hepatitis A and B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMRV_vaccine" title="MMRV vaccine">MMRV</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_vaccine" title="Cytomegalovirus vaccine">Cytomegalovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengue_vaccine" title="Dengue vaccine">Dengue</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_vaccine" title="Epstein–Barr virus vaccine">Epstein–Barr virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_vaccine" title="Hepatitis C vaccine">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_research" title="Herpes simplex research">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine_development" title="HIV vaccine development">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus_vaccine" title="Zika virus vaccine">Zika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protozoan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_vaccine" title="Malaria vaccine">Malaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTS,S" title="RTS,S">RTS,S</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trypanosomiasis_vaccine" title="Trypanosomiasis vaccine">Trypanosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">Helminthiasis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_vaccine" title="Hookworm vaccine">Hookworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis_vaccine" title="Schistosomiasis vaccine">Schistosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_vaccine" title="Cancer vaccine">Cancer vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALVAC-CEA_vaccine" title="ALVAC-CEA vaccine">ALVAC-CEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostvac" title="Prostvac">Prostvac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NicVAX" title="NicVAX">NicVAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-CD" title="TA-CD">TA-CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-NIC" title="TA-NIC">TA-NIC</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV/Hib_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine">DTaP-IPV/Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV-HepB_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine">DTaP-IPV-HepB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTwP-HepB-Hib_vaccine" title="DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine">DTwP-HepB-Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_vaccine" title="Hexavalent vaccine">Hexavalent vaccine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventors/<br />researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski">Hilary Koprowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Franklin Enders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Plotkin" title="Stanley Plotkin">Stanley Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Fred_Clark" title="H. Fred Clark">H. Fred Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Offit" title="Paul Offit">Paul Offit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud"><i>Lancet</i> MMR autism fraud</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Vaccine_Injury_Act" title="National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act">NCVIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pox_party" title="Pox party">Pox party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_SIDS" title="Vaccines and SIDS">Vaccines and SIDS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedillo_v._Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services">Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vaccination_schedule" title="Alternative vaccination schedule">Alternative vaccination schedule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">Eradication of infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinate_Your_Family" title="Vaccinate Your Family">Vaccinate Your Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_topics" title="List of vaccine topics">List of vaccine topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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