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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Signs and symptoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-After_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>After exposure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_onset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_onset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>After onset</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_onset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Epidemiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Asian countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6.1</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6.2</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rabies</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 138 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-138" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">138 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondsdolheid" title="Hondsdolheid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hondsdolheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A5%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%BB_%E1%89%A0%E1%88%BD%E1%89%B3" title="የእብድ ውሻ በሽታ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የእብድ ውሻ በሽታ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аапкра – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аапкра" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A8" title="داء الكلب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="داء الكلب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabia" title="Rabia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rabia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95" title="জলাতংক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জলাতংক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabia" title="Rabia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rabia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabia" title="Rabia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rabia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quduzluq" title="Quduzluq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quduzluq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82" title="قودوزلوق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قودوزلوق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95" title="জলাতংক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জলাতংক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A1u-k%C3%A1u-p%C4%93%E2%81%BF" title="Siáu-káu-pēⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siáu-káu-pēⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Rabies" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шаленства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шаленства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шаленства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шаленства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Rabies" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%81" title="Бяс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бяс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjesnilo" title="Bjesnilo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bjesnilo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0bia_(malaltia)" title="Ràbia (malaltia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ràbia (malaltia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BD%C4%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Урнăлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Урнăлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzteklina" title="Vzteklina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vzteklina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiwewe" title="Chiwewe – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Chiwewe" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimbwamupengo" title="Chimbwamupengo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chimbwamupengo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_gynddaredd" title="Y gynddaredd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y gynddaredd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundegalskab" title="Hundegalskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hundegalskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1bies" title="Rábies – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Rábies" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollwut" title="Tollwut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tollwut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marutaud" title="Marutaud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marutaud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Λύσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λύσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0bia_(m%C3%A2%C5%82)" title="Ràbia (mâł) – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ràbia (mâł)" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Атнаскадома – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Атнаскадома" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabia" title="Rabia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rabia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabio" title="Rabio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rabio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorru_(gaixotasuna)" title="Amorru (gaixotasuna) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amorru (gaixotasuna)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="هاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunda%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Hundaøði – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hundaøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_(maladie)" title="Rage (maladie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rage (maladie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confadh" title="Confadh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Confadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabia" title="Rabia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rabia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE" title="હડકવા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હડકવા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EA%B2%AC%EB%B3%91" title="광견병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광견병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rabies" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կատաղություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կատաղություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="रेबीज़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेबीज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjesno%C4%87a" title="Bjesnoća – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bjesnoća" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabio" title="Rabio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rabio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabis" title="Rabis – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Rabis" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rabies" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabie" title="Rabie – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rabie" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umgada" title="Umgada – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Umgada" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunda%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Hundaæði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hundaæði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbia" title="Rabbia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rabbia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%AA" title="כלבת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלבת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi%C3%A8s" title="Rabiès – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rabiès" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ರೇಬೀಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೇಬೀಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ცოფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცოფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="ریبیز – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ریبیز" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83" title="Құтыру – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құтыру" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibisazi_by%E2%80%99imbwa" title="Ibisazi by’imbwa – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ibisazi by’imbwa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichaa_cha_mbwa" title="Kichaa cha mbwa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kichaa cha mbwa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harb%C3%BBn" title="Harbûn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Harbûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кутурма – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кутурма" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rabies" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakums%C4%93rga" title="Trakumsērga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trakumsērga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasiutlig%C4%97" title="Pasiutligė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pasiutligė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raggia" title="Raggia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Raggia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngb%C3%A1r%C3%A1w%C3%A1" title="Ngbáráwá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ngbáráwá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabia" title="Rabia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rabia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veszetts%C3%A9g" title="Veszettség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Veszettség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="रेबिज – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रेबिज" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Беснило – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Беснило" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7" title="പേവിഷബാധ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പേവിഷബാധ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C" title="रेबीज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेबीज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90)" title="ჸალა (ლახარა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჸალა (ლახარა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A8" title="داء الكلب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="داء الكلب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit_anjing_gila" title="Penyakit anjing gila – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyakit anjing gila" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C4%95ng-k%C4%93ng-b%C3%A2ng" title="Diĕng-kēng-bâng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diĕng-kēng-bâng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%83_%D3%A9%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Галзуу өвчин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Галзуу өвчин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="ခွေးရူးပြန်ရောဂါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခွေးရူးပြန်ရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondsdolheid" title="Hondsdolheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hondsdolheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="रेबिज – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रेबिज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%82%E7%8A%AC%E7%97%85" title="狂犬病 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="狂犬病" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rabies" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0bia_(malauti%C3%A1)" title="Ràbia (malautiá) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ràbia (malautiá)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95" title="ଜଳାତଙ୍କ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜଳାତଙ୍କ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhuukkuba_Sarre_Maraataa" title="Dhuukkuba Sarre Maraataa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dhuukkuba Sarre Maraataa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quturish" title="Quturish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Quturish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%85_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹਲਕਾਅ ਵਾਲੇ ਕੁੱਤੇ ਨੂੰ ਅਧਰੰਗ ਦਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਲਕਾਅ ਵਾਲੇ ਕੁੱਤੇ ਨੂੰ ਅਧਰੰਗ ਦਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%9Bcieklizna" title="Wścieklizna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wścieklizna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiva_(doen%C3%A7a)" title="Raiva (doença) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Raiva (doença)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabie" title="Rabie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rabie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Бешенство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бешенство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Иирии – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Иирии" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rabies" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marabi_(Bohlanyantja)" title="Marabi (Bohlanyantja) – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Marabi (Bohlanyantja)" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolwet%C5%A1i_bja_Rabies" title="Bolwetši bja Rabies – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Bolwetši bja Rabies" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ABrbimi" title="Tërbimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tërbimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raggia" title="Raggia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Raggia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ජලභීතිකාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජලභීතිකාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rabies" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emarabi" title="Emarabi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Emarabi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besnota" title="Besnota – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Besnota" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steklina" title="Steklina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Steklina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raabiyada" title="Raabiyada – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Raabiyada" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نەخۆشیی ھاری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەخۆشیی ھاری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besnilo" title="Besnilo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Besnilo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjesnilo" title="Bjesnilo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bjesnilo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi%C3%A9s" title="Rabiés – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rabiés" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesikauhu" title="Vesikauhu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vesikauhu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rabies" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rabies" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="வெறிநாய்க்கடி நோய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெறிநாய்க்கடி நோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%E1%B9%A3i%E1%B8%8D_(a%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADan)" title="Iṣiḍ (aṭṭan) – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Iṣiḍ (aṭṭan)" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isi%E1%B8%8D" title="Isiḍ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Isiḍ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83" title="Котыру – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Котыру" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="రేబిస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రేబిస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="โรคพิษสุนัขบ้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรคพิษสุนัขบ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayiel%C3%ABw%C3%A4th" title="Mayielëwäth – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Mayielëwäth" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%95%E1%88%9B%E1%88%9D_%E1%8B%95%E1%89%A1%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A2" title="ሕማም ዕቡድ ከልቢ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሕማም ዕቡድ ከልቢ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Ҳорӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuduz" title="Kuduz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuduz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guduzlama" title="Guduzlama – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Guduzlama" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraman_yare" title="Kraman yare – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kraman yare" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Калчаа – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Калчаа" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Сказ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сказ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B6_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A8" title="مرض کلب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مرض کلب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82_%D9%83%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="غالجىرلىق كېسىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="غالجىرلىق كېسىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingh%27mabag" title="Bingh'mabag – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bingh'mabag" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%87nh_d%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bệnh dại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bệnh dại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5_d%27_araedje" title="Må d' araedje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Må d' araedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rabies" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%82%E7%8A%AC%E7%97%85" title="狂犬病 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="狂犬病" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Deadly viral disease, transmitted through animals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about rabies in humans. For rabies in animals, see <a href="/wiki/Rabies_in_animals" title="Rabies in animals">Rabies in animals</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rabies_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rabies (disambiguation)">Rabies (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rabid" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rabid_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rabid (disambiguation)">Rabid (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Rabies</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Manwithrabies4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man suffering from rabies tied to a hospital bed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Manwithrabies4.png/220px-Manwithrabies4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Manwithrabies4.png/330px-Manwithrabies4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Manwithrabies4.png/440px-Manwithrabies4.png 2x" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="1128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A man with rabies, 1958</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">Infectious disease</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">Fever</a>, extreme aversion to water, <a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">confusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypersalivation" title="Hypersalivation">excessive salivary secretion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">disrupted sleep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hyperactivity, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">Rabies virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_bat_lyssavirus" title="Australian bat lyssavirus">Australian bat lyssavirus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Au2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Au2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">Rabies vaccine</a>, animal control, <a href="/wiki/Rabies_immunoglobulin" title="Rabies immunoglobulin">rabies immunoglobulin</a><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supportive_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Supportive care">Supportive care</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Incurable<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~100% fatal after onset of symptoms<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">59,000 per year worldwide<sup id="cite_ref-CDC01_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC01-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rabies</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viral disease</a> that causes <a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">encephalitis</a> in humans and other <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was historically referred to as <b>hydrophobia</b> ("fear of water") because its victims would panic when offered liquids to drink. Early symptoms can include fever and abnormal sensations at the site of exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: nausea, vomiting, violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of consciousness">loss of consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once symptoms appear, the result is virtually always death.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months but can vary from less than one week to more than one year.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time depends on the distance the virus must travel along <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nerves</a> to reach the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robbins_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbins-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rabies is caused by <a href="/wiki/Lyssavirus" title="Lyssavirus">lyssaviruses</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">rabies virus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_bat_lyssavirus" title="Australian bat lyssavirus">Australian bat lyssavirus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Au2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Au2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is spread when an infected animal bites or scratches a human or other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saliva from an infected animal can also transmit rabies if the saliva comes into contact with the eyes, mouth, or nose.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Globally, dogs are the most common animal involved.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In countries where dogs commonly have the disease, more than 99% of rabies cases in humans are the direct result of <a href="/wiki/Dog_bites" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog bites">dog bites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tint2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a> bites are the most common source of rabies infections in humans, and less than 5% of cases are from dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tint2010_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">Rodents</a> are very rarely infected with rabies.<sup id="cite_ref-Tint2010_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disease can be diagnosed only after the start of symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animal control and vaccination programs have decreased the risk of rabies from dogs in a number of regions of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immunizing people before they are exposed is recommended for those at high risk, including those who work with bats or who spend prolonged periods in areas of the world where rabies is common.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In people who have been exposed to rabies, the <a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">rabies vaccine</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Rabies_immunoglobulin" title="Rabies immunoglobulin">rabies immunoglobulin</a> are effective in preventing the disease if the person receives the treatment before the start of rabies symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washing bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soap and water, <a href="/wiki/Povidone-iodine" title="Povidone-iodine">povidone-iodine</a>, or detergent may reduce the number of viral particles and may be somewhat effective at preventing transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabies&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, only fourteen people were documented to have survived a rabies infection after showing symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-ManojMukherjee2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ManojMukherjee2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, research conducted in 2010 among a population of people in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> with a self-reported history of one or more bites from <a href="/wiki/Vampire_bat" title="Vampire bat">vampire bats</a> (commonly infected with rabies), found that out of 73 individuals reporting previous bat bites, seven people had rabies virus-neutralizing <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> (rVNA).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since only one member of this group reported prior vaccination for rabies, the findings of the research suggest previously undocumented cases of infection and viral replication followed by an abortive infection. This could indicate that people may have an exposure to the virus without treatment and develop natural antibodies as a result. </p><p>Rabies causes about 59,000 deaths worldwide per year,<sup id="cite_ref-CDC01_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC01-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 40% of which are in children under the age of 15.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 95% of human deaths from rabies occur in Africa and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabies is present in more than 150 countries and on all continents but Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 3 billion people live in regions of the world where rabies occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of countries, including Australia and Japan, as well as much of Western Europe, do not have rabies among dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDCRFC_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCRFC-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Pacific islands do not have rabies at all.<sup id="cite_ref-CDCRFC_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCRFC-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Neglected_tropical_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Neglected tropical disease">neglected tropical disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NTD2017_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTD2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The global cost of rabies is estimated to be around US$8.6 billion per year including lost lives and livelihoods, medical care and associated costs, as well as uncalculated <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">psychological trauma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The name rabies is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>rabies</i>, meaning "madness".<sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonDP1979_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonDP1979-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greeks derived the word <i>lyssa</i>, from <i>lud</i> or "violent"; this root is used in the genus name of the rabies virus, <i>Lyssavirus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rotivel_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotivel-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dog_with_rabies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Dog_with_rabies.jpg/170px-Dog_with_rabies.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Dog_with_rabies.jpg/255px-Dog_with_rabies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Dog_with_rabies.jpg/340px-Dog_with_rabies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3646" data-file-height="4556" /></a><figcaption>Animals with "dumb" rabies appear depressed, lethargic, and uncoordinated</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Incubation_period" title="Incubation period">period</a> between infection and the first <a href="/wiki/Influenza-like_illness" title="Influenza-like illness">symptoms</a> (incubation period) is typically one to three months in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Giesen2015_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giesen2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period may be as short as four days or longer than six years, depending on the location and severity of the wound and the amount of virus introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Giesen2015_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giesen2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial symptoms of rabies are often nonspecific, such as fever and headache.<sup id="cite_ref-Giesen2015_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giesen2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As rabies progresses and causes <a href="/wiki/Meningoencephalitis" title="Meningoencephalitis">inflammation of the brain and meninges</a>, symptoms can include slight or partial <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">confusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">agitation</a>, abnormal behavior, <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">terror</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robbins_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbins-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giesen2015_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giesen2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The person may also have fear of water.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2013_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The symptoms eventually progress to <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robbins_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbins-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giesen2015_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giesen2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a> usually occurs two to ten days after first symptoms. Survival is almost unknown once symptoms have presented, even with intensive care.<sup id="cite_ref-Giesen2015_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giesen2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Expert_Review_of_Anti-infective_Therapy_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Expert_Review_of_Anti-infective_Therapy-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hydrophobia_in_rabies.webm/220px--Hydrophobia_in_rabies.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="46" data-mwtitle="Hydrophobia_in_rabies.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Hydrophobia_in_rabies.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Hydrophobia_in_rabies.webm/Hydrophobia_in_rabies.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Hydrophobia_in_rabies.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Hydrophobia_in_rabies.webm/Hydrophobia_in_rabies.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Hydrophobia_in_rabies.webm/Hydrophobia_in_rabies.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Hydrophobia_in_rabies.webm/Hydrophobia_in_rabies.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Hydrophobia_in_rabies.webm/Hydrophobia_in_rabies.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Man with rabies displaying hydrophobia</figcaption></figure> <p>Rabies has also occasionally been referred to as hydrophobia ("fear of water") throughout its history.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It refers to a set of symptoms in the later stages of an infection in which the person has difficulty swallowing, shows panic when presented with liquids to drink, and cannot quench their thirst. Saliva production is greatly increased, and attempts to drink, or even the intention or suggestion of drinking, may cause excruciatingly painful spasms of the muscles in the throat and <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>. Since the infected individual cannot swallow saliva and water, the virus has a much higher chance of being transmitted, because it multiplies and accumulates in the <a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">salivary glands</a> and is transmitted through biting.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydrophobia is commonly associated with furious rabies, which affects 80% of rabies-infected people. This form of rabies causes irrational aggression in the host, which aids in the spreading of the virus through animal bites;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a "foaming at the mouth" effect, caused by the accumulation of saliva, is also commonly associated with rabies in the public perception and in popular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining 20% may experience a paralytic form of rabies that is marked by muscle <a href="/wiki/Muscle_weakness" title="Muscle weakness">weakness</a>, loss of sensation, and <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a>; this form of rabies does not usually cause fear of water.<sup id="cite_ref-NHS_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabies_Virus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rendering of the rabies virus"><img alt="Rendering of the rabies virus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rabies_Virus.jpg/200px-Rabies_Virus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rabies_Virus.jpg/300px-Rabies_Virus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rabies_Virus.jpg/400px-Rabies_Virus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rendering of the rabies virus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electron_microscope_image_of_rabies_virus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An electron microscope image of the rabies virus"><img alt="An electron microscope image of the rabies virus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Electron_microscope_image_of_rabies_virus.jpg/200px-Electron_microscope_image_of_rabies_virus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Electron_microscope_image_of_rabies_virus.jpg/300px-Electron_microscope_image_of_rabies_virus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Electron_microscope_image_of_rabies_virus.jpg/400px-Electron_microscope_image_of_rabies_virus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An electron microscope image of the rabies virus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabies_Virus_EM_PHIL_1876.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="TEM micrograph with numerous rabies virions (small, dark grey, rodlike particles) and Negri bodies (the larger pathognomonic cellular inclusions of rabies infection)"><img alt="TEM micrograph with numerous rabies virions (small, dark grey, rodlike particles) and Negri bodies (the larger pathognomonic cellular inclusions of rabies infection)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rabies_Virus_EM_PHIL_1876.JPG/153px-Rabies_Virus_EM_PHIL_1876.JPG" decoding="async" width="153" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rabies_Virus_EM_PHIL_1876.JPG/230px-Rabies_Virus_EM_PHIL_1876.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rabies_Virus_EM_PHIL_1876.JPG/307px-Rabies_Virus_EM_PHIL_1876.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="2392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">TEM</a> <a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">micrograph</a> with numerous rabies <a href="/wiki/Virion" class="mw-redirect" title="Virion">virions</a> (small, dark grey, rodlike particles) and <a href="/wiki/Negri_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Negri bodies">Negri bodies</a> (the larger <a href="/wiki/Pathognomonic" title="Pathognomonic">pathognomonic</a> cellular inclusions of rabies infection)</div> </li> </ul> <p>Rabies is caused by a number of <a href="/wiki/Lyssavirus" title="Lyssavirus">lyssaviruses</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">rabies virus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_bat_lyssavirus" title="Australian bat lyssavirus">Australian bat lyssavirus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Au2014_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Au2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Duvenhage_lyssavirus" title="Duvenhage lyssavirus">Duvenhage lyssavirus</a> may cause a rabies-like infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiel2009_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiel2009-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rabies virus is the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lyssavirus" title="Lyssavirus">Lyssavirus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a>, in the family<i> <a href="/wiki/Rhabdoviridae" title="Rhabdoviridae">Rhabdoviridae</a></i>, order <i><a href="/wiki/Mononegavirales" title="Mononegavirales">Mononegavirales</a></i>. Lyssavirions have helical symmetry, with a length of about 180 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> and a cross-section of about 75 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These virions are <a href="/wiki/Viral_envelope" title="Viral envelope">enveloped</a> and have a single-stranded <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> genome with <a href="/wiki/Negative-sense#Negative-sense" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative-sense">negative sense</a>. The genetic information is packed as a <a href="/wiki/Ribonucleoprotein" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribonucleoprotein">ribonucleoprotein</a> complex in which RNA is tightly bound by the viral nucleoprotein. The <a href="/wiki/RNA_genome" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA genome">RNA genome</a> of the virus encodes five genes whose order is highly conserved: nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G), and the viral RNA polymerase (L).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15885837_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15885837-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To enter cells, trimeric spikes on the exterior of the membrane of the virus interact with a specific cell receptor, the most likely one being the <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a> receptor. The cellular membrane pinches in a procession known as <a href="/wiki/Pinocytosis" title="Pinocytosis">pinocytosis</a> and allows entry of the virus into the cell by way of an <a href="/wiki/Endosome" title="Endosome">endosome</a>. The virus then uses the acidic environment, which is necessary, of that endosome and binds to its membrane simultaneously, releasing its five proteins and single-strand RNA into the cytoplasm.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_Rabies_PEP_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_Rabies_PEP-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once within a muscle or nerve cell, the virus undergoes replication. The L protein then transcribes five mRNA strands and a positive strand of RNA all from the original negative strand RNA using free nucleotides in the cytoplasm. These five mRNA strands are then translated into their corresponding proteins (P, L, N, G and M proteins) at free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Some proteins require post-translational modifications. For example, the G protein travels through the rough <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a>, where it undergoes further folding, and is then transported to the <a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a>, where a sugar group is added to it (<a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">glycosylation</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_Rabies_PEP_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_Rabies_PEP-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When there are enough viral proteins, the viral polymerase will begin to synthesize new negative strands of RNA from the template of the positive-strand RNA. These negative strands will then form complexes with the N, P, L and M proteins and then travel to the inner membrane of the cell, where a G protein has embedded itself in the membrane. The G protein then coils around the N-P-L-M complex of proteins taking some of the host cell membrane with it, which will form the new outer envelope of the virus particle. The virus then buds from the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_Rabies_PEP_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_Rabies_PEP-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the point of entry, the virus is <a href="/wiki/Neurotropic_virus" title="Neurotropic virus">neurotropic</a>, traveling along the neural pathways into the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>. The virus usually first infects muscle cells close to the site of infection, where they are able to replicate without being 'noticed' by the host's immune system. Once enough virus has been replicated, they begin to bind to <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine_receptor" title="Acetylcholine receptor">acetylcholine receptors</a> at the neuromuscular junction.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virus then travels through the nerve cell axon via <a href="/wiki/Axonal_transport#Retrograde_transport" title="Axonal transport">retrograde transport</a>, as its <a href="/wiki/P_protein" title="P protein">P protein</a> interacts with <a href="/wiki/Dynein" title="Dynein">dynein</a>, a protein present in the cytoplasm of nerve cells. Once the virus reaches the cell body it travels rapidly to the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS), replicating in motor neurons and eventually reaching the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Robbins_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbins-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the brain is infected, the virus travels centrifugally to the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, eventually migrating to the salivary glands, where it is ready to be transmitted to the next host.<sup id="cite_ref-Baer1991_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baer1991-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 317">: 317 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmission">Transmission</h2></div> <p>All <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded" title="Warm-blooded">warm-blooded</a> species, including humans, may become infected with the rabies virus and develop symptoms. <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a> were first artificially infected with rabies in 1884; however, infected birds are largely, if not wholly, asymptomatic, and recover.<sup id="cite_ref-serological_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serological-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other bird species have been known to develop rabies <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a>, a sign of infection, after feeding on rabies-infected mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16498885_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16498885-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Owls_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owls-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The virus has also adapted to grow in cells of <a href="/wiki/Poikilotherm" title="Poikilotherm">cold-blooded</a> vertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most animals can be infected by the virus and can transmit the disease to humans. Worldwide, about 99% of human rabies cases come from domestic dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources of rabies in humans include <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid13858519_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid13858519-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid14431118_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14431118-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotes">coyotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongooses</a> (normally either the small Asian mongoose or the yellow mongoose).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rabies may also spread through exposure to infected <a href="/wiki/Bears" class="mw-redirect" title="Bears">bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">domestic farm animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groundhog" title="Groundhog">groundhogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">weasels</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">wild carnivorans</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Lagomorphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagomorphs">lagomorphs</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, and small <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Chipmunk" title="Chipmunk">chipmunks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerbillinae" title="Gerbillinae">gerbils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamster" title="Hamster">hamsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Mice">mice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a>, are almost never found to be infected with rabies and are not known to transmit rabies to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bites from mice, rats, or squirrels rarely require rabies prevention because these rodents are typically killed by any encounter with a larger, rabid animal, and would, therefore, not be carriers.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Virginia opossum</a> (a marsupial, unlike the other mammals named in this paragraph, which are all <a href="/wiki/Eutherians" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutherians">eutherians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Placental" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental">placental</a>), has a lower internal body temperature than the rabies virus prefers and therefore is resistant but not immune to rabies.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marsupials" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsupials">Marsupials</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Monotremes" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotremes">monotremes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Platypuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Platypuses">platypuses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Echidnas" class="mw-redirect" title="Echidnas">echidnas</a>), typically have lower body temperatures than similarly sized <a href="/wiki/Eutherians" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutherians">eutherians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, reports emerged that rabies is spreading in South African seals, possibly making it the first outbreak documented in <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The virus is usually present in the nerves and <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a> of a symptomatic rabid animal.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The route of <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> is usually, but not always, by a bite. In many cases, the infected animal is exceptionally aggressive, may attack without provocation, and exhibits otherwise uncharacteristic behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an example of a viral pathogen <a href="/wiki/Behavior-altering_parasites_and_parasitoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavior-altering parasites and parasitoids">modifying the behavior of its host</a> to facilitate its transmission to other hosts. After a typical human infection by bite, the virus enters the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a>. It then travels retrograde along the <a href="/wiki/Efferent_nerve_fiber" title="Efferent nerve fiber">efferent nerves</a> toward the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this phase, the virus cannot be easily detected within the host, and vaccination may still confer cell-mediated immunity to prevent symptomatic rabies. When the virus reaches the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, it rapidly causes <a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">encephalitis</a>, the prodromal phase, which is the beginning of the symptoms. Once the patient becomes symptomatic, treatment is almost never effective and mortality is over 99%. Rabies may also inflame the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, producing <a href="/wiki/Transverse_myelitis" title="Transverse myelitis">transverse myelitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LynnNewton2012_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LynnNewton2012-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it is theoretically possible for rabies-infected humans to transmit it to others by biting or otherwise, no such cases have ever been documented, because infected humans are usually hospitalized and necessary precautions taken. Casual contact, such as touching a person with rabies or contact with non-infectious fluid or tissue (urine, blood, feces), does not constitute an exposure and does not require post-exposure prophylaxis. But as the virus is present in sperm and vaginal secretions, it might be possible for rabies to spread through sex.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are only a small number of recorded cases of human-to-human transmission of rabies, and all occurred through <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ transplants</a>, most frequently with <a href="/wiki/Corneal_transplantation" title="Corneal transplantation">corneal transplantation</a>, from infected donors.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div> <p>Rabies can be difficult to diagnose because, in the early stages, it is easily confused with other diseases or even with a simple aggressive temperament.<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard_(test)" title="Gold standard (test)">reference method</a> for diagnosing rabies is the fluorescent antibody test (FAT), an <a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">immunohistochemistry</a> procedure, which is recommended by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FAT relies on the ability of a detector molecule (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) coupled with a rabies-specific antibody, forming a conjugate, to bind to and allow the visualisation of rabies antigen using fluorescent microscopy techniques. Microscopic analysis of samples is the only direct method that allows for the identification of rabies virus-specific antigen in a short time and at a reduced cost, irrespective of geographical origin and status of the host. It has to be regarded as the first step in diagnostic procedures for all laboratories. Autolysed samples can, however, reduce the sensitivity and specificity of the FAT.<sup id="cite_ref-Fooks_AR_2009_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fooks_AR_2009-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction">RT PCR</a> assays proved to be a sensitive and specific tool for routine diagnostic purposes,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in decomposed samples<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12034539_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12034539-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or archival specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17881871_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17881871-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diagnosis can be reliably made from brain samples taken after death. The diagnosis can also be made from saliva, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid samples, but this is not as <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">sensitive</a> or reliable as brain samples.<sup id="cite_ref-Fooks_AR_2009_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fooks_AR_2009-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cerebral inclusion bodies called <a href="/wiki/Negri_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Negri bodies">Negri bodies</a> are 100% diagnostic for rabies infection but are found in only about 80% of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If possible, the animal from which the bite was received should also be examined for rabies.<sup id="cite_ref-Ly2009_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ly2009-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Light_microscopy#Optical_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Light microscopy">light microscopy</a> techniques may also be used to diagnose rabies at a tenth of the cost of traditional fluorescence microscopy techniques, allowing identification of the disease in less-developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A test for rabies, known as LN34, is easier to run on a dead animal's brain and might help determine who does and does not need post-exposure prevention.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2018New_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2018New-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The test was developed by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2018New_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2018New-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">differential diagnosis</a> in a case of suspected human rabies may initially include any cause of <a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">encephalitis</a>, in particular infection with viruses such as <a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">herpesviruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">enteroviruses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arboviruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboviruses">arboviruses</a> such as <a href="/wiki/West_Nile_virus" title="West Nile virus">West Nile virus</a>. The most important viruses to rule out are <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">herpes simplex virus</a> type one, <a href="/wiki/Varicella_zoster_virus" title="Varicella zoster virus">varicella zoster virus</a>, and (less commonly) enteroviruses, including <a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coxsackie virus">coxsackieviruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echovirus" title="Echovirus">echoviruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poliovirus" title="Poliovirus">polioviruses</a>, and human enteroviruses 68 to 71.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New causes of viral encephalitis are also possible, as was evidenced by the 1999 outbreak in Malaysia of 300 cases of encephalitis with a mortality rate of 40% caused by <a href="/wiki/Nipah_virus" title="Nipah virus">Nipah virus</a>, a newly recognized <a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">paramyxovirus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-refDiseasesOfSwine_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refDiseasesOfSwine-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, well-known viruses may be introduced into new locales, as is illustrated by the outbreak of encephalitis due to West Nile virus in the eastern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dog_bite_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog bite prevention">Dog bite prevention</a></div> <p>Almost all human exposure to rabies was fatal until a vaccine was developed in 1885 by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Émile Roux">Émile Roux</a>. Their original vaccine was harvested from infected rabbits, from which the virus in the nerve tissue was weakened by allowing it to dry for five to ten days.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar nerve tissue-derived vaccines are still used in some countries, as they are much cheaper than modern cell culture vaccines.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15069272_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15069272-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The human diploid cell rabies vaccine was started in 1967. Less expensive purified chicken embryo cell vaccine and purified <a href="/wiki/Vero_cell" title="Vero cell">vero cell</a> rabies vaccine are now available.<sup id="cite_ref-Ly2009_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ly2009-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombinant vaccine">recombinant vaccine</a> called V-RG has been used in Belgium, France, Germany, and the United States to prevent outbreaks of rabies in undomesticated animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Reece_2006_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reece_2006-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immunization before exposure has been used in both human and nonhuman populations, where, as in many jurisdictions, domesticated animals are required to be vaccinated.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabiesvaccination.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Rabiesvaccination.png/220px-Rabiesvaccination.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Rabiesvaccination.png/330px-Rabiesvaccination.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Rabiesvaccination.png/440px-Rabiesvaccination.png 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="2412" /></a><figcaption>A young girl about to receive PEP after being bitten by an animal thought to be rabid</figcaption></figure> <p>The Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services Communicable Disease Surveillance 2007 Annual Report states the following can help reduce the risk of contracting rabies:<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Vaccinating dogs, cats, and ferrets against rabies</li> <li>Keeping pets under supervision</li> <li>Not handling wild animals or strays</li> <li>Contacting an animal control officer upon observing a wild animal or a stray, especially if the animal is acting strangely</li> <li>If bitten by an animal, washing the wound with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes and contacting a healthcare provider to determine if post-exposure prophylaxis is required</li></ul> <p>28 September is <a href="/wiki/World_Rabies_Day" title="World Rabies Day">World Rabies Day</a>, which promotes the information, prevention, and elimination of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Asia and in parts of the Americas and Africa, dogs remain the principal host. Mandatory vaccination of animals is less effective in rural areas. Especially in developing countries, pets may not be privately kept and their destruction may be unacceptable. Oral vaccines can be safely distributed in baits, a practice that has successfully reduced rabies in rural areas of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec, Canada, baits are successfully used on raccoons in the Mount-Royal Park area. Vaccination campaigns may be expensive, but cost-benefit analysis suggests baits may be a cost-effective method of control.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, a dramatic drop in rabies was recorded when an aerial bait-vaccination campaign was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-Grambo_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grambo-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of recorded human deaths from rabies in the United States has dropped from 100 or more annually in the early 20th century to one or two per year because of widespread vaccination of domestic dogs and cats and the development of human vaccines and immunoglobulin treatments. Most deaths now result from bat bites, which may go unnoticed by the victim and hence untreated.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_Rabies_Epi_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_Rabies_Epi-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_exposure">After exposure</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Postexposure_prophylaxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Postexposure prophylaxis">Treatment after exposure</a> can prevent the disease if given within 10 days. The rabies vaccine is 100% effective if given before symptoms of rabies appear.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDC_Rabies_PEP_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_Rabies_PEP-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lite2009_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lite2009-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every year, more than 15 million people get vaccinated after potential exposure. While this works well, the cost is significant.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US it is recommended people receive one dose of human rabies <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin">immunoglobulin</a> (HRIG) and four doses of rabies vaccine over a 14-day period.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HRIG is expensive and makes up most of the cost of post-exposure treatment, ranging as high as several thousand dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, one dose of HRIG costs the National Health Service £1,000,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this is not flagged as a "high-cost medication".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A full course of vaccine costs £120–180.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As much as possible of HRIG should be injected around the bites, with the remainder being given by deep intramuscular injection at a site distant from the vaccination site.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_Rabies_PEP_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_Rabies_PEP-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People who have previously been vaccinated against rabies do not need to receive the immunoglobulin—only the postexposure vaccinations on days 0 and 3.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The side effects of modern <a href="/wiki/Cell-based_vaccine" title="Cell-based vaccine">cell-based vaccines</a> are similar to the side effects of flu shots. The old nerve-tissue-based vaccination required multiple injections into the abdomen with a large needle but is inexpensive.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilde1991_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilde1991-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is being phased out and replaced by affordable World Health Organization intradermal-vaccination regimens.<sup id="cite_ref-Ly2009_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ly2009-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In children less than a year old, the lateral thigh is recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thoroughly washing the wound as soon as possible with soap and water for approximately five minutes is effective in reducing the number of viral particles.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Povidone-iodine" title="Povidone-iodine">Povidone-iodine</a> or alcohol is then recommended to reduce the virus further.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Awakening to find a bat in the room, or finding a bat in the room of a previously unattended child or mentally disabled or intoxicated person, is an indication for <a href="/wiki/Post-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Post-exposure prophylaxis">post-exposure prophylaxis</a> (PEP). The recommendation for the precautionary use of PEP in bat encounters where no contact is recognized has been questioned in the medical literature, based on a <a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">cost–benefit analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a 2002 study has supported the protocol of precautionary administration of PEP where a child or mentally compromised individual has been alone with a bat, especially in sleep areas, where a bite or exposure may occur with the victim being unaware.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="anchor" id="Jeanna_Giese"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_onset">After onset</h3></div> <p>Once rabies develops, death almost certainly follows. <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a> in a hospital setting is recommended with administration of large doses of pain medication, and sedatives in preference to physical restraint. Ice fragments can be given by mouth for thirst, but there is no good evidence intravenous hydration is of benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-pall_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pall-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A treatment known as the Milwaukee protocol, which involves putting people with rabies symptoms into a <a href="/wiki/Induced_coma" title="Induced coma">chemically induced coma</a> and using <a href="/wiki/Antiviral_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiviral medication">antiviral medications</a> in an attempt to protect their brain until their body has had time to produce rabies antibodies, has been occasionally used.<sup id="cite_ref-Jack2016_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jack2016-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was initially attempted in 2004 on Jeanna Giese, a teenage girl from <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, who subsequently became the first human known to have survived rabies without receiving post-exposure prophylaxis before symptom onset.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SciAmApr07_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciAmApr07-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giese did require extensive rehabilitation afterward, and her balance and neural function remained impaired.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protocol has been enacted on many rabies victims since, but has been adjudged a failure; some survivors of the acute initial phase later died of rabies. Concerns have also been raised about its monetary costs and its ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-Jack2016_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jack2016-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zeiler_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeiler-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antiviral therapy to combat the effects of rabies has also been researched; <a href="/wiki/Favipiravir" title="Favipiravir">favipiravir</a>, for example, has shown potential at inhibiting the development of encephalitis. It has been suggested that such therapy in combination with <a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">immunotherapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuroprotection" title="Neuroprotection">neuroprotective measures</a> could be beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-Antiviral_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antiviral-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a> after exposure, PEP, is highly successful in preventing rabies.<sup id="cite_ref-Lite2009_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lite2009-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In unvaccinated humans, rabies is almost certainly fatal after <a href="/wiki/Neurological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological">neurological</a> symptoms have developed.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_factsheet_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_factsheet-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_rabies" title="Prevalence of rabies">Prevalence of rabies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabies_Free_Countries_and_Territories.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rabies_Free_Countries_and_Territories.svg/330px-Rabies_Free_Countries_and_Territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rabies_Free_Countries_and_Territories.svg/495px-Rabies_Free_Countries_and_Territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rabies_Free_Countries_and_Territories.svg/660px-Rabies_Free_Countries_and_Territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Map of rabies-free countries and territories</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2010, an estimated 26,000 people died from rabies, down from 54,000 in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Loz2012_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loz2012-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the deaths occurred in Asia and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_factsheet_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_factsheet-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabies&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, India (approximately 20,847), followed by China (approximately 6,000) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (5,600), had the most cases.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2015 collaboration between the World Health Organization, World Organization of Animal Health (OIE), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO), and <a href="/wiki/Global_Alliance_for_Rabies_Control" title="Global Alliance for Rabies Control">Global Alliance for Rabies Control</a> has a goal of eliminating deaths from rabies by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> has the highest rate of human rabies in the world, primarily because of stray dogs,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose number has greatly increased since a 2001 law forbade the killing of dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-harris_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effective control and treatment of rabies in India is hindered by a form of <a href="/wiki/Mass_hysteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass hysteria">mass hysteria</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Puppy_pregnancy_syndrome" title="Puppy pregnancy syndrome">puppy pregnancy syndrome</a> (PPS). Dog bite victims with PPS, male as well as female, become convinced that puppies are growing inside them, and often seek help from <a href="/wiki/Faith_healer" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith healer">faith healers</a> rather than medical services.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 20,000 people die every year from rabies in India, more than a third of the global total.<sup id="cite_ref-harris_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <p>Australia has an official rabies-free status,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/Australian_bat_lyssavirus" title="Australian bat lyssavirus">Australian bat lyssavirus</a> (ABLV), discovered in 1996, is a rabies-causing virus related to the <a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">rabies virus</a> prevalent in Australian native bat populations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mm6823e1-F1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mm6823e1-F1.gif/330px-Mm6823e1-F1.gif" decoding="async" width="330" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mm6823e1-F1.gif/495px-Mm6823e1-F1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mm6823e1-F1.gif/660px-Mm6823e1-F1.gif 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Rabies cases in humans and domestic animals – United States, 1938–2018</figcaption></figure> <p>Canine-specific rabies has been eradicated in the United States, but rabies is common among wild animals, and an average of 100 dogs become infected from other wildlife each year.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High public awareness of the virus, efforts at vaccination of domestic animals and curtailment of feral populations, and availability of <a href="/wiki/Postexposure_prophylaxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Postexposure prophylaxis">postexposure prophylaxis</a> have made rabies very rare in humans in the United States. From 1960 to 2018, a total of 125 such cases were reported in the United States; of them, 36 (28%) were attributed to dog bites suffered during international travel.<sup id="cite_ref-MMWR2019_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMWR2019-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the 89 infections acquired in the United States, 62 (70%) were attributed to bats.<sup id="cite_ref-MMWR2019_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMWR2019-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent rabies death in the United States was in November 2021, where a Texas child was bitten by a bat in late August 2021 but his parents failed to get him treatment. He died less than three months later.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <p>Either no or very few cases of rabies are reported each year in Europe; cases are contracted both during travel and in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Switzerland the disease was virtually eliminated after scientists placed chicken heads laced with live <a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">attenuated vaccine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grambo_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grambo-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foxes, proven to be the main source of rabies in the country, ate the chicken heads and became immunized.<sup id="cite_ref-Grambo_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grambo-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thefactsource.com_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thefactsource.com-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy, after being declared rabies-free from 1997 to 2008, has witnessed a reemergence of the disease in wild animals in the <a href="/wiki/Triveneto" title="Triveneto">Triveneto</a> regions (<a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>) due to the spreading of an epidemic in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> that also affected Austria. An extensive wild animal vaccination campaign eliminated the virus from Italy again, and it regained the rabies-free country status in 2013, the last reported case of rabies being reported in a red fox in early 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Kingdom has been free of rabies since the early 20th century except for a <a href="/wiki/European_bat_2_lyssavirus" title="European bat 2 lyssavirus">rabies-like virus (EBLV-2)</a> in a few <a href="/wiki/Daubenton%27s_bat" title="Daubenton's bat">Daubenton's bats</a>. There has been one fatal case of EBLV-2 transmission to a human.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been four deaths from rabies, transmitted abroad by dog bites, since 2000. The last infection in the UK occurred in 1922, and the last death from indigenous rabies was in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sweden and mainland Norway have been free of rabies since 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bat rabies antibodies (but not the virus) have been found in bats.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Svalbard, animals can cross the arctic ice from Greenland or Russia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3></div> <p>Mexico was certified by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> as being free of dog-transmitted rabies in 2019 because no case of dog-human transmission had been recorded in two years.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_countries">Asian countries</h3></div> <p>Despite rabies being preventable and the many successes of the years from countries such as North America, South Korea and Western Europe, Rabies remains endemic in many Southeast Asian countries including <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Half the global rabies deaths occur in southeast Asia - approx. 26,000 per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Hicks23_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hicks23-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of what prevents Asia from implementing the same measures as other countries is <a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">cost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treating wild canines is the primary means of preventing rabies, however it costs 10 times more than treating individuals as they come with bites, and research also increases cost. As a result, India and other surrounding countries are unable to apply many preventative measures because of financial restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4></div> <p>In 2013 human rabies was nearly eradicated in the state of Thailand after new measures were put into place requiring the vaccination of all domestic dogs as well as programs seeking to vaccinate wild dogs and large animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Thanap21_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thanap21-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, neighboring countries unable to afford rabies control measures – Cambodia, Laos, and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> – allowed infected animals to continue to pass the border and infect the Thai population, leading to ~100 cases a year.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These areas around the border are called Rabies Red areas and are where Thailand continuously struggles with eradication and will do so until the surrounding countries eliminate the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Thanap21_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thanap21-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thailand has the resources and medicine necessary to tackle rabies such as implementing regulations that require all children to receive a rabies vaccination before attending schools and having clinics available for those bit or scratched by a possible rabid animal. However, individual choice is still a factor, and 10 people per year die out of refusal to seek treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h4></div> <p>Cambodia has approximately 800 cases of human rabies per year, making it one of the top countries in human rabies incidences.<sup id="cite_ref-Baron22_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron22-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of this falls on their lack of animal care; Cambodia has hundreds of thousands of animals infected with rabies, another global high, yet little surveillance of said animals and few laws requiring pets and other household animals to be vaccinated.<sup id="cite_ref-Baron22_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron22-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> has improved significantly in their human rabies medical practices, with clinics all over the countries being made with treatments and vaccination on hand as well as rabies-related education in school classes.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is still lacking in terms of animal surveillance and treatment which leads to bleeding into surrounding countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Hicks23_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hicks23-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>Rabies has been known since around 2000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first written record of rabies is in the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_Eshnunna" title="Laws of Eshnunna">Codex of Eshnunna</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1930 BC</span>), which dictates that the owner of a dog showing symptoms of rabies should take preventive measures against bites. If another person were bitten by a rabid dog and later died, the owner was heavily fined.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient Greece, rabies was supposed to be caused by <a href="/wiki/Lyssa" title="Lyssa">Lyssa</a>, the spirit of mad rage.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ineffective folk remedies abounded in the medical literature of the ancient world. The physician <a href="/wiki/Scribonius_Largus" title="Scribonius Largus">Scribonius Largus</a> prescribed a poultice of cloth and hyena skin; <a href="/wiki/Antaeus_(physician)" title="Antaeus (physician)">Antaeus</a> recommended a preparation made from the skull of a hanged man.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rabies appears to have originated in the Old World, the first <a href="/wiki/Epizootic" title="Epizootic">epizootic</a> in the New World occurring in Boston in 1768.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rabies was considered a scourge for its prevalence in the 19th century. In France and Belgium, where <a href="/wiki/Hubertus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubertus">Saint Hubert</a> was venerated, the "<a href="/wiki/St_Hubert%27s_Key" class="mw-redirect" title="St Hubert's Key">St Hubert's Key</a>" was heated and applied to cauterize the wound. By an application of <a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">magical thinking</a>, dogs were branded with the key in hopes of protecting them from rabies. </p><p>It was not uncommon for a person bitten by a dog merely suspected of being rabid to commit suicide or to be killed by others.<sup id="cite_ref-Rotivel_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotivel-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient times the attachment of the tongue (the <a href="/wiki/Lingual_frenulum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingual frenulum">lingual frenulum</a>, a mucous membrane) was cut and removed, as this was where rabies was thought to originate. This practice ceased with the discovery of the actual cause of rabies.<sup id="cite_ref-Baer1991_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baer1991-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis Pasteur's 1885 nerve tissue vaccine was successful, and was progressively improved to reduce often severe side-effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Giesen2015_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giesen2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, the fear of rabies has not diminished, and the disease and its symptoms, particularly agitation, have served as an <a href="/wiki/Rabies_in_popular_culture" title="Rabies in popular culture">inspiration for several works</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">zombie</a> or similarly themed fiction, often portraying rabies as having mutated into a stronger virus which fills humans with murderous rage or incurable illness, bringing about a devastating, widespread pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria-275-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miniature of the Cantiga #275 depicting two monks hospitaller with rabies being carried before St. Mary of Terena.[142]"><img alt="Miniature of the Cantiga #275 depicting two monks hospitaller with rabies being carried before St. Mary of Terena.[142]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria-275-5.jpg/200px-Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria-275-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria-275-5.jpg/300px-Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria-275-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria-275-5.jpg/400px-Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria-275-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Miniature of the <a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria" title="Cantigas de Santa Maria"><i>Cantiga</i></a> #275 depicting two <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">monks hospitaller</a> with rabies being carried before St. Mary of Terena.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_Ages_rabid_dog.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A woodcut from the Middle Ages showing a rabid dog"><img alt="A woodcut from the Middle Ages showing a rabid dog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Middle_Ages_rabid_dog.jpg/200px-Middle_Ages_rabid_dog.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Middle_Ages_rabid_dog.jpg/300px-Middle_Ages_rabid_dog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Middle_Ages_rabid_dog.jpg/400px-Middle_Ages_rabid_dog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2043" data-file-height="1164" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> showing a rabid dog</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauvages_de_la_Croix,_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boissier_de_%E2%80%93_Dissertation_sur_la_nature_et_la_cause_de_la_Rage,_1777_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3001126.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="François Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix, Della natura e causa della rabbia (Dissertation sur la nature et la cause de la Rage), 1777"><img alt="François Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix, Della natura e causa della rabbia (Dissertation sur la nature et la cause de la Rage), 1777" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sauvages_de_la_Croix%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boissier_de_%E2%80%93_Dissertation_sur_la_nature_et_la_cause_de_la_Rage%2C_1777_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3001126.jpg/153px-Sauvages_de_la_Croix%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boissier_de_%E2%80%93_Dissertation_sur_la_nature_et_la_cause_de_la_Rage%2C_1777_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3001126.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sauvages_de_la_Croix%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boissier_de_%E2%80%93_Dissertation_sur_la_nature_et_la_cause_de_la_Rage%2C_1777_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3001126.jpg/229px-Sauvages_de_la_Croix%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boissier_de_%E2%80%93_Dissertation_sur_la_nature_et_la_cause_de_la_Rage%2C_1777_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3001126.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sauvages_de_la_Croix%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boissier_de_%E2%80%93_Dissertation_sur_la_nature_et_la_cause_de_la_Rage%2C_1777_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3001126.jpg/306px-Sauvages_de_la_Croix%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boissier_de_%E2%80%93_Dissertation_sur_la_nature_et_la_cause_de_la_Rage%2C_1777_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3001126.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1352" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boissier_de_Sauvages_de_Lacroix" title="François Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix">François Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix</a>, <i>Della natura e causa della rabbia</i> (<i>Dissertation sur la nature et la cause de la Rage</i>), 1777</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_rabies_folio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Arabic folio from the medieval times depicting a rabid dog biting a man, circa 1224"><img alt="An ancient folio from the medieval times depicting a rabid dog biting a man. circa 1224" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Medieval_rabies_folio.jpg/151px-Medieval_rabies_folio.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Medieval_rabies_folio.jpg/226px-Medieval_rabies_folio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Medieval_rabies_folio.jpg/302px-Medieval_rabies_folio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Arabic <a href="/wiki/Folio" title="Folio">folio</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> times depicting a rabid <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a> biting a man, circa <a href="/wiki/1224" title="1224">1224</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rabies_in_animals" title="Rabies in animals">Rabies in animals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PHIL_2184.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PHIL_2184.png/220px-PHIL_2184.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PHIL_2184.png/330px-PHIL_2184.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PHIL_2184.png/440px-PHIL_2184.png 2x" data-file-width="3042" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>Two dogs with the paralytic, or dumb, form of rabies</figcaption></figure> <p>Rabies is infectious to <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>; three stages of central nervous system infection are recognized. The clinical course is often shorter in animals than in humans, but result in similar symptoms and almost always death. The first stage is a one- to three-day period characterized by behavioral changes and is known as the <a href="/wiki/Prodrome" title="Prodrome">prodromal stage</a>. The second is the excitative stage, which lasts three to four days. This stage is often known as "furious rabies" for the tendency of the affected animal to be hyper-reactive to external stimuli and bite or attack anything near. In some cases, animals skip the excitative stage and develop paralysis, as in the third phase; the paralytic phase. This stage develops by damage to <a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron" title="Motor neuron">motor neurons</a>. Incoordination is seen, owing to rear limb <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a>, and drooling and difficulty swallowing is caused by paralysis of facial and throat muscles. Death is usually caused by <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_arrest" title="Respiratory arrest">respiratory arrest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ettinger_1995_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ettinger_1995-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sida-aids.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/28px-Sida-aids.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/42px-Sida-aids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/56px-Sida-aids.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="290" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses" title="Portal:Viruses">Viruses portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">Eradication of infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madstone_(folklore)" title="Madstone (folklore)">Madstone (folklore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_in_Haiti" title="Rabies in Haiti">Rabies in Haiti</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WHO2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Academic Press. p. 556. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055009-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055009-1"><bdi>978-0-08-055009-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabies%3A+Scientific+Basis+of+the+Disease+and+Its+Management&rft.pages=556&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-08-055009-1&rft.aulast=Wunner&rft.aufirst=WH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC-U1LFK5zagC%26pg%3DPA556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ManojMukherjee2016-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ManojMukherjee2016_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManojMukherjeeJohriKumar2016" class="citation journal cs1">Manoj S, Mukherjee A, Johri S, Kumar KV (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4947331">"Recovery from rabies, a universally fatal disease"</a>. <i>Military Medical Research</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40779-016-0089-y">10.1186/s40779-016-0089-y</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2054-9369">2054-9369</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4947331">4947331</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27429788">27429788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Medical+Research&rft.atitle=Recovery+from+rabies%2C+a+universally+fatal+disease&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4947331%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2054-9369&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27429788&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40779-016-0089-y&rft.aulast=Manoj&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Mukherjee%2C+A&rft.au=Johri%2C+S&rft.au=Kumar%2C+KV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4947331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeyerMsimang-DermauxPaweskaBlumberg2016" class="citation journal cs1">Weyer J, Msimang-Dermaux V, Paweska JT, Blumberg LH, Le Roux K, Govender P, et al. 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National Department of Agriculture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923103559/http://www.nda.agric.za/docs/rabies/rabies.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rabies%3A+a+killer+disease&rft.pub=National+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Turton&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nda.agric.za%2Fdocs%2Frabies%2Frabies.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonWunner2002" class="citation book cs1">Jackson AC, Wunner WH (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p8rMezRaD4oC&pg=PA290"><i>Rabies</i></a>. 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Center for Disease Control and Prevention. <q>Rabid dogs are commonly found,rabies treatment is often available.&text=Since children are more likely,for children traveling to Thailand</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travelers%27+health&rft.atitle=Thailand&rft.date=2024&rft.au=CDC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwwnc.cdc.gov%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Ftraveler%2Fnone%2Fthailand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCDC2024" class="citation web cs1">CDC (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/thailand">"Thailand"</a>. <i>Travelers' health</i>. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. <q>Dogs infected with rabies are sometimes found in Thailand. If rabies exposures occur while in Thailand, rabies vaccines are typically available throughout most of the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travelers%27+health&rft.atitle=Thailand&rft.date=2024&rft.au=CDC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwwnc.cdc.gov%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Ftraveler%2Fnone%2Fthailand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baron22-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baron22_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baron22_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaronChevalierLyDuong2022" class="citation journal cs1">Baron JN, Chevalier V, Ly S, Duong V, Dussart P, Fontenille D, Peng YS, Martínez-López B (June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9491732">"Accessibility to rabies centers and human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis rates in Cambodia: A Bayesian spatio-temporal analysis to identify optimal locations for future centers"</a>. <i>PLOS Negl Trop Dis</i>. <b>16</b> (6): e0010494. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0010494">10.1371/journal.pntd.0010494</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9491732">9491732</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35771752">35771752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Negl+Trop+Dis&rft.atitle=Accessibility+to+rabies+centers+and+human+rabies+post-exposure+prophylaxis+rates+in+Cambodia%3A+A+Bayesian+spatio-temporal+analysis+to+identify+optimal+locations+for+future+centers&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0010494&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9491732%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35771752&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0010494&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=JN&rft.au=Chevalier%2C+V&rft.au=Ly%2C+S&rft.au=Duong%2C+V&rft.au=Dussart%2C+P&rft.au=Fontenille%2C+D&rft.au=Peng%2C+YS&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-L%C3%B3pez%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9491732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCDC2024" class="citation web cs1">CDC (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/cambodia">"Cambodia"</a>. <i>Travelers' Health</i>. Center for Disease Control. <q>Dogs infected with rabies are commonly found in Cambodia. If rabies exposures occur while in Cambodia, rabies vaccines are typically available throughout most of the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travelers%27+Health&rft.atitle=Cambodia&rft.date=2024&rft.au=CDC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwwnc.cdc.gov%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Ftraveler%2Fnone%2Fcambodia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson1977" class="citation journal cs1">Adamson PB (1977). 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CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-6760-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-6760-1"><bdi>978-0-8493-6760-1</bdi></a>. <q>The first major epizootic in North America was reported in 1768, continuing until 1771 when foxes and dogs carried the disease to swine and domestic animals. The malady was so unusual that it was reported as a new disease</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+Rabies&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-6760-1&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=GM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddw8qW6jcfWUC%26q%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Brabies%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThan2010" class="citation web cs1">Than K (27 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913232030/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/1001027-rabies-influenza-zombie-virus-science/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Zombie Virus' Possible via Rabies-Flu Hybrid?"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/1001027-rabies-influenza-zombie-virus-science/">the original</a> on 13 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=%27Zombie+Virus%27+Possible+via+Rabies-Flu+Hybrid%3F&rft.date=2010-10-27&rft.aulast=Than&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F10%2F1001027-rabies-influenza-zombie-virus-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanto_Tomás_Pérez2002" class="citation book cs1">Santo Tomás Pérez M (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/descargaPdf/la-asistencia-a-los-enfermos-en-castilla-en-la-baja-edad-media--0/"><i>La asistencia a los enfermos en Castilla en la Baja Edad Media</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valladolid" title="University of Valladolid">Universidad de Valladolid</a>. pp. 172–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-688-3906-X" title="Special:BookSources/84-688-3906-X"><bdi>84-688-3906-X</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Virtual_Miguel_de_Cervantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes">Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+asistencia+a+los+enfermos+en+Castilla+en+la+Baja+Edad+Media&rft.pages=172-3&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Valladolid&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=84-688-3906-X&rft.aulast=Santo+Tom%C3%A1s+P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2FdescargaPdf%2Fla-asistencia-a-los-enfermos-en-castilla-en-la-baja-edad-media--0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ettinger_1995-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ettinger_1995_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEttingerFeldman1995" class="citation book cs1">Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC (1995). <i>Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine</i> (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-6795-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-6795-9"><bdi>978-0-7216-6795-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Veterinary+Internal+Medicine&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=W.B.+Saunders+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-6795-9&rft.aulast=Ettinger&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Feldman%2C+EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Pankhurst, Richard. "The history and traditional treatment of rabies in Ethiopia." <i>Medical History</i> 14, no. 4 (1970): 378–389.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <div class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.8em 0.8em; width: 18.55em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 87%; clear: right; line-height:1.3em; background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;float:right;"><div style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Project_Med/App" title="meta:Wiki Project Med/App"><img alt="The offline app allows you to download all of Wikipedia's medical articles in an app to access them when you have no Internet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tango_Phone_medapp.svg/42px-Tango_Phone_medapp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tango_Phone_medapp.svg/63px-Tango_Phone_medapp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tango_Phone_medapp.svg/84px-Tango_Phone_medapp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="47" /></a></span></div><div style="float:left;width:6px;padding:1px;height:47px;"></div>Wikipedia's health care articles can be viewed offline with the <b><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Project_Med/App" class="extiw" title="meta:Wiki Project Med/App">Medical Wikipedia app</a></b>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rabies" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rabies">Rabies</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hydrophobia" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hydrophobia">Hydrophobia</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/rabies" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/rabies">rabies</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/index.html">"Rabies"</a>. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rabies&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Frabies%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.viprbrc.org/brc/search_landing.spg?decorator=rhabdo">"Rhabdoviridae"</a>. <i>Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virus+Pathogen+Database+and+Analysis+Resource+%28ViPR%29&rft.atitle=Rhabdoviridae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.viprbrc.org%2Fbrc%2Fsearch_landing.spg%3Fdecorator%3Drhabdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813050639/https://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/rabies-portal/">"OIE's Rabies Portal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/rabies-portal/">the original</a> on 13 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OIE%27s+Rabies+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oie.int%2Fen%2Fanimal-health-in-the-world%2Frabies-portal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaruturi2009" class="citation web cs1">Karuturi S (20 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402053228/http://www.doctorshangout.com/forum/topics/videos-of-aerophobia-and">"Videos of Aerophobia and Hydrophobia in a suspected Rabies case"</a>. <i>Doctors Hangout</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doctorshangout.com/forum/topics/videos-of-aerophobia-and">the original</a> on 2 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doctors+Hangout&rft.atitle=Videos+of+Aerophobia+and+Hydrophobia+in+a+suspected+Rabies+case&rft.date=2009-06-20&rft.aulast=Karuturi&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doctorshangout.com%2Fforum%2Ftopics%2Fvideos-of-aerophobia-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=11292">"<i>Rabies virus</i>"</a>. <i>NCBI Taxonomy Browser</i>. 11292.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBI+Taxonomy+Browser&rft.atitle=Rabies+virus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2FTaxonomy%2FBrowser%2Fwwwtax.cgi%3Fmode%3DInfo%26id%3D11292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39222" class="extiw" title="d:Q39222">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#854762584">1C82</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/A82">A82</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=071">071</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011818">D011818</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb11148.htm">11148</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001334.htm">001334</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/1374-overview">med/1374</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/eerg/topic493.htm#">eerg/493</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1974.htm#">ped/1974</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/rabies-pro">Rabies</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Orphanet" title="Orphanet">Orphanet</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=770">770</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rabies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rabies" title="Template:Rabies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rabies" title="Template talk:Rabies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rabies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rabies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rabies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rabies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Rabies_in_popular_culture" title="Rabies in popular culture">In popular culture</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">Rabies vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_immunoglobulin" title="Rabies immunoglobulin">Rabies immunoglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_rabies" title="Prevalence of rabies">Prevalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_in_animals" title="Rabies in animals">Animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viruses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">Rabies virus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lyssavirus" title="Lyssavirus">lyssavirus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_rabies_virus" title="Arctic rabies virus">Arctic rabies virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outbreaks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_rabies_outbreak" title="Sarawak rabies outbreak">Sarawak rabies outbreak</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_in_Tanzania" title="Rabies in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_in_Haiti" title="Rabies in Haiti">Haiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">Encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">Aphasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">Respiratory failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">Cardiac arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">Paralysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_S._Tierkel" title="Ernest S. Tierkel">Ernest S. Tierkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lennox_Pawan" title="Joseph Lennox Pawan">Joseph Lennox Pawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_rabies" title="Cryptic rabies">Cryptic rabies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_bite" title="Animal bite">Animal bite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_bite" title="Dog bite">Dog bite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Alliance_for_Rabies_Control" title="Global Alliance for Rabies Control">Global Alliance for Rabies Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Rabies" title="Mission Rabies">Mission Rabies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/600_Million_Dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="600 Million Dogs">600 Million Dogs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infectious_diseases_–_viral_systemic_diseases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Template:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Template talk:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infectious_diseases_–_viral_systemic_diseases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infectious diseases</a> – <a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viral systemic diseases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oncovirus" title="Oncovirus">Oncovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">HBV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Papillomaviridae" title="Papillomaviridae">HPV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anal_cancer" title="Anal cancer">Anal cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Penile_cancer" title="Penile cancer">Penile cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vulvar_cancer" title="Vulvar cancer">Vulvar cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cancer" title="Vaginal cancer">Vaginal cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/HPV-positive_oropharyngeal_cancer" title="HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer">Oropharyngeal cancer</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus" title="Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus">KSHV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus" title="Epstein–Barr virus">EBV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma" title="Nasopharyngeal carcinoma">Nasopharyngeal carcinoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burkitt%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkitt's lymphoma">Burkitt's lymphoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma" title="Hodgkin lymphoma">Hodgkin lymphoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Follicular_dendritic_cell_sarcoma" title="Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma">Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Extranodal_NK/T-cell_lymphoma,_nasal_type" title="Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type">Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Merkel_cell_polyomavirus" title="Merkel cell polyomavirus">MCPyV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">HCV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Splenic_marginal_zone_lymphoma" title="Splenic marginal zone lymphoma">Splenic marginal zone lymphoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-I</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adult_T-cell_leukemia/lymphoma" title="Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma">Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_disorder" title="Immune disorder">Immune disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_viral_disease" title="Central nervous system viral disease">Central<br /> nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_encephalitis" title="Viral encephalitis">Encephalitis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Viral_meningitis" title="Viral meningitis">meningitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Human_polyomavirus_2" title="Human polyomavirus 2">Human polyomavirus 2</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Progressive_multifocal_leukoencephalopathy" title="Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy">Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Measles_morbillivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Measles morbillivirus">MeV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Subacute_sclerosing_panencephalitis" title="Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis">Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">LCV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">Lymphocytic choriomeningitis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitis</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i> (probable) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica" title="Encephalitis lethargica">Encephalitis lethargica</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">RV</a></i> <dl><dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rabies</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chandipura_vesiculovirus" title="Chandipura vesiculovirus">Chandipura vesiculovirus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herpesviral_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviral meningitis">Herpesviral meningitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Hunt_syndrome_type_2" title="Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2">Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myelitis" title="Myelitis">Myelitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poliovirus" title="Poliovirus">Poliovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">Poliomyelitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-polio_syndrome" title="Post-polio syndrome">Post-polio syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-I</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_spastic_paraparesis" title="Tropical spastic paraparesis">Tropical spastic paraparesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_retinitis" title="Cytomegalovirus retinitis">Cytomegalovirus retinitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">HSV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_keratitis" title="Herpes simplex keratitis">Herpes of the eye</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">Pericarditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">Myocarditis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">acute viral<br />nasopharyngitis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">viral pneumonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus" title="Epstein–Barr virus">Epstein–Barr virus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_infection" title="Epstein–Barr virus infection">EBV infection</a>/<a href="/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis" title="Infectious mononucleosis">Infectious mononucleosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_IV_–_positive-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">IV</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human coronavirus">Human coronavirus</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_229E" title="Human coronavirus 229E">229E</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63" title="Human coronavirus NL63">NL63</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_HKU1" title="Human coronavirus HKU1">HKU1</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_OC43" title="Human coronavirus OC43">OC43</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus">MERS coronavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome">Middle East respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">SARS coronavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">Severe acute respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_V_–_negative-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">V</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus" title="Influenza A virus">Influenza virus A</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_B_virus" title="Influenza B virus">B</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_C_virus" title="Influenza C virus">C</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_D_virus" title="Influenza D virus">D</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a>/<a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Avian influenza</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>V, <i><a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruses" title="Human parainfluenza viruses">Human parainfluenza viruses</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruses" title="Human parainfluenza viruses">Parainfluenza</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_orthopneumovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human orthopneumovirus">Human orthopneumovirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_metapneumovirus" title="Human metapneumovirus">hMPV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Human<br /> digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a>/<a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mumps_virus" title="Mumps virus">MuV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_esophagitis" title="Cytomegalovirus esophagitis">Cytomegalovirus esophagitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis#Viral" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis#Virus" title="Gastroenteritis">diarrhea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Adenoviridae" title="Adenoviridae">Adenovirus</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_infection" title="Adenovirus infection">Adenovirus infection</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rotaviral_gastroenteritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotaviral gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Astrovirus" title="Astrovirus">Astrovirus</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">Coronavirus</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">Hepatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">HBV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">B</a>)</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A#Virology" title="Hepatitis A">HAV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">A</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">HCV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">C</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">HDV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">D</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Orthohepevirus_A" title="Orthohepevirus A">HEV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">E</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BK_virus" title="BK virus">BK virus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mumps_virus" title="Mumps virus">MuV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zoonotic_viral_diseases_(A80–B34,_042–079)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoonotic_viral_diseases" title="Template:Zoonotic viral diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoonotic_viral_diseases" title="Template talk:Zoonotic viral diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoonotic_viral_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoonotic viral diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoonotic_viral_diseases_(A80–B34,_042–079)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">Zoonotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viral diseases</a> (A80–B34, <a href="/wiki/042%E2%80%93079" class="mw-redirect" title="042–079">042–079</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropod<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease" title="Mosquito-borne disease">Mosquito<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales">Bunyavirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Batai_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Batai virus">Batai virus</a> <ul><li>BATV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwamba_orthobunyavirus" title="Bwamba orthobunyavirus">Bwamba Fever</a> <ul><li>BWAV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_encephalitis_orthobunyavirus" title="California encephalitis orthobunyavirus">California encephalitis</a> <ul><li>CEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Canyon_encephalitis" title="Jamestown Canyon encephalitis">Jamestown Canyon encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse_encephalitis" title="La Crosse encephalitis">La Crosse encephalitis</a> <ul><li>LACV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahyna_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahyna virus">Tahyna virus</a> <ul><li>TAHV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tete_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tete virus">Tete virus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bunyamwera_orthobunyavirus" title="Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus">Bunyamwera fever</a> <ul><li>BUNV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_virus" title="Ngari virus">Ngari virus</a> <ul><li>NRIV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_fever" title="Rift Valley fever">Rift Valley fever</a> <ul><li>RVFV</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Flaviviridae" title="Flaviviridae">Flaviviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis" title="Japanese encephalitis">Japanese encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese encephalitis virus">JEV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Valley_encephalitis_virus" title="Murray Valley encephalitis virus">Australian encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Valley_encephalitis_virus" title="Murray Valley encephalitis virus">MVEV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunjin_virus" title="Kunjin virus">KUNV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_encephalitis" title="Saint Louis encephalitis">Saint Louis encephalitis</a> <ul><li>SLEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usutu_virus" title="Usutu virus">Usutu virus</a> <ul><li>USUV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nile_fever" title="West Nile fever">West Nile fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Nile_virus" title="West Nile virus">WNV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">Dengue fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dengue_virus" title="Dengue virus">DENV-1-4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">Yellow fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow fever virus">YFV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_fever" title="Zika fever">Zika fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZIKV" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIKV">ZIKV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Togaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Togaviridae">Togaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_equine_encephalitis" title="Eastern equine encephalitis">Eastern equine encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li>EEEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_equine_encephalitis_virus" title="Western equine encephalitis virus">Western equine encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li>WEEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_equine_encephalitis_virus" title="Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus">Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li>VEEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya" title="Chikungunya">Chikungunya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chikungunya virus">CHIKV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27nyong%27nyong_virus" title="O'nyong'nyong virus">O'nyong'nyong fever</a> <ul><li>ONNV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogosta_disease" title="Pogosta disease">Pogosta disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindbis_virus" title="Sindbis virus">Sindbis virus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_River_fever" title="Ross River fever">Ross River fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_River_virus" title="Ross River virus">RRV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semliki_Forest_virus" title="Semliki Forest virus">Semliki Forest virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Reoviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Reoviridae">Reoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banna_virus" title="Banna virus">Banna virus encephalitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_disease#Viral" title="Tick-borne disease">Tick<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales">Bunyavirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Congo_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever">Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever</a> (CCHFV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartland virus">Heartland virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_fever_with_thrombocytopenia_syndrome" title="Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome">Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huaiyangshan_banyangvirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaiyangshan banyangvirus">Huaiyangshan banyangvirus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tete_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tete virus">Tete virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bhanja_virus" title="Bhanja virus">Bhanja virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Flaviviridae" title="Flaviviridae">Flaviviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis" title="Tick-borne encephalitis">Tick-borne encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus" title="Tick-borne encephalitis virus">TBEV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powassan_encephalitis" title="Powassan encephalitis">Powassan encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powassan_virus" title="Powassan virus">POWV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Omsk_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Omsk hemorrhagic fever">Omsk hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li>OHFV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyasanur_Forest_disease" title="Kyasanur Forest disease">Kyasanur Forest disease</a> <ul><li>KFDV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkhurma_virus" title="Alkhurma virus">AHFV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langat_virus" title="Langat virus">Langat virus</a> <ul><li>LGTV</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_virus" title="Bourbon virus">Bourbon virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Reoviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Reoviridae">Reoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_tick_fever" title="Colorado tick fever">Colorado tick fever</a> <ul><li>CTFV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemerovo_tickborne_viral_fever" title="Kemerovo tickborne viral fever">Kemerovo tickborne viral fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sandfly#Viruses" title="Sandfly">Sandfly<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales">Bunyavirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adria_virus" title="Adria virus">Adria virus</a> (ADRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oropouche_fever" title="Oropouche fever">Oropouche fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oropouche_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oropouche virus">Oropouche virus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappataci_fever" title="Pappataci fever">Pappataci fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toscana_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Toscana virus">Toscana virus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandfly_fever_Naples_phlebovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandfly fever Naples phlebovirus">Sandfly fever Naples virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Rhabdoviridae" title="Rhabdoviridae">Rhabdoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandipura_vesiculovirus" title="Chandipura vesiculovirus">Chandipura virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammal<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">Rodent<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arenavirus" title="Arenavirus">Arenaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lassa_fever" title="Lassa fever">Lassa fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lassa_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lassa virus">LASV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever">Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li>GTOV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Argentine hemorrhagic fever">Argentine hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentinian_mammarenavirus" title="Argentinian mammarenavirus">JUNV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Brazilian hemorrhagic fever">Brazilian hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Brazilian hemorrhagic fever">SABV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Bolivian hemorrhagic fever">Bolivian hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li>MACV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lujo_mammarenavirus" title="Lujo mammarenavirus">LUJV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapare_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapare virus">CHPV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales">Bunyavirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_hemorrhagic_fever_with_renal_syndrome" title="Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome">Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobrava-Belgrade_orthohantavirus" title="Dobrava-Belgrade orthohantavirus">DOBV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantaan_orthohantavirus" title="Hantaan orthohantavirus">HTNV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puumala_orthohantavirus" title="Puumala orthohantavirus">PUUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_orthohantavirus" title="Seoul orthohantavirus">SEOV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_virus" title="Amur virus">AMRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_virus" title="Thailand virus">THAIV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome" title="Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome">Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andes_orthohantavirus" title="Andes orthohantavirus">ANDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_Nombre_orthohantavirus" title="Sin Nombre orthohantavirus">SNV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Murid_gammaherpesvirus_4" title="Murid gammaherpesvirus 4">Murid gammaherpesvirus 4</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bat#Disease_transmission" title="Bat">Bat<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Filoviridae" title="Filoviridae">Filoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus disease">Ebola virus disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundibugyo_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundibugyo virus">BDBV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan virus">SUDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AF_Forest_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Taï Forest virus">TAFV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_ebolavirus" title="Zaire ebolavirus">ZEBOV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_virus_disease" title="Marburg virus disease">Marburg virus disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_virus" title="Marburg virus">MARV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravn_virus" title="Ravn virus">RAVV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Rhabdoviridae" title="Rhabdoviridae">Rhabdoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rabies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_bat_lyssavirus" title="Australian bat lyssavirus">ABLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokola_lyssavirus" title="Mokola lyssavirus">MOKV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvenhage_lyssavirus" title="Duvenhage lyssavirus">DUVV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_bat_lyssavirus" title="Lagos bat lyssavirus">LBV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandipura_vesiculovirus" title="Chandipura vesiculovirus">CHPV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henipavirus" title="Henipavirus">Henipavirus encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hendra_virus" title="Hendra virus">HeV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipah_virus" title="Nipah virus">NiV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Coronaviridae" title="Coronaviridae">Coronaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus">MERS-CoV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-related_coronavirus" title="SARS-related coronavirus">SARS-related coronavirus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">SARS-CoV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primate<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/B_virus" title="B virus">B virus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">Retroviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simian_foamy_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Simian foamy virus">Simian foamy virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_2" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 2">HTLV-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Poxviridae" title="Poxviridae">Poxviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanapox" title="Tanapox">Tanapox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaba_monkey_tumor_virus" title="Yaba monkey tumor virus">Yaba monkey tumor virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple<br />vectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Rhabdoviridae" title="Rhabdoviridae">Rhabdoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rabies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">RABV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokola_lyssavirus" title="Mokola lyssavirus">Mokola virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Poxviridae" title="Poxviridae">Poxviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monkeypox" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkeypox">Monkeypox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Domestic_cats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Domestic_cat" title="Template:Domestic cat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Domestic_cat" title="Template talk:Domestic cat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Domestic_cat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Domestic cat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Domestic_cats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Domestic cats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Felinology" title="Felinology">Felinology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_anatomy" title="Cat anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_genetics" title="Cat genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_cat" title="Dwarf cat">Dwarf cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitten" title="Kitten">Kitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd-eyed_cat" title="Odd-eyed cat">Odd-eyed cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squitten" title="Squitten">Squitten</a></li> <li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cat_coat_genetics" title="Cat coat genetics">Coat genetics</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicolor_cat" title="Bicolor cat">Bicolor cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cat" title="Black cat">Black cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_cat" title="Calico cat">Calico cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabby_cat" title="Tabby cat">Tabby cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell_cat" title="Tortoiseshell cat">Tortoiseshell cat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cat_health" title="Cat health">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_in_cats" title="Aging in cats">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychectomy" title="Onychectomy">Declawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_food" title="Cat food">Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dental_health_diets_for_cats" title="Dental health diets for cats">dental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_cat_diet" title="Senior cat diet">senior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_vaccination" title="Feline vaccination">Vaccination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cat_behavior" title="Cat behavior">Behavior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%E2%80%93dog_relationship" title="Cat–dog relationship">Cat–dog relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_communication" title="Cat communication">Catfight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catnip" title="Catnip">Catnip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(herb)" title="Valerian (herb)">valerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_communication" title="Cat communication">Communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meow" title="Meow">Meow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purr" title="Purr">Purr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneading_(cats)" title="Kneading (cats)">Kneading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_intelligence" title="Cat intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_play_and_toys" title="Cat play and toys">Play and toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_righting_reflex" title="Cat righting reflex">Righting reflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_senses" title="Cat senses">Senses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_interaction_with_cats" title="Human interaction with cats">Human–cat<br />interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ailurophobia" title="Ailurophobia">Ailurophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_caf%C3%A9" title="Cat café">Cat cafés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cat_killers" title="Category:Cat killers">Cat killers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_massage" title="Cat massage">Cat massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat-scratch_disease" title="Cat-scratch disease">Cat-scratch disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_show" title="Cat show">Cat show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cats_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Cats in ancient Egypt">Cats in ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_cats" title="Cultural depictions of cats">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_felines" title="List of fictional felines">fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cats_and_the_Internet" title="Cats and the Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog-like_cat" title="Dog-like cat">Dog-like cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_cat" title="Feral cat">Feral cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_cats" title="Islam and cats">Cats and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolcat" title="Lolcat">Lolcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cat_Day" title="National Cat Day">National Cat Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">Pet cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_cat" title="Working cat">Working cat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodega_cat" title="Bodega cat">Bodega cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_cat" title="Farm cat">Farm cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_cat" title="Library cat">Library cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_cat" title="Ship's cat">Ship's cat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_zoonosis" title="Feline zoonosis">Zoonosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cat_registry" title="Cat registry">Registries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Cat_Fanciers_Association" title="American Cat Fanciers Association">American Cat Fanciers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associazione_Nazionale_Felina_Italiana" title="Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana">Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Cat_Association" title="Canadian Cat Association">Canadian Cat Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Aficionado_Association" title="Cat Aficionado Association">Cat Aficionado Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Fanciers%27_Association" title="Cat Fanciers' Association">Cat Fanciers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_F%C3%A9line" title="Fédération Internationale Féline">Fédération Internationale Féline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governing_Council_of_the_Cat_Fancy" title="Governing Council of the Cat Fancy">Governing Council of the Cat Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Cat_Fancy" title="New Zealand Cat Fancy">New Zealand Cat Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa_Cat_Council" title="Southern Africa Cat Council">Southern Africa Cat Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Cat_Association" title="The International Cat Association">The International Cat Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Cat_Congress" title="World Cat Congress">World Cat Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Cat_Federation" title="World Cat Federation">World Cat Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breeds<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_cat_breeds" title="List of cat breeds">full list</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_cat_breeds" title="List of experimental cat breeds">experimental</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fully<br />domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_cat" title="Abyssinian cat">Abyssinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Curl" title="American Curl">American Curl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Shorthair" title="American Shorthair">American Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cat" title="Balinese cat">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Shorthair" title="Brazilian Shorthair">Brazilian Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Shorthair" title="British Shorthair">British Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birman" title="Birman">Birman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_cat" title="Bombay cat">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cat" title="Burmese cat">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmilla" title="Burmilla">Burmilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Spangled" title="California Spangled">California Spangled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartreux" title="Chartreux">Chartreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Li" title="Dragon Li">Chinese Li Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorpoint_Shorthair" title="Colorpoint Shorthair">Colorpoint Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Rex" title="Cornish Rex">Cornish Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymric_cat" title="Cymric cat">Cymric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Rex" title="Devon Rex">Devon Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donskoy_cat" title="Donskoy cat">Donskoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Mau" title="Egyptian Mau">Egyptian Mau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Shorthair" title="European Shorthair">European Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_Shorthair" title="Exotic Shorthair">Exotic Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldex_cat" title="Foldex cat">Foldex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Rex" title="German Rex">German Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_cat" title="Himalayan cat">Himalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Bobtail" title="Japanese Bobtail">Japanese Bobtail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cat" title="Javanese cat">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_Manee" title="Khao Manee">Khao Manee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korat" title="Korat">Korat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurilian_Bobtail" title="Kurilian Bobtail">Kurilian Bobtail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lykoi" title="Lykoi">Lykoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Coon" title="Maine Coon">Maine Coon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_cat" title="Manx cat">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munchkin_cat" title="Munchkin cat">Munchkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neva_Masquerade" title="Neva Masquerade">Neva Masquerade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Forest_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Forest cat">Norwegian Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocicat" title="Ocicat">Ocicat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojos_Azules" title="Ojos Azules">Ojos Azules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Shorthair" title="Oriental Shorthair">Oriental Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_cat" title="Persian cat">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterbald" title="Peterbald">Peterbald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixie-bob" title="Pixie-bob">Pixie-bob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragdoll" title="Ragdoll">Ragdoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_cat" title="Ragamuffin cat">Ragamuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Blue" title="Russian Blue">Russian Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Fold" title="Scottish Fold">Scottish Fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkirk_Rex" title="Selkirk Rex">Selkirk Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_cat" title="Siamese cat">Siamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_cat" title="Siberian cat">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapura_cat" title="Singapura cat">Singapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_cat" title="Snowshoe cat">Snowshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cat" title="Somali cat">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphynx_cat" title="Sphynx cat">Sphynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cat" title="Thai cat">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Persian" title="Traditional Persian">Traditional Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkinese_cat" title="Tonkinese cat">Tonkinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyger" title="Toyger">Toyger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Angora" title="Turkish Angora">Turkish Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Van" title="Turkish Van">Turkish Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_cat" title="Bengal cat">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chausie" title="Chausie">Chausie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_cat" title="Highlander cat">Highlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_cat" title="Savannah cat">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serengeti_cat" title="Serengeti cat">Serengeti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">Landraces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_cat" title="Aegean cat">Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_cat" title="Cyprus cat">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellas_cat" title="Kellas cat">Kellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoke" title="Sokoke">Sokoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_cat" title="Van cat">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_feline_diseases" title="List of feline diseases">Diseases and<br />disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feline_acne" title="Feline acne">Acne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_asthma" title="Feline asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_calicivirus" title="Feline calicivirus">Calicivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_sensorineural_deafness_in_cats" title="Congenital sensorineural deafness in cats">Congenital sensorineural deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_corneal_sequestrum" title="Feline corneal sequestrum">Feline corneal sequestrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_flea" title="Cat flea">Flea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccidia" title="Coccidia">Coccidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_immitis" title="Dirofilaria immitis">Heartworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_hepatic_lipidosis" title="Feline hepatic lipidosis">Hepatic lipidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy#Related_disorders" title="Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Feline immunodeficiency virus">Immunodeficiency virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_infectious_peritonitis" title="Feline infectious peritonitis">Infectious peritonitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_leukemia_virus" title="Feline leukemia virus">Leukemia virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_lower_urinary_tract_disease" title="Feline lower urinary tract disease">Lower urinary tract disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_protoparvovirus_1" title="Carnivore protoparvovirus 1">Panleukopenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">Giardiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydactyl_cat" title="Polydactyl cat">Polydactyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_in_animals" title="Rabies in animals">Rabies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophytosis" title="Dermatophytosis">Ringworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritrichomonas_foetus" title="Tritrichomonas foetus">Tritrichomonas foetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxocara_cati" title="Toxocara cati">Roundworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_skin_disorders" title="Cat skin disorders">Skin disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">Tick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_viral_rhinotracheitis" title="Feline viral rhinotracheitis">Viral rhinotracheitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cats_by_country" title="Category:Cats by country">Cats by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cats_in_Australia" title="Cats in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cats_in_Canada" title="Category:Cats in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cats_in_Japan" title="Category:Cats in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cats_in_New_Zealand" title="Cats in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cats_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Cats in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cats_in_the_United_States" title="Cats in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_cats" title="List of individual cats">List of individual cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_cats" title="List of longest-living cats">List of longest-living cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cat_folklore" title="Category:Cat folklore">Cats in folklore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cats" title="Category:Cats">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dogs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#c3b091;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Domestic_dog" title="Template:Domestic dog"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Domestic_dog" title="Template talk:Domestic dog"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Domestic_dog" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Domestic dog"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dogs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dogs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_type" title="Dog type">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_village_dog" title="African village dog">African village dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-ranging_dog" title="Free-ranging dog">Free-ranging dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pye-dog" title="Pye-dog">Pye-dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Street dog">Street dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairless_dog" title="Hairless dog">Hairless dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herding_dog" title="Herding dog">Herding dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collie" title="Collie">Collie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock_guardian_dog" title="Livestock guardian dog">Livestock guardian dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_dog" title="Sheep dog">Sheep dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cur" title="Cur">Cur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feist_(dog_breed)" title="Feist (dog breed)">Feist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurcher" title="Lurcher">Lurcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_dog" title="Gun dog">Gun dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_dog" title="Pointing dog">Pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retriever" title="Retriever">Retriever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setter" title="Setter">Setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniel" title="Spaniel">Spaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_dog" title="Water dog">Water dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hound" title="Hound">Hound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scent_hound" title="Scent hound">Scenthound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basset" title="Basset">Basset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonhound" title="Coonhound">Coonhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxhound" title="Foxhound">Foxhound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sighthound" title="Sighthound">Sighthound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdog" title="Longdog">Longdog</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrier" title="Terrier">Terrier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bull_and_terrier" title="Bull and terrier">Bull-type terrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinscher" title="Pinscher">Pinscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnauzer" title="Schnauzer">Schnauzer</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastiff" title="Mastiff">Mastiff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulldog_type" title="Bulldog type">Bulldog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitz" title="Spitz">Spitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husky" title="Husky">Husky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laika_(dog_type)" title="Laika (dog type)">Laika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugou" title="Tugou">Tugou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_dog" title="Toy dog">Toy dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bichon" title="Bichon">Bichon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnspit_dog" title="Turnspit dog">Turnspit dog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_breed" title="Dog breed">Breeds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds" title="List of dog breeds">List of breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_crossbreeds" title="List of dog crossbreeds">List of crossbreeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongrel" title="Mongrel">Mixed-breed dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_crossbreed" title="Dog crossbreed">Crossbreed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_dog_breeds" title="List of extinct dog breeds">Extinct breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_dog_breeds_in_the_United_States" title="List of most popular dog breeds in the United States">Most popular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistance_dog" title="Assistance dog">Assistance dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_assistance_dog" title="Autism assistance dog">Autism dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_dog" title="Guide dog">Guide dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_dog" title="Hearing dog">Hearing dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_response_dog" title="Medical response dog">Medical response dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_response_dog" title="Seizure response dog">Seizure dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_assistance_dog" title="Mobility assistance dog">Mobility assistance dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy_dog" title="Therapy dog">Therapy dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_assistance_dog" title="Psychiatric assistance dog">Psychiatric assistance dog</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_dog" title="Attack dog">Attack dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_dog" title="Bay dog">Bay dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_dog" title="Carriage dog">Carriage dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_dog" title="Catch dog">Catch dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_dog" title="Companion dog">Companion dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_dog" title="Detection dog">Detection dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_fighting" title="Dog fighting">Fighting dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_dog" title="Guard dog">Guard dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_dog" title="Lap dog">Lap dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Meat dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_dog" title="Mercy dog">Mercy dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_dog" title="Police dog">Police dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_usage_of_police_dogs" title="Worldwide usage of police dogs">usage by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_dog" title="Search and rescue dog">Search and rescue dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">Sled dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_warfare" title="Dogs in warfare">War dog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_behavior" title="Dog behavior">Behavior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_communication" title="Dog communication">Communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bark_(sound)" title="Bark (sound)">Barking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_language_of_dogs" title="Body language of dogs">Body language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howling" title="Howling">Howling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_intelligence" title="Dog intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%E2%80%93dog_relationship" title="Cat–dog relationship">Dog–cat relationship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;">Human–dog<br />interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal testing on dogs">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiting_(blood_sport)" title="Baiting (blood sport)">Baiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed-specific_legislation" title="Breed-specific legislation">Breed-specific legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynanthropy" title="Cynanthropy">Cynanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_bite" title="Dog bite">Dog bite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_daycare" title="Dog daycare">Dog daycare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_fighting" title="Dog fighting">Dog fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_food" title="Dog food">Dog food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_biscuit" title="Dog biscuit">dog biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_pet_food_recalls" title="2007 pet food recalls">2007 recalls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_grooming" title="Dog grooming">Dog grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_religion" title="Dogs in religion">Dogs in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Dogs in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_licence" title="Dog licence">Dog licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_park" title="Dog park">Dog park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_show" title="Dog show">Dog show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_theft" title="Dog theft">Dog theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_sports" title="List of dog sports">Dog sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_walking" title="Dog walking">Dog walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynophobia" title="Cynophobia">Fear of dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93canine_bond" title="Human–canine bond">Human–canine bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog" title="Domestication of the dog">Origin of the domestic dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy_dog" title="Therapy dog">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_health" title="Dog health">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_in_dogs" title="Aging in dogs">Aging</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_dogs" title="List of longest-living dogs">List of longest-living dogs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_anatomy" title="Dog anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_breeding" title="Dog breeding">Breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_coat" title="Dog coat">Coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformation_(dog)" title="Conformation (dog)">Conformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_diseases" title="List of dog diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_food" title="Dog food">Dog food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_odor" title="Dog odor">Odor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_in_animals" title="Rabies in animals">Rabies in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_syndrome" title="Rage syndrome">Rage syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canine_reproduction" title="Canine reproduction">Reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_skin_disorders" title="Dog skin disorders">Skin disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_of_dogs" title="Vaccination of dogs">Vaccination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_training" title="Dog training">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clicker_training" title="Clicker training">Clicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crate_training" title="Crate training">Crate training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housebreaking" title="Housebreaking">Housebreaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_of_animals" title="Socialization of animals">Socialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_silver_fox" title="Domesticated silver fox">Domesticated silver fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_dogs" title="List of individual dogs">List of individual dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_dogs" title="List of fictional dogs">List of fictional dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_dogs" title="Lists of dogs">Lists of dogs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#c3b091; font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39222#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4185630-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rabies"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85110217">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rage"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11972175z">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rage"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11972175z">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567222">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vzteklina"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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