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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Measles vaccine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masels-entstof" title="Masels-entstof – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Masels-entstof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="لقاح الحصبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لقاح الحصبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1lca_peyv%C9%99ndi" title="Qızılca peyvəndi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qızılca peyvəndi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="হামের টিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হামের টিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Супрацьадзёрная вакцына – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Супрацьадзёрная вакцына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D1%83_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Ваксина срещу морбили – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ваксина срещу морбили" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katemera_wa_chikuku" title="Katemera wa chikuku – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Katemera wa chikuku" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushonga_unodzivirira_gwirikwiti" title="Mushonga unodzivirira gwirikwiti – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mushonga unodzivirira gwirikwiti" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masernimpfstoff" title="Masernimpfstoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Masernimpfstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Εμβόλιο ιλαράς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εμβόλιο ιλαράς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuna_contra_el_sarampi%C3%B3n" title="Vacuna contra el sarampión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vacuna contra el sarampión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgorri-kontrako_txerto" title="Elgorri-kontrako txerto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elgorri-kontrako txerto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE%DA%A9" title="واکسن سرخک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واکسن سرخک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccin_contre_la_rougeole" title="Vaccin contre la rougeole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vaccin contre la rougeole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%8D%EC%97%AD_%EB%B0%B1%EC%8B%A0" title="홍역 백신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="홍역 백신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alurar_rigakafin_kyanda" title="Alurar rigakafin kyanda – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Alurar rigakafin kyanda" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Կարմրուկի պատվաստանյութ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարմրուկի պատվաստանյութ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="खसरे का टीका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खसरे का टीका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cjepivo_protiv_ospica" title="Cjepivo protiv ospica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cjepivo protiv ospica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogwu_akpata" title="Ogwu akpata – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ogwu akpata" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaksin_campak" title="Vaksin campak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vaksin campak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccino_anti-morbillo" title="Vaccino anti-morbillo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vaccino anti-morbillo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%AA" title="חיסון נגד חצבת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיסון נגד חצבת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanjo_ya_ukambi" title="Chanjo ya ukambi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chanjo ya ukambi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tym%C5%B3_vakcina" title="Tymų vakcina – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tymų vakcina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="അഞ്ചാംപനി വാക്സിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഞ്ചാംപനി വാക്സിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8" title="गोवर लस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गोवर लस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaksin_campak" title="Vaksin campak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vaksin campak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ဝက်သက်ရောဂါကာကွယ်ဆေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝက်သက်ရောဂါကာကွယ်ဆေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%96%B9%E3%83%AF%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="麻疹ワクチン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="麻疹ワクチン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccin_c%C3%B2ntra_lo_senepion" title="Vaccin còntra lo senepion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vaccin còntra lo senepion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE" title="ମିଳିମିଳା ଟିକା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମିଳିମିଳା ଟିକା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizamiqqa_qarshi_vaksina" title="Qizamiqqa qarshi vaksina – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qizamiqqa qarshi vaksina" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਖ਼ਸਰੇ ਦਾ ਟੀਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਸਰੇ ਦਾ ਟੀਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacina_antissarampo" title="Vacina antissarampo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vacina antissarampo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccin_antirujeolic" title="Vaccin antirujeolic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vaccin antirujeolic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Вакцина против кори – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вакцина против кори" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ente_ya_maselese" title="Ente ya maselese – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Ente ya maselese" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94" title="วัคซีนโรคหัด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัคซีนโรคหัด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B3%E1%89%A0%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%95%E1%8D%8D%E1%8B%AE" title="ክታበት ንፍዮ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ክታበት ንፍዮ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1zam%C4%B1k_a%C5%9F%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Kızamık aşısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kızamık aşısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%AFc-xin_ph%C3%B2ng_b%E1%BB%87nh_s%E1%BB%9Fi" title="Vắc-xin phòng bệnh sởi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vắc-xin phòng bệnh sởi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91aqu_rougeole_(%C5%8Bas)" title="Ñaqu rougeole (ŋas) – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ñaqu rougeole (ŋas)" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80j%E1%BA%B9s%C3%A1ra_%C3%A0r%C3%B9n_%C3%ACta" title="Àjẹsára àrùn ìta – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àjẹsára àrùn ìta" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%96%B9%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="麻疹疫苗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="麻疹疫苗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%96%B9%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="麻疹疫苗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="麻疹疫苗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6804161#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vaccine used to prevent measles</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Measles vaccine">Measles vaccine</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Providing_vaccinations_to_protect_against_disease_after_Typhoon_Haiyan_(11352296333).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Providing_vaccinations_to_protect_against_disease_after_Typhoon_Haiyan_%2811352296333%29.jpg/220px-Providing_vaccinations_to_protect_against_disease_after_Typhoon_Haiyan_%2811352296333%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Providing_vaccinations_to_protect_against_disease_after_Typhoon_Haiyan_%2811352296333%29.jpg/330px-Providing_vaccinations_to_protect_against_disease_after_Typhoon_Haiyan_%2811352296333%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Providing_vaccinations_to_protect_against_disease_after_Typhoon_Haiyan_%2811352296333%29.jpg/440px-Providing_vaccinations_to_protect_against_disease_after_Typhoon_Haiyan_%2811352296333%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A child is given a measles vaccine.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccine description</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">Measles</a> virus</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vaccine#Types" title="Vaccine">Vaccine type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">Attenuated</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/influenza-virus-vaccine-inactivated.html">Monograph</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="medlineplus.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601176.html">a601176</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J07" title="ATC code J07">J07BD01</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J07BD01">WHO</a></span>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">POM</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">℞-only</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1704515-59-2">1704515-59-2</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>none</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D04866">D04866</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">(what is this?)</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">  <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=446097921&page2=Measles+vaccine">(verify)</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Measles vaccine</b> protects against becoming infected with <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all of those who do not develop immunity after a single dose develop it after a second dose.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the rate of <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> is greater than 92%, <a href="/wiki/Disease_outbreak" title="Disease outbreak">outbreaks</a> of measles typically no longer occur; however, they may occur again if the rate of vaccination decreases.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a>'s effectiveness lasts many years.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear if it becomes less effective over time.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vaccine may also protect against measles if given within a couple of days after exposure to measles.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-who.int_2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who.int_2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vaccine is generally safe, even for those infected by <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2020Me_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2020Me-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most children do not experience any side effects;<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2020Me2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2020Me2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> those that do occur are usually mild, such as fever, rash, pain at the site of injection, and joint stiffness; and are short-lived.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2020Me2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2020Me2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a> has been documented in about 3.5–10 cases per million doses.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rates of <a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a> do not appear to be increased by measles vaccination.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vaccine is available both <a href="/wiki/Vaccine#Valence" title="Vaccine">by itself</a> and in combinations such as the <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR vaccine</a> (a combination with the <a href="/wiki/Rubella_vaccine" title="Rubella vaccine">rubella vaccine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumps_vaccine" title="Mumps vaccine">mumps vaccine</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/MMRV_vaccine" title="MMRV vaccine">MMRV vaccine</a> (a combination of MMR with the <a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">chickenpox vaccine</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ProQuad_label_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProQuad_label-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.cdc.gov_2019_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measles vaccine is equally effective for preventing measles in all formulations, but side effects vary for different combinations.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) recommends measles vaccine be given at nine months of age in areas of the world where the disease is common, or at twelve months where the disease is not common.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Measles vaccine is <a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">based on a live but weakened strain</a> of measles.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It comes as a dried powder which is mixed with a <a href="/wiki/Diluent" title="Diluent">specific liquid</a> before being injected either just under the skin or into a muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verification that the vaccine was effective can be determined by blood tests.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The measles vaccine was first introduced in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-Yellow2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yellow2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that year, the Edmonston-B strain of measles virus was turned into a vaccine by <a href="/wiki/John_Enders" class="mw-redirect" title="John Enders">John Enders</a> and colleagues and licensed in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_2020_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_2020-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2018Hist_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2018Hist-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, an improved and even weaker measles vaccine was developed by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a> and colleagues, and began to be distributed, becoming the only measles vaccine used in the United States since 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDC_2020_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_2020-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2018Hist_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2018Hist-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 86% of children globally had received at least one dose of the vaccine as of 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO-factsheet_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-factsheet-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, at least 183 countries provided two doses in their routine immunization schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO23rd_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO23rd-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As outbreaks easily occur in under-vaccinated populations, non-prevalence of disease is seen as a test of sufficient vaccination within a population.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Measles_vaccine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Measles_US_1938-2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Measles cases 1938-1964 follow a highly variable epidemic pattern, with 150,000-850,000 cases per year. A sharp decline followed introduction of the vaccine in 1963, with fewer than 25,000 cases reported in 1968. Outbreaks around 1971 and 1977 gave 75,000 and 57,000 cases, respectively. Cases were stable at a few thousand per year until an outbreak of 28,000 in 1990. Cases declined from a few hundred per year in the early 1990s to a few dozen in the 2000s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Measles_US_1938-2019.png/290px-Measles_US_1938-2019.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Measles_US_1938-2019.png/435px-Measles_US_1938-2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Measles_US_1938-2019.png/580px-Measles_US_1938-2019.png 2x" data-file-width="8064" data-file-height="5081" /></a><figcaption> Measles cases reported in the United States before and after introduction of the vaccine.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Measles_Canada_1924-2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Measles_Canada_1924-2018.png/290px-Measles_Canada_1924-2018.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Measles_Canada_1924-2018.png/435px-Measles_Canada_1924-2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Measles_Canada_1924-2018.png/580px-Measles_Canada_1924-2018.png 2x" data-file-width="6420" data-file-height="4196" /></a><figcaption>Measles cases reported in Canada before and after introduction of the vaccine. Between 1959 and 1968 measles was not nationally reportable, hence there are no data are this period.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Measles_incidence_England%26Wales_1940-2007.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Measles_incidence_England%26Wales_1940-2007.png/290px-Measles_incidence_England%26Wales_1940-2007.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Measles_incidence_England%26Wales_1940-2007.png/435px-Measles_incidence_England%26Wales_1940-2007.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Measles_incidence_England%26Wales_1940-2007.png/580px-Measles_incidence_England%26Wales_1940-2007.png 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Measles cases reported in England and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>One dose is about 93% effective while two doses of the vaccine are about 97% effective at preventing measles.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2020Me_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2020Me-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the widespread use of the vaccine, measles was so common that infection was considered "as inevitable as death and taxes."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, reported cases of measles fell from 3 to 4 million with 400 to 500 deaths to tens of thousands per year following introduction of two measles vaccines in 1963 (both an inactivated and a live <a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">attenuated vaccine</a> (Edmonston B strain) were licensed for use, see chart at right).<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2020Me_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2020Me-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing uptake of the vaccine following outbreaks in 1971 and 1977 brought this down to thousands of cases per year in the 1980s. An outbreak of almost 30,000 cases in 1990 led to a renewed push for vaccination and the addition of a second vaccine to the recommended schedule. No more than 220 cases were reported in any year from 1997 to 2013, and the disease was believed no longer <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(epidemiology)" title="Endemic (epidemiology)">endemic</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9247368_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9247368-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, 667 cases were reported.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The benefits of measles vaccination in preventing illness, disability, and death have been well documented. Within the first 20 years of being licensed in the U.S., measles vaccination prevented an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a>, and 5,200 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1999 to 2004 a strategy led by the WHO and <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> led to improvements in measles vaccination coverage that averted an estimated 1.4 million measles deaths worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vaccine for measles led to the near-complete elimination of the disease in the United States and other developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTPeebles_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTPeebles-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the vaccine is made with a live virus which can cause side effects, these are far fewer and less serious than the sickness and death caused by measles itself; side effects ranging from rashes to, rarely, <a href="/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion">convulsions</a>, occur in a small percentage of recipients.<sup id="cite_ref-PI_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PI-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Measles vaccination averted 57 million deaths being between 2000 and 2022, as per <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> report.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Measles is <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(epidemiology)" title="Endemic (epidemiology)">common</a> worldwide. Although it was declared eliminated from the U.S. in 2000, high rates of vaccination and excellent communication with those who refuse vaccination are needed to prevent outbreaks and sustain the elimination of measles.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 66 cases of measles reported in the U.S. in 2005, slightly over half were attributable to one unvaccinated teenager who became infected during a visit to Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This individual returned to a community with many unvaccinated children. The resulting outbreak infected 34 people, mostly children and virtually all unvaccinated; three of them were hospitalized. The public health response required making almost 5,000 phone calls as part of <a href="/wiki/Contact_tracing" title="Contact tracing">contact tracing</a>, arranging and performing testing as needed, and arranging emergency vaccination for at-risk people who had had contact with this person.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taxpayers and local healthcare organizations likely paid more than US$167,000 in direct costs to contain this one outbreak.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> was averted due to high rates of vaccination in the surrounding communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vaccine has <a href="/wiki/Non-specific_effect_of_vaccines" title="Non-specific effect of vaccines">non specific effects</a> such as preventing respiratory infections, that may be greater than those of measles prevention alone.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These benefits are greater when the vaccine is given before one year of age.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A high-<a href="/wiki/Antibody_titer" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody titer">titre</a> vaccine resulted in worse outcomes in girls, and consequently is not recommended by the World Health Organization.<sup id="cite_ref-Sankoh2014_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sankoh2014-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The immune response to measles vaccine can be impaired by the presence of parasitic infections such as <a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">helminthiasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schedule">Schedule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Measles_vaccine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Schedule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) recommends two doses of vaccine for all children.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In countries with high risk of disease the first dose should be given around nine months of age.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise it can be given at twelve months of age.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second dose should be given at least one month after the first dose.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often done at age 15 to 18 months.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After one dose at the age of nine months 85% are immune, while a dose at twelve months results in 95% immunity.<sup id="cite_ref-Yellow2014_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yellow2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) recommends that children aged six to eleven months traveling outside the United States receive their first dose of MMR vaccine before departure<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then receive two more doses; one at 12–15 months (12 months for children in high-risk areas) and the second as early as four weeks later.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_schedule_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_schedule-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise the first dose is typically given at 12–15 months and the second at 4–6 years.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_schedule_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_schedule-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK, the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> (NHS) recommendation is for a first dose at around 13 months of age and the second at three years and four months old.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada, <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a> recommends that children traveling outside North America should receive an <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR vaccine</a> if they are aged six to 12 months. However, after the child is 12 months old they should receive two additional doses to ensure long-lasting protection.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Measles_vaccine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adverse effects associated with the MMR vaccine include <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, rash, injection site pain and, in rare cases, red or purple discolorations on the skin known as <a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenic_purpura" title="Thrombocytopenic purpura">thrombocytopenic purpura</a>, or seizures related to fever (<a href="/wiki/Febrile_seizure" title="Febrile seizure">febrile seizure</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Di_Pietrantonj_2021_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Di_Pietrantonj_2021-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous studies have found no relationship between <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR vaccine and autism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Di_Pietrantonj_2021_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Di_Pietrantonj_2021-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Measles_vaccine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contraindications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is inadvisable for some people to receive the measles or MMR vaccine, including cases of: </p> <ul><li>Pregnancy: MMR vaccine and its components should not be given to pregnant women.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women of childbearing age should check with their doctor about getting vaccinated prior to getting pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-www.cdc.gov_2019_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>HIV-infected children, who may receive measles vaccines if their <a href="/wiki/CD4%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="CD4+">CD4+</a> lymphocyte count is greater than 15%.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Weakened immune system due to HIV/AIDS or certain medical treatments<sup id="cite_ref-www.cdc.gov_2019_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Having a parent or sibling with a history of immune problems<sup id="cite_ref-www.cdc.gov_2019_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Condition that makes a patient bruise or bleed easily<sup id="cite_ref-www.cdc.gov_2019_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Recent transfusion of blood or blood products<sup id="cite_ref-www.cdc.gov_2019_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-www.cdc.gov_2019_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Receiving other vaccines in the past 4 weeks<sup id="cite_ref-www.cdc.gov_2019_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Moderate or severe illness. However, mild illness (e.g., common cold) is usually not contraindicated.<sup id="cite_ref-www.cdc.gov_2019_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Measles_vaccine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Measles_cases_graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Measles_cases_graph.svg/290px-Measles_cases_graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Measles_cases_graph.svg/435px-Measles_cases_graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Measles_cases_graph.svg/580px-Measles_cases_graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Cases of measles and deaths per 100000, per year, in the United States over the 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Franklin Enders</a>, who had shared the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Medicine">Nobel Prize in Medicine</a> for work on the polio virus, sent <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Peebles" title="Thomas C. Peebles">Thomas C. Peebles</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fay_School" title="Fay School">Fay School</a> in Massachusetts, where an outbreak of measles was underway; Peebles was able to isolate the virus from blood samples and throat swabs, and was later able to cultivate the virus and show that the disease could be passed on to monkeys inoculated with the material he had collected.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTPeebles_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTPeebles-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enders was able to use the cultivated virus to develop a measles vaccine in 1963 by attenuation through cultured chicken embryo fibroblasts of the material isolated by Peebles.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1950s and early 1960s, nearly twice as many children died from measles as from polio.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vaccine Enders developed was based on the Edmonston strain of attenuated live measles virus, which was named for 11-year-old David Edmonston, the Fay student from whom Peebles had taken the culture that led to the virus's cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1603640_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1603640-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-20th century, measles was particularly devastating in West Africa, where child mortality rate was 50 percent before age five, and the children were struck with the type of rash and other symptoms common prior to 1900 in England and other countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first trial of a live attenuated measles vaccine was undertaken in 1960 by the British paediatrician <a href="/wiki/David_Morley_(paediatrician)" title="David Morley (paediatrician)">David Morley</a> in a village near <a href="/wiki/Ilesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilesha">Ilesha</a>, Nigeria;<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in case he could be accused of exploiting the Nigerian population, Morley included his own four children in the study. The encouraging results led to a second study of about 450 children in the village and at the Wesley Guild Hospital in Ilesha.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following another epidemic, a larger trial was undertaken in September and October 1962, in New York City with the assistance of the WHO: 131 children received the live Enders-attenuated Edmonston B strain plus <a href="/wiki/Gamma_globulin" title="Gamma globulin">gamma globulin</a>, 130 children received a "further attenuated" vaccine without gamma globulin, and 173 children acted as control subjects for both groups. As also shown in the Nigerian trial, the trial confirmed that the "further attenuated" vaccine was superior to the Edmonston B vaccine, and caused significantly fewer instances of fever and diarrhea. 2,000 children in the area were vaccinated with the further-attenuated vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indie_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indie-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck & Co.</a>, a pioneer in the development of vaccinations, developed an improved version of the measles vaccine in 1968 and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR vaccine</a> in 1971, which vaccinates against measles, <a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">mumps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">rubella</a> in a single shot followed by a booster.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_2020_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_2020-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PI_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PI-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One form is called "Attenuvax".<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15777939_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15777939-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measles component of the MMR vaccine uses Attenuvax,<sup id="cite_ref-package_insert_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-package_insert-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is grown in a chick embryo cell culture using the Enders' attenuated Edmonston strain.<sup id="cite_ref-package_insert_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-package_insert-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Immunization_Practices" title="Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices">ACIP</a> recommendations, Merck decided not to resume production of Attenuvax as standalone vaccine on 21 October 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2022 study in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Journal" title="American Economic Journal">American Economic Journal</a></i> found that the measles vaccine uptake led to increases in income of 1.1 percent and positive effects on employment due to greater productivity by those who were vaccinated.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Measles_vaccine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Priorix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Priorix.jpg/220px-Priorix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Priorix.jpg/330px-Priorix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Priorix.jpg/440px-Priorix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3982" data-file-height="2219" /></a><figcaption>Mumps, measles and rubella combined vaccine (<a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR vaccine</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Measles is seldom given as an individual vaccine and is often given in combination with <a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">rubella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">mumps</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Varicella" class="mw-redirect" title="Varicella">varicella</a> (chickenpox) vaccines.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below is the list of measles-containing vaccines: </p> <ul><li>Measles vaccine (standalone vaccine)</li> <li>Measles and rubella combined vaccine (<a href="/wiki/MR_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="MR vaccine">MR vaccine</a>)</li> <li>Mumps, measles and rubella combined vaccine (<a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR vaccine</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-package_insert_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-package_insert-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mumps, measles, rubella and varicella combined vaccine (<a href="/wiki/MMRV_vaccine" title="MMRV vaccine">MMRV vaccine</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-ProQuad_label_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProQuad_label-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Measles_vaccine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most health insurance plans in the United States cover the cost of vaccines, and <a href="/wiki/Vaccines_for_Children_Program" title="Vaccines for Children Program">Vaccines for Children Program</a> may be able to help those who do not have coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State law requires vaccinations for school children, but offer exemptions for medical reasons and sometimes for religious or philosophical reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All fifty states require two doses of the MMR vaccine at the appropriate age.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A different vaccine distribution within a single territory by age or social class may define different general perceptions of vaccination efficacy. <sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Measles_vaccine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WHO2017Vac-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2017Vac_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a 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New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781466827509" title="Special:BookSources/9781466827509"><bdi>9781466827509</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135232/https://books.google.com/books?id=w0C7L9o3m-MC&pg=PA127">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+essential+guide+to+children%27s+vaccines&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781466827509&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw0C7L9o3m-MC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProQuad_label-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ProQuad_label_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ProQuad_label_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=73eae9fc-507b-4c9c-883d-63eb2e3cc6f6">"ProQuad- measles, mumps, rubella and varicella virus vaccine live injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension"</a>. <i>DailyMed</i>. 26 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406003810/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=73eae9fc-507b-4c9c-883d-63eb2e3cc6f6">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=ProQuad-+measles%2C+mumps%2C+rubella+and+varicella+virus+vaccine+live+injection%2C+powder%2C+lyophilized%2C+for+suspension&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3D73eae9fc-507b-4c9c-883d-63eb2e3cc6f6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.cdc.gov_2019-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.cdc.gov_2019_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.cdc.gov_2019_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.cdc.gov_2019_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.cdc.gov_2019_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.cdc.gov_2019_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.cdc.gov_2019_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.cdc.gov_2019_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.cdc.gov_2019_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.cdc.gov_2019_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html">"MMR Vaccination | What You Should Know | Measles, Mumps, Rubella | CDC"</a>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i>. 24 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426105545/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=MMR+Vaccination+%7C+What+You+Should+Know+%7C+Measles%2C+Mumps%2C+Rubella+%7C+CDC&rft.date=2019-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fvpd%2Fmmr%2Fpublic%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/tools/MMR_vaccine_rates_information_sheet.pdf?ua=1">"Information Sheet Observed Rate of Vaccine Reactions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219183611/https://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/tools/MMR_vaccine_rates_information_sheet.pdf?ua=1">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization+%28WHO%29&rft.atitle=Information+Sheet+Observed+Rate+of+Vaccine+Reactions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fvaccine_safety%2Finitiative%2Ftools%2FMMR_vaccine_rates_information_sheet.pdf%3Fua%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/measles-vaccine-16687745.html">"MEASLES VACCINE - Essential drugs"</a>. <i>medicalguidelines.msf.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205110330/https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/measles-vaccine-16687745.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medicalguidelines.msf.org&rft.atitle=MEASLES+VACCINE+-+Essential+drugs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedicalguidelines.msf.org%2Fviewport%2FEssDr%2Fenglish%2Fmeasles-vaccine-16687745.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yellow2014-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yellow2014_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yellow2014_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention2014" class="citation book cs1">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nVppAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA250"><i>CDC health information for international travel 2014 the yellow book</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199948505" title="Special:BookSources/9780199948505"><bdi>9780199948505</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135232/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVppAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA250">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CDC+health+information+for+international+travel+2014+the+yellow+book&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199948505&rft.au=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnVppAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC_2020-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDC_2020_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC_2020_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC_2020_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCDC2020" class="citation web cs1">CDC (5 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/history.html">"History of Measles"</a>. <i>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406003814/https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=History+of+Measles&rft.date=2020-11-05&rft.au=CDC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmeasles%2Fabout%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC2018Hist-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2018Hist_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2018Hist_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/history.html">"Measles History"</a>. <i>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC)</i>. 5 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406003814/https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.atitle=Measles+History&rft.date=2018-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmeasles%2Fabout%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-history/developments-by-year">"Vaccine History: Developments by Year"</a>. <i>The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia</i>. 20 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220428154721/https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-history/developments-by-year">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Children%27s+Hospital+of+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=Vaccine+History%3A+Developments+by+Year&rft.date=2014-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chop.edu%2Fcenters-programs%2Fvaccine-education-center%2Fvaccine-history%2Fdevelopments-by-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO-factsheet-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHO-factsheet_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles">"Measles Fact Sheet - WHO"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO)</i>. 20 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128010546/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization+%28WHO%29&rft.atitle=Measles+Fact+Sheet+-+WHO&rft.date=2023-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fen%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fmeasles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage">"Immunization Coverage - WHO"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO)</i>. 14 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206064744/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs378/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217095809/https://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/tools/MMR_vaccine_rates_information_sheet.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+Sheet%3A+Observed+Rate+of+Vaccine+Reactions%3A+Measles%2C+Mumps+and+Rubella+Vaccines&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization+%28WHO%29&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fvaccine_safety%2Finitiative%2Ftools%2FMMR_vaccine_rates_information_sheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Di_Pietrantonj_2021-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Di_Pietrantonj_2021_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Di_Pietrantonj_2021_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_PietrantonjRivettiMarchioneDebalini2021" class="citation journal cs1">Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Marchione P, Debalini MG, Demicheli V (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8607336">"Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2021</b> (11): CD004407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004407.pub5">10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8607336">8607336</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34806766">34806766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Vaccines+for+measles%2C+mumps%2C+rubella%2C+and+varicella+in+children&rft.volume=2021&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=CD004407&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8607336%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34806766&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004407.pub5&rft.aulast=Di+Pietrantonj&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Rivetti%2C+A&rft.au=Marchione%2C+P&rft.au=Debalini%2C+MG&rft.au=Demicheli%2C+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8607336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrattonFordRuschClayton2012" class="citation book cs1">Stratton K, Ford A, Rusch E, Clayton EW, et al. (Committee to Review Adverse Effects of Vaccines) (9 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/13164/chapter/6#152">"Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine"</a>. <i>Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Measles%2C+Mumps%2C+and+Rubella+Vaccine&rft.btitle=Adverse+Effects+of+Vaccines%3A+Evidence+and+Causality&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2012-04-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24624471&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F13164&rft.isbn=978-0-309-21436-0&rft.aulast=Stratton&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Ford%2C+A&rft.au=Rusch%2C+E&rft.au=Clayton%2C+EW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fread%2F13164%2Fchapter%2F6%23152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081008040738/http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/mmr_autism_factsheet.htm">"Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measles%2C+mumps%2C+and+rubella+%28MMR%29+vaccine&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.date=2008-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdc.gov%2Fvaccinesafety%2Fconcerns%2Fmmr_autism_factsheet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_of_Medicine_(US)_Immunization_Safety_Review_Committee2004" class="citation book cs1">Institute of Medicine (US) Immunization Safety Review Committee (17 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10997/immunization-safety-review-vaccines-and-autism"><i>Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism</i></a>. 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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 23 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501034917/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/contraindications.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contraindications+and+Precautions&rft.btitle=Vaccine+Recommendations+and+Guidelines+of+the+ACIP&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.date=2020-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fhcp%2Facip-recs%2Fgeneral-recs%2Fcontraindications.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103111429/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/917283942.html?dids=917283942%3A917283942&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AAI&type=historic&date=Mar+22%2C+1963&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=Work+by+Enders+Brings+Measles+Vaccine+License&pqatl=google">"Work by Enders Brings Measles Vaccine License"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hartford_Courant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hartford Courant">The Hartford Courant</a></i>. 22 March 1963. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%28emc%29&rft.atitle=Priorix+-+Summary+of+Product+Characteristics+%28SmPC%29&rft.date=2020-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicines.org.uk%2Femc%2Fproduct%2F1159%2Fsmpc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/index.html">"VFC | Home | Vaccines for Children Program | CDC"</a>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i>. 2 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200501175435/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=VFC+%7C+Home+%7C+Vaccines+for+Children+Program+%7C+CDC&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fprograms%2Fvfc%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-managers/laws/state-reqs.html">"State Vaccination Requirements | CDC"</a>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i>. 11 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200402194736/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-managers/laws/state-reqs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=State+Vaccination+Requirements+%7C+CDC&rft.date=2019-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fimz-managers%2Flaws%2Fstate-reqs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.immunize.org/laws/mmr.asp">"MMR Vaccine Mandates for Child Care and K-12"</a>. <i>www.immunize.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612231754/https://www.immunize.org/laws/mmr.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.immunize.org&rft.atitle=MMR+Vaccine+Mandates+for+Child+Care+and+K-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.immunize.org%2Flaws%2Fmmr.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScirè2021" class="citation journal cs1">Scirè G (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=118832">"Modelling and assessing public health policies to counteract Italian measles outbreaks"</a>. <i>International Journal of Simulation and Process Modelling</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1504%2FIJSPM.2021.118832">10.1504/IJSPM.2021.118832</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10447%2F513505">10447/513505</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1740-2123">1740-2123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Simulation+and+Process+Modelling&rft.atitle=Modelling+and+assessing+public+health+policies+to+counteract+Italian+measles+outbreaks&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=271&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10447%2F513505&rft.issn=1740-2123&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1504%2FIJSPM.2021.118832&rft.aulast=Scir%C3%A8&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inderscience.com%2Flink.php%3Fid%3D118832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Measles_vaccine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2009" class="citation book cs1">World Health Organization (2009). <i>The immunological basis for immunization series : module 7: measles - Update 2009</i>. Geneva, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10665%2F44038">10665/44038</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789241597555" title="Special:BookSources/9789241597555"><bdi>9789241597555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+immunological+basis+for+immunization+series+%3A+module+7%3A+measles+-+Update+2009&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization+%28WHO%29&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10665%2F44038&rft.isbn=9789241597555&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsay2019" class="citation book cs1">Ramsay M, ed. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/measles-the-green-book-chapter-21">"Chapter 21: Measles"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/immunisation-against-infectious-disease-the-green-book"><i>Immunisation against infectious disease</i></a>. London, England: Public Health England. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191112005859/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pneumococcal-the-green-book-chapter-25">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+21%3A+Measles&rft.btitle=Immunisation+against+infectious+disease&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Public+Health+England&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fmeasles-the-green-book-chapter-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallWodiHamborskyMorelli2021" class="citation book cs1">Hall E, Wodi AP, Hamborsky J, Morelli V, Schillie S, eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/meas.html">"Chapter 13: Measles"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html"><i>Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases</i></a> (14th ed.). Washington D.C.: U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230001534/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13%3A+Measles&rft.btitle=Epidemiology+and+Prevention+of+Vaccine-Preventable+Diseases&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fpubs%2Fpinkbook%2Fmeas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGastanaduyReddClemmonsLee_Adria2019" class="citation book cs1">Gastanaduy PA, Redd SB, Clemmons NS, Lee Adria D, Hickman CJ, Rota PA, et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt07-measles.html">"Chapter 7: Measles"</a>. In Roush SW, Baldy LM, Hall MH (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/"><i>Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases</i></a>. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801192220/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Measles&rft.btitle=Manual+for+the+surveillance+of+vaccine-preventable+diseases&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Gastanaduy&rft.aufirst=PA&rft.au=Redd%2C+SB&rft.au=Clemmons%2C+NS&rft.au=Lee+Adria%2C+D&rft.au=Hickman%2C+CJ&rft.au=Rota%2C+PA&rft.au=Patel%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fpubs%2Fsurv-manual%2Fchpt07-measles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Measles_vaccine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/mmr.html">"MMR (Measles, Mumps, & Rubella) Vaccine Information Statement"</a>. <i>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC)</i>. 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.atitle=MMR+%28Measles%2C+Mumps%2C+%26+Rubella%29+Vaccine+Information+Statement&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fhcp%2Fvis%2Fvis-statements%2Fmmr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/mmrv.html">"MMRV (Measles, Mumps, Rubella & Varicella) Vaccine Information Statement"</a>. <i>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC)</i>. 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.atitle=MMRV+%28Measles%2C+Mumps%2C+Rubella+%26+Varicella%29+Vaccine+Information+Statement&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fhcp%2Fvis%2Fvis-statements%2Fmmrv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeasles+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Measles+Vaccine">Measles Vaccine</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaccines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaccines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artificial_induction_of_immunity_/_Immunization:_Vaccines,_Vaccination,_Infection,_Inoculation_(J07)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_induction_of_immunity" title="Artificial induction of immunity">Artificial induction of immunity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">Inoculation</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J07" title="ATC code J07">J07</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">Adjuvants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_ingredients" title="Vaccine ingredients">Vaccine ingredients</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_excipients" title="List of vaccine excipients">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_diseases" title="Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases">Mathematical modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_storage" title="Vaccine storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_vaccines" title="Timeline of human vaccines">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_vaccine" title="Conjugate vaccine">Conjugate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">Inactivated</a></li> <li>Live <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">Attenuated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterologous_vaccine" title="Heterologous vaccine">Heterologous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">Subunit/component</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peptide_vaccine" title="Peptide vaccine">Peptide</a> / <a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_vaccine" title="Synthetic vaccine">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_vaccine" title="DNA vaccine">DNA</a> / <a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_vaccines" title="Therapeutic vaccines">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoid" title="Toxoid">Toxoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Global: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">GAVI Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immunization_Technical_Advisory_Group" title="National Immunization Technical Advisory Group">NITAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Advisory_Group_of_Experts" title="Strategic Advisory Group of Experts">SAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_wastage" title="Vaccine wastage">Vaccine wastage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_policy" title="Vaccination policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_schedule" title="Vaccination schedule">Schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_adverse_event" title="Vaccine adverse event">Vaccine injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>US: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Immunization_Practices" title="Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices">ACIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vaccine_Injury_Compensation_Program" title="National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program">Vaccine court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_for_Children_Program" title="Vaccines for Children Program">Vaccines for Children Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Adverse_Event_Reporting_System" title="Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System">VAERS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Safety_Datalink" title="Vaccine Safety Datalink">VSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vaccines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bacterial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax_vaccine" title="Anthrax vaccine">Anthrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis_vaccine" title="Brucellosis vaccine">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_vaccine" title="Diphtheria vaccine">Diphtheria</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hib_vaccine" title="Hib vaccine">Hib</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis#Prevention" title="Leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease#Vaccination" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_vaccine" title="Meningococcal vaccine">Meningococcus</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MeNZB" title="MeNZB">MeNZB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135" title="NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135">NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis_vaccine" title="Pertussis vaccine">Pertussis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_vaccine" title="Plague vaccine">Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal vaccine">Pneumococcal</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine">PCV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine">PPSV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever#Prevention" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Tetanus</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_vaccines" title="Tuberculosis vaccines">Tuberculosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_vaccine" title="Typhoid vaccine">Typhoid</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ty21a" title="Ty21a">Ty21a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi_capsular_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine">ViCPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhus_vaccine" title="Typhus vaccine">Typhus</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DPT_vaccine" title="DPT vaccine">DPT/DTwP/DTaP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Td/Tdap</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_infection#Research" title="Clostridioides difficile infection">Clostridioides difficile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection#Vaccine" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis#Vaccine" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_vaccine" title="Adenovirus vaccine">Adenovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya_vaccine" title="Chikungunya vaccine">Chikungunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_vaccine" title="Ebola vaccine">Ebola</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RVSV-ZEBOV_vaccine" title="RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine">rVSV-ZEBOV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">Flu</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_vaccine" title="2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine">H1N1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pandemrix" title="Pandemrix">Pandemrix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N1_vaccine" title="H5N1 vaccine">H5N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N8_vaccine" title="H5N8 vaccine">H5N8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">LAIV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_vaccine" title="Hantavirus vaccine">Hantavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A vaccine">Hepatitis A</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E#Vaccines" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Japanese encephalitis vaccine">Japanese encephalitis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Measles</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpox_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpox vaccine">Mpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumps_vaccine" title="Mumps vaccine">Mumps</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Attenuated" title="Polio vaccine">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Inactivated" title="Polio vaccine">Salk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">Rabies</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus_vaccine" title="Rotavirus vaccine">Rotavirus</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubella_vaccine" title="Rubella vaccine">Rubella</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">SARS-CoV-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corbevax" title="Corbevax">Corbevax</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Bharat Biotech</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">CanSino</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EpiVacCorona" title="EpiVacCorona">EpiVacCorona</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Janssen COVID-19 vaccine">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Novavax COVID-19 vaccine">Novavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–GSK</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skycovione" title="Skycovione">Skycovione</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Valneva COVID-19 vaccine">Valneva</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus_vaccine" title="Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine">Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine">Tick-borne encephalitis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>Varicella zoster <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">Chicken pox</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoster_vaccine" title="Zoster vaccine">Shingles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine" title="Yellow fever vaccine">Yellow fever</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_and_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A and B vaccine">Hepatitis A and B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMRV_vaccine" title="MMRV vaccine">MMRV</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_vaccine" title="Cytomegalovirus vaccine">Cytomegalovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengue_vaccine" title="Dengue vaccine">Dengue</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_vaccine" title="Epstein–Barr virus vaccine">Epstein–Barr virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_vaccine" title="Hepatitis C vaccine">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_research" title="Herpes simplex research">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine_development" title="HIV vaccine development">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus_vaccine" title="Zika virus vaccine">Zika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protozoan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_vaccine" title="Malaria vaccine">Malaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTS,S" title="RTS,S">RTS,S</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trypanosomiasis_vaccine" title="Trypanosomiasis vaccine">Trypanosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">Helminthiasis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_vaccine" title="Hookworm vaccine">Hookworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis_vaccine" title="Schistosomiasis vaccine">Schistosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_vaccine" title="Cancer vaccine">Cancer vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALVAC-CEA_vaccine" title="ALVAC-CEA vaccine">ALVAC-CEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostvac" title="Prostvac">Prostvac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NicVAX" title="NicVAX">NicVAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-CD" title="TA-CD">TA-CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-NIC" title="TA-NIC">TA-NIC</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV/Hib_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine">DTaP-IPV/Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV-HepB_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine">DTaP-IPV-HepB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTwP-HepB-Hib_vaccine" title="DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine">DTwP-HepB-Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_vaccine" title="Hexavalent vaccine">Hexavalent vaccine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventors/<br />researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski">Hilary Koprowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Franklin Enders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Plotkin" title="Stanley Plotkin">Stanley Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Fred_Clark" title="H. Fred Clark">H. Fred Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Offit" title="Paul Offit">Paul Offit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud"><i>Lancet</i> MMR autism fraud</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Vaccine_Injury_Act" title="National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act">NCVIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pox_party" title="Pox party">Pox party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_SIDS" title="Vaccines and SIDS">Vaccines and SIDS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedillo_v._Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services">Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vaccination_schedule" title="Alternative vaccination schedule">Alternative vaccination schedule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">Eradication of infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinate_Your_Family" title="Vaccinate Your Family">Vaccinate Your Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_topics" title="List of vaccine topics">List of vaccine topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eradication_of_infectious_disease" title="Template:Eradication of infectious disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eradication_of_infectious_disease" title="Template talk:Eradication of infectious disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eradication_of_infectious_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eradication of infectious disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">Eradication of infectious diseases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eradication of<br />human diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Successful</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">Smallpox</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_smallpox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eradication of smallpox">Eradication of smallpox</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Underway<br />(global)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">Dracunculiasis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_dracunculiasis" title="Eradication of dracunculiasis">Eradication of dracunculiasis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">Polio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polio_eradication" title="Polio eradication">Polio eradication</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_malaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eradication of malaria">Eradication of malaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaws" title="Yaws">Yaws</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_yaws" class="mw-redirect" title="Eradication of yaws">Eradication of yaws</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Underway<br />(regional)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_infection#Eradication_programmes" title="Hookworm infection">Hookworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_filariasis#Epidemiology" title="Lymphatic filariasis">Lymphatic filariasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">Measles</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles" title="Epidemiology of measles">epidemiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubella#Epidemiology" title="Rubella">Rubella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachoma#Epidemiology" title="Trachoma">Trachoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis#Epidemiology" title="Onchocerciasis">Onchocerciasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_syphilis" title="Epidemiology of syphilis">Syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_rabies" title="Prevalence of rabies">Rabies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">Leprosy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eradication of<br />agricultural diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Successful</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rinderpest" title="Rinderpest">Rinderpest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_rinderpest" class="mw-redirect" title="Eradication of rinderpest">Eradication of rinderpest</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Underway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovine_rinderpest" title="Ovine rinderpest">Ovine rinderpest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy#Epidemiology" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eradication<br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Declaration_on_Neglected_Tropical_Diseases" title="London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases">London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Polio_Eradication_Initiative" title="Global Polio Eradication Initiative">Global Polio Eradication Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Certification_Commission" title="Global Certification Commission">Global Certification Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_Eradication_Scientific_Alliance" title="Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance">Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diseases_eliminated_from_the_United_States" title="List of diseases eliminated from the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_Weevil_Eradication_Program" title="Boll Weevil Eradication Program">Boll Weevil Eradication Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Malaria_Eradication_Program" title="National Malaria Eradication Program">National Malaria Eradication Program</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India_National_PolioPlus" title="India National PolioPlus">India National PolioPlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_Polio" title="Pulse Polio">Pulse Polio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_in_Pakistan" title="Polio in Pakistan">Polio in Pakistan</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Every_Last_Child" title="Every Last Child">Every Last Child</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Inch" title="The Final Inch">The Final Inch</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Globalization and disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" 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