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class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Sandro Rusconi" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/282646366/130645838/120055815/s200_sandro.rusconi.png" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Sandro Rusconi</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Sandro" data-follow-user-id="282646366" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" 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class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="282646366" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storia_moderna"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro","location":"/RusconiSandro","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/RusconiSandro","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Storia moderna"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-d90d6f15-2284-4808-b49b-a25f3acb15fa"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-d90d6f15-2284-4808-b49b-a25f3acb15fa"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Sandro Rusconi</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118439510"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118439510/Vectors_for_Gene_Delivery"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Vectors for Gene Delivery" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118439510/Vectors_for_Gene_Delivery">Vectors for Gene Delivery</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Gene therapy bases its rationale on the transfer of genetic components (genes or fragments thereo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Gene therapy bases its rationale on the transfer of genetic components (genes or fragments thereof) into somatic cells, with the aim of preventing, correcting, or healing various types of disorders. After this introductory sentence, the reader likely expects us to begin discussing some of the marvellous achievements in setting up the tools that allow this transfer. However, before entering into the intricate details of vectorology, please allow us the following clear-cut statement: As of today there is no perfect or general vector for gene therapy and there won’t be probably any in the foreseeable future. We hope that with this statement in mind, it will be easier for the readers to understand why there is still such a multitude of seemingly disparate efforts in establishing appropriate vehicles for the gene transfer.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118439510"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118439510"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118439510; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118439510]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118439510]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118439510; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118439510']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118439510, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118439510]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118439510,"title":"Vectors for Gene Delivery","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Gene therapy bases its rationale on the transfer of genetic components (genes or fragments thereof) into somatic cells, with the aim of preventing, correcting, or healing various types of disorders. After this introductory sentence, the reader likely expects us to begin discussing some of the marvellous achievements in setting up the tools that allow this transfer. However, before entering into the intricate details of vectorology, please allow us the following clear-cut statement: As of today there is no perfect or general vector for gene therapy and there won’t be probably any in the foreseeable future. We hope that with this statement in mind, it will be easier for the readers to understand why there is still such a multitude of seemingly disparate efforts in establishing appropriate vehicles for the gene transfer.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2002,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Gene therapy bases its rationale on the transfer of genetic components (genes or fragments thereof) into somatic cells, with the aim of preventing, correcting, or healing various types of disorders. After this introductory sentence, the reader likely expects us to begin discussing some of the marvellous achievements in setting up the tools that allow this transfer. However, before entering into the intricate details of vectorology, please allow us the following clear-cut statement: As of today there is no perfect or general vector for gene therapy and there won’t be probably any in the foreseeable future. We hope that with this statement in mind, it will be easier for the readers to understand why there is still such a multitude of seemingly disparate efforts in establishing appropriate vehicles for the gene transfer.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118439510/Vectors_for_Gene_Delivery","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-05-02T08:24:18.756-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Vectors_for_Gene_Delivery","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science"},{"id":1706341,"name":"Gene Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Transfer"}],"urls":[{"id":41586413,"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59259-239-5_30"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118144091"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144091/Ephemerally_expressed_wild_type_and_mutant_steroid_hormone_receptors_are_equally_able_to_influence_expression_of_transient_or_resident_templates"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ephemerally expressed wild-type and mutant steroid hormone receptors are equally able to influence expression of transient or resident templates" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144091/Ephemerally_expressed_wild_type_and_mutant_steroid_hormone_receptors_are_equally_able_to_influence_expression_of_transient_or_resident_templates">Ephemerally expressed wild-type and mutant steroid hormone receptors are equally able to influence expression of transient or resident templates</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, Nov 1, 1995</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We have tested transiently expressed mutant and chimeric glucocorticoid receptors (GR) for their ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We have tested transiently expressed mutant and chimeric glucocorticoid receptors (GR) for their ability to influence transcription of either a co-transfected or a stably integrated reporter gene. To the latter purpose we have generated a cell line harbouring 2 chromosomally anchored copies of the well-characterized mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter/enhancer region fused to the bacterial beta-galactosidase gene (LacZ). We were particularly interested in verifying whether some earlier characterized dominant negative GR mutants would still act the same way on chromosomal targets. We show that trans-regulation (activation/-repression) of the chromosomally anchored reporter is qualitatively and quantitatively indistinguishable from trans-regulation obtained with transient co-transfection. In parallel, we also tested ephemerally expressed wild-type progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR) for their capacity of acting on either transient or resident MMTV reporter templates. Also in this case we show that activation of chromosomally anchored or transiently co-transfected reporter by both these steroid hormone receptors is qualitatively and quantitatively indistinguishable. These results outline that newly expressed trans-effectors may exert their specific function independently of the precise structural organization of their responsive genes.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118144091"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118144091"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144091; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144091]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144091]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144091; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118144091']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118144091, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118144091]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118144091,"title":"Ephemerally expressed wild-type and mutant steroid hormone receptors are equally able to influence expression of transient or resident templates","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"We have tested transiently expressed mutant and chimeric glucocorticoid receptors (GR) for their ability to influence transcription of either a co-transfected or a stably integrated reporter gene. To the latter purpose we have generated a cell line harbouring 2 chromosomally anchored copies of the well-characterized mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter/enhancer region fused to the bacterial beta-galactosidase gene (LacZ). We were particularly interested in verifying whether some earlier characterized dominant negative GR mutants would still act the same way on chromosomal targets. We show that trans-regulation (activation/-repression) of the chromosomally anchored reporter is qualitatively and quantitatively indistinguishable from trans-regulation obtained with transient co-transfection. In parallel, we also tested ephemerally expressed wild-type progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR) for their capacity of acting on either transient or resident MMTV reporter templates. Also in this case we show that activation of chromosomally anchored or transiently co-transfected reporter by both these steroid hormone receptors is qualitatively and quantitatively indistinguishable. These results outline that newly expressed trans-effectors may exert their specific function independently of the precise structural organization of their responsive genes.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":11,"year":1995,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"PubMed"},"translated_abstract":"We have tested transiently expressed mutant and chimeric glucocorticoid receptors (GR) for their ability to influence transcription of either a co-transfected or a stably integrated reporter gene. To the latter purpose we have generated a cell line harbouring 2 chromosomally anchored copies of the well-characterized mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter/enhancer region fused to the bacterial beta-galactosidase gene (LacZ). We were particularly interested in verifying whether some earlier characterized dominant negative GR mutants would still act the same way on chromosomal targets. We show that trans-regulation (activation/-repression) of the chromosomally anchored reporter is qualitatively and quantitatively indistinguishable from trans-regulation obtained with transient co-transfection. In parallel, we also tested ephemerally expressed wild-type progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR) for their capacity of acting on either transient or resident MMTV reporter templates. Also in this case we show that activation of chromosomally anchored or transiently co-transfected reporter by both these steroid hormone receptors is qualitatively and quantitatively indistinguishable. These results outline that newly expressed trans-effectors may exert their specific function independently of the precise structural organization of their responsive genes.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118144091/Ephemerally_expressed_wild_type_and_mutant_steroid_hormone_receptors_are_equally_able_to_influence_expression_of_transient_or_resident_templates","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T01:01:21.014-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Ephemerally_expressed_wild_type_and_mutant_steroid_hormone_receptors_are_equally_able_to_influence_expression_of_transient_or_resident_templates","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice"},{"id":98939,"name":"Pubmed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pubmed"},{"id":394053,"name":"Chimera","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chimera"},{"id":541820,"name":"Enhancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enhancer"},{"id":555007,"name":"Receptor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Receptor"},{"id":620070,"name":"Transfection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transfection"},{"id":1238055,"name":"Glucocorticoid Receptors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glucocorticoid_Receptors"},{"id":2215225,"name":"Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mouse_Mammary_Tumor_Virus"},{"id":3693866,"name":"Reporter gene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reporter_gene"},{"id":3881526,"name":"In Vitro Techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro_Techniques"}],"urls":[{"id":41433908,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8574786"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118144089"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144089/Definition_of_a_Negative_Modulation_Domain_in_the_Human_Progesterone_Receptor"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Definition of a Negative Modulation Domain in the Human Progesterone Receptor" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113839012/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144089/Definition_of_a_Negative_Modulation_Domain_in_the_Human_Progesterone_Receptor">Definition of a Negative Modulation Domain in the Human Progesterone Receptor</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Molecular Endocrinology</span><span>, Sep 1, 1998</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d3f4f3a22ff6c33d2a590d90cb090581" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113839012,"asset_id":118144089,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113839012/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118144089"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118144089"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144089; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144089]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144089]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144089; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118144089']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118144089, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d3f4f3a22ff6c33d2a590d90cb090581" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118144089]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118144089,"title":"Definition of a Negative Modulation Domain in the Human Progesterone Receptor","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Oxford University Press","grobid_abstract":"The progesterone receptor (PR) occurs in two major forms, the full-length PRB and the aminotruncated PRA, which lacks 164 amino-terminal residues. PRB functions as a strong transcriptional activator of progesterone-responsive genes, whereas PRA is inactive in several cell types where it may even act as a trans-dominant repressor of PRB and other steroid receptors, like the glucocorticoid receptor or, reportedly, the estrogen receptor. We initially observed that a PR deleted of its entire amino domain (PR538-C) is incapable of trans-repressing PRB or glucocorticoid receptor, suggesting that a negative modulation domain must be contained in the region between position 165 and 538. After testing progressive deletion mutants and chimeras, we demonstrate that this negative modulating domain is confined within 120 residues in the amino-terminal region and that it contains a subdomain of 40 residues that is crucial for intermolecular transrepression. Duplication, deletion, and transplantation of the negative modulation domain show that the negative modulation domain has only a limited functional autonomy. In our hands, transrepression of estrogen receptor could not be substantiated, and, under our conditions, at least an equimolar concentration of PRA expression plasmid is required for transrepression. Our deletion studies reveal domains that correlate with strong homology patches between the aminoterminal domains of mammalian and avian PR.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":9,"year":1998,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Molecular 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profile--work_container" data-work-id="118144088"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144088/Vectors_for_Gene_Delivery"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Vectors for Gene Delivery" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144088/Vectors_for_Gene_Delivery">Vectors for Gene Delivery</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Humana Press eBooks</span><span>, Nov 14, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner 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class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144003/Mutations_Flanking_the_Polyglutamine_Repeat_in_the_Modulatory_Domain_of_Rat_Glucocorticoid_Receptor_Lead_to_an_Increase_in_Affinity_for_Hormone">Mutations Flanking the Polyglutamine Repeat in the Modulatory Domain of Rat Glucocorticoid Receptor Lead to an Increase in Affinity for Hormone</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Endocrine Research</span><span>, 2002</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A polyglutamine repeat in the N-terminus of the rat glucocorticoid receptor shows polymorphism, w...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A polyglutamine repeat in the N-terminus of the rat glucocorticoid receptor shows polymorphism, with variants of Q2RQ5, Q2RQ15-21. We investigated whether these natural polymorphisms affect receptor function, and whether alleles with polyglutamine repeats shorter than Q2RQ5, between Q2RQ6-14, or longer than Q2RQ21 are not found naturally because they encode a dysfunctional receptor. Ligand binding and transactivation properties of sets of natural (Q2RQ5-Q2RQ21) and artificial (Q4-Q80) alleles were compared following expression in CV-1 cells. The sequence of artificial alleles at sites flanking the repeat region was altered slightly to facilitate cloning. Western blotting showed that all constructs expressed GR protein in CV-1 cells. When co-expressed with an MMTV-lacZ reporter plasmid, all GR proteins were shown to be transcriptionally active in the presence of hormone. Scatchard analysis of ligand binding curves showed that affinities for dexamethasone and corticosterone were not affected by variation in the polyglutamine repeat either the natural or artificial sets of alleles. However, affinities were greater for the artificial compared with the natural alleles (2-3-fold for dexametasone, p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001; and 4-fold for corticosterone,p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001). These differences provide evidence of a direct or indirect interaction within GR between the ligand binding domain and residues flanking the polyglutamine repeat of the N-terminal domain.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118144003"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118144003"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144003; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144003]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144003]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144003; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118144003']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118144003, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118144003]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118144003,"title":"Mutations Flanking the Polyglutamine Repeat in the Modulatory Domain of Rat Glucocorticoid Receptor Lead to an Increase in Affinity for Hormone","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A polyglutamine repeat in the N-terminus of the rat glucocorticoid receptor shows polymorphism, with variants of Q2RQ5, Q2RQ15-21. We investigated whether these natural polymorphisms affect receptor function, and whether alleles with polyglutamine repeats shorter than Q2RQ5, between Q2RQ6-14, or longer than Q2RQ21 are not found naturally because they encode a dysfunctional receptor. Ligand binding and transactivation properties of sets of natural (Q2RQ5-Q2RQ21) and artificial (Q4-Q80) alleles were compared following expression in CV-1 cells. The sequence of artificial alleles at sites flanking the repeat region was altered slightly to facilitate cloning. Western blotting showed that all constructs expressed GR protein in CV-1 cells. When co-expressed with an MMTV-lacZ reporter plasmid, all GR proteins were shown to be transcriptionally active in the presence of hormone. Scatchard analysis of ligand binding curves showed that affinities for dexamethasone and corticosterone were not affected by variation in the polyglutamine repeat either the natural or artificial sets of alleles. However, affinities were greater for the artificial compared with the natural alleles (2-3-fold for dexametasone, p \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001; and 4-fold for corticosterone,p \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001). These differences provide evidence of a direct or indirect interaction within GR between the ligand binding domain and residues flanking the polyglutamine repeat of the N-terminal domain.","publisher":"Informa","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2002,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Endocrine Research"},"translated_abstract":"A polyglutamine repeat in the N-terminus of the rat glucocorticoid receptor shows polymorphism, with variants of Q2RQ5, Q2RQ15-21. We investigated whether these natural polymorphisms affect receptor function, and whether alleles with polyglutamine repeats shorter than Q2RQ5, between Q2RQ6-14, or longer than Q2RQ21 are not found naturally because they encode a dysfunctional receptor. Ligand binding and transactivation properties of sets of natural (Q2RQ5-Q2RQ21) and artificial (Q4-Q80) alleles were compared following expression in CV-1 cells. The sequence of artificial alleles at sites flanking the repeat region was altered slightly to facilitate cloning. Western blotting showed that all constructs expressed GR protein in CV-1 cells. When co-expressed with an MMTV-lacZ reporter plasmid, all GR proteins were shown to be transcriptionally active in the presence of hormone. Scatchard analysis of ligand binding curves showed that affinities for dexamethasone and corticosterone were not affected by variation in the polyglutamine repeat either the natural or artificial sets of alleles. However, affinities were greater for the artificial compared with the natural alleles (2-3-fold for dexametasone, p \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001; and 4-fold for corticosterone,p \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001). These differences provide evidence of a direct or indirect interaction within GR between the ligand binding domain and residues flanking the polyglutamine repeat of the N-terminal domain.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118144003/Mutations_Flanking_the_Polyglutamine_Repeat_in_the_Modulatory_Domain_of_Rat_Glucocorticoid_Receptor_Lead_to_an_Increase_in_Affinity_for_Hormone","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T00:57:46.421-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Mutations_Flanking_the_Polyglutamine_Repeat_in_the_Modulatory_Domain_of_Rat_Glucocorticoid_Receptor_Lead_to_an_Increase_in_Affinity_for_Hormone","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":57801,"name":"Dexamethasone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dexamethasone"},{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line"},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation"},{"id":103297,"name":"Corticosterone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corticosterone"},{"id":104853,"name":"Hormones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hormones"},{"id":126964,"name":"Endocrine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocrine"},{"id":151086,"name":"Peptides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peptides"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences"},{"id":295728,"name":"Molecular cloning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_cloning"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats"},{"id":555007,"name":"Receptor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Receptor"},{"id":620070,"name":"Transfection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transfection"},{"id":809881,"name":"Amino Acid Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Sequence"},{"id":1004200,"name":"Allele","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Allele"},{"id":1293308,"name":"Glucocorticoids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glucocorticoids"},{"id":2467566,"name":"Molecular Sequence Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Sequence_Data"},{"id":2780137,"name":"alleles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/alleles"}],"urls":[{"id":41433873,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1081/erc-120015060"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118144002"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144002/Reconstituted_High_Density_Lipoprotein_Inhibits_Thrombin_Induced_Endothelial_Tissue_Factor_Expression_Through_Inhibition_of_RhoA_and_Stimulation_of_Phosphatidylinositol_3_Kinase_but_not_Akt_Endothelial_Nitric_Oxide_Synthase"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein Inhibits Thrombin-Induced Endothelial Tissue Factor Expression Through Inhibition of RhoA and Stimulation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase but not Akt/Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838936/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144002/Reconstituted_High_Density_Lipoprotein_Inhibits_Thrombin_Induced_Endothelial_Tissue_Factor_Expression_Through_Inhibition_of_RhoA_and_Stimulation_of_Phosphatidylinositol_3_Kinase_but_not_Akt_Endothelial_Nitric_Oxide_Synthase">Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein Inhibits Thrombin-Induced Endothelial Tissue Factor Expression Through Inhibition of RhoA and Stimulation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase but not Akt/Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Circulation Research</span><span>, Apr 16, 2004</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2eda0d4de5840c17a82060fb815c780a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113838936,"asset_id":118144002,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838936/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118144002"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118144002"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144002; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144002]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144002]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144002; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118144002']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118144002, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2eda0d4de5840c17a82060fb815c780a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118144002]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118144002,"title":"Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein Inhibits Thrombin-Induced Endothelial Tissue Factor Expression Through Inhibition of RhoA and Stimulation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase but not Akt/Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Lippincott Williams \u0026 Wilkins","grobid_abstract":"Endothelial cells express negligible amounts of tissue factor (TF) that can be induced by thrombin, which is important for acute coronary syndromes. Recent research suggests that endothelial TF expression is positively regulated by RhoA and p38 mapk , but negatively by Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is atheroprotective and exerts antiatherothrombotic effect. This study investigated the effect of a reconstituted HDL (rHDL) on endothelial TF expression induced by thrombin and the underlying mechanisms. In cultured human umbilical vein and aortic endothelial cells, thrombin (4 U/mL, 4 hours) increased TF protein level, which was reduced by rHDL (0.1 mg/mL, 43% inhibition, nϭ3 to 7, PϽ0.01). Activation of RhoA but not p38 mapk by thrombin was prevented by rHDL. rHDL stimulated Akt/eNOS pathway. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors wortmannin or LY294002 abolished the activation of Akt/eNOS and reversed the inhibitory effect of rHDL on TF expression. Adenoviral expression of the active PI3K mutant (p110) reduced TF expression stimulated by thrombin without inhibiting RhoA activation, whereas expression of the active Akt mutant (m/p) further facilitated TF upregulation by thrombin. Moreover, a dominant-negative Akt mutant (KA) reduced thrombin's effect and did not reverse the rHDL's inhibitory effect on TF expression. Inhibition of eNOS by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (100 mol/L) did not affect the rHDL's effect. In conclusion, rHDL inhibits thrombin-induced human endothelial TF expression through inhibition of RhoA and activation of PI3K but not Akt/eNOS. These findings implicate a novel mechanism of antiatherothrombotic effects of HDL. (Circ Res. 2004;94:918-925.","publication_date":{"day":16,"month":4,"year":2004,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Circulation Research","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":113838936},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118144002/Reconstituted_High_Density_Lipoprotein_Inhibits_Thrombin_Induced_Endothelial_Tissue_Factor_Expression_Through_Inhibition_of_RhoA_and_Stimulation_of_Phosphatidylinositol_3_Kinase_but_not_Akt_Endothelial_Nitric_Oxide_Synthase","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T00:57:46.013-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":113838936,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838936/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"918.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838936/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Reconstituted_High_Density_Lipoprotein_I.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113838936/918-libre.pdf?1714205286=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DReconstituted_High_Density_Lipoprotein_I.pdf\u0026Expires=1733256213\u0026Signature=S8JE~tm-L1XCxsrW8C66Ev2omM-KEWm816V8wT~mqmYVpyYwkssK21K8ZL~35Fd1oUbKwkINaK2JMZ2Ic8ZolY1h2iwuSafCSCCK90Kb8K0pPsISifhDN0fi8wxs6qbrt37W9sIBb7lx1Osa1cs7zoX4VnWALIVUPOz65KdOZd4cjF2QP1RJcwALbfnYCzvA1rKdFUkT2GEvEGFUNN~Wtq7~GASIO7JKUo7Fy~C53bXkl6-r228-usYpCo1GQfAVeYReoGv-wVQ~pF2r38FvLMmQCJ0sVJ4vS2ciHHlSjIMYGxvoVzzxF7NnUs~2wkPgok4TW8-oOmOAgILqZw9MsA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Reconstituted_High_Density_Lipoprotein_Inhibits_Thrombin_Induced_Endothelial_Tissue_Factor_Expression_Through_Inhibition_of_RhoA_and_Stimulation_of_Phosphatidylinositol_3_Kinase_but_not_Akt_Endothelial_Nitric_Oxide_Synthase","translated_slug":"","page_count":8,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[{"id":113838936,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838936/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"918.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838936/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Reconstituted_High_Density_Lipoprotein_I.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113838936/918-libre.pdf?1714205286=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DReconstituted_High_Density_Lipoprotein_I.pdf\u0026Expires=1733256213\u0026Signature=S8JE~tm-L1XCxsrW8C66Ev2omM-KEWm816V8wT~mqmYVpyYwkssK21K8ZL~35Fd1oUbKwkINaK2JMZ2Ic8ZolY1h2iwuSafCSCCK90Kb8K0pPsISifhDN0fi8wxs6qbrt37W9sIBb7lx1Osa1cs7zoX4VnWALIVUPOz65KdOZd4cjF2QP1RJcwALbfnYCzvA1rKdFUkT2GEvEGFUNN~Wtq7~GASIO7JKUo7Fy~C53bXkl6-r228-usYpCo1GQfAVeYReoGv-wVQ~pF2r38FvLMmQCJ0sVJ4vS2ciHHlSjIMYGxvoVzzxF7NnUs~2wkPgok4TW8-oOmOAgILqZw9MsA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":12981,"name":"Enzyme Inhibitors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Inhibitors"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":71510,"name":"Endothelial Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endothelial_Cells"},{"id":93922,"name":"Nitric oxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nitric_oxide"},{"id":197120,"name":"Endothelial dysfunction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endothelial_dysfunction"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences"},{"id":295271,"name":"Protein kinase B","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_kinase_B"},{"id":300876,"name":"Acute Coronary Syndrome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acute_Coronary_Syndrome"},{"id":382388,"name":"Nitric Oxide Synthase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nitric_Oxide_Synthase"},{"id":401214,"name":"Endothelial 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dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118144000"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144000/Gene_therapy_in_the_world_and_in_Switzerland"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Gene therapy in the world and in Switzerland" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144000/Gene_therapy_in_the_world_and_in_Switzerland">Gene therapy in the world and in Switzerland</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, Nov 20, 1999</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Until the mid-seventies, biology used to be taught as an interesting, yet rather "useless" discip...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Until the mid-seventies, biology used to be taught as an interesting, yet rather "useless" discipline in our high schools. The advent of molecular biology has drastically changed this image. Now, applied molecular genetics has been shown to have the potential to revolutionize many aspects of our life, including the paradigms of medicine. In a first phase, gene knowledge has allowed medical diagnosis with previously unimaginable precision. In a second wave, gene transfer in micro-organisms has produced a plethora of biopharmaceuticals. This decade has seen the third era of molecular medicine, in which direct gene transfer into humans is being developed. This article comments on the most recent developments and concepts in the field of human gene transfer (also called "gene therapy"). Some essential methods are briefly presented and a great deal of attention is devoted to the technical hurdles still to be overcome in achieving efficient and safe gene therapy protocols. The final paragraph attempts to clear up some myths and misunderstandings that are commonly propagated when people talk or think about gene therapy. The purpose of this article will be fulfilled if at the end the reader is convinced that gene therapy is not necessarily dedicated exclusively to hereditary disorders, that Switzerland undertaken an intensive and competitive experimental effort in this direction, that gene therapy has already proven its efficacy and has great potential, but that it will take a couple of decades before some applications are routinely used in the clinic.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118144000"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118144000"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144000; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144000]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144000]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144000; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118144000']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118144000, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118144000]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118144000,"title":"Gene therapy in the world and in Switzerland","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Until the mid-seventies, biology used to be taught as an interesting, yet rather \"useless\" discipline in our high schools. The advent of molecular biology has drastically changed this image. Now, applied molecular genetics has been shown to have the potential to revolutionize many aspects of our life, including the paradigms of medicine. In a first phase, gene knowledge has allowed medical diagnosis with previously unimaginable precision. In a second wave, gene transfer in micro-organisms has produced a plethora of biopharmaceuticals. This decade has seen the third era of molecular medicine, in which direct gene transfer into humans is being developed. This article comments on the most recent developments and concepts in the field of human gene transfer (also called \"gene therapy\"). Some essential methods are briefly presented and a great deal of attention is devoted to the technical hurdles still to be overcome in achieving efficient and safe gene therapy protocols. The final paragraph attempts to clear up some myths and misunderstandings that are commonly propagated when people talk or think about gene therapy. The purpose of this article will be fulfilled if at the end the reader is convinced that gene therapy is not necessarily dedicated exclusively to hereditary disorders, that Switzerland undertaken an intensive and competitive experimental effort in this direction, that gene therapy has already proven its efficacy and has great potential, but that it will take a couple of decades before some applications are routinely used in the clinic.","publication_date":{"day":20,"month":11,"year":1999,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"PubMed"},"translated_abstract":"Until the mid-seventies, biology used to be taught as an interesting, yet rather \"useless\" discipline in our high schools. The advent of molecular biology has drastically changed this image. Now, applied molecular genetics has been shown to have the potential to revolutionize many aspects of our life, including the paradigms of medicine. In a first phase, gene knowledge has allowed medical diagnosis with previously unimaginable precision. In a second wave, gene transfer in micro-organisms has produced a plethora of biopharmaceuticals. This decade has seen the third era of molecular medicine, in which direct gene transfer into humans is being developed. This article comments on the most recent developments and concepts in the field of human gene transfer (also called \"gene therapy\"). Some essential methods are briefly presented and a great deal of attention is devoted to the technical hurdles still to be overcome in achieving efficient and safe gene therapy protocols. The final paragraph attempts to clear up some myths and misunderstandings that are commonly propagated when people talk or think about gene therapy. The purpose of this article will be fulfilled if at the end the reader is convinced that gene therapy is not necessarily dedicated exclusively to hereditary disorders, that Switzerland undertaken an intensive and competitive experimental effort in this direction, that gene therapy has already proven its efficacy and has great potential, but that it will take a couple of decades before some applications are routinely used in the clinic.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118144000/Gene_therapy_in_the_world_and_in_Switzerland","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T00:57:45.638-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Gene_therapy_in_the_world_and_in_Switzerland","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":78435,"name":"Genetic Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Enhancement"},{"id":98939,"name":"Pubmed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pubmed"},{"id":111011,"name":"Gene transfer techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_transfer_techniques"},{"id":152580,"name":"Switzerland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Switzerland"},{"id":1706341,"name":"Gene Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Transfer"},{"id":3061075,"name":"Genetic Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Therapy"}],"urls":[{"id":41433871,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10603651"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118143999"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143999/Chapter_18_Transgenic_regulation_in_laboratory_Animals"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Chapter 18 Transgenic regulation in laboratory Animals" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143999/Chapter_18_Transgenic_regulation_in_laboratory_Animals">Chapter 18 Transgenic regulation in laboratory Animals</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Elsevier eBooks</span><span>, 1996</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Publisher Summary Mammalian development can be compared to a complex computer program. Expression...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Publisher Summary Mammalian development can be compared to a complex computer program. Expression of cloned genes in wild type or mutated form in tissue culture cells has led to several conclusions about their role in the cell metabolism and in the developing organism. However, tissue culture cell systems allow only a limited recapitulation of all the complex feedback that occurs within and among tissues. Therefore, a conclusive assessment of the hypotheses involving tissue culture cells still depends on the experimentation in the whole animal. Transgenic techniques are particularly suited as they allow the addition/subtraction of defined genes to/from the mammalian genome. The approaches that are currently available can be subdivided into three broad categories: the gain-of-function (overexpression or ectopic expression of a particular gene), the change-of-function (expression of dominant mutant alleles), and the loss-of-function (site directed genomic alteration or expression of molecular antagonists aimed toward the reduction of specific gene activities). The chapter explains how some results have undoubtedly confirmed earlier hypotheses and opened interesting perspectives, while others have inexorably produced less positive conclusions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118143999"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118143999"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118143999; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118143999]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118143999]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118143999; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118143999']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118143999, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118143999]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118143999,"title":"Chapter 18 Transgenic regulation in laboratory Animals","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Publisher Summary Mammalian development can be compared to a complex computer program. Expression of cloned genes in wild type or mutated form in tissue culture cells has led to several conclusions about their role in the cell metabolism and in the developing organism. However, tissue culture cell systems allow only a limited recapitulation of all the complex feedback that occurs within and among tissues. Therefore, a conclusive assessment of the hypotheses involving tissue culture cells still depends on the experimentation in the whole animal. Transgenic techniques are particularly suited as they allow the addition/subtraction of defined genes to/from the mammalian genome. The approaches that are currently available can be subdivided into three broad categories: the gain-of-function (overexpression or ectopic expression of a particular gene), the change-of-function (expression of dominant mutant alleles), and the loss-of-function (site directed genomic alteration or expression of molecular antagonists aimed toward the reduction of specific gene activities). The chapter explains how some results have undoubtedly confirmed earlier hypotheses and opened interesting perspectives, while others have inexorably produced less positive conclusions.","publisher":"Elsevier BV","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1996,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Elsevier eBooks"},"translated_abstract":"Publisher Summary Mammalian development can be compared to a complex computer program. Expression of cloned genes in wild type or mutated form in tissue culture cells has led to several conclusions about their role in the cell metabolism and in the developing organism. However, tissue culture cell systems allow only a limited recapitulation of all the complex feedback that occurs within and among tissues. Therefore, a conclusive assessment of the hypotheses involving tissue culture cells still depends on the experimentation in the whole animal. Transgenic techniques are particularly suited as they allow the addition/subtraction of defined genes to/from the mammalian genome. The approaches that are currently available can be subdivided into three broad categories: the gain-of-function (overexpression or ectopic expression of a particular gene), the change-of-function (expression of dominant mutant alleles), and the loss-of-function (site directed genomic alteration or expression of molecular antagonists aimed toward the reduction of specific gene activities). The chapter explains how some results have undoubtedly confirmed earlier hypotheses and opened interesting perspectives, while others have inexorably produced less positive conclusions.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118143999/Chapter_18_Transgenic_regulation_in_laboratory_Animals","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T00:57:45.236-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Chapter_18_Transgenic_regulation_in_laboratory_Animals","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression"},{"id":181936,"name":"Gene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene"},{"id":202132,"name":"Organism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organism"}],"urls":[{"id":41433869,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1569-2582(96)80122-x"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118143997]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118143997]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118143997; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118143997']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118143997, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "50d562c14b137daf39c093b1be2ddf88" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118143997]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118143997,"title":"Metal binding ‘finger’ structures in the glucocorticoid receptor defined by site-directed mutagenesis","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Nature Portfolio","grobid_abstract":"The glucocorticoid receptor and the other members of the steroid receptor super-family share a highly conserved, cysteine-rich region which coincides with the DNA binding/transactivating domain. It has been postulated that this region is folded into two 'zinc finger' structures, similar to those originally reported for the transcription factor TFIMA. The first potential figer domain contains four conserved cysteines and one conserved histidine, while the second contains five conserved cysteines. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we have analysed the consequences of altering the proposed finger-like structures. Our results show that most of the mutations affecting the conserved cysteines result in a total loss of glucocorticoid receptor function. In one important exception, however, a conserved cysteine (Cys500) is dispensable for glucocorticoid receptor activity and therefore cannot be involved in complexing a metal ion to form a finger structure. Moreover, the replacement of either Cys476 or Cys482 by His residues maintains partial in vivo activity of the glucocorticoid receptor, while their exchange for an alanine or serine residue, respectively, eliminates receptor function. These results support, at a genetic level, the involvement of cysteines of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain in metal ion complexation and defme the candidate residues involved in such coordination.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":8,"year":1988,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"The EMBO Journal","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":113838924},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118143997/Metal_binding_finger_structures_in_the_glucocorticoid_receptor_defined_by_site_directed_mutagenesis","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T00:57:44.820-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":113838924,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838924/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"fullpdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838924/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Metal_binding_finger_structures_in_the_g.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113838924/fullpdf-libre.pdf?1714205294=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMetal_binding_finger_structures_in_the_g.pdf\u0026Expires=1733256213\u0026Signature=Xyf6sSDXkoYcUb7rOlxo3wLrdXAcf6VBcAevDFeQr-KItQpqu6PD8mznFGU5NuAPe2yze0mXQ0AlDXX6~SaEWPVLO4sLLd0GD7wVzIPHdpTMfXVzo70861DjyWVSUezGh1XevoaUy11sgmYAapPpHFqFQySAYlGmmOZDR6mqkDLuuNHRYcCiWF26q4DBHlfkx3ToPL~OgFKYfYK24xSuL-H~Czx9HR672R--Yx1BF-hZKPNJ0kDyUyoVhHpl-tHtMoCT2a4v2Ul~ZQVC2hJe1s36~6Ps39E~opkMB-lEPD09mqAO9oYfsq5m2PZ1FJT61nVTprVFvMjlWJ80s8RHCw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Metal_binding_finger_structures_in_the_glucocorticoid_receptor_defined_by_site_directed_mutagenesis","translated_slug":"","page_count":6,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[{"id":113838924,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838924/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"fullpdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838924/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Metal_binding_finger_structures_in_the_g.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113838924/fullpdf-libre.pdf?1714205294=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMetal_binding_finger_structures_in_the_g.pdf\u0026Expires=1733256213\u0026Signature=Xyf6sSDXkoYcUb7rOlxo3wLrdXAcf6VBcAevDFeQr-KItQpqu6PD8mznFGU5NuAPe2yze0mXQ0AlDXX6~SaEWPVLO4sLLd0GD7wVzIPHdpTMfXVzo70861DjyWVSUezGh1XevoaUy11sgmYAapPpHFqFQySAYlGmmOZDR6mqkDLuuNHRYcCiWF26q4DBHlfkx3ToPL~OgFKYfYK24xSuL-H~Czx9HR672R--Yx1BF-hZKPNJ0kDyUyoVhHpl-tHtMoCT2a4v2Ul~ZQVC2hJe1s36~6Ps39E~opkMB-lEPD09mqAO9oYfsq5m2PZ1FJT61nVTprVFvMjlWJ80s8RHCw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line"},{"id":67401,"name":"Mutagenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutagenesis"},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation"},{"id":158165,"name":"Zinc","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zinc"},{"id":213901,"name":"Transcription Factor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcription_Factor"},{"id":329425,"name":"Zinc Finger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zinc_Finger"},{"id":422325,"name":"HeLa cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HeLa_cells"},{"id":614749,"name":"Cysteine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cysteine"},{"id":620070,"name":"Transfection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transfection"},{"id":809881,"name":"Amino Acid Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Sequence"},{"id":1238055,"name":"Glucocorticoid Receptors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glucocorticoid_Receptors"},{"id":1365896,"name":"Histidine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Histidine"},{"id":1763968,"name":"Gene Expression Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Expression_Regulation"},{"id":2467566,"name":"Molecular Sequence Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Sequence_Data"},{"id":3585436,"name":"conserved sequence ","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/conserved_sequence"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":41433868,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03097.x"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); 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transcriptional enhancement</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Nature</span><span>, Jan 22, 1987</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2db2932696c6d3833343adc2e14ce6cb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113838928,"asset_id":118143995,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838928/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118143995"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa 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Rho/ROCK and PKC can exhibit a convergence of cellular effects such as suppression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression. We, therefore, investigated the role of PKC in RhoA/ROCK complex formation and activation linked to eNOS expression in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We showed that expression of constitutively active RhoA (Rho63) or ROCK (CAT) suppressed eNOS gene expression. This effect of Rho63 but not that of CAT was abolished by phorbol ester-sensitive PKC depletion. Accordingly, depletion or inhibition of PKC prevented ROCK activation by Rho63 without affecting RhoA/ROCK complex formation. Similarly, suppression of eNOS expression and activation of ROCK, but not RhoA by thrombin were prevented by PKC inhibition or depletion. 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Inhibitors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Inhibitors"},{"id":13827,"name":"Cell Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Biology"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":61099,"name":"Thrombin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thrombin"},{"id":138877,"name":"Vascular endothelium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vascular_endothelium"},{"id":161562,"name":"Alkaloids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alkaloids"},{"id":382388,"name":"Nitric Oxide Synthase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nitric_Oxide_Synthase"},{"id":1487354,"name":"RhoA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RhoA"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell 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href="https://www.academia.edu/118143989/Expression_of_Myotubularin_by_an_Adenoviral_Vector_Demonstrates_Its_Function_as_a_Phosphatidylinositol_3_Phosphate_PtdIns_3_P_Phosphatase_in_Muscle_Cell_Lines_Involvement_of_PtdIns_3_P_in_Insulin_Stimulated_Glucose_Transport"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Expression of Myotubularin by an Adenoviral Vector Demonstrates Its Function as a Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate [PtdIns(3)P] Phosphatase in Muscle Cell Lines: Involvement of PtdIns(3)P in Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Transport" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838933/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/118143985/Transactivation_of_the_HIV_promoter_by_Tat_can_be_estimated_by_a_bacterial_blue_white_color_system">Transactivation of the HIV promoter by Tat can be estimated by a bacterial blue-white color system</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Gene</span><span>, 1990</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ed52e323675881d2c55455ee05e5eef2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113838918,"asset_id":118143985,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838918/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span 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We make use of the novel expression assay for the study of transcriptional activators [Rusconi et al., Gene 89 (1990) 211-221 ]. After transfection of ~ reference plasmid, a Tat expression plasmid, a plasmid in which the expression of simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen is driven by the HIV promoter and a replicator plasmid containing an SV40 orl into mammalian cells, low M r DNA is shuttled back into Escherichia coll. Transactivation is quantitated by comparing the number of white colonies (due to the replicator plasmid) in presence and absence of Tat to the number of blue colonies (due to the reference plasmid). At high copy numbers of transfected reporter plasmid the system was saturated with respect to large T antigen and not accessible to transactivation ~y the viral Tat protein. Gradual decrease of the concentration of the HIV-promoter-containing plasmid resulted in continuous improvement of transactivation of this promoter. The demonstration of a 200-fold stimulation of the HIV-1 promoter indicates the sensitivity of the assay and its general applicability to analyse the interp!~v between a transacting factor and the responsive DNA/RNA sequences.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1990,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Gene","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":113838918},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118143985/Transactivation_of_the_HIV_promoter_by_Tat_can_be_estimated_by_a_bacterial_blue_white_color_system","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T00:57:41.245-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":113838918,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838918/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"0378-111928902990392-520240427-1-s0fjjs.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838918/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Transactivation_of_the_HIV_promoter_by_T.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113838918/0378-111928902990392-520240427-1-s0fjjs-libre.pdf?1714205292=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTransactivation_of_the_HIV_promoter_by_T.pdf\u0026Expires=1733256213\u0026Signature=SBN~8KgzVjWEv-jFfOW9qetZ9bpqOs3Nfk7y8cPeqnrtBur9KLddIH6wxGASaF4RMevZeR2MKJz5NJ9YJti86oBCVuHJo-bBvAPyTooVzr-WO2HTaF~GkivKsMz~TdeM7pHf-3nsa-nJgq5tPMbGwApfhVrEWxTInvba~KJ-yxFklmreFh0LWixOO37Fc0ztOQW1Z2kbRn6yinR~S1wOBO19RxOTIX2p3Nve0ZSIIkZR2NnBgSy7YwXhdsl~trH0HFlegKVfK17aKiCvoWW23TkFZrN0ugU2tDVRkTvRs0omAFOdrDz7gsrVs7ijqAKkHrAyRda~ynhmL4oebHkpbA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Transactivation_of_the_HIV_promoter_by_Tat_can_be_estimated_by_a_bacterial_blue_white_color_system","translated_slug":"","page_count":7,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[{"id":113838918,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838918/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"0378-111928902990392-520240427-1-s0fjjs.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838918/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Transactivation_of_the_HIV_promoter_by_T.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113838918/0378-111928902990392-520240427-1-s0fjjs-libre.pdf?1714205292=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTransactivation_of_the_HIV_promoter_by_T.pdf\u0026Expires=1733256213\u0026Signature=SBN~8KgzVjWEv-jFfOW9qetZ9bpqOs3Nfk7y8cPeqnrtBur9KLddIH6wxGASaF4RMevZeR2MKJz5NJ9YJti86oBCVuHJo-bBvAPyTooVzr-WO2HTaF~GkivKsMz~TdeM7pHf-3nsa-nJgq5tPMbGwApfhVrEWxTInvba~KJ-yxFklmreFh0LWixOO37Fc0ztOQW1Z2kbRn6yinR~S1wOBO19RxOTIX2p3Nve0ZSIIkZR2NnBgSy7YwXhdsl~trH0HFlegKVfK17aKiCvoWW23TkFZrN0ugU2tDVRkTvRs0omAFOdrDz7gsrVs7ijqAKkHrAyRda~ynhmL4oebHkpbA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA"},{"id":181936,"name":"Gene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene"},{"id":190363,"name":"Plasmids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plasmids"},{"id":620070,"name":"Transfection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transfection"},{"id":1114508,"name":"Plasmid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plasmid"},{"id":2915986,"name":"Haplorhini","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haplorhini"},{"id":3693866,"name":"Reporter gene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reporter_gene"},{"id":3881526,"name":"In Vitro Techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro_Techniques"}],"urls":[{"id":41433859,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(90)90392-5"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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The highly repeated H4 and H3 genes active during early embryogenesis had evolved (in their silent sites) at a rate (0.5-0.6% base changes/Myr) similar to single-copy protein-coding genes and nearly as fast as spacer DNA (0.7% base changes/Myr) and unique DNA. Thus, evolution in the major histone genes conforms to a universal evolutionary clock based on the rate of base sequence change. By contrast, the H4 and H3 coding sequences and a nontranscribed spacer of the DNA clone h19 of Psammechinus miliaris show an exceptionally low rate of sequence evolution only 1/100 to 1/200 that predicted from the clock hypothesis. According to the classical model of gene inheritance, the h19 DNA sequences in the Psammechinus genome require unusual conservation mechanisms by selection at the level of the gene and spacer sequences. An alternative explanation could be recent horizontal gene transfer of a histone gene cluster from the very distantly related Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis to the P. miliaris genome.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1982,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"The EMBO Journal","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":113838921},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118143983/An_unusual_evolutionary_behaviour_of_a_sea_urchin_histone_gene_cluster","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T00:57:40.804-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":113838921,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838921/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"fullpdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838921/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"An_unusual_evolutionary_behaviour_of_a_s.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113838921/fullpdf-libre.pdf?1714205295=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAn_unusual_evolutionary_behaviour_of_a_s.pdf\u0026Expires=1733256213\u0026Signature=IWizmQDQQBTIkZD--c~s0zTb8VRgYR~HNmdlfmXE6Yvd-yc6iF42fuFAMBCQ-3DvJz8yjtiYS7JISTp~ERQvCEaQ~nd4PW~0-1d-xulUpfu-WY8HXLST4mfPu8S0UHvA5iKMN9b2avqDScbXTGHlWnlzdHClYo8wpYFLzLZQBdFYf8vWC6uMU-HtIme9CIHqBIl0kyENKgpqZCBnwNK4viFVjv9FZBoqr3s-wcWYkgFGOiUIGJAZI8XGnk0jjgCiPXJps~I6EgoJqjCpI7-~wPm26eysNMsCmDFHBivs24tcGJ4DcJoDKOAE7cJgxgpIazQ5FOkfl99PYaTVFgAthQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"An_unusual_evolutionary_behaviour_of_a_sea_urchin_histone_gene_cluster","translated_slug":"","page_count":7,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[{"id":113838921,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838921/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"fullpdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838921/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"An_unusual_evolutionary_behaviour_of_a_s.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113838921/fullpdf-libre.pdf?1714205295=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAn_unusual_evolutionary_behaviour_of_a_s.pdf\u0026Expires=1733256213\u0026Signature=IWizmQDQQBTIkZD--c~s0zTb8VRgYR~HNmdlfmXE6Yvd-yc6iF42fuFAMBCQ-3DvJz8yjtiYS7JISTp~ERQvCEaQ~nd4PW~0-1d-xulUpfu-WY8HXLST4mfPu8S0UHvA5iKMN9b2avqDScbXTGHlWnlzdHClYo8wpYFLzLZQBdFYf8vWC6uMU-HtIme9CIHqBIl0kyENKgpqZCBnwNK4viFVjv9FZBoqr3s-wcWYkgFGOiUIGJAZI8XGnk0jjgCiPXJps~I6EgoJqjCpI7-~wPm26eysNMsCmDFHBivs24tcGJ4DcJoDKOAE7cJgxgpIazQ5FOkfl99PYaTVFgAthQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":181936,"name":"Gene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene"},{"id":472116,"name":"Concerted Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concerted_Evolution"},{"id":910660,"name":"Histone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Histone"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":41433857,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01119.x"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118143980"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143980/Immediate_early_protein_of_pseudorabies_virus_is_a_general_transactivator_but_stimulates_only_suboptimally_utilized_promoters"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Immediate early protein of pseudorabies virus is a general transactivator but stimulates only suboptimally utilized promoters" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838917/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143980/Immediate_early_protein_of_pseudorabies_virus_is_a_general_transactivator_but_stimulates_only_suboptimally_utilized_promoters">Immediate early protein of pseudorabies virus is a general transactivator but stimulates only suboptimally utilized promoters</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Molecular Biology</span><span>, Sep 1, 1990</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4c63969587d6f825dd2301fa12fc2aee" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113838917,"asset_id":118143980,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838917/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118143980"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118143980"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118143980; 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We have tested the activity of this IE protein with a set of well-defined promoters containing a TATA box and one type of upstream factor binding site (for Spl, NF-KB, heavy metal responsive factors, octamer factors or glucocorticoid receptor). All promoters were strongly activated by IE protein, i.e. the IE protein did not preferentially activate transcription v/a a particular type of upstream element. Activation did not' require a bona fide TATA box, since a promoter construct with three Spl sites but no TATA box was also activated. Our data are not compatible with a model in which IE protein would bypass the need for upstream factors. Rather, the properties of IE protein, especially a failure to induce strong transcription from a promoter with only a TATA box but no upstream sequences, mimic the action of a remotely placed, cis-active, enhancer DNA. The IE protein was found to have no effect on transcription units that are expressed to their maximal potential, irrespective of whether this was high or low. Such optimal transcription conditions are observed in the presence of a strong enhancer, or with multiple tandem copies of an upstream binding site and/or a high concentration of the corresponding factor. The property of stimulating only \"suboptimaily\" utilized promoters may be exploited by pseudorabies virus to restrict the specificity of the IE protein to the viral early promoters and a subset of cellular promoters.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":9,"year":1990,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Molecular 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of Carbohydrate receptor-mediated gene transfer to human T leukaemic cells" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838852/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143977/Carbohydrate_receptor_mediated_gene_transfer_to_human_T_leukaemic_cells">Carbohydrate receptor-mediated gene transfer to human T leukaemic cells</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Glycobiology</span><span>, 1994</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c01fed2c7613a4162e52b5c712069ed4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" 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require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c01fed2c7613a4162e52b5c712069ed4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118143977]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118143977,"title":"Carbohydrate receptor-mediated gene transfer to human T leukaemic cells","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Oxford University Press","grobid_abstract":"The mucin-type carbohydrate Tn cryptantigen (GalNAcal-O-Ser/Thr, where GalNAc is ?V-acetyl-D-galactosamine) is expressed in many carcinomas, in haemopoietic disorders including the Tn syndrome, and on human immunodeficiency virus (HTV) coat glycoproteins, but is not expressed on normal, differentiated cells because of the expression of a Tn-processing galactosyltransferase. Using Jurkat T leukaemic cells which express high levels of Tn antigen due to deficient Tn galactosylation, we have established the Tn antigen-mediated gene transfer and demonstrate the considerable efficiency of this approach. We used poly(L-lysine) conjugates of the monoclonal antibody 1E3 directed against the Tn antigen to deliver the luciferase and /3-galactosidase reporter genes to Jurkat cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Addition of unconjugated 1E3 reduced transfection efficiency in a concentration-dependent manner and incubation with free GalNAc abolished DNA transfer completely, indicating that gene delivery is indeed mediated by the Tn antigen. Pre-treatment of Jurkat cells with Vibrio cholerae sialidase, which uncovers additional Tn antigens, resulted in an improvement of gene transfection. Both human and chicken adenovirus particles attached to the DNA/polylysine complex strongly augmented transgene expression. When the /3-galactosidase (lacZ) gene was delivered to Jurkat cells by Tn-mediated endocytosis, up to 60% of the cells were positive in the cytochemical stain using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3indolyl-/3-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal) as a chromogenic substrate. The efficiency of the transferrin receptor-mediated DNA uptake into Jurkat cells was comparatively low, although these cells were shown to express considerable amounts of transferrin receptor. We show here that a mucin-type carbohydrate antigen mediates highly efficient DNA uptake by endocytosis into Jurkat T cells. This method represents a 50-fold improvement of Jurkat cell transfection efficiency over other physical gene transfer techniques. Specific gene delivery to primary cancer cells exhibiting Tn epitopes may especially be desirable in immunotherapy protocols.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1994,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Glycobiology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":113838852},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118143977/Carbohydrate_receptor_mediated_gene_transfer_to_human_T_leukaemic_cells","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T00:57:39.547-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":113838852,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838852/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"041.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838852/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Carbohydrate_receptor_mediated_gene_tran.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113838852/041-libre.pdf?1714205316=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCarbohydrate_receptor_mediated_gene_tran.pdf\u0026Expires=1733256213\u0026Signature=XafID1-kGoykriBsujaroFBgSEAOdhKkLTdRY-MRpTUCVktZw7kM25RGWpIOLcTtv-3kkXAtDJy5DYDyPfbJ8n0aVkpezC3ZXeCC3-DHO7iH8JALujsigiHu0PMm112o7rwxj9v84yu9J9gqlb9O9x~~7llXCbSkwlG-QO18v2DGD6hEzTlTVm8z~NlphcdaV-1HRrdOTbN51DNkUIiPkLWOJxbXgEpX2-SMm6Cy1r6IBkeQColaXT6eRORDvuGzjv0Qe-RebY6ThL-W2SGcXzF6GMdUvgRlHyKJ9-vrtCS1AGoEa3PnDxcUgILXj-lH6DuszFQ3vDD4MLxHrHROzg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Carbohydrate_receptor_mediated_gene_transfer_to_human_T_leukaemic_cells","translated_slug":"","page_count":7,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro 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alt="Research paper thumbnail of Functional dissection of the hormone and DNA binding activities of the glucocorticoid receptor" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838911/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143975/Functional_dissection_of_the_hormone_and_DNA_binding_activities_of_the_glucocorticoid_receptor">Functional dissection of the hormone and DNA binding activities of the glucocorticoid receptor</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The EMBO Journal</span><span>, May 1, 1987</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="982a974c44efc2f835d07d27e23d7960" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" 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separate regions of the 795 amino acid rat glucocorticoid receptor that interact with hormonal ligands and DNA respectively. The functional regions were defined by direct assays of segments of the receptor coding sequence translated in vitro. Hormone affinity measurements suggested that residues near the receptor C-terminus are the primary determinants of ligand binding, whereas sequence-specific DNA binding activity resides between amino acids 440 and 546. DNA binding efficiency was stimulated only modestly by prior hormone binding. The receptor regions identified in these in vitro studies correspond to those that mediate ligand-dependent transcriptional enhancement in vivo.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":5,"year":1987,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"The EMBO Journal","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":113838911},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118143975/Functional_dissection_of_the_hormone_and_DNA_binding_activities_of_the_glucocorticoid_receptor","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T00:57:39.117-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":113838911,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838911/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"fullpdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838911/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Functional_dissection_of_the_hormone_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113838911/fullpdf-libre.pdf?1714205297=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFunctional_dissection_of_the_hormone_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1733256213\u0026Signature=Uu9loUF2UCyYnL5Gz5eSRrh-c~LzKAo4VfMACaRHjiOkjFmeaL-4s4ebkz6MLHj0Qjiu~9wQnzpNvahg1AW9BCkioIvdSYhosqloZpnIIHyB1lHwgVkm8NM5Ra1Ai5Y0eoXDkKA92rHp8cLeCsLKJb-be6sNi5VnXXuQ4R8gW5yM1LbHTWDA6FnqPtZubCq-G6qnJlxb3JL-X~6FXnhNNo9-6FCeMZrdfrVbhh7TB82CsBnByXCNDeEn0ojmIRT4uWETDuQe4SNVS~csQODSaA0k2iea621Mr9iJ3xp6QBvQlX5gRqgv2JclzdHxnOkRCVUoZCC1xdTsMDcDQ4e8xw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Functional_dissection_of_the_hormone_and_DNA_binding_activities_of_the_glucocorticoid_receptor","translated_slug":"","page_count":7,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[{"id":113838911,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838911/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"fullpdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838911/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Functional_dissection_of_the_hormone_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113838911/fullpdf-libre.pdf?1714205297=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFunctional_dissection_of_the_hormone_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1733256213\u0026Signature=Uu9loUF2UCyYnL5Gz5eSRrh-c~LzKAo4VfMACaRHjiOkjFmeaL-4s4ebkz6MLHj0Qjiu~9wQnzpNvahg1AW9BCkioIvdSYhosqloZpnIIHyB1lHwgVkm8NM5Ra1Ai5Y0eoXDkKA92rHp8cLeCsLKJb-be6sNi5VnXXuQ4R8gW5yM1LbHTWDA6FnqPtZubCq-G6qnJlxb3JL-X~6FXnhNNo9-6FCeMZrdfrVbhh7TB82CsBnByXCNDeEn0ojmIRT4uWETDuQe4SNVS~csQODSaA0k2iea621Mr9iJ3xp6QBvQlX5gRqgv2JclzdHxnOkRCVUoZCC1xdTsMDcDQ4e8xw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA"},{"id":57801,"name":"Dexamethasone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dexamethasone"},{"id":147196,"name":"Monoclonal Antibodies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monoclonal_Antibodies"},{"id":295728,"name":"Molecular cloning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_cloning"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats"},{"id":555007,"name":"Receptor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Receptor"},{"id":809881,"name":"Amino Acid Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Sequence"},{"id":1010725,"name":"Protein Binding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Binding"},{"id":1159038,"name":"Epitopes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epitopes"},{"id":1238055,"name":"Glucocorticoid Receptors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glucocorticoid_Receptors"},{"id":1588981,"name":"Protein Biosynthesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Biosynthesis"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":41433849,"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02369.x"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118143973"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143973/Genetic_complementation_of_a_glucocorticoid_receptor_deficiency_by_expression_of_cloned_receptor_cDNA"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Genetic complementation of a glucocorticoid receptor deficiency by expression of cloned receptor cDNA" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143973/Genetic_complementation_of_a_glucocorticoid_receptor_deficiency_by_expression_of_cloned_receptor_cDNA">Genetic complementation of a glucocorticoid receptor deficiency by expression of cloned receptor cDNA</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Cell</span><span>, Aug 1, 1986</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We isolated and sequenced 6.3 kb of cDNA encoding that rat glucocorticoid receptor, a protein tha...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We isolated and sequenced 6.3 kb of cDNA encoding that rat glucocorticoid receptor, a protein that binds and activates a class of hormone-dependent transcriptional enhancers. Receptor-containing cells produce receptor mRNAs of approximately equal to 6.5 kb and approximately equal to 4.8 kb that differ only in their 3&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; nontranslated regions; an open reading frame of 795 amino acids resides within the 5&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; portion of the transcripts. The coding region was expressed in vitro, in transient transfections, and in stable transfectants of a receptor-deficient cell line. The protein products are indistinguishable from bona fide receptor with respect to sedimentation and electrophoretic mobility, antibody reactivity, and hormone and DNA binding. Moreover, the cloned receptor protein activates its corresponding enhancers, restoring to the receptor-deficient cells the full capacity for regulated enhancement.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118143973"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118143973"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118143973; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118143973]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118143973]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118143973; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118143973']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118143973, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118143973]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118143973,"title":"Genetic complementation of a glucocorticoid receptor deficiency by expression of cloned receptor cDNA","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"We isolated and sequenced 6.3 kb of cDNA encoding that rat glucocorticoid receptor, a protein that binds and activates a class of hormone-dependent transcriptional enhancers. Receptor-containing cells produce receptor mRNAs of approximately equal to 6.5 kb and approximately equal to 4.8 kb that differ only in their 3\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; nontranslated regions; an open reading frame of 795 amino acids resides within the 5\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; portion of the transcripts. The coding region was expressed in vitro, in transient transfections, and in stable transfectants of a receptor-deficient cell line. The protein products are indistinguishable from bona fide receptor with respect to sedimentation and electrophoretic mobility, antibody reactivity, and hormone and DNA binding. Moreover, the cloned receptor protein activates its corresponding enhancers, restoring to the receptor-deficient cells the full capacity for regulated enhancement.","publisher":"Cell Press","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":8,"year":1986,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Cell"},"translated_abstract":"We isolated and sequenced 6.3 kb of cDNA encoding that rat glucocorticoid receptor, a protein that binds and activates a class of hormone-dependent transcriptional enhancers. Receptor-containing cells produce receptor mRNAs of approximately equal to 6.5 kb and approximately equal to 4.8 kb that differ only in their 3\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; nontranslated regions; an open reading frame of 795 amino acids resides within the 5\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; portion of the transcripts. The coding region was expressed in vitro, in transient transfections, and in stable transfectants of a receptor-deficient cell line. The protein products are indistinguishable from bona fide receptor with respect to sedimentation and electrophoretic mobility, antibody reactivity, and hormone and DNA binding. Moreover, the cloned receptor protein activates its corresponding enhancers, restoring to the receptor-deficient cells the full capacity for regulated enhancement.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118143973/Genetic_complementation_of_a_glucocorticoid_receptor_deficiency_by_expression_of_cloned_receptor_cDNA","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T00:57:38.708-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Genetic_complementation_of_a_glucocorticoid_receptor_deficiency_by_expression_of_cloned_receptor_cDNA","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA"},{"id":107533,"name":"Cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats"},{"id":541820,"name":"Enhancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enhancer"},{"id":620070,"name":"Transfection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transfection"},{"id":809881,"name":"Amino Acid Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Sequence"},{"id":809882,"name":"Base Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Base_Sequence"},{"id":990417,"name":"Recombinant Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recombinant_Proteins"},{"id":1238055,"name":"Glucocorticoid Receptors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glucocorticoid_Receptors"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":41433847,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(86)90659-8"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118143970"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143970/Erratum_to_Glucocorticoid_receptor_mutants_that_are_constitutive_activators_of_transcriptional_enhancement"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Erratum to: Glucocorticoid receptor mutants that are constitutive activators of transcriptional enhancement" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838848/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143970/Erratum_to_Glucocorticoid_receptor_mutants_that_are_constitutive_activators_of_transcriptional_enhancement">Erratum to: Glucocorticoid receptor mutants that are constitutive activators of transcriptional enhancement</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Nature</span><span>, Mar 1, 1987</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e8867095dde0ef3e59d6087d4643600e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113838848,"asset_id":118143970,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838848/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118143970"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118143970"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118143970; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118143968"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143968/Gene_Transfer_in_Living_Organisms"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Gene Transfer in Living Organisms" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143968/Gene_Transfer_in_Living_Organisms">Gene Transfer in Living Organisms</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Springer eBooks</span><span>, 1984</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Oocytes and eggs of Xenopus laevis are valuable tools for testing the activity of biological macr...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Oocytes and eggs of Xenopus laevis are valuable tools for testing the activity of biological macromolecules. Oocytes have been injected with protein (reviewed by Lane 1981), RNA (Gurdon et al. 1974; Woodland and Wilt 1980a), and DNA (reviewed by Gurdon and Melton 1981) molecules. The unfertilized egg has been particularly useful in studying the replication of injected DNA (Harland and Laskey 1980; Hines and Benbow 1982). mRNA (Woodland and Wilt 1980b) and genomic DNA (Gurdon and Brown 1977) injected into fertilized eggs is maintained in the active state for a while, but seems to disappear in later developmental stages. Only with the advent of DNA cloning techniques has it become possible to inject defined protein-coding genes into the fertilized frog egg and to study their fate throughout development. To this end, cloned genes coding for the rabbit β-globin gene (Rusconi and Schaffner 1981) and for sea urchin histone genes (Bending 1981) were used in our laboratory. Both kinds of gene were replicated as extrachromosomal circles within developing Xenopus embryos, and were correctly transcribed around blastula-gastrula stage. Whereas most injected DNA was degraded after gastrula stage, a low number of rabbit β-globin genes became stably associated with the Xenopus genome and persisted throughout metamorphosis. In the present chapter we take a closer look at the state of such injected DNA sequences.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118143968"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118143968"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118143968; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118143968]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118143968]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118143968; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118143968']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118143968, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118143968]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118143968,"title":"Gene Transfer in Living Organisms","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Oocytes and eggs of Xenopus laevis are valuable tools for testing the activity of biological macromolecules. 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Both kinds of gene were replicated as extrachromosomal circles within developing Xenopus embryos, and were correctly transcribed around blastula-gastrula stage. Whereas most injected DNA was degraded after gastrula stage, a low number of rabbit β-globin genes became stably associated with the Xenopus genome and persisted throughout metamorphosis. In the present chapter we take a closer look at the state of such injected DNA sequences.","publisher":"Springer Nature","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1984,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Springer eBooks"},"translated_abstract":"Oocytes and eggs of Xenopus laevis are valuable tools for testing the activity of biological macromolecules. Oocytes have been injected with protein (reviewed by Lane 1981), RNA (Gurdon et al. 1974; Woodland and Wilt 1980a), and DNA (reviewed by Gurdon and Melton 1981) molecules. 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Whereas most injected DNA was degraded after gastrula stage, a low number of rabbit β-globin genes became stably associated with the Xenopus genome and persisted throughout metamorphosis. 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After this introductory sentence, the reader likely expects us to begin discussing some of the marvellous achievements in setting up the tools that allow this transfer. However, before entering into the intricate details of vectorology, please allow us the following clear-cut statement: As of today there is no perfect or general vector for gene therapy and there won’t be probably any in the foreseeable future. We hope that with this statement in mind, it will be easier for the readers to understand why there is still such a multitude of seemingly disparate efforts in establishing appropriate vehicles for the gene transfer.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2002,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Gene therapy bases its rationale on the transfer of genetic components (genes or fragments thereof) into somatic cells, with the aim of preventing, correcting, or healing various types of disorders. After this introductory sentence, the reader likely expects us to begin discussing some of the marvellous achievements in setting up the tools that allow this transfer. However, before entering into the intricate details of vectorology, please allow us the following clear-cut statement: As of today there is no perfect or general vector for gene therapy and there won’t be probably any in the foreseeable future. We hope that with this statement in mind, it will be easier for the readers to understand why there is still such a multitude of seemingly disparate efforts in establishing appropriate vehicles for the gene transfer.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118439510/Vectors_for_Gene_Delivery","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-05-02T08:24:18.756-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Vectors_for_Gene_Delivery","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science"},{"id":1706341,"name":"Gene Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Transfer"}],"urls":[{"id":41586413,"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59259-239-5_30"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118144091"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144091/Ephemerally_expressed_wild_type_and_mutant_steroid_hormone_receptors_are_equally_able_to_influence_expression_of_transient_or_resident_templates"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ephemerally expressed wild-type and mutant steroid hormone receptors are equally able to influence expression of transient or resident templates" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144091/Ephemerally_expressed_wild_type_and_mutant_steroid_hormone_receptors_are_equally_able_to_influence_expression_of_transient_or_resident_templates">Ephemerally expressed wild-type and mutant steroid hormone receptors are equally able to influence expression of transient or resident templates</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, Nov 1, 1995</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We have tested transiently expressed mutant and chimeric glucocorticoid receptors (GR) for their ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We have tested transiently expressed mutant and chimeric glucocorticoid receptors (GR) for their ability to influence transcription of either a co-transfected or a stably integrated reporter gene. To the latter purpose we have generated a cell line harbouring 2 chromosomally anchored copies of the well-characterized mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter/enhancer region fused to the bacterial beta-galactosidase gene (LacZ). We were particularly interested in verifying whether some earlier characterized dominant negative GR mutants would still act the same way on chromosomal targets. We show that trans-regulation (activation/-repression) of the chromosomally anchored reporter is qualitatively and quantitatively indistinguishable from trans-regulation obtained with transient co-transfection. In parallel, we also tested ephemerally expressed wild-type progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR) for their capacity of acting on either transient or resident MMTV reporter templates. Also in this case we show that activation of chromosomally anchored or transiently co-transfected reporter by both these steroid hormone receptors is qualitatively and quantitatively indistinguishable. These results outline that newly expressed trans-effectors may exert their specific function independently of the precise structural organization of their responsive genes.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118144091"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118144091"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144091; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144091]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144091]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144091; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118144091']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118144091, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118144091]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118144091,"title":"Ephemerally expressed wild-type and mutant steroid hormone receptors are equally able to influence expression of transient or resident templates","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"We have tested transiently expressed mutant and chimeric glucocorticoid receptors (GR) for their ability to influence transcription of either a co-transfected or a stably integrated reporter gene. To the latter purpose we have generated a cell line harbouring 2 chromosomally anchored copies of the well-characterized mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter/enhancer region fused to the bacterial beta-galactosidase gene (LacZ). We were particularly interested in verifying whether some earlier characterized dominant negative GR mutants would still act the same way on chromosomal targets. We show that trans-regulation (activation/-repression) of the chromosomally anchored reporter is qualitatively and quantitatively indistinguishable from trans-regulation obtained with transient co-transfection. In parallel, we also tested ephemerally expressed wild-type progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR) for their capacity of acting on either transient or resident MMTV reporter templates. Also in this case we show that activation of chromosomally anchored or transiently co-transfected reporter by both these steroid hormone receptors is qualitatively and quantitatively indistinguishable. These results outline that newly expressed trans-effectors may exert their specific function independently of the precise structural organization of their responsive genes.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":11,"year":1995,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"PubMed"},"translated_abstract":"We have tested transiently expressed mutant and chimeric glucocorticoid receptors (GR) for their ability to influence transcription of either a co-transfected or a stably integrated reporter gene. To the latter purpose we have generated a cell line harbouring 2 chromosomally anchored copies of the well-characterized mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter/enhancer region fused to the bacterial beta-galactosidase gene (LacZ). We were particularly interested in verifying whether some earlier characterized dominant negative GR mutants would still act the same way on chromosomal targets. We show that trans-regulation (activation/-repression) of the chromosomally anchored reporter is qualitatively and quantitatively indistinguishable from trans-regulation obtained with transient co-transfection. In parallel, we also tested ephemerally expressed wild-type progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR) for their capacity of acting on either transient or resident MMTV reporter templates. Also in this case we show that activation of chromosomally anchored or transiently co-transfected reporter by both these steroid hormone receptors is qualitatively and quantitatively indistinguishable. These results outline that newly expressed trans-effectors may exert their specific function independently of the precise structural organization of their responsive genes.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118144091/Ephemerally_expressed_wild_type_and_mutant_steroid_hormone_receptors_are_equally_able_to_influence_expression_of_transient_or_resident_templates","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T01:01:21.014-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Ephemerally_expressed_wild_type_and_mutant_steroid_hormone_receptors_are_equally_able_to_influence_expression_of_transient_or_resident_templates","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice"},{"id":98939,"name":"Pubmed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pubmed"},{"id":394053,"name":"Chimera","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chimera"},{"id":541820,"name":"Enhancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enhancer"},{"id":555007,"name":"Receptor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Receptor"},{"id":620070,"name":"Transfection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transfection"},{"id":1238055,"name":"Glucocorticoid Receptors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glucocorticoid_Receptors"},{"id":2215225,"name":"Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mouse_Mammary_Tumor_Virus"},{"id":3693866,"name":"Reporter gene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reporter_gene"},{"id":3881526,"name":"In Vitro Techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro_Techniques"}],"urls":[{"id":41433908,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8574786"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118144089"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144089/Definition_of_a_Negative_Modulation_Domain_in_the_Human_Progesterone_Receptor"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Definition of a Negative Modulation Domain in the Human Progesterone Receptor" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113839012/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144089/Definition_of_a_Negative_Modulation_Domain_in_the_Human_Progesterone_Receptor">Definition of a Negative Modulation Domain in the Human Progesterone Receptor</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Molecular Endocrinology</span><span>, Sep 1, 1998</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d3f4f3a22ff6c33d2a590d90cb090581" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113839012,"asset_id":118144089,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113839012/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118144089"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118144089"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144089; 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PRB functions as a strong transcriptional activator of progesterone-responsive genes, whereas PRA is inactive in several cell types where it may even act as a trans-dominant repressor of PRB and other steroid receptors, like the glucocorticoid receptor or, reportedly, the estrogen receptor. We initially observed that a PR deleted of its entire amino domain (PR538-C) is incapable of trans-repressing PRB or glucocorticoid receptor, suggesting that a negative modulation domain must be contained in the region between position 165 and 538. After testing progressive deletion mutants and chimeras, we demonstrate that this negative modulating domain is confined within 120 residues in the amino-terminal region and that it contains a subdomain of 40 residues that is crucial for intermolecular transrepression. Duplication, deletion, and transplantation of the negative modulation domain show that the negative modulation domain has only a limited functional autonomy. In our hands, transrepression of estrogen receptor could not be substantiated, and, under our conditions, at least an equimolar concentration of PRA expression plasmid is required for transrepression. Our deletion studies reveal domains that correlate with strong homology patches between the aminoterminal domains of mammalian and avian PR.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":9,"year":1998,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Molecular Endocrinology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":113839012},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118144089/Definition_of_a_Negative_Modulation_Domain_in_the_Human_Progesterone_Receptor","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T01:01:20.662-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":113839012,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113839012/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"mend1334.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113839012/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Definition_of_a_Negative_Modulation_Doma.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113839012/mend1334-libre.pdf?1714205265=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDefinition_of_a_Negative_Modulation_Doma.pdf\u0026Expires=1733256213\u0026Signature=MWJhnOcRIVQGMPAOFNev8q0ZJwza1f3BKw4gOc2UoFielBKEc~h7Nb9R-bZjlHXienra6xCyBwTDDHXQOuDliu~9VYZtRcYiGevRtKGiOnoelodPRfOzKBxTZm5JZO68Y7VEHqukT4AKuA-OjAW78orRAyO7IINNA8HQLhoKpqR-5gfOtTaRhHdW-lD1Z4R1LHW3reYqSVWBPSiAaY8VINSS5jvRAAet3p1HmJdm1xQFnCRXc4PDfkh8vUYPmxYPvJNXCSdaSezQCM5t1EA2bnaVgMsUDEwRUS3KnjcdNboqMOxHWm2HaQRAoN~9TR174h9DzxLcZOb1giHev-P-DQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Definition_of_a_Negative_Modulation_Domain_in_the_Human_Progesterone_Receptor","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro 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profile--work_container" data-work-id="118144088"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144088/Vectors_for_Gene_Delivery"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Vectors for Gene Delivery" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144088/Vectors_for_Gene_Delivery">Vectors for Gene Delivery</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Humana Press eBooks</span><span>, Nov 14, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118144088"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118144088"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144088; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144088]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144088]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x 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eBooks"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118144088/Vectors_for_Gene_Delivery","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T01:01:19.476-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Vectors_for_Gene_Delivery","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":294949,"name":"Gene Delivery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Delivery"},{"id":1706341,"name":"Gene Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Transfer"}],"urls":[{"id":41433906,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-239-2:479"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118144003"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144003/Mutations_Flanking_the_Polyglutamine_Repeat_in_the_Modulatory_Domain_of_Rat_Glucocorticoid_Receptor_Lead_to_an_Increase_in_Affinity_for_Hormone"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Mutations Flanking the Polyglutamine Repeat in the Modulatory Domain of Rat Glucocorticoid Receptor Lead to an Increase in Affinity for Hormone" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144003/Mutations_Flanking_the_Polyglutamine_Repeat_in_the_Modulatory_Domain_of_Rat_Glucocorticoid_Receptor_Lead_to_an_Increase_in_Affinity_for_Hormone">Mutations Flanking the Polyglutamine Repeat in the Modulatory Domain of Rat Glucocorticoid Receptor Lead to an Increase in Affinity for Hormone</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Endocrine Research</span><span>, 2002</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A polyglutamine repeat in the N-terminus of the rat glucocorticoid receptor shows polymorphism, w...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A polyglutamine repeat in the N-terminus of the rat glucocorticoid receptor shows polymorphism, with variants of Q2RQ5, Q2RQ15-21. We investigated whether these natural polymorphisms affect receptor function, and whether alleles with polyglutamine repeats shorter than Q2RQ5, between Q2RQ6-14, or longer than Q2RQ21 are not found naturally because they encode a dysfunctional receptor. Ligand binding and transactivation properties of sets of natural (Q2RQ5-Q2RQ21) and artificial (Q4-Q80) alleles were compared following expression in CV-1 cells. The sequence of artificial alleles at sites flanking the repeat region was altered slightly to facilitate cloning. Western blotting showed that all constructs expressed GR protein in CV-1 cells. When co-expressed with an MMTV-lacZ reporter plasmid, all GR proteins were shown to be transcriptionally active in the presence of hormone. Scatchard analysis of ligand binding curves showed that affinities for dexamethasone and corticosterone were not affected by variation in the polyglutamine repeat either the natural or artificial sets of alleles. However, affinities were greater for the artificial compared with the natural alleles (2-3-fold for dexametasone, p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001; and 4-fold for corticosterone,p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001). These differences provide evidence of a direct or indirect interaction within GR between the ligand binding domain and residues flanking the polyglutamine repeat of the N-terminal domain.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118144003"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118144003"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144003; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144003]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144003]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144003; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118144003']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118144003, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118144003]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118144003,"title":"Mutations Flanking the Polyglutamine Repeat in the Modulatory Domain of Rat Glucocorticoid Receptor Lead to an Increase in Affinity for Hormone","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A polyglutamine repeat in the N-terminus of the rat glucocorticoid receptor shows polymorphism, with variants of Q2RQ5, Q2RQ15-21. We investigated whether these natural polymorphisms affect receptor function, and whether alleles with polyglutamine repeats shorter than Q2RQ5, between Q2RQ6-14, or longer than Q2RQ21 are not found naturally because they encode a dysfunctional receptor. Ligand binding and transactivation properties of sets of natural (Q2RQ5-Q2RQ21) and artificial (Q4-Q80) alleles were compared following expression in CV-1 cells. The sequence of artificial alleles at sites flanking the repeat region was altered slightly to facilitate cloning. Western blotting showed that all constructs expressed GR protein in CV-1 cells. When co-expressed with an MMTV-lacZ reporter plasmid, all GR proteins were shown to be transcriptionally active in the presence of hormone. Scatchard analysis of ligand binding curves showed that affinities for dexamethasone and corticosterone were not affected by variation in the polyglutamine repeat either the natural or artificial sets of alleles. However, affinities were greater for the artificial compared with the natural alleles (2-3-fold for dexametasone, p \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001; and 4-fold for corticosterone,p \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001). These differences provide evidence of a direct or indirect interaction within GR between the ligand binding domain and residues flanking the polyglutamine repeat of the N-terminal domain.","publisher":"Informa","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2002,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Endocrine Research"},"translated_abstract":"A polyglutamine repeat in the N-terminus of the rat glucocorticoid receptor shows polymorphism, with variants of Q2RQ5, Q2RQ15-21. We investigated whether these natural polymorphisms affect receptor function, and whether alleles with polyglutamine repeats shorter than Q2RQ5, between Q2RQ6-14, or longer than Q2RQ21 are not found naturally because they encode a dysfunctional receptor. Ligand binding and transactivation properties of sets of natural (Q2RQ5-Q2RQ21) and artificial (Q4-Q80) alleles were compared following expression in CV-1 cells. The sequence of artificial alleles at sites flanking the repeat region was altered slightly to facilitate cloning. Western blotting showed that all constructs expressed GR protein in CV-1 cells. When co-expressed with an MMTV-lacZ reporter plasmid, all GR proteins were shown to be transcriptionally active in the presence of hormone. Scatchard analysis of ligand binding curves showed that affinities for dexamethasone and corticosterone were not affected by variation in the polyglutamine repeat either the natural or artificial sets of alleles. However, affinities were greater for the artificial compared with the natural alleles (2-3-fold for dexametasone, p \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001; and 4-fold for corticosterone,p \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001). These differences provide evidence of a direct or indirect interaction within GR between the ligand binding domain and residues flanking the polyglutamine repeat of the N-terminal domain.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118144003/Mutations_Flanking_the_Polyglutamine_Repeat_in_the_Modulatory_Domain_of_Rat_Glucocorticoid_Receptor_Lead_to_an_Increase_in_Affinity_for_Hormone","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T00:57:46.421-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Mutations_Flanking_the_Polyglutamine_Repeat_in_the_Modulatory_Domain_of_Rat_Glucocorticoid_Receptor_Lead_to_an_Increase_in_Affinity_for_Hormone","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":57801,"name":"Dexamethasone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dexamethasone"},{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line"},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation"},{"id":103297,"name":"Corticosterone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corticosterone"},{"id":104853,"name":"Hormones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hormones"},{"id":126964,"name":"Endocrine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocrine"},{"id":151086,"name":"Peptides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peptides"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences"},{"id":295728,"name":"Molecular cloning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_cloning"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats"},{"id":555007,"name":"Receptor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Receptor"},{"id":620070,"name":"Transfection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transfection"},{"id":809881,"name":"Amino Acid Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Sequence"},{"id":1004200,"name":"Allele","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Allele"},{"id":1293308,"name":"Glucocorticoids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glucocorticoids"},{"id":2467566,"name":"Molecular Sequence Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Sequence_Data"},{"id":2780137,"name":"alleles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/alleles"}],"urls":[{"id":41433873,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1081/erc-120015060"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118144002"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144002/Reconstituted_High_Density_Lipoprotein_Inhibits_Thrombin_Induced_Endothelial_Tissue_Factor_Expression_Through_Inhibition_of_RhoA_and_Stimulation_of_Phosphatidylinositol_3_Kinase_but_not_Akt_Endothelial_Nitric_Oxide_Synthase"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein Inhibits Thrombin-Induced Endothelial Tissue Factor Expression Through Inhibition of RhoA and Stimulation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase but not Akt/Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838936/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144002/Reconstituted_High_Density_Lipoprotein_Inhibits_Thrombin_Induced_Endothelial_Tissue_Factor_Expression_Through_Inhibition_of_RhoA_and_Stimulation_of_Phosphatidylinositol_3_Kinase_but_not_Akt_Endothelial_Nitric_Oxide_Synthase">Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein Inhibits Thrombin-Induced Endothelial Tissue Factor Expression Through Inhibition of RhoA and Stimulation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase but not Akt/Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Circulation Research</span><span>, Apr 16, 2004</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2eda0d4de5840c17a82060fb815c780a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113838936,"asset_id":118144002,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838936/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118144002"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118144002"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144002; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144002]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144002]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144002; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118144002']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118144002, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2eda0d4de5840c17a82060fb815c780a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118144002]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118144002,"title":"Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein Inhibits Thrombin-Induced Endothelial Tissue Factor Expression Through Inhibition of RhoA and Stimulation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase but not Akt/Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Lippincott Williams \u0026 Wilkins","grobid_abstract":"Endothelial cells express negligible amounts of tissue factor (TF) that can be induced by thrombin, which is important for acute coronary syndromes. Recent research suggests that endothelial TF expression is positively regulated by RhoA and p38 mapk , but negatively by Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is atheroprotective and exerts antiatherothrombotic effect. This study investigated the effect of a reconstituted HDL (rHDL) on endothelial TF expression induced by thrombin and the underlying mechanisms. In cultured human umbilical vein and aortic endothelial cells, thrombin (4 U/mL, 4 hours) increased TF protein level, which was reduced by rHDL (0.1 mg/mL, 43% inhibition, nϭ3 to 7, PϽ0.01). Activation of RhoA but not p38 mapk by thrombin was prevented by rHDL. rHDL stimulated Akt/eNOS pathway. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors wortmannin or LY294002 abolished the activation of Akt/eNOS and reversed the inhibitory effect of rHDL on TF expression. Adenoviral expression of the active PI3K mutant (p110) reduced TF expression stimulated by thrombin without inhibiting RhoA activation, whereas expression of the active Akt mutant (m/p) further facilitated TF upregulation by thrombin. Moreover, a dominant-negative Akt mutant (KA) reduced thrombin's effect and did not reverse the rHDL's inhibitory effect on TF expression. Inhibition of eNOS by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (100 mol/L) did not affect the rHDL's effect. In conclusion, rHDL inhibits thrombin-induced human endothelial TF expression through inhibition of RhoA and activation of PI3K but not Akt/eNOS. These findings implicate a novel mechanism of antiatherothrombotic effects of HDL. (Circ Res. 2004;94:918-925.","publication_date":{"day":16,"month":4,"year":2004,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Circulation 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dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118144000"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144000/Gene_therapy_in_the_world_and_in_Switzerland"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Gene therapy in the world and in Switzerland" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118144000/Gene_therapy_in_the_world_and_in_Switzerland">Gene therapy in the world and in Switzerland</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, Nov 20, 1999</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Until the mid-seventies, biology used to be taught as an interesting, yet rather "useless" discip...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Until the mid-seventies, biology used to be taught as an interesting, yet rather "useless" discipline in our high schools. The advent of molecular biology has drastically changed this image. Now, applied molecular genetics has been shown to have the potential to revolutionize many aspects of our life, including the paradigms of medicine. In a first phase, gene knowledge has allowed medical diagnosis with previously unimaginable precision. In a second wave, gene transfer in micro-organisms has produced a plethora of biopharmaceuticals. This decade has seen the third era of molecular medicine, in which direct gene transfer into humans is being developed. This article comments on the most recent developments and concepts in the field of human gene transfer (also called "gene therapy"). Some essential methods are briefly presented and a great deal of attention is devoted to the technical hurdles still to be overcome in achieving efficient and safe gene therapy protocols. The final paragraph attempts to clear up some myths and misunderstandings that are commonly propagated when people talk or think about gene therapy. The purpose of this article will be fulfilled if at the end the reader is convinced that gene therapy is not necessarily dedicated exclusively to hereditary disorders, that Switzerland undertaken an intensive and competitive experimental effort in this direction, that gene therapy has already proven its efficacy and has great potential, but that it will take a couple of decades before some applications are routinely used in the clinic.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118144000"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118144000"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144000; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144000]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118144000]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118144000; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118144000']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118144000, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118144000]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118144000,"title":"Gene therapy in the world and in Switzerland","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Until the mid-seventies, biology used to be taught as an interesting, yet rather \"useless\" discipline in our high schools. 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The final paragraph attempts to clear up some myths and misunderstandings that are commonly propagated when people talk or think about gene therapy. The purpose of this article will be fulfilled if at the end the reader is convinced that gene therapy is not necessarily dedicated exclusively to hereditary disorders, that Switzerland undertaken an intensive and competitive experimental effort in this direction, that gene therapy has already proven its efficacy and has great potential, but that it will take a couple of decades before some applications are routinely used in the clinic.","publication_date":{"day":20,"month":11,"year":1999,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"PubMed"},"translated_abstract":"Until the mid-seventies, biology used to be taught as an interesting, yet rather \"useless\" discipline in our high schools. The advent of molecular biology has drastically changed this image. 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The purpose of this article will be fulfilled if at the end the reader is convinced that gene therapy is not necessarily dedicated exclusively to hereditary disorders, that Switzerland undertaken an intensive and competitive experimental effort in this direction, that gene therapy has already proven its efficacy and has great potential, but that it will take a couple of decades before some applications are routinely used in the clinic.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118144000/Gene_therapy_in_the_world_and_in_Switzerland","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T00:57:45.638-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Gene_therapy_in_the_world_and_in_Switzerland","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":78435,"name":"Genetic Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Enhancement"},{"id":98939,"name":"Pubmed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pubmed"},{"id":111011,"name":"Gene transfer techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_transfer_techniques"},{"id":152580,"name":"Switzerland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Switzerland"},{"id":1706341,"name":"Gene Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Transfer"},{"id":3061075,"name":"Genetic Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Therapy"}],"urls":[{"id":41433871,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10603651"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118143999"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143999/Chapter_18_Transgenic_regulation_in_laboratory_Animals"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Chapter 18 Transgenic regulation in laboratory Animals" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143999/Chapter_18_Transgenic_regulation_in_laboratory_Animals">Chapter 18 Transgenic regulation in laboratory Animals</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Elsevier eBooks</span><span>, 1996</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Publisher Summary Mammalian development can be compared to a complex computer program. Expression...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Publisher Summary Mammalian development can be compared to a complex computer program. Expression of cloned genes in wild type or mutated form in tissue culture cells has led to several conclusions about their role in the cell metabolism and in the developing organism. However, tissue culture cell systems allow only a limited recapitulation of all the complex feedback that occurs within and among tissues. Therefore, a conclusive assessment of the hypotheses involving tissue culture cells still depends on the experimentation in the whole animal. Transgenic techniques are particularly suited as they allow the addition/subtraction of defined genes to/from the mammalian genome. The approaches that are currently available can be subdivided into three broad categories: the gain-of-function (overexpression or ectopic expression of a particular gene), the change-of-function (expression of dominant mutant alleles), and the loss-of-function (site directed genomic alteration or expression of molecular antagonists aimed toward the reduction of specific gene activities). The chapter explains how some results have undoubtedly confirmed earlier hypotheses and opened interesting perspectives, while others have inexorably produced less positive conclusions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118143999"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118143999"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118143999; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118143999]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118143999]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118143999; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118143999']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118143999, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118143999]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118143999,"title":"Chapter 18 Transgenic regulation in laboratory Animals","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Publisher Summary Mammalian development can be compared to a complex computer program. 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Transgenic techniques are particularly suited as they allow the addition/subtraction of defined genes to/from the mammalian genome. The approaches that are currently available can be subdivided into three broad categories: the gain-of-function (overexpression or ectopic expression of a particular gene), the change-of-function (expression of dominant mutant alleles), and the loss-of-function (site directed genomic alteration or expression of molecular antagonists aimed toward the reduction of specific gene activities). The chapter explains how some results have undoubtedly confirmed earlier hypotheses and opened interesting perspectives, while others have inexorably produced less positive conclusions.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118143999/Chapter_18_Transgenic_regulation_in_laboratory_Animals","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T00:57:45.236-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Chapter_18_Transgenic_regulation_in_laboratory_Animals","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression"},{"id":181936,"name":"Gene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene"},{"id":202132,"name":"Organism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organism"}],"urls":[{"id":41433869,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1569-2582(96)80122-x"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118143997"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143997/Metal_binding_finger_structures_in_the_glucocorticoid_receptor_defined_by_site_directed_mutagenesis"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Metal binding ‘finger’ structures in the glucocorticoid receptor defined by site-directed mutagenesis" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838924/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143997/Metal_binding_finger_structures_in_the_glucocorticoid_receptor_defined_by_site_directed_mutagenesis">Metal binding ‘finger’ structures in the glucocorticoid receptor defined by site-directed mutagenesis</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The EMBO Journal</span><span>, Aug 1, 1988</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="50d562c14b137daf39c093b1be2ddf88" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113838924,"asset_id":118143997,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838924/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118143997"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118143997"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118143997; 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It has been postulated that this region is folded into two 'zinc finger' structures, similar to those originally reported for the transcription factor TFIMA. The first potential figer domain contains four conserved cysteines and one conserved histidine, while the second contains five conserved cysteines. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we have analysed the consequences of altering the proposed finger-like structures. Our results show that most of the mutations affecting the conserved cysteines result in a total loss of glucocorticoid receptor function. In one important exception, however, a conserved cysteine (Cys500) is dispensable for glucocorticoid receptor activity and therefore cannot be involved in complexing a metal ion to form a finger structure. Moreover, the replacement of either Cys476 or Cys482 by His residues maintains partial in vivo activity of the glucocorticoid receptor, while their exchange for an alanine or serine residue, respectively, eliminates receptor function. These results support, at a genetic level, the involvement of cysteines of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain in metal ion complexation and defme the candidate residues involved in such coordination.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":8,"year":1988,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"The EMBO 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118143995"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143995/Glucocorticoid_receptor_mutants_that_are_constitutive_activators_of_transcriptional_enhancement"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Glucocorticoid receptor mutants that are constitutive activators of transcriptional enhancement" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838928/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143995/Glucocorticoid_receptor_mutants_that_are_constitutive_activators_of_transcriptional_enhancement">Glucocorticoid receptor mutants that are constitutive activators of transcriptional enhancement</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Nature</span><span>, Jan 22, 1987</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2db2932696c6d3833343adc2e14ce6cb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113838928,"asset_id":118143995,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838928/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118143995"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa 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wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143993/PKC_is_required_for_activation_of_ROCK_by_RhoA_in_human_endothelial_cells">PKC is required for activation of ROCK by RhoA in human endothelial cells</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications</span><span>, May 1, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0f178d6540e959eb25e866961e3326ce" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113838919,"asset_id":118143993,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/118143989/Expression_of_Myotubularin_by_an_Adenoviral_Vector_Demonstrates_Its_Function_as_a_Phosphatidylinositol_3_Phosphate_PtdIns_3_P_Phosphatase_in_Muscle_Cell_Lines_Involvement_of_PtdIns_3_P_in_Insulin_Stimulated_Glucose_Transport"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Expression of Myotubularin by an Adenoviral Vector Demonstrates Its Function as a Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate [PtdIns(3)P] Phosphatase in Muscle Cell Lines: Involvement of PtdIns(3)P in Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Transport" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838933/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143989/Expression_of_Myotubularin_by_an_Adenoviral_Vector_Demonstrates_Its_Function_as_a_Phosphatidylinositol_3_Phosphate_PtdIns_3_P_Phosphatase_in_Muscle_Cell_Lines_Involvement_of_PtdIns_3_P_in_Insulin_Stimulated_Glucose_Transport">Expression of Myotubularin by an Adenoviral Vector Demonstrates Its Function as a Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate [PtdIns(3)P] Phosphatase in Muscle Cell Lines: Involvement of PtdIns(3)P in Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Transport</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Molecular Endocrinology</span><span>, Dec 1, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7f58f9ba35517821dafaa9e9ac431306" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113838933,"asset_id":118143989,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" 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$a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118143985"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143985/Transactivation_of_the_HIV_promoter_by_Tat_can_be_estimated_by_a_bacterial_blue_white_color_system"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Transactivation of the HIV promoter by Tat can be estimated by a bacterial blue-white color system" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838918/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143985/Transactivation_of_the_HIV_promoter_by_Tat_can_be_estimated_by_a_bacterial_blue_white_color_system">Transactivation of the HIV promoter by Tat can be estimated by a bacterial blue-white color system</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Gene</span><span>, 1990</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ed52e323675881d2c55455ee05e5eef2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113838918,"asset_id":118143985,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838918/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span 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We make use of the novel expression assay for the study of transcriptional activators [Rusconi et al., Gene 89 (1990) 211-221 ]. After transfection of ~ reference plasmid, a Tat expression plasmid, a plasmid in which the expression of simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen is driven by the HIV promoter and a replicator plasmid containing an SV40 orl into mammalian cells, low M r DNA is shuttled back into Escherichia coll. Transactivation is quantitated by comparing the number of white colonies (due to the replicator plasmid) in presence and absence of Tat to the number of blue colonies (due to the reference plasmid). At high copy numbers of transfected reporter plasmid the system was saturated with respect to large T antigen and not accessible to transactivation ~y the viral Tat protein. Gradual decrease of the concentration of the HIV-promoter-containing plasmid resulted in continuous improvement of transactivation of this promoter. The demonstration of a 200-fold stimulation of the HIV-1 promoter indicates the sensitivity of the assay and its general applicability to analyse the interp!~v between a transacting factor and the responsive DNA/RNA sequences.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1990,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Gene","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":113838918},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118143985/Transactivation_of_the_HIV_promoter_by_Tat_can_be_estimated_by_a_bacterial_blue_white_color_system","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T00:57:41.245-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":113838918,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838918/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"0378-111928902990392-520240427-1-s0fjjs.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838918/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Transactivation_of_the_HIV_promoter_by_T.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113838918/0378-111928902990392-520240427-1-s0fjjs-libre.pdf?1714205292=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTransactivation_of_the_HIV_promoter_by_T.pdf\u0026Expires=1733256213\u0026Signature=SBN~8KgzVjWEv-jFfOW9qetZ9bpqOs3Nfk7y8cPeqnrtBur9KLddIH6wxGASaF4RMevZeR2MKJz5NJ9YJti86oBCVuHJo-bBvAPyTooVzr-WO2HTaF~GkivKsMz~TdeM7pHf-3nsa-nJgq5tPMbGwApfhVrEWxTInvba~KJ-yxFklmreFh0LWixOO37Fc0ztOQW1Z2kbRn6yinR~S1wOBO19RxOTIX2p3Nve0ZSIIkZR2NnBgSy7YwXhdsl~trH0HFlegKVfK17aKiCvoWW23TkFZrN0ugU2tDVRkTvRs0omAFOdrDz7gsrVs7ijqAKkHrAyRda~ynhmL4oebHkpbA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Transactivation_of_the_HIV_promoter_by_Tat_can_be_estimated_by_a_bacterial_blue_white_color_system","translated_slug":"","page_count":7,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[{"id":113838918,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838918/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"0378-111928902990392-520240427-1-s0fjjs.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838918/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Transactivation_of_the_HIV_promoter_by_T.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113838918/0378-111928902990392-520240427-1-s0fjjs-libre.pdf?1714205292=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTransactivation_of_the_HIV_promoter_by_T.pdf\u0026Expires=1733256213\u0026Signature=SBN~8KgzVjWEv-jFfOW9qetZ9bpqOs3Nfk7y8cPeqnrtBur9KLddIH6wxGASaF4RMevZeR2MKJz5NJ9YJti86oBCVuHJo-bBvAPyTooVzr-WO2HTaF~GkivKsMz~TdeM7pHf-3nsa-nJgq5tPMbGwApfhVrEWxTInvba~KJ-yxFklmreFh0LWixOO37Fc0ztOQW1Z2kbRn6yinR~S1wOBO19RxOTIX2p3Nve0ZSIIkZR2NnBgSy7YwXhdsl~trH0HFlegKVfK17aKiCvoWW23TkFZrN0ugU2tDVRkTvRs0omAFOdrDz7gsrVs7ijqAKkHrAyRda~ynhmL4oebHkpbA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA"},{"id":181936,"name":"Gene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene"},{"id":190363,"name":"Plasmids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plasmids"},{"id":620070,"name":"Transfection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transfection"},{"id":1114508,"name":"Plasmid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plasmid"},{"id":2915986,"name":"Haplorhini","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haplorhini"},{"id":3693866,"name":"Reporter gene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reporter_gene"},{"id":3881526,"name":"In Vitro Techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro_Techniques"}],"urls":[{"id":41433859,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(90)90392-5"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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The highly repeated H4 and H3 genes active during early embryogenesis had evolved (in their silent sites) at a rate (0.5-0.6% base changes/Myr) similar to single-copy protein-coding genes and nearly as fast as spacer DNA (0.7% base changes/Myr) and unique DNA. Thus, evolution in the major histone genes conforms to a universal evolutionary clock based on the rate of base sequence change. By contrast, the H4 and H3 coding sequences and a nontranscribed spacer of the DNA clone h19 of Psammechinus miliaris show an exceptionally low rate of sequence evolution only 1/100 to 1/200 that predicted from the clock hypothesis. According to the classical model of gene inheritance, the h19 DNA sequences in the Psammechinus genome require unusual conservation mechanisms by selection at the level of the gene and spacer sequences. An alternative explanation could be recent horizontal gene transfer of a histone gene cluster from the very distantly related Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis to the P. miliaris genome.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1982,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"The EMBO Journal","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":113838921},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118143983/An_unusual_evolutionary_behaviour_of_a_sea_urchin_histone_gene_cluster","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T00:57:40.804-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":113838921,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838921/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"fullpdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838921/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"An_unusual_evolutionary_behaviour_of_a_s.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113838921/fullpdf-libre.pdf?1714205295=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAn_unusual_evolutionary_behaviour_of_a_s.pdf\u0026Expires=1733256213\u0026Signature=IWizmQDQQBTIkZD--c~s0zTb8VRgYR~HNmdlfmXE6Yvd-yc6iF42fuFAMBCQ-3DvJz8yjtiYS7JISTp~ERQvCEaQ~nd4PW~0-1d-xulUpfu-WY8HXLST4mfPu8S0UHvA5iKMN9b2avqDScbXTGHlWnlzdHClYo8wpYFLzLZQBdFYf8vWC6uMU-HtIme9CIHqBIl0kyENKgpqZCBnwNK4viFVjv9FZBoqr3s-wcWYkgFGOiUIGJAZI8XGnk0jjgCiPXJps~I6EgoJqjCpI7-~wPm26eysNMsCmDFHBivs24tcGJ4DcJoDKOAE7cJgxgpIazQ5FOkfl99PYaTVFgAthQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"An_unusual_evolutionary_behaviour_of_a_sea_urchin_histone_gene_cluster","translated_slug":"","page_count":7,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[{"id":113838921,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838921/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"fullpdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838921/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"An_unusual_evolutionary_behaviour_of_a_s.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113838921/fullpdf-libre.pdf?1714205295=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAn_unusual_evolutionary_behaviour_of_a_s.pdf\u0026Expires=1733256213\u0026Signature=IWizmQDQQBTIkZD--c~s0zTb8VRgYR~HNmdlfmXE6Yvd-yc6iF42fuFAMBCQ-3DvJz8yjtiYS7JISTp~ERQvCEaQ~nd4PW~0-1d-xulUpfu-WY8HXLST4mfPu8S0UHvA5iKMN9b2avqDScbXTGHlWnlzdHClYo8wpYFLzLZQBdFYf8vWC6uMU-HtIme9CIHqBIl0kyENKgpqZCBnwNK4viFVjv9FZBoqr3s-wcWYkgFGOiUIGJAZI8XGnk0jjgCiPXJps~I6EgoJqjCpI7-~wPm26eysNMsCmDFHBivs24tcGJ4DcJoDKOAE7cJgxgpIazQ5FOkfl99PYaTVFgAthQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":181936,"name":"Gene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene"},{"id":472116,"name":"Concerted Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concerted_Evolution"},{"id":910660,"name":"Histone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Histone"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":41433857,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01119.x"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118143980"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143980/Immediate_early_protein_of_pseudorabies_virus_is_a_general_transactivator_but_stimulates_only_suboptimally_utilized_promoters"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Immediate early protein of pseudorabies virus is a general transactivator but stimulates only suboptimally utilized promoters" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838917/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143980/Immediate_early_protein_of_pseudorabies_virus_is_a_general_transactivator_but_stimulates_only_suboptimally_utilized_promoters">Immediate early protein of pseudorabies virus is a general transactivator but stimulates only suboptimally utilized promoters</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Molecular Biology</span><span>, Sep 1, 1990</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4c63969587d6f825dd2301fa12fc2aee" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113838917,"asset_id":118143980,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838917/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118143980"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118143980"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118143980; 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We have tested the activity of this IE protein with a set of well-defined promoters containing a TATA box and one type of upstream factor binding site (for Spl, NF-KB, heavy metal responsive factors, octamer factors or glucocorticoid receptor). All promoters were strongly activated by IE protein, i.e. the IE protein did not preferentially activate transcription v/a a particular type of upstream element. Activation did not' require a bona fide TATA box, since a promoter construct with three Spl sites but no TATA box was also activated. Our data are not compatible with a model in which IE protein would bypass the need for upstream factors. Rather, the properties of IE protein, especially a failure to induce strong transcription from a promoter with only a TATA box but no upstream sequences, mimic the action of a remotely placed, cis-active, enhancer DNA. The IE protein was found to have no effect on transcription units that are expressed to their maximal potential, irrespective of whether this was high or low. Such optimal transcription conditions are observed in the presence of a strong enhancer, or with multiple tandem copies of an upstream binding site and/or a high concentration of the corresponding factor. The property of stimulating only \"suboptimaily\" utilized promoters may be exploited by pseudorabies virus to restrict the specificity of the IE protein to the viral early promoters and a subset of cellular promoters.","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":9,"year":1990,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Molecular Biology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":113838917},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118143980/Immediate_early_protein_of_pseudorabies_virus_is_a_general_transactivator_but_stimulates_only_suboptimally_utilized_promoters","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T00:57:40.152-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":113838917,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838917/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s0022-283628052980348-120240427-1-43dbnu.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838917/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Immediate_early_protein_of_pseudorabies.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113838917/s0022-283628052980348-120240427-1-43dbnu-libre.pdf?1714205297=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DImmediate_early_protein_of_pseudorabies.pdf\u0026Expires=1733256213\u0026Signature=A4iAVU9vylzeD316-yhWRcc~Rmva55V4FhJTtdGE5Er0U853CY9xgseZmqbNCuiwbcDip923Z6IrvQsan6c-lYmgc4zSBUsyK3GWut80T2WLbGt94G~lSQJOF0B2hObUik6IunSj0oV0rNa8CBt0VhvsWiGdgra08KqQwR7NU0qRz8~ejAD9SWDdRgc5ReaRrs~1yrt22-Yg0ttRQhyf8bgkf54BQwHMzFfk4cDUzp77ekjgn2cT51GINYKDmjQByN~KEA8htr6b9H2q5-Kzs4dmnyOtQqffJUs~osS0CtPQVZySDfq489trDVaBq35kKd927SQZL5iHwPhxzhXpHA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Immediate_early_protein_of_pseudorabies_virus_is_a_general_transactivator_but_stimulates_only_suboptimally_utilized_promoters","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[{"id":113838917,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838917/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s0022-283628052980348-120240427-1-43dbnu.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113838917/download_file?st=MTczMzI1MjYxNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzI1MjYxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Immediate_early_protein_of_pseudorabies.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113838917/s0022-283628052980348-120240427-1-43dbnu-libre.pdf?1714205297=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DImmediate_early_protein_of_pseudorabies.pdf\u0026Expires=1733256213\u0026Signature=A4iAVU9vylzeD316-yhWRcc~Rmva55V4FhJTtdGE5Er0U853CY9xgseZmqbNCuiwbcDip923Z6IrvQsan6c-lYmgc4zSBUsyK3GWut80T2WLbGt94G~lSQJOF0B2hObUik6IunSj0oV0rNa8CBt0VhvsWiGdgra08KqQwR7NU0qRz8~ejAD9SWDdRgc5ReaRrs~1yrt22-Yg0ttRQhyf8bgkf54BQwHMzFfk4cDUzp77ekjgn2cT51GINYKDmjQByN~KEA8htr6b9H2q5-Kzs4dmnyOtQqffJUs~osS0CtPQVZySDfq489trDVaBq35kKd927SQZL5iHwPhxzhXpHA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":23323,"name":"Transcription Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcription_Factors"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":121673,"name":"Promoter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Promoter"},{"id":213901,"name":"Transcription Factor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcription_Factor"},{"id":295728,"name":"Molecular cloning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_cloning"},{"id":541820,"name":"Enhancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enhancer"},{"id":809882,"name":"Base Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Base_Sequence"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology"},{"id":1763968,"name":"Gene Expression Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Expression_Regulation"},{"id":2467566,"name":"Molecular Sequence Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Sequence_Data"},{"id":2898895,"name":"binding sites","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/binding_sites"},{"id":4144474,"name":" CAAT box","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CAAT_box"}],"urls":[{"id":41433855,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2836(05)80348-1"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118143977"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143977/Carbohydrate_receptor_mediated_gene_transfer_to_human_T_leukaemic_cells"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Carbohydrate receptor-mediated gene transfer to human T leukaemic cells" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838852/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143977/Carbohydrate_receptor_mediated_gene_transfer_to_human_T_leukaemic_cells">Carbohydrate receptor-mediated gene transfer to human T leukaemic cells</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Glycobiology</span><span>, 1994</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c01fed2c7613a4162e52b5c712069ed4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118143977]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118143977]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118143977; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118143977']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118143977, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c01fed2c7613a4162e52b5c712069ed4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118143977]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118143977,"title":"Carbohydrate receptor-mediated gene transfer to human T leukaemic cells","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Oxford University Press","grobid_abstract":"The mucin-type carbohydrate Tn cryptantigen (GalNAcal-O-Ser/Thr, where GalNAc is ?V-acetyl-D-galactosamine) is expressed in many carcinomas, in haemopoietic disorders including the Tn syndrome, and on human immunodeficiency virus (HTV) coat glycoproteins, but is not expressed on normal, differentiated cells because of the expression of a Tn-processing galactosyltransferase. Using Jurkat T leukaemic cells which express high levels of Tn antigen due to deficient Tn galactosylation, we have established the Tn antigen-mediated gene transfer and demonstrate the considerable efficiency of this approach. We used poly(L-lysine) conjugates of the monoclonal antibody 1E3 directed against the Tn antigen to deliver the luciferase and /3-galactosidase reporter genes to Jurkat cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Addition of unconjugated 1E3 reduced transfection efficiency in a concentration-dependent manner and incubation with free GalNAc abolished DNA transfer completely, indicating that gene delivery is indeed mediated by the Tn antigen. Pre-treatment of Jurkat cells with Vibrio cholerae sialidase, which uncovers additional Tn antigens, resulted in an improvement of gene transfection. Both human and chicken adenovirus particles attached to the DNA/polylysine complex strongly augmented transgene expression. When the /3-galactosidase (lacZ) gene was delivered to Jurkat cells by Tn-mediated endocytosis, up to 60% of the cells were positive in the cytochemical stain using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3indolyl-/3-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal) as a chromogenic substrate. The efficiency of the transferrin receptor-mediated DNA uptake into Jurkat cells was comparatively low, although these cells were shown to express considerable amounts of transferrin receptor. We show here that a mucin-type carbohydrate antigen mediates highly efficient DNA uptake by endocytosis into Jurkat T cells. This method represents a 50-fold improvement of Jurkat cell transfection efficiency over other physical gene transfer techniques. Specific gene delivery to primary cancer cells exhibiting Tn epitopes may especially be desirable in immunotherapy 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alt="Research paper thumbnail of Functional dissection of the hormone and DNA binding activities of the glucocorticoid receptor" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113838911/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143975/Functional_dissection_of_the_hormone_and_DNA_binding_activities_of_the_glucocorticoid_receptor">Functional dissection of the hormone and DNA binding activities of the glucocorticoid receptor</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The EMBO Journal</span><span>, May 1, 1987</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="982a974c44efc2f835d07d27e23d7960" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118143973"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143973/Genetic_complementation_of_a_glucocorticoid_receptor_deficiency_by_expression_of_cloned_receptor_cDNA"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Genetic complementation of a glucocorticoid receptor deficiency by expression of cloned receptor cDNA" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143973/Genetic_complementation_of_a_glucocorticoid_receptor_deficiency_by_expression_of_cloned_receptor_cDNA">Genetic complementation of a glucocorticoid receptor deficiency by expression of cloned receptor cDNA</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Cell</span><span>, Aug 1, 1986</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We isolated and sequenced 6.3 kb of cDNA encoding that rat glucocorticoid receptor, a protein tha...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We isolated and sequenced 6.3 kb of cDNA encoding that rat glucocorticoid receptor, a protein that binds and activates a class of hormone-dependent transcriptional enhancers. Receptor-containing cells produce receptor mRNAs of approximately equal to 6.5 kb and approximately equal to 4.8 kb that differ only in their 3&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; nontranslated regions; an open reading frame of 795 amino acids resides within the 5&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; portion of the transcripts. The coding region was expressed in vitro, in transient transfections, and in stable transfectants of a receptor-deficient cell line. The protein products are indistinguishable from bona fide receptor with respect to sedimentation and electrophoretic mobility, antibody reactivity, and hormone and DNA binding. Moreover, the cloned receptor protein activates its corresponding enhancers, restoring to the receptor-deficient cells the full capacity for regulated enhancement.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118143973"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118143973"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118143973; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118143973]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118143973]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118143973; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118143973']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118143973, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118143973]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118143973,"title":"Genetic complementation of a glucocorticoid receptor deficiency by expression of cloned receptor cDNA","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"We isolated and sequenced 6.3 kb of cDNA encoding that rat glucocorticoid receptor, a protein that binds and activates a class of hormone-dependent transcriptional enhancers. Receptor-containing cells produce receptor mRNAs of approximately equal to 6.5 kb and approximately equal to 4.8 kb that differ only in their 3\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; nontranslated regions; an open reading frame of 795 amino acids resides within the 5\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; portion of the transcripts. The coding region was expressed in vitro, in transient transfections, and in stable transfectants of a receptor-deficient cell line. The protein products are indistinguishable from bona fide receptor with respect to sedimentation and electrophoretic mobility, antibody reactivity, and hormone and DNA binding. Moreover, the cloned receptor protein activates its corresponding enhancers, restoring to the receptor-deficient cells the full capacity for regulated enhancement.","publisher":"Cell Press","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":8,"year":1986,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Cell"},"translated_abstract":"We isolated and sequenced 6.3 kb of cDNA encoding that rat glucocorticoid receptor, a protein that binds and activates a class of hormone-dependent transcriptional enhancers. Receptor-containing cells produce receptor mRNAs of approximately equal to 6.5 kb and approximately equal to 4.8 kb that differ only in their 3\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; nontranslated regions; an open reading frame of 795 amino acids resides within the 5\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; portion of the transcripts. The coding region was expressed in vitro, in transient transfections, and in stable transfectants of a receptor-deficient cell line. The protein products are indistinguishable from bona fide receptor with respect to sedimentation and electrophoretic mobility, antibody reactivity, and hormone and DNA binding. Moreover, the cloned receptor protein activates its corresponding enhancers, restoring to the receptor-deficient cells the full capacity for regulated enhancement.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118143973/Genetic_complementation_of_a_glucocorticoid_receptor_deficiency_by_expression_of_cloned_receptor_cDNA","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-27T00:57:38.708-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":282646366,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Genetic_complementation_of_a_glucocorticoid_receptor_deficiency_by_expression_of_cloned_receptor_cDNA","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":282646366,"first_name":"Sandro","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Rusconi","page_name":"RusconiSandro","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2023-09-06T02:05:33.652-07:00","display_name":"Sandro Rusconi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA"},{"id":107533,"name":"Cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats"},{"id":541820,"name":"Enhancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enhancer"},{"id":620070,"name":"Transfection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transfection"},{"id":809881,"name":"Amino Acid Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Sequence"},{"id":809882,"name":"Base Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Base_Sequence"},{"id":990417,"name":"Recombinant Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recombinant_Proteins"},{"id":1238055,"name":"Glucocorticoid Receptors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glucocorticoid_Receptors"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":41433847,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(86)90659-8"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118143968"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143968/Gene_Transfer_in_Living_Organisms"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Gene Transfer in Living Organisms" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143968/Gene_Transfer_in_Living_Organisms">Gene Transfer in Living Organisms</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Springer eBooks</span><span>, 1984</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Oocytes and eggs of Xenopus laevis are valuable tools for testing the activity of biological macr...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Oocytes and eggs of Xenopus laevis are valuable tools for testing the activity of biological macromolecules. Oocytes have been injected with protein (reviewed by Lane 1981), RNA (Gurdon et al. 1974; Woodland and Wilt 1980a), and DNA (reviewed by Gurdon and Melton 1981) molecules. The unfertilized egg has been particularly useful in studying the replication of injected DNA (Harland and Laskey 1980; Hines and Benbow 1982). mRNA (Woodland and Wilt 1980b) and genomic DNA (Gurdon and Brown 1977) injected into fertilized eggs is maintained in the active state for a while, but seems to disappear in later developmental stages. Only with the advent of DNA cloning techniques has it become possible to inject defined protein-coding genes into the fertilized frog egg and to study their fate throughout development. To this end, cloned genes coding for the rabbit β-globin gene (Rusconi and Schaffner 1981) and for sea urchin histone genes (Bending 1981) were used in our laboratory. Both kinds of gene were replicated as extrachromosomal circles within developing Xenopus embryos, and were correctly transcribed around blastula-gastrula stage. Whereas most injected DNA was degraded after gastrula stage, a low number of rabbit β-globin genes became stably associated with the Xenopus genome and persisted throughout metamorphosis. In the present chapter we take a closer look at the state of such injected DNA sequences.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118143968"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118143968"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118143968; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118143968]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118143968]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118143968; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118143968']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118143968, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118143968]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118143968,"title":"Gene Transfer in Living Organisms","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Oocytes and eggs of Xenopus laevis are valuable tools for testing the activity of biological macromolecules. 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Both kinds of gene were replicated as extrachromosomal circles within developing Xenopus embryos, and were correctly transcribed around blastula-gastrula stage. Whereas most injected DNA was degraded after gastrula stage, a low number of rabbit β-globin genes became stably associated with the Xenopus genome and persisted throughout metamorphosis. In the present chapter we take a closer look at the state of such injected DNA sequences.","publisher":"Springer Nature","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1984,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Springer eBooks"},"translated_abstract":"Oocytes and eggs of Xenopus laevis are valuable tools for testing the activity of biological macromolecules. Oocytes have been injected with protein (reviewed by Lane 1981), RNA (Gurdon et al. 1974; Woodland and Wilt 1980a), and DNA (reviewed by Gurdon and Melton 1981) molecules. 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