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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits_in_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits_in_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Benefits in agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits_in_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_perennials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_perennials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of perennials</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_perennials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of perennials subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_perennials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perennial_flowers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perennial_flowers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Perennial flowers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perennial_flowers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perennial_fruits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perennial_fruits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Perennial fruits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perennial_fruits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perennial_herbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perennial_herbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Perennial herbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perennial_herbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perennial_vegetables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perennial_vegetables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Perennial vegetables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perennial_vegetables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquatic_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquatic_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Aquatic plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquatic_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Perennial</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerjarige_plant" title="Meerjarige plant – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Meerjarige plant" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1" title="نبات معمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نبات معمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta_per%C3%A9n" title="Planta perén – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Planta perén" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta_perenne" title="Planta perenne – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Planta perenne" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Шматгадовыя расліны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шматгадовыя расліны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Многогодишно растение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Многогодишно растение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1egodi%C5%A1nja_biljka" title="Višegodišnja biljka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Višegodišnja biljka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perenne" title="Perenne – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Perenne" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_%D3%B3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Нумайçуллăх ӳсентăран – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нумайçуллăх ӳсентăран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vytrval%C3%A1_rostlina" title="Vytrvalá rostlina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vytrvalá rostlina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planhigyn_lluosflwydd" title="Planhigyn lluosflwydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Planhigyn lluosflwydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staude" title="Staude – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Staude" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausdauernde_Pflanze" title="Ausdauernde Pflanze – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ausdauernde Pflanze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCsikud" title="Püsikud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Püsikud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta_perenne" title="Planta perenne – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Planta perenne" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurjara_planto" title="Plurjara planto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plurjara planto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landare_bizikor" title="Landare bizikor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Landare bizikor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87" title="گیاه چندساله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیاه چندساله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plante_vivace" title="Plante vivace – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plante vivace" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilbhliant%C3%B3g" title="Ilbhliantóg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ilbhliantóg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perenne" title="Perenne – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Perenne" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AC%EB%9F%AC%ED%95%B4%EC%82%B4%EC%9D%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="여러해살이 식물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="여러해살이 식물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuka_mai_Shekaru" title="Shuka mai Shekaru – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shuka mai Shekaru" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="बहुवर्षीय पौधा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बहुवर्षीय पौधा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajne_zelo" title="Trajne zelo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Trajne zelo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajnice" title="Trajnice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trajnice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_menahun" title="Tumbuhan menahun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumbuhan menahun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Бирæазон зайæгойтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бирæазон зайæгойтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B6l%C3%A6r_jurt" title="Fjölær jurt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjölær jurt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianta_perenne" title="Pianta perenne – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pianta perenne" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%97_%D7%A8%D7%91%D6%BE%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%99" title="צמח רב־שנתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צמח רב־שנתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilmihan_a_tanaman" title="Pilmihan a tanaman – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pilmihan a tanaman" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მრავალწლოვანი მცენარეები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მრავალწლოვანი მცენარეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_vivas" title="Plant vivas – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Plant vivas" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D3%93%D1%88" title="Шукиӓш – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шукиӓш" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta_perennis" title="Planta perennis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Planta perennis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daudzgad%C4%ABgi_augi" title="Daudzgadīgi augi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Daudzgadīgi augi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vel%C5%91_n%C3%B6v%C3%A9ny" title="Évelő növény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Évelő növény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%9C%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Повеќегодишно растение – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Повеќегодишно растение" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavamaniry_mandavan-taona" title="Zavamaniry mandavan-taona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zavamaniry mandavan-taona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF" title="ചിരസ്ഥായി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചിരസ്ഥായി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="მიარეწანიანი ჩანარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მიარეწანიანი ჩანარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_saka" title="Tumbuhan saka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tumbuhan saka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Олон наст ургамал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Олон наст ургамал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaste_plant" title="Vaste plant – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vaste plant" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="多年生植物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="多年生植物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fler%C3%A5rig_plante" title="Flerårig plante – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flerårig plante" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleir%C3%A5rig_plante" title="Fleirårig plante – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fleirårig plante" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%9Blina_wieloletnia" title="Roślina wieloletnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roślina wieloletnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta_perene" title="Planta perene – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Planta perene" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%C4%83_peren%C4%83" title="Plantă perenă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plantă perenă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Многолетние растения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Многолетние растения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant" title="Perennial plant – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Perennial plant" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bim%C3%ABt_shum%C3%ABvje%C3%A7are" title="Bimët shumëvjeçare – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bimët shumëvjeçare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Perennial" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perena" title="Perena – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Perena" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajnica" title="Trajnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trajnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1egodi%C5%A1nja_zeljasta_biljka" title="Višegodišnja zeljasta biljka – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Višegodišnja zeljasta biljka" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1egodi%C5%A1nja_biljka" title="Višegodišnja biljka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Višegodišnja biljka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monivuotinen_kasvi" title="Monivuotinen kasvi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Monivuotinen kasvi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perenner" title="Perenner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Perenner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பல்லாண்டுத் தாவரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பல்லாண்டுத் தாவரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im%C9%A3i_imezgi" title="Imɣi imezgi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Imɣi imezgi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ok_y%C4%B1ll%C4%B1k" title="Çok yıllık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çok yıllık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Багаторічні рослини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Багаторічні рослини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بارہماسی پودا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بارہماسی پودا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianta_perene" title="Pianta perene – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pianta perene" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%A2u_n%C4%83m" title="Thực vật lâu năm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thực vật lâu năm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridjetante_plante" title="Ridjetante plante – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ridjetante plante" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="多年生植物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="多年生植物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="多年生植物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="多年生植物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="多年生植物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="多年生植物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_plant&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">Perennial plant</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Perennial_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Perennial (disambiguation)">Perennial (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Plant that lives for more than two years</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cykoria_podroznik_pokroj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cykoria_podroznik_pokroj.jpg/220px-Cykoria_podroznik_pokroj.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cykoria_podroznik_pokroj.jpg/330px-Cykoria_podroznik_pokroj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cykoria_podroznik_pokroj.jpg/440px-Cykoria_podroznik_pokroj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Common chicory, <i><a href="/wiki/Cichorium_intybus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cichorium intybus">Cichorium intybus</a></i>, is a herbaceous perennial plant.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>, the term (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/per-#Prefix" class="extiw" title="wikt:per-">per-</a></i> + <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ennial#Suffix" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ennial">-ennial</a></i>, "through the year") is used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annuals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennials</a>. It has thus been defined as a <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> that lives more than two years.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> The term is also loosely used to distinguish plants with little or no woody growth (secondary growth in girth) from trees and shrubs, which are also technically <i>perennials</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-RHSAZ_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHSAZ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, it is estimated that 94% of plant species fall under the category of perennials, underscoring the prevalence of plants with lifespans exceeding two years in the botanical world.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perennials (especially small <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>) that grow and bloom over the spring and summer, die back every autumn and winter, and then return in the spring from their <a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">rootstock</a> or other overwintering structure, are known as <b><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous</a> perennials</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, depending on the rigours of the local climate (temperature, moisture, organic content in the soil, microorganisms), a plant that is a perennial in its native habitat, may be treated by a gardener as an annual and planted out every year, from seed, from cuttings, or from divisions. Tomato vines, for example, live several years in their natural tropical/ subtropical habitat but are grown as annuals in <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> regions because their above-ground biomass does not survive the winter. </p><p>There is also a class of <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> perennials which lack woody stems, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bergenia" title="Bergenia">Bergenia</a></i> which retain a mantle of leaves throughout the year. An intermediate class of plants is known as <a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">subshrubs</a>, which retain a vestigial woody structure in winter, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Penstemon" title="Penstemon">Penstemon</a></i>. </p><p>The symbol for a perennial plant, based on <i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, is <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♃"><img alt="♃" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/14px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/21px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jupiter_symbol.svg/28px-Jupiter_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span>, which is also the <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical symbol">astronomical symbol</a> for the planet <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle_and_structure">Life cycle and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life cycle and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perennial plants can be short-lived (only a few years) or long-lived. They include a wide assortment of plant groups from non-flowering plants like <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">liverworts</a> to highly diverse flowering plants like <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grasses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">woody plants</a>. Plants that flower and fruit only once and then die are termed <a href="/wiki/Monocarpic" title="Monocarpic">monocarpic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semelparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Semelparous">semelparous</a>; these species may live for many years before they flower.<sup id="cite_ref-FuscoMinelli2019_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FuscoMinelli2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a <a href="/wiki/Agave_americana" title="Agave americana">century plant</a> can live for 80 years and grow 30 meters tall before flowering and dying.<sup id="cite_ref-LackEvans2001_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LackEvans2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most perennials are <a href="/wiki/Polycarpic" title="Polycarpic">polycarpic</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Iteroparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Iteroparous">iteroparous</a>), flowering over many seasons in their lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey2004_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perennials invest more resources than annuals into roots, crowns, and other structures that allow them to live from one year to the next. They often have a competitive advantage because they can commence their growth and leaf out earlier in the growing season, and can grow taller than annuals. In doing so they can better compete for space and collect more light.<sup id="cite_ref-Vogel2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogel2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perennials typically grow structures that allow them to adapt to living from one year to the next through a form of <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction">vegetative reproduction</a> rather than seeding. These structures include <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a>, woody crowns, <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turion_(botany)" title="Turion (botany)">turions</a>, woody stems, or <a href="/wiki/Crown_(botany)" title="Crown (botany)">crowns</a> which allows them to survive periods of <a href="/wiki/Dormancy" title="Dormancy">dormancy</a> over cold or dry seasons; these structures typically store <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> which are used once the dormancy period is over and new growth begins.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climates</a> that are warm all year long, perennials may grow continuously.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">Annuals</a> which complete their life cycle in one growing season, in contrast with perennials, produce seeds as the next generation and die;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the seeds may survive cold or dry periods or germinate soon after dispersal depending on the climate. </p><p>Some perennials retain their foliage year-round; these are <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> perennials. <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">Deciduous</a> perennials shed all their leaves part of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-OwensLund2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OwensLund2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deciduous perennials include herbaceous and woody plants; herbaceous plants have stems that lack hard, fibrous growth, while woody plants have stems with buds that survive above ground during dormancy.<sup id="cite_ref-DiSabato-Aust2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiSabato-Aust2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some perennials are semi-deciduous, meaning they lose some of their leaves in either winter or summer.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deciduous perennials shed their leaves when growing conditions are no longer suitable for photosynthesis, such as when it is too cold or dry. In many parts of the world, seasonality is expressed as wet and dry periods rather than warm and cold periods, and deciduous perennials lose their leaves in the dry season.<sup id="cite_ref-Kozlowski2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozlowski2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some perennial plants are protected from <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a> because they have underground roots that produce adventitious shoots, bulbs, <a href="/wiki/Crown_(botany)" title="Crown (botany)">crowns</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Underground_stem" title="Underground stem">stems</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Wagle1981_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagle1981-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other perennials like trees and shrubs may have thick <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">cork layers</a> that protect the stems. <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">Herbaceous</a> perennials from temperate and alpine regions of the world can tolerate the cold during winter. </p><p>Perennial plants may remain dormant for long periods and then recommence growth and reproduction when the environment is more suitable, while most annual plants complete their life cycle during one growing period, and <a href="/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennials</a> have two growing periods. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">meristem</a> of perennial plants communicates with the hormones produced due to environmental situations (i.e., seasons), reproduction, and stage of development to begin and halt the ability to grow or flower. There is also a distinction between the ability to grow and the actual task of growth. For example, most trees regain the ability to grow during winter but do not initiate physical growth until the spring and summer months. The start of dormancy can be seen in perennial plants through withering flowers, loss of leaves on trees, and halting of reproduction in both flowering and budding plants.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perennial species may produce relatively large seeds that have the advantage of generating larger <a href="/wiki/Seedling" title="Seedling">seedlings</a> that can better compete with other plants. Perennials also produce seeds over many years. </p><p>An important aspect of cold acclimation is overexpression of <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> genes.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaikumar2020_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaikumar2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Thinopyrum_intermedium" title="Thinopyrum intermedium">Thinopyrum intermedium</a></i> a perennial relative of common wheat <i><a href="/wiki/Triticum_aestivum" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum aestivum">Triticum aestivum</a></i>, conditions of freezing stress were shown to be associated with large increases in expression of two DNA repair genes (one gene product a <a href="/wiki/Photolyase" title="Photolyase">photolyase</a> and the other, a protein involved in <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">nucleotide excision repair</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Jaikumar2020_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaikumar2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perennials that are cultivated include: woody plants like <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">fruit trees</a> grown for their edible fruits; shrubs and trees grown as landscaping <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamentals</a>; herbaceous food crops like <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhubarb" title="Rhubarb">rhubarb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberries</a>; and subtropical plants not hardy in colder areas such as <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coleus" title="Coleus">coleus</a> (which are treated as annuals in colder areas).<sup id="cite_ref-Janick1986_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janick1986-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perennials also include plants grown for their flowering and other ornamental value including bulbs (like tulips, narcissus, and gladiolus); lawn grass, and other <a href="/wiki/Groundcovers" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundcovers">groundcovers</a>, (such as <a href="/wiki/Vinca" title="Vinca">periwinkle</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dichondra_repens" title="Dichondra repens"><i>Dichondra</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanick198651_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanick198651-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each type of plant must be separated differently; for example, plants with fibrous root systems like daylilies, Siberian iris, or grasses can be pried apart with two garden forks inserted back to back, or cut by knives. However, plants such as bearded irises have a root system of rhizomes; these root systems should be planted with the top of the rhizome just above ground level, with leaves from the following year showing. The point of dividing perennials is to increase the amount of a single breed of plant in your garden.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States more than 900 million dollars worth of potted herbaceous perennial plants were sold in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIMG0163uf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/RIMG0163uf.JPG/220px-RIMG0163uf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/RIMG0163uf.JPG/330px-RIMG0163uf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/RIMG0163uf.JPG/440px-RIMG0163uf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Dahlia" title="Dahlia">Dahlia</a></i> plants are tender perennials that originate from climates that are warm all year round and need special care to survive cold winters.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits_in_agriculture">Benefits in agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Benefits in agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Switchgrass_roots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Switchgrass_roots.jpg/500px-Switchgrass_roots.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Switchgrass_roots.jpg/750px-Switchgrass_roots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Switchgrass_roots.jpg/1000px-Switchgrass_roots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2828" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Panicum_virgatum" title="Panicum virgatum">Switchgrass</a> is a deep-rooted perennial. These roots are more than 3 meters long.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although most of humanity is fed by the re-sowing of the seeds of <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual</a> grain crops, (either naturally or by the manual efforts of humans), <a href="/wiki/Perennial_crop" title="Perennial crop">perennial crops</a> provide numerous benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perennial plants often have deep, extensive root systems which can hold soil to prevent <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, capture dissolved <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> before it can contaminate ground and surface water, and out-compete weeds (reducing the need for <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a>). These potential benefits of perennials have resulted in new attempts to increase the seed yield of perennial species,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which could result in the creation of new perennial grain crops.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of new perennial crops being developed are <a href="/wiki/Perennial_rice" title="Perennial rice">perennial rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_wheatgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate wheatgrass">intermediate wheatgrass</a>. A perennial rice developed in 2018, was reported in 2023, to have provided a similar yield to replanted annual rice when evaluated over eight consecutive harvests.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perennial plants dominate many natural <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> on land and in fresh water, with only a very few (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Zostera" title="Zostera">Zostera</a></i>) occurring in shallow sea water. <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">Herbaceous</a> perennial plants are particularly dominant in conditions too fire-prone for trees and shrubs, e.g., most plants on <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a> are perennials; they are also dominant on <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> too cold for tree growth. Nearly all <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a> plants are perennials, including trees and shrubs. </p><p>Perennial plants are usually better long-term competitors, especially under stable, resource-poor conditions. This is due to the development of larger <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">root</a> systems which can access water and soil nutrients deeper in the soil and to earlier emergence in the spring. Annual plants have an advantage in disturbed environments because of their faster growth and reproduction rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Monsen1994_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monsen1994-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Herbaceous</b> – plants that have foliage and stems that die to the ground at the end of the growing season and which show only primary growth. Examples include frost-tender plants such as <a href="/wiki/Rudbeckia" title="Rudbeckia">Rudbeckias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirabilis_jalapa" title="Mirabilis jalapa">Mirabilis jalapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Momordica_charantia" title="Momordica charantia">Momordica charantia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_purslane" class="mw-redirect" title="Common purslane">common purslane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petunia" title="Petunia">petunias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thinopyrum_intermedium" title="Thinopyrum intermedium">Thinopyrum intermedium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_clover" class="mw-redirect" title="Red clover">Red clover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hylotelephium_telephium" title="Hylotelephium telephium">Hylotelephium telephium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cochliasanthus_caracalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochliasanthus caracalla">Cochliasanthus caracalla</a>.</li> <li><b>Evergreen</b> – plants that have persistent foliage without woody stems. Examples include many <a href="/wiki/Senecio" title="Senecio">Senecios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Begonia" title="Begonia">Begonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaillardia" title="Gaillardia">Gaillardias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimorphotheca" title="Dimorphotheca">Dimorphothecas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazania" title="Gazania">Gazanias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thunbergia" title="Thunbergia">Thunbergias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietes" title="Dietes">Dietes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteospermum" title="Osteospermum">Osteospermums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tradescantia" title="Tradescantia">Tradescantias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vinca" title="Vinca">Vincas</a>, among others.</li> <li><b>Woody</b> – plants with persistent above ground stem that survive from one growing season to the next, with primary and secondary growth, or growth in width protected by an outer cortex. Some may be <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a>. Examples of many shrubs, <a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">lianas</a> and trees such as <a href="/wiki/Ipomea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipomea">Ipomeas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syringa_vulgaris" title="Syringa vulgaris">lilacs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geranium" title="Geranium">Geraniums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lantana" title="Lantana">Lantanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrangea" title="Hydrangea">Hydrangeas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandina" title="Nandina">Nandinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandorea" title="Pandorea">Pandoreas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hedera" title="Hedera">Hederas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jasmine" title="Jasmine">Jasmines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trachelospermum" title="Trachelospermum">Trachelospermums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gardenia" title="Gardenia">Gardenias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plumbago" title="Plumbago">Plumbagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cistus" title="Cistus">Cistus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">Rosas</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-McManusMcManus2021_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McManusMcManus2021-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monocarpic" title="Monocarpic">Monocarpic</a></b> – plants that flower, set seeds once and then die. Examples include, <i><a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">Agave</a></i> and some species of <i><a href="/wiki/Streptocarpus" title="Streptocarpus">Streptocarpus</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_perennials">List of perennials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of perennials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each section contains a short list of species related to that topic, these are an example as the true lists would fill several books. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perennial_flowers">Perennial flowers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Perennial flowers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perennials grown for their decorative flowers include very many species and types.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achillea" title="Achillea">Achillea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aster_(genus)" title="Aster (genus)">Aster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergenia" title="Bergenia">Bergenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahlia" title="Dahlia">Dahlia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digitalis" title="Digitalis">Foxglove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollyhock" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollyhock">Hollyhock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kniphofia" title="Kniphofia">Kniphofia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupin">Lupin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia" title="Salvia">Salvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlox" title="Phlox">Phlox</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perennial_fruits">Perennial fruits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Perennial fruits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of fruit bearing plants are perennial even in temperate climates.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant" title="Blackcurrant">Blackcurrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribes" title="Ribes">Currant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Raspberries">Raspberries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perennial_herbs">Perennial herbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Perennial herbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a> are perennial,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including these examples: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">Fennel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perennial_vegetables">Perennial vegetables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Perennial vegetables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perennial_vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial vegetables">Perennial vegetables</a></div> <p>Many vegetable plants can grow as perennials in tropical climates, but die in cold weather.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of some of the more completely perennial vegetables are: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">Asparagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">Chives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_artichoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Globe artichoke">Globe artichoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_artichoke" title="Jerusalem artichoke">Jerusalem artichoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale" title="Kale">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">Leek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_spinach" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand spinach">New Zealand spinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhubarb" title="Rhubarb">Rhubarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_kale" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea kale">Sea kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">Sweet potato</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquatic_plants">Aquatic plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aquatic plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plant</a></div> <p>Many aquatic plants are perennial even though many do not have woody tissue. Examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crassula_helmsii" title="Crassula helmsii">Crassula helmsii</a> – New Zealand Stonecrop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederia_cordata" title="Pontederia cordata">Pontederia cordata</a> – Pickerell weed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratiotes_aloides" title="Stratiotes aloides">Stratiotes aloides</a> – Water Soldier which sinks to the bottom of the pond in winter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utricularia_vulgaris" title="Utricularia vulgaris">Utricularia vulgaris</a> – Common bladderwort which produces turions as its overwintering stage</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">Annual plant</a> – Plant which completes its life cycle within one growing season and then dies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">Biennial plant</a> – Flowering plant that takes two years to complete its biological life cycle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plant</a> – Plant that has no persistent woody stem above ground</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbchronology" title="Herbchronology">Herbchronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_grain" title="Perennial grain">Perennial grain</a> – Grain crops that remain productive for two or more years without replanting</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_nanum" title="Lilium nanum">Lilium nanum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilium_papilliferum" title="Lilium papilliferum">Lilium papilliferum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some groundcovers, such as the periwinkle, (<i><a href="/wiki/Vinca_major" title="Vinca major">Vinca major</a></i>), amongst others, are <a href="/wiki/Environmental_weeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental weeds">environmental weeds</a> in some areas. They may be invasive in regions where are they are not native because their ability for rapid spread chokes out native plant species and alters habitats. For <i>Vinca</i>, areas affected include parts of Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States, especially coastal California.<sup id="cite_ref-calipc_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calipc-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crc_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HEAR_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEAR-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrickellRoyal_Horticultural_Society1993" class="citation book cs1">Brickell, Christopher; Royal Horticultural Society, eds. (1993). <i>Encyclopedia of gardening</i> (Reprint. with amendments ed.). London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 588. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86318-979-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86318-979-1"><bdi>978-0-86318-979-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+gardening&rft.place=London&rft.pages=588&rft.edition=Reprint.+with+amendments&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-86318-979-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial" class="Z3988"></span> |name=RHS</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The Garden Helper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegardenhelper.com/planting.html">The Difference Between Annual Plants and Perennial Plants in the Garden.</a> Retrieved on 2008-06-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RHSAZ-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RHSAZ_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants</i>. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405332965" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405332965"><bdi>978-1405332965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RHS+A-Z+encyclopedia+of+garden+plants&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=1136&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1405332965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoppenwimerMayroseDeMalach2023" class="citation journal cs1">Poppenwimer, Tyler; Mayrose, Itay; DeMalach, Niv (2023-11-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10830411">"Revising the global biogeography of annual and perennial plants"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>624</b> (7990): 109–114. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.13101">2304.13101</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Natur.624..109P">2023Natur.624..109P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06644-x">10.1038/s41586-023-06644-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10830411">10830411</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37938778">37938778</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260332117">260332117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Revising+the+global+biogeography+of+annual+and+perennial+plants&rft.volume=624&rft.issue=7990&rft.pages=109-114&rft.date=2023-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10830411%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A260332117%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Natur.624..109P&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2304.13101&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06644-x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37938778&rft.aulast=Poppenwimer&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft.au=Mayrose%2C+Itay&rft.au=DeMalach%2C+Niv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10830411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisconsinpollinators.com/Articles/PerennialPlants.aspx">"Perennial Plants: Roots of Immortality"</a>. <i>Wisconsin Pollinators</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press; 10 October 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49985-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49985-9">978-1-108-49985-9</a>. p. 77–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LackEvans2001-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LackEvans2001_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LOl4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA175">Instant Notes in Plant Biology</a></i>. Taylor & Francis; 15 June 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-32307-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-32307-3">978-1-135-32307-3</a>. p. 175–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey2004-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bailey2004_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jill Bailey. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=77L1O7hefV0C&pg=PA132">The Facts on File Dictionary of Ecology and the Environment</a></i>. Infobase Publishing; 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0941-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0941-1">978-1-4381-0941-1</a>. p. 132–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vogel2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vogel2016_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John P. Vogel. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=otKbCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA315">Genetics and Genomics of Brachypodium</a></i>. Springer; 17 February 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-26944-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-26944-3">978-3-319-26944-3</a>. p. 315–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauseth2011" class="citation book cs1">Mauseth, James D. (2011-06-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E3oaqR_owy4C&pg=PA98"><i>Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-5000-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-5000-1"><bdi>978-1-4496-5000-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botany%3A+An+Introduction+to+Plant+Biology&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2011-06-07&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-5000-1&rft.aulast=Mauseth&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE3oaqR_owy4C%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller2009-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller2009_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynden B. Miller. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHubd2-LIM4C&pg=PA87">Parks, Plants, and People: Beautifying the Urban Landscape</a></i>. Norton; 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-73203-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-73203-0">978-0-393-73203-0</a>. p. 87–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaxman1998" class="citation book cs1">Waxman, Michael F. (1998-05-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HhpSk9IJT4IC&pg=PA84"><i>The Agrochemical and Pesticides Safety Handbook</i></a>. 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EOLSS Publications; 24 February 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905839-40-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905839-40-7">978-1-905839-40-7</a>. p. 153–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiSabato-Aust2017-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiSabato-Aust2017_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tracy DiSabato-Aust. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uHEKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA134">The Well-Tended Perennial Garden: The Essential Guide to Planting and Pruning Techniques, Third Edition</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Horticulture+Magazine&rft.atitle=20+Perennial+Herbs+That+Return+Each+Year+%7C+Horticulture.co.uk&rft.date=2021-05-17&rft.aulast=Waddington&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhorticulture.co.uk%2Fperennial-herbs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/perennial-veg-to-grow/">"Perennial veg to grow"</a>. <i>BBC Gardeners World Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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