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title="Fotoliasa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fotoliasa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolyasen" title="Photolyasen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Photolyasen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoliasa" title="Fotoliasa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fotoliasa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolyase" title="Photolyase – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Photolyase" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoliase" title="Fotoliase – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fotoliase" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deossiribodipirimidina_foto-liasi" title="Deossiribodipirimidina foto-liasi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Deossiribodipirimidina foto-liasi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BC" title="フォトリアーゼ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フォトリアーゼ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoliaza" title="Fotoliaza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fotoliaza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoliase" title="Fotoliase – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fotoliase" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A-%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="ДНК-фотолиаза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ДНК-фотолиаза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoliaza" title="Fotoliaza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fotoliaza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribodipirimidinska_foto-lijaza" title="Dezoksiribodipirimidinska foto-lijaza – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Dezoksiribodipirimidinska foto-lijaza" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribodipirimidinska_foto-lijaza" title="Dezoksiribodipirimidinska foto-lijaza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dezoksiribodipirimidinska foto-lijaza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="ஒளிவினை நொதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளிவினை நொதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of enzymes</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Cryptochrome/photolyase, C-terminal, FAD binding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Photolyase_1qnf.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Photolyase_1qnf.png/220px-Photolyase_1qnf.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Photolyase_1qnf.png/330px-Photolyase_1qnf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Photolyase_1qnf.png/440px-Photolyase_1qnf.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1035" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A deazaflavin photolyase from <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anacystis_nidulans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anacystis nidulans (page does not exist)">Anacystis nidulans</a></i>, illustrating the two light-harvesting cofactors: FADH<sup>−</sup> (yellow) and 8-HDF (cyan).</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">FAD_binding_7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a></th><td class="infobox-data pfam" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam/PF03441">PF03441</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR005101">IPR005101</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/PROSITE" title="PROSITE">PROSITE</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prosite.expasy.org/PDOC00331">PDOC00331</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Structural_Classification_of_Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Classification of Proteins">SCOP2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scop2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/search?t=txt;q=1qnf">1qnf</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scop.berkeley.edu/pdb/code=1qnf">SCOPe</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supfam.org/SUPERFAMILY/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search_field=1qnf">SUPFAM</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Available protein structures:</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a>  </th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfam.xfam.org/family/PF03441?tab=pdbBlock">structures</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prodata.swmed.edu/ecod/complete/search?kw=PF03441">ECOD</a>  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.annotation_id:PF03441%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.type:Pfam">RCSB PDB</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?pfam_accession:PF03441">PDBe</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdbj.org/search/pdb?other_db_select=PFam&other_db_field=PF03441">PDBj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/PDBsum" title="PDBsum">PDBsum</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPfamStr.pl?pfam_id=PF03441">structure summary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1u3c">1u3c</a></span>A:214-492 <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1u3d">1u3d</a></span>A:214-492 <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1iqu">1iqu</a></span>A:176-418 <p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1iqr">1iqr</a></span>A:176-418 <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1dnp">1dnp</a></span>B:202-469 <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1tez">1tez</a></span>D:207-472 <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1owm">1owm</a></span>A:207-472 <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1qnf">1qnf</a></span> :207-472 <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1owp">1owp</a></span>A:207-472 <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1owo">1owo</a></span>A:207-472 <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1owl">1owl</a></span>A:207-472 <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1own">1own</a></span>A:207-472 </p> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1np7">1np7</a></span>B:213-453</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">deoxyribodipyrimidine photo-lyase (CPD)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Direct_DNA_damage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Direct_DNA_damage.png/220px-Direct_DNA_damage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Direct_DNA_damage.png/330px-Direct_DNA_damage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Direct_DNA_damage.png/440px-Direct_DNA_damage.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="663" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A UV radiation induced thymine-thymine cyclobutane dimer (right) is the type of <a href="/wiki/Direct_DNA_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct DNA damage">DNA damage</a> which is repaired by DNA photolyase. Note: The above diagram is incorrectly labelled as thymine as the structures lack 5-methyl groups.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC no.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enzyme-database.org/query.php?ec=4.1.99.3">4.1.99.3</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/CAS_registry_number" class="mw-redirect" title="CAS registry number">CAS no.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=37290-70-3&title=">37290-70-3 </a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Databases</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/IntEnz" title="IntEnz">IntEnz</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/intenz/query?cmd=SearchEC&ec=4.1.99.3">IntEnz view</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/BRENDA" title="BRENDA">BRENDA</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brenda-enzymes.org/enzyme.php?ecno=4.1.99.3">BRENDA entry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/ExPASy" class="mw-redirect" title="ExPASy">ExPASy</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/4.1.99.3">NiceZyme view</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?enzyme+4.1.99.3">KEGG entry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/MetaCyc" title="MetaCyc">MetaCyc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biocyc.org/META/substring-search?type=NIL&object=4.1.99.3">metabolic pathway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/PRIAM_enzyme-specific_profiles" title="PRIAM enzyme-specific profiles">PRIAM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://priam.prabi.fr/cgi-bin/PRIAM_profiles_CurrentRelease.pl?EC=4.1.99.3">profile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity.rcsb_ec_lineage.id:4.1.99.3">RCSB PDB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?ec_number:4.1.99.3">PDBe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/enzymes/GetPage.pl?ec_number=4.1.99.3">PDBsum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Ontology" title="Gene Ontology">Gene Ontology</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003904">AmiGO </a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0003904">QuickGO</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&term=4.1.99.3%5BEC/RN%20Number%5D%20AND%20pubmed%20pmc%20local%5Bsb%5D">articles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&term=4.1.99.3%5BEC/RN%20Number%5D">articles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein?term=4.1.99.3%5BEC/RN%20Number%5D">proteins</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Photolyases</b> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enzyme-database.org/query.php?ec=4.1.99.3">4.1.99.3</a>) are <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> that repair damage caused by exposure to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light. These enzymes require <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a> (from the violet/blue end of the spectrum) both for their own activation<sup id="cite_ref-Yamamoto2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamamoto2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for the actual DNA repair.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiagarajan2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiagarajan2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DNA repair mechanism involving photolyases is called photoreactivation. They mainly convert pyrimidine dimers into a normal pair of pyrimidine bases. Photo reactivation, the first <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> mechanism to be discovered, was described initially by Albert Kelner in 1949<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and independently by Renato Dulbecco also in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photolyase&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Photolyases bind complementary <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> strands and break certain types of <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_dimer" title="Pyrimidine dimer">pyrimidine dimers</a> that arise when a pair of <a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">thymine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a> bases on the same strand of DNA become <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalently</a> linked. The bond length of this dimerization is shorter than the bond length of normal B-DNA structure which produces an incorrect template for replication and transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more common covalent linkage involves the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Cyclobutane" title="Cyclobutane">cyclobutane</a> bridge. Photolyases have a high affinity for these lesions and reversibly bind and convert them back to the original bases. The photolyase-catalyzed DNA repair process by which cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are resolved has been studied by time-resolved crystallography and computational analysis to allow atomic visualization of the process.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photolyase&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Photolyase is a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetically</a> old enzyme which is present and functional in many species, from the <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">plants</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to the <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Selby_17696–700_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selby_17696–700-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photolyase is particularly important in repairing UV induced damage in plants. The photolyase mechanism is no longer working in humans and other placental mammals who instead rely on the less efficient <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">nucleotide excision repair mechanism</a>, although they do retain many <a href="/wiki/Cryptochrome" title="Cryptochrome">cryptochromes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freezing stress in the annual wheat <i><a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Triticum aestivum</a></i> and in its perennial relative <i><a href="/wiki/Thinopyrum_intermedium" title="Thinopyrum intermedium">Thinopyrum intermedium</a></i> is accompanied by large increases in expression of DNA photolyases.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Photolyases are <a href="/wiki/Flavoprotein" title="Flavoprotein">flavoproteins</a> and contain two light-harvesting <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactors</a>. Many photolyases have an <a href="/wiki/DNA_photolyase_N-terminal_domain" title="DNA photolyase N-terminal domain">N-terminal domain</a> that binds a second cofactor. All photolyases contain the two-electron-reduced <a href="/wiki/FADH" class="mw-redirect" title="FADH">FADH<sup>−</sup></a>; they are divided into two main classes based on the second cofactor, which may be either the <a href="/wiki/Pterin" title="Pterin">pterin</a> methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) in <i>folate photolyases</i> or the <a href="/wiki/Deazaflavin" class="mw-redirect" title="Deazaflavin">deazaflavin</a> 8-hydroxy-7,8-didemethyl-5-deazariboflavin (8-HDF) in <i>deazaflavin photolyases</i>. Although only FAD is required for catalytic activity, the second cofactor significantly accelerates reaction rate in low-light conditions. The enzyme acts by <a href="/wiki/Electron_transfer" title="Electron transfer">electron transfer</a> in which the reduced flavin FADH<sup>−</sup> is activated by light energy and acts as an electron donor to break the pyrimidine dimer.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the basis of sequence similarities DNA photolyases can be grouped into a few classes:<sup id="cite_ref-class3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-class3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sponge-cry_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sponge-cry-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table align="right"> <caption>Cryptochrome/photolyase family (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-class3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-class3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>FeS-BCP </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>CPD-2 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>CPD-1 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>CPD-3gre </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Plant Cry </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>P. tricornutum <abbr title="EEC4920"><i>CryP</i></abbr>] </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Cry-DASH </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Eukaryotic 6-4; Animal Cry </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Class 1 CPD photolyases are enzymes that process cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) lesions from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as the halophilic <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Halobacterium_halobium" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacterium halobium">Halobacterium halobium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Class 2 CPD photolyases also process CPD lesions. They are found in plants like the thale cress <i><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>.</li> <li>The plant and fungi cryptochromes are similar to Class 1 CPDs. They are blue light photoreceptors that mediate blue light-induced gene expression and modulation of <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythms</a>.</li> <li>Class 3 CPD lyases make up a sister group to the plant cryptochromes, which in turn are a sister group to class 1 CPDs.</li> <li>The Cry-DASH group are CPD lyases highly specific for single-stranded DNA. Members include <i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i>, X1Cry from <i><a href="/wiki/Xenopus_laevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenopus laevis">Xenopus laevis</a></i>, and AtCry3 from <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Selby_17696–700_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selby_17696–700-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DASH was initially named after <i>Drosophila</i>, <i>Arabidopsis</i>, <i>Synechocystis</i>, and <i>Human</i>, four taxa initially thought to carry this family of lyases. The categorization has since changed. The "Cry" part of their name was due to initial assumptions that they were cryptochromes.<sup id="cite_ref-class3_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-class3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eukaryotic <a href="/wiki/(6-4)DNA_photolyase" title="(6-4)DNA photolyase">(6-4)DNA photolyases</a> form a group with animal cryptochromes that control circadian rhythms. They are found in diverse species including <i>Drosophila</i> and humans. The cryptochromes have their own detailed grouping.<sup id="cite_ref-sponge-cry_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sponge-cry-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bacterial 6-4 lyases (<a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR007357">IPR007357</a></i>), also known as the FeS-BCP group, form their own outgroup relative to all photolyases.</li></ul> <p>The non-class 2 branch of CPDs tend to be grouped into class 1 in some systems such as PRINTS (PR00147). Although the members of the smaller groups are agreed upon, the phylogeny can vary greatly among authors due to differences in methodology, leading to some confusion with authors who try to fit everything (sparing FeS-BCP) into a two-class classification.<sup id="cite_ref-sponge-cry_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sponge-cry-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cryptochromes form a <a href="/wiki/Polyphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphyletic">polyphyletic</a> group including photolyases that have lost their DNA repair activity and instead control circadian rhythms.<sup id="cite_ref-class3_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-class3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sponge-cry_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sponge-cry-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photolyase&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adding photolyase from a <a href="/wiki/Blue-green_algae" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-green algae">blue-green algae</a> <i>Anacystis nidulans</i>, to <a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a> cells partially reduced DNA damage from UVB exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_proteins_containing_this_domain">Human proteins containing this domain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photolyase&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Human proteins containing this domain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cryptochromes: <a href="/wiki/CRY1" class="mw-redirect" title="CRY1">CRY1</a>; <a href="/wiki/CRY2" class="mw-redirect" title="CRY2">CRY2</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photolyase&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_enzymes" title="List of enzymes">systematic name</a> of this enzyme class is <b>deoxyribocyclobutadipyrimidine pyrimidine-lyase</b>. Other names in common use include <b>photoreactivating enzyme</b>, <b>DNA photolyase</b>, <b>DNA-photoreactivating enzyme</b>, <b>DNA cyclobutane dipyrimidine photolyase</b>, <b>DNA photolyase</b>, <b>deoxyribonucleic photolyase</b>, <b>deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase</b>, <b>photolyase</b>, <b>PRE</b>, <b>PhrB photolyase</b>, <b>deoxyribonucleic cyclobutane dipyrimidine photolyase</b>, <b>phr A photolyase</b>, <b>dipyrimidine photolyase (photosensitive)</b>, and <b>deoxyribonucleate pyrimidine dimer lyase (photosensitive)</b>. This enzyme belongs to the family of <a href="/wiki/Lyase" title="Lyase">lyases</a>, specifically in the "catch-all" class of carbon-carbon lyases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photolyase&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Yamamoto2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yamamoto2017_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYamamotoShimizuKandaHosokawa2017" class="citation journal cs1">Yamamoto J, Shimizu K, Kanda T, Hosokawa Y, Iwai S, Plaza P, Müller P (October 2017). 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"Nucleic acid damage and DNA repair are affected by freezing stress in annual wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) and by plant age and freezing in its perennial relative (<i>Thinopyrum intermedium</i>)". <i>Am J Bot</i>. <b>107</b> (12): 1693–1709. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajb2.1584">10.1002/ajb2.1584</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33340368">33340368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Bot&rft.atitle=Nucleic+acid+damage+and+DNA+repair+are+affected+by+freezing+stress+in+annual+wheat+%28Triticum+aestivum%29+and+by+plant+age+and+freezing+in+its+perennial+relative+%28Thinopyrum+intermedium%29&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1693-1709&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajb2.1584&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33340368&rft.aulast=Jaikumar&rft.aufirst=NS&rft.au=Dorn%2C+KM&rft.au=Baas%2C+D&rft.au=Wilke%2C+B&rft.au=Kapp%2C+C&rft.au=Snapp%2C+SS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotolyase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSancar2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sancar A (June 2003). "Structure and function of DNA photolyase and cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptors". <i>Chemical Reviews</i>. <b>103</b> (6): 2203–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr0204348">10.1021/cr0204348</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12797829">12797829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Structure+and+function+of+DNA+photolyase+and+cryptochrome+blue-light+photoreceptors&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2203-37&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr0204348&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12797829&rft.aulast=Sancar&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotolyase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-class3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-class3_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-class3_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-class3_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-class3_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheererZhangKalmsvon_Stetten2015" class="citation journal cs1">Scheerer P, Zhang F, Kalms J, von Stetten D, Krauß N, Oberpichler I, Lamparter T (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4416854">"The class III cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolyase structure reveals a new antenna chromophore binding site and alternative photoreduction pathways"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>290</b> (18): 11504–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi 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href="#cite_ref-sponge-cry_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sponge-cry_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sponge-cry_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiveraOzturkFaheyPlachetzki2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rivera AS, Ozturk N, Fahey B, Plachetzki DC, Degnan BM, Sancar A, Oakley TH (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309880">"Blue-light-receptive cryptochrome is expressed in a sponge eye lacking neurons and opsin"</a>. <i>The Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>215</b> (Pt 8): 1278–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.067140">10.1242/jeb.067140</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309880">3309880</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22442365">22442365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Blue-light-receptive+cryptochrome+is+expressed+in+a+sponge+eye+lacking+neurons+and+opsin&rft.volume=215&rft.issue=Pt+8&rft.pages=1278-86&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3309880%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22442365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.067140&rft.aulast=Rivera&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Ozturk%2C+N&rft.au=Fahey%2C+B&rft.au=Plachetzki%2C+DC&rft.au=Degnan%2C+BM&rft.au=Sancar%2C+A&rft.au=Oakley%2C+TH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3309880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotolyase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCreadyMarcello2003" class="citation journal cs1">McCready S, Marcello L (June 2003). "Repair of UV damage in <i>Halobacterium salinarum</i>". <i>Biochem Soc Trans</i>. <b>31</b> (Pt 3): 694–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbst0310694">10.1042/bst0310694</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12773185">12773185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochem+Soc+Trans&rft.atitle=Repair+of+UV+damage+in+Halobacterium+salinarum&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=Pt+3&rft.pages=694-8&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2Fbst0310694&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12773185&rft.aulast=McCready&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Marcello%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotolyase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulmsPöppelmannYaroshLuger1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kulms D, Pöppelmann B, Yarosh D, Luger TA, Krutmann J, Schwarz T (July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22172">"Nuclear and cell membrane effects contribute independently to the induction of apoptosis in human cells exposed to UVB radiation"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i>. <b>96</b> (14): 7974–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...96.7974K">1999PNAS...96.7974K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.14.7974">10.1073/pnas.96.14.7974</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22172">22172</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10393932">10393932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.atitle=Nuclear+and+cell+membrane+effects+contribute+independently+to+the+induction+of+apoptosis+in+human+cells+exposed+to+UVB+radiation&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=7974-9&rft.date=1999-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC22172%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10393932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.96.14.7974&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PNAS...96.7974K&rft.aulast=Kulms&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=P%C3%B6ppelmann%2C+B&rft.au=Yarosh%2C+D&rft.au=Luger%2C+TA&rft.au=Krutmann%2C+J&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC22172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotolyase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photolyase&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkerFichtinger-Schepman1975" class="citation journal cs1">Eker AP, Fichtinger-Schepman AM (1975). "Studies on a DNA photoreactivating enzyme from Streptomyces griseus II. Purification of the enzyme". <i>Biochim. Biophys. Acta</i>. <b>378</b> (1): 54–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0005-2787%2875%2990136-7">10.1016/0005-2787(75)90136-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/804322">804322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochim.+Biophys.+Acta&rft.atitle=Studies+on+a+DNA+photoreactivating+enzyme+from+Streptomyces+griseus+II.+Purification+of+the+enzyme&rft.volume=378&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=54-63&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0005-2787%2875%2990136-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F804322&rft.aulast=Eker&rft.aufirst=AP&rft.au=Fichtinger-Schepman%2C+AM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotolyase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSancarSmithReidPayne1987" class="citation journal cs1">Sancar GB, Smith FW, Reid R, Payne G, Levy M, Sancar A (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2975952-3">"Action mechanism of Escherichia coli DNA photolyase. I. Formation of the enzyme-substrate complex"</a>. <i>J. Biol. Chem</i>. <b>262</b> (1): 478–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2975952-3">10.1016/S0021-9258(19)75952-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3539939">3539939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Action+mechanism+of+Escherichia+coli+DNA+photolyase.+I.+Formation+of+the+enzyme-substrate+complex&rft.volume=262&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=478-85&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2975952-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3539939&rft.aulast=Sancar&rft.aufirst=GB&rft.au=Smith%2C+FW&rft.au=Reid%2C+R&rft.au=Payne%2C+G&rft.au=Levy%2C+M&rft.au=Sancar%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0021-9258%252819%252975952-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotolyase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetlowBollum1968" class="citation journal cs1">Setlow JK, Bollum FJ (1968). "The minimum size of the substrate for yeast photoreactivating enzyme". <i>Biochim. Biophys. Acta</i>. <b>157</b> (2): 233–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0005-2787%2868%2990077-4">10.1016/0005-2787(68)90077-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5649902">5649902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochim.+Biophys.+Acta&rft.atitle=The+minimum+size+of+the+substrate+for+yeast+photoreactivating+enzyme&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=233-7&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0005-2787%2868%2990077-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5649902&rft.aulast=Setlow&rft.aufirst=JK&rft.au=Bollum%2C+FJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotolyase" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photolyase&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photolyase" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photolyase">Photolyase</a> at Wikimedia 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carbon%E2%80%93carbon_lyases" title="Template:Carbon–carbon lyases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carbon%E2%80%93carbon_lyases" title="Template talk:Carbon–carbon lyases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carbon%E2%80%93carbon_lyases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carbon–carbon lyases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carbon–carbon_lyases_(EC_4.1)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Carbon–carbon <a href="/wiki/Lyase" title="Lyase">lyases</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC</a> 4.1)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)#EC_4.1.1:_Carboxy-Lyases" title="List of EC numbers (EC 4)">4.1.1</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carboxy-lyases" title="Carboxy-lyases">Carboxy-lyases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetoacetate_decarboxylase" title="Acetoacetate decarboxylase">Acetoacetate decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosylmethionine_decarboxylase" title="Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase">Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_decarboxylase" title="Arginine decarboxylase">Arginine decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase" title="Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase">Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_decarboxylase" title="Glutamate decarboxylase">Glutamate decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histidine_decarboxylase" title="Histidine decarboxylase">Histidine decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysine_decarboxylase" title="Lysine decarboxylase">Lysine decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malonyl-CoA_decarboxylase" title="Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase">Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithine_decarboxylase" title="Ornithine decarboxylase">Ornithine decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaloacetate_decarboxylase" title="Oxaloacetate decarboxylase">Oxaloacetate decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoenolpyruvate_carboxykinase" title="Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase">Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoenolpyruvate_carboxylase" title="Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase">Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole_carboxylase" title="Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase">Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophosphomevalonate_decarboxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase">Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_decarboxylase" title="Pyruvate decarboxylase">Pyruvate decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RuBisCO" title="RuBisCO">RuBisCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_monophosphate_synthetase" class="mw-redirect" title="Uridine monophosphate synthetase">Uridine monophosphate synthetase</a>/<a href="/wiki/Orotidine_5%27-phosphate_decarboxylase" title="Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase">Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uroporphyrinogen_III_decarboxylase" title="Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase">Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)#EC_4.1.2:_Aldehyde-Lyases" title="List of EC numbers (EC 4)">4.1.2</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">Aldehyde</a>-lyases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose-bisphosphate_aldolase" title="Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase">Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldolase_A" title="Aldolase A">Aldolase A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldolase_B" title="Aldolase B">Aldolase B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldolase_C" title="Aldolase C">Aldolase C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA_lyase" title="2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase">2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threonine_aldolase" title="Threonine aldolase">Threonine aldolase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)#EC_4.1.3:_Oxo-Acid-Lyases" title="List of EC numbers (EC 4)">4.1.3</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxyacid" title="Oxyacid">Oxo-acid</a>-lyases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isocitrate_lyase" title="Isocitrate lyase">Isocitrate lyase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA_lyase" class="mw-redirect" title="3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase">3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)#EC_4.1.99:_Other_Carbon-Carbon_Lyases" title="List of EC numbers (EC 4)">4.1.99</a>: Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophanase" title="Tryptophanase">Tryptophanase</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Photolyase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPD_lyase" class="mw-redirect" title="CPD lyase">CPD lyase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore_photoproduct_lyase" title="Spore photoproduct lyase">Spore photoproduct lyase</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enzymes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Enzymes" title="Template:Enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Enzymes" title="Template talk:Enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Enzymes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">Active site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_site" title="Binding site">Binding site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_triad" title="Catalytic triad">Catalytic triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyanion_hole" title="Oxyanion hole">Oxyanion hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_promiscuity" title="Enzyme promiscuity">Enzyme promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion-limited_enzyme" title="Diffusion-limited enzyme">Diffusion-limited enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis" title="Enzyme catalysis">Enzyme catalysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allosteric_regulation" title="Allosteric regulation">Allosteric regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperativity" title="Cooperativity">Cooperativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Enzyme inhibitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_activator" title="Enzyme activator">Enzyme activator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_superfamily" title="Protein superfamily">Enzyme superfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_family" title="Protein family">Enzyme family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_enzymes" title="List of enzymes">List of enzymes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kinetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_kinetics" title="Enzyme kinetics">Enzyme kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadie%E2%80%93Hofstee_diagram" title="Eadie–Hofstee diagram">Eadie–Hofstee diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanes%E2%80%93Woolf_plot" title="Hanes–Woolf plot">Hanes–Woolf plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineweaver%E2%80%93Burk_plot" title="Lineweaver–Burk plot">Lineweaver–Burk plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michaelis%E2%80%93Menten_kinetics" title="Michaelis–Menten kinetics">Michaelis–Menten kinetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>EC1 <a href="/wiki/Oxidoreductase" title="Oxidoreductase">Oxidoreductases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC2 <a href="/wiki/Transferase" title="Transferase">Transferases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 2)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC3 <a href="/wiki/Hydrolase" title="Hydrolase">Hydrolases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC4 <a href="/wiki/Lyase" title="Lyase">Lyases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 4)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC5 <a href="/wiki/Isomerase" title="Isomerase">Isomerases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_5)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 5)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC6 <a href="/wiki/Ligase" title="Ligase">Ligases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 6)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC7 <a href="/wiki/Translocase" title="Translocase">Translocases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_7)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 7)">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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