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<span>Lyrics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lyrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-war_blues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-war_blues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pre-war blues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-war_blues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_blues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_blues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Urban blues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_blues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s_and_1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s_and_1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>1960s and 1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s_and_1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s_to_the_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_to_the_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>1980s to the present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_to_the_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Musical impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Blues</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 118 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">118 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2" title="بلوز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلوز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%BCz" title="Blüz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Blüz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2" title="بلوز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بلوز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C" title="ব্লুজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্লুজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Блюз – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Блюз" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Блюз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Блюз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Блюз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Блюз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Блус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Блус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluz" title="Bluz – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bluz" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_felan" title="Y felan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y felan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluus" title="Bluus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bluus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B6" title="Μπλουζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπλουζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluso" title="Bluso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bluso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2" title="بلوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Gormacha" title="Na Gormacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na Gormacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%9D" title="બ્લૂઝ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બ્લૂઝ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="블루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="블루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6" title="Բլյուզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բլյուզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="ब्लूज़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्लूज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%BAs" title="Blús – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blús" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%96" title="בלוז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלוז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluz%C9%A9" title="Bluzɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Bluzɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಬ್ಲೂಸ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ಲೂಸ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ბლუზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბლუზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Блюз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Блюз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Блюз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Блюз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Блюз – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Блюз" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C5%ABzs" title="Blūzs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Blūzs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliuzas" title="Bliuzas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bliuzas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Блуз – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Блуз" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ബ്ലൂസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്ലൂസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ბლუზი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბლუზი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Блюз – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Блюз" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90" title="ဘလူးစ် ဂီတ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘလူးစ် ဂီတ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ブルース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Блюз – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Блюз" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyuz" title="Blyuz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Blyuz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਬਲੂਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਲੂਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2" title="بلوز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بلوز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%BCz" title="Blüz – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Blüz" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Блуз – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Блуз" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Блюз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Блюз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%96%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="බ්ලූස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බ්ලූස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B2" title="بلووز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بلووز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluz" title="Bluz – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Bluz" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="புளூஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புளூஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="บลูส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บลูส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Блюз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Блюз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="بلوز موسیقی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بلوز موسیقی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blouze" title="Blouze – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Blouze" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" title="Blues – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Blues" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E8%B0%83" title="蓝调 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蓝调" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%96" title="בלוז – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בלוז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orin_blues" title="Orin blues – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Orin blues" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%A8%E6%9B%B2" title="怨曲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="怨曲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliozos" title="Bliozos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bliozos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E8%AA%BF" title="藍調 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="藍調" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical form and music genre</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the music genre. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Blues_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Blues (disambiguation)">Blues (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Blues</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_Fred_McDowell_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mississippi_Fred_McDowell_1960.jpg/220px-Mississippi_Fred_McDowell_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mississippi_Fred_McDowell_1960.jpg/330px-Mississippi_Fred_McDowell_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mississippi_Fred_McDowell_1960.jpg/440px-Mississippi_Fred_McDowell_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="565" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">American blues musician <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Fred_McDowell" title="Mississippi Fred McDowell">Mississippi Fred McDowell</a> in 1960</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantation-era_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantation-era songs">Work songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a><sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">1860s,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_band" title="Jug band">jug band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Subgenres</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">Boogie-woogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_female_blues" title="Classic female blues">classic female blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_blues" title="Country blues">country blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_blues" title="Delta blues">Delta blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_blues" title="Dirty blues">dirty blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">electric blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokum" title="Hokum">hokum blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">jump blues</a></li></ul></div></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Fusion genres</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biker_metal" title="Biker metal">Biker metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">blues rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_blues" title="Desert blues">desert blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_blues" title="Gospel blues">gospel blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_blues" title="Punk blues">punk blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_blues" title="Soul blues">soul blues</a></li></ul></div></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Regional scenes</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_blues" title="British blues">British blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_blues" title="Canadian blues">Canadian blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues">Chicago blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_blues" title="Delta blues">Delta blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_blues" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit blues">Detroit blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_country_blues" title="Hill country blues">Hill country blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_blues_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas City blues (music)">Kansas City blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_blues" title="Louisiana blues">Louisiana blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_blues" title="Memphis blues">Memphis blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_blues" title="New Orleans blues">New Orleans blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_blues" title="Piedmont blues">Piedmont blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_blues_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis blues (music)">St. Louis blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_blues" title="Swamp blues">Swamp blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_blues" title="Texas blues">Texas blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_blues" title="West Coast blues">West Coast blues</a></li></ul></div></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of blues genres">List of genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_musicians" title="List of blues musicians">list of musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_blues_musicians_by_genre" title="Lists of blues musicians by genre">lists of musicians by genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_standards" title="List of blues standards">list of standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_blues" title="Origins of the blues">origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American music</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Antebellum period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_during_the_American_Civil_War" title="Slavery during the American Civil War">Slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">military history</a> during the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_officeholders_during_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Jim Crow era (1896–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement (1954–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American history of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">Business history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment of the enslaved</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Migrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lifeways</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Schools</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_during_the_slave_period_in_the_United_States" title="Education during the slave period in the United States">Education during the slave period in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_of_freed_people_during_the_Civil_War" title="Education of freed people during the Civil War">Education of freed people during the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_education" title="History of African-American education">History of African-American education</a>, after the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American fraternities">Fraternities</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Academic study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Celebrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Economic class</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">African-American businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Symbols and ideas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_beauty" title="African-American beauty">African-American beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_is_beautiful" title="Black is beautiful">Black is beautiful</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pride" title="Black pride">Black pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">African-American hair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Good hair">Good hair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">Stepping</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Institutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-Christian groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">African-American Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African Diaspora Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies">Joint Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Caucus_of_State_Legislators" title="National Black Caucus of State Legislators">National Black Caucus of State Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Black_Mayors" title="National Conference of Black Mayors">National Conference of Black Mayors</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Ideologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liberalism" title="Black liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_patriotism" title="African-American patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Civic/economic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African<br />American Life and History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conductors" title="Black conductors">Black conductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransAfrica" title="TransAfrica">TransAfrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">UNCF</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Athletic associations and conferences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBCU_Athletic_Conference" title="HBCU Athletic Conference">HBCU (HBCUAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sub-communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Multiethnic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Puerto Ricans">Afro-Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_Indians" title="Carmel Indians">Carmel Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Specific ancestries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexual orientation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Dialects and languages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> English dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutnese" title="Tutnese">Tutnese</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Languages and other dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dutch">Negro Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Population</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US states</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">List of neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American historic places in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Florida" title="List of African-American historic places in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Georgia" title="List of African-American historic places in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Mississippi" title="List of African-American historic places in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Missouri" title="List of African-American historic places in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="List of African-American historic places in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_North_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_South_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Texas" title="List of African-American historic places in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_West_Virginia" title="List of African-American historic places in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Population count</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">US states and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">US metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_African-American_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations">US cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations">US communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States_with_African-American_plurality_populations" title="List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations">Places by plurality of population</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Prejudice</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Racism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the US census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism against Black Americans">Racism against Black Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unarmed_African_Americans_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States" title="List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States">Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_African_Americans_in_media" title="Representation of African Americans in media">media depictions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">Blackface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_stereotype_of_African_Americans" title="Criminal stereotype of African Americans">Criminal stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_representation_in_Hollywood" title="African-American representation in Hollywood">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro" title="Magical Negro">Magical Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrel show</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none;font-size:97%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_people" title="Category:African-American people">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Blues</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genre</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">musical form</a> that originated amongst African-Americans in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> of the United States around the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blues has incorporated <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">spirituals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Work_song" title="Work song">work songs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_holler" title="Field holler">field hollers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_shout" title="Ring shout">shouts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">chants</a>, and rhymed simple narrative <a href="/wiki/Ballad_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballad (music)">ballads</a> from the <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">African-American culture</a>. The blues form is ubiquitous in <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, and is characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call-and-response</a> pattern, the <a href="/wiki/Blues_scale" title="Blues scale">blues scale</a>, and specific <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">chord progressions</a>, of which the <a href="/wiki/Twelve-bar_blues" title="Twelve-bar blues">twelve-bar blues</a> is the most common. <a href="/wiki/Blue_note" title="Blue note">Blue notes</a> (or "worried notes"), usually thirds, fifths or sevenths flattened in <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>, are also an essential part of the sound. Blues <a href="/wiki/Shuffle_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuffle note">shuffles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Walking_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking bass">walking bass</a> reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the <a href="/wiki/Groove_(popular_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groove (popular music)">groove</a>. </p><p>Blues music is characterized by its <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">bass lines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_(music)" title="Instrumentation (music)">instrumentation</a>. Early <a href="/wiki/Traditional_blues_verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional blues verse">traditional blues verses</a> consisted of a single line repeated four times. It was only in the first decades of the 20th century that the most common current structure became standard: the <a href="/wiki/Bar_form" title="Bar form">AAB pattern</a>, consisting of a line sung over the four first bars, its repetition over the next four, and then a longer concluding line over the last bars. Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative, often relating the <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a> and other challenges experienced by African-Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many elements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call-and-response</a> format and the use of blue notes, can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">music of Africa</a>. The origins of the blues are also closely related to the religious music of the African-American community, the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">spirituals</a>. The first appearance of the blues is often dated to after the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">ending of slavery</a>, with the development of <a href="/wiki/Juke_joint" title="Juke joint">juke joints</a> occurring later. It is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves. Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century. The first publication of blues sheet music was in 1908. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres. Blues <a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of blues genres">subgenres</a> include <a href="/wiki/Country_blues" title="Country blues">country blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_blues" title="Delta blues">Delta blues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_blues" title="Piedmont blues">Piedmont blues</a>, as well as urban blues styles such as <a href="/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues">Chicago blues</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_blues" title="West Coast blues">West Coast blues</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> marked the transition from acoustic to <a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">electric blues</a> and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called <a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">blues rock</a> developed, which blended blues styles with <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blues&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term 'Blues' may have originated from "blue devils", meaning melancholy and sadness. An early use of the term in this sense is in <a href="/wiki/George_Colman_the_Younger" title="George Colman the Younger">George Colman</a>'s one-act farce <i>Blue Devils</i> (1798).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase 'blue devils' may also have been derived from a British usage of the 1600s referring to the "intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal".<sup id="cite_ref-huff_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils and came to mean a state of agitation or depression. By the 1800s in the United States, the term "blues" was associated with drinking alcohol, a meaning which survives in the phrase '<a href="/wiki/Blue_law" title="Blue law">blue law</a>', which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday.<sup id="cite_ref-huff_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1827, it was in the sense of a sad state of mind that <a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> wrote to <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Bakewell_Audubon" title="Lucy Bakewell Audubon">his wife</a> that he "had the blues".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></i>, he mentions "the blues" in the chapter reflecting on his time in solitude. He wrote his account of his personal quest in 1845, although it was not published until 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase "the blues" was written by <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Forten_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Charlotte Forten Grimké">Charlotte Forten</a>, then aged 25, in her diary on December 14, 1862. She was a free-born black woman from Pennsylvania who was working as a schoolteacher in South Carolina, instructing both slaves and freedmen, and wrote that she "came home with the blues" because she felt lonesome and pitied herself. She overcame her depression and later noted a number of songs, such as "Poor Rosy", that were popular among the slaves. Although she admitted being unable to describe the manner of singing she heard, Forten wrote that the songs "can't be sung without a full heart and a troubled spirit", conditions that have inspired countless blues songs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to in print since 1912, when <a href="/wiki/Hart_Wand" title="Hart Wand">Hart Wand</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Dallas_Blues" title="Dallas Blues">Dallas Blues</a>" became the first copyrighted blues composition.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In lyrics, the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lyrics">Lyrics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blues&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lyrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaRainey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/MaRainey.jpg/200px-MaRainey.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/MaRainey.jpg/300px-MaRainey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/MaRainey.jpg/400px-MaRainey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1751" /></a><figcaption>American blues singer <a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey" title="Ma Rainey">Ma Rainey</a> (1886–1939), the "Mother of the Blues"</figcaption></figure> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/Traditional_blues_verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional blues verse">traditional blues verses</a> often consisted of a single line repeated four times. However, the most common structure of blues lyrics today was established in the first few decades of the 20th century, known as the "AAB" pattern. This structure consists of a line sung over the first four bars, its repetition over the next four, and a longer concluding line over the last bars.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pattern can be heard in some of the first published blues songs, such as "<a href="/wiki/Dallas_Blues" title="Dallas Blues">Dallas Blues</a>" (1912) and "<a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Blues_(song)" title="Saint Louis Blues (song)">Saint Louis Blues</a>" (1914). According to <a href="/wiki/W.C._Handy" class="mw-redirect" title="W.C. Handy">W.C. Handy</a>, the "AAB" pattern was adopted to avoid the monotony of lines repeated three times.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lyrics are often sung in a rhythmic talk style rather than a melody, resembling a form of <a href="/wiki/Talking_blues" title="Talking blues">talking blues</a>. </p><p>Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative. African-American singers voiced their "personal woes in a world of harsh reality: a lost love, the cruelty of police officers, oppression at the hands of white folk, [and] hard times".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This melancholy has led to the suggestion of an <a href="/wiki/Igbo_music" title="Igbo music">Igbo</a> origin for blues, because of the reputation the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo American">Igbo</a> had throughout plantations in the Americas for their melancholic music and outlook on life when they were enslaved.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other historians have argued that there is little evidence of Sub-Sahelian influence in the blues as "elaborate polyrhythm, percussion on African drums (as opposed to European drums), [and] collective participation" which are characteristic of West-Central African music below the savannah, are conspicuously absent. According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Oliver" title="Paul Oliver">Paul Oliver</a>, "the roots of the blues were not to be found in the coastal and forest regions of Africa. Rather... the blues was rooted in ... the savanna hinterland, from Senegambia through Mali, Burkina Faso, Northern Ghana, Niger, and northern Nigeria". Additionally, ethnomusicologist <a href="/wiki/John_Storm_Roberts" title="John Storm Roberts">John Storm Roberts</a> has argued that "The parallels between African savanna-belt string-playing and the techniques of many blues guitarists are remarkable. The big kora of Senegal and Guinea are played in a rhythmic-melodic style that uses constantly changing rhythms, often providing a ground bass overlaid with complex treble patterns, while vocal supplies a third rhythmic layer. Similar techniques can be found in hundreds of blues records".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lyrics often relate troubles experienced within African American society. For instance <a href="/wiki/Blind_Lemon_Jefferson" title="Blind Lemon Jefferson">Blind Lemon Jefferson</a>'s "Rising High Water Blues" (1927) tells of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927" title="Great Mississippi Flood of 1927">Great Mississippi Flood of 1927</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Backwater rising, Southern peoples can't make no time<br /> I said, backwater rising, Southern peoples can't make no time<br /> And I can't get no hearing from that Memphis girl of mine </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Although the blues gained an association with misery and oppression, the lyrics could also be humorous and raunchy:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Rebecca, Rebecca, get your big legs off of me,<br /> Rebecca, Rebecca, get your big legs off of me,<br /> It may be sending you baby, but it's worrying the hell out of me.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Hokum" title="Hokum">Hokum</a> blues celebrated both comedic lyrical content and a boisterous, <a href="/wiki/Farcical" class="mw-redirect" title="Farcical">farcical</a> performance style.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Red" title="Tampa Red">Tampa Red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Dorsey" title="Thomas A. Dorsey">Georgia Tom</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_Tight_Like_That" title="It's Tight Like That">It's Tight Like That</a>" (1928)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a sly wordplay with the double meaning of being "<a href="/wiki/Miser" title="Miser">tight</a>" with someone, coupled with a more salacious physical familiarity. Blues songs with sexually explicit lyrics were known as <a href="/wiki/Dirty_blues" title="Dirty blues">dirty blues</a>. The lyrical content became slightly simpler in postwar blues, which tended to focus on relationship woes or sexual worries. Lyrical themes that frequently appeared in prewar blues, such as economic depression, farming, devils, gambling, magic, floods and drought, were less common in postwar blues.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The writer Ed Morales claimed that <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba mythology">Yoruba mythology</a> played a part in early blues, citing <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson" title="Robert Johnson">Robert Johnson</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Cross_Road_Blues" title="Cross Road Blues">Cross Road Blues</a>" as a "thinly veiled reference to <a href="/wiki/Eleggua" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleggua">Eleggua</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">orisha</a> in charge of the crossroads".<sup id="cite_ref-cgkmik_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgkmik-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Christian influence was far more obvious.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repertoires of many seminal blues artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Charley_Patton" title="Charley Patton">Charley Patton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skip_James" title="Skip James">Skip James</a>, included religious songs or spirituals.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reverend_Gary_Davis" title="Reverend Gary Davis">Reverend Gary Davis</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Blind_Willie_Johnson" title="Blind Willie Johnson">Blind Willie Johnson</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are examples of artists often categorized as blues musicians for their music, although their lyrics clearly belong to spirituals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form">Form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blues&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The blues form is a <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_form" title="Cyclic form">cyclic musical form</a> in which a repeating <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">progression of chords</a> mirrors the <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call and response</a> scheme commonly found in African and African-American music. During the first decades of the 20th century blues music was not clearly defined in terms of a particular chord progression.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the popularity of early performers, such as <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a>, use of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve-bar_blues" title="Twelve-bar blues">twelve-bar blues</a> spread across the music industry during the 1920s and 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other chord progressions, such as <a href="/wiki/8-bar_blues" class="mw-redirect" title="8-bar blues">8-bar</a> forms, are still considered blues; examples include "<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_How_Long_Blues" title="How Long, How Long Blues">How Long Blues</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Trouble_in_Mind_(song)" title="Trouble in Mind (song)">Trouble in Mind</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Big_Bill_Broonzy" title="Big Bill Broonzy">Big Bill Broonzy</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Key_to_the_Highway" title="Key to the Highway">Key to the Highway</a>". There are also <a href="/wiki/16-bar_blues" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bar blues">16-bar blues</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a>'s instrumental "Sweet 16 Bars" and <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Watermelon_Man_(composition)" title="Watermelon Man (composition)">Watermelon Man</a>". Idiosyncratic numbers of bars are occasionally used, such as the 9-bar progression in "<a href="/wiki/Sitting_on_Top_of_the_World" title="Sitting on Top of the World">Sitting on Top of the World</a>", by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Vinson" title="Walter Vinson">Walter Vinson</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:200px; text-align:center;">Chords played over a 12-bar scheme: </td> <td style="width:200px; text-align:center;">Chords for a blues in C: </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:50px;">I </td> <td style="width:50px;">I or IV </td> <td style="width:50px;">I </td> <td style="width:50px;">I7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:50px;">IV </td> <td style="width:50px;">IV </td> <td style="width:50px;">I </td> <td style="width:50px;">I7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:50px;">V </td> <td style="width:50px;">V or IV </td> <td style="width:50px;">I </td> <td style="width:50px;">I or V </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:50px;">C </td> <td style="width:50px;">C </td> <td style="width:50px;">C </td> <td style="width:50px;">C7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:50px;">F </td> <td style="width:50px;">F </td> <td style="width:50px;">C </td> <td style="width:50px;">C7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:50px;">G </td> <td style="width:50px;">G </td> <td style="width:50px;">C </td> <td style="width:50px;">C </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The basic 12-bar lyric framework of many blues compositions is reflected by a standard harmonic progression of 12 bars in a <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">4/4 time signature</a>. The blues <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chords</a> associated to a <a href="/wiki/Twelve-bar_blues" title="Twelve-bar blues">twelve-bar blues</a> are typically a set of three different chords played over a 12-bar scheme. They are labeled by <a href="/wiki/Roman_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman number">Roman numbers</a> referring to the <a href="/wiki/Degree_(music)" title="Degree (music)">degrees</a> of the progression. For instance, for a blues in the <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">key</a> of C, C is the <a href="/wiki/Tonic_chord" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonic chord">tonic chord</a> (I) and F is the <a href="/wiki/Subdominant_chord" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdominant chord">subdominant</a> (IV). </p><p>The last chord is the <a href="/wiki/Dominant_chord" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant chord">dominant</a> (V) <a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(music)" title="Turnaround (music)">turnaround</a>, marking the transition to the beginning of the next progression. The lyrics generally end on the last beat of the tenth bar or the first beat of the 11th bar, and the final two bars are given to the instrumentalist as a break; the harmony of this two-bar break, the turnaround, can be extremely complex, sometimes consisting of single notes that defy analysis in terms of chords. </p><p>Much of the time, some or all of these chords are played in the <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_seventh" title="Harmonic seventh">harmonic seventh</a> (7th) form. The use of the harmonic seventh interval is characteristic of blues and is popularly called the "blues seven".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blues seven chords add to the harmonic chord a note with a frequency in a 7:4 ratio to the fundamental note. At a 7:4 ratio, it is not close to any interval on the conventional Western <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_scale" title="Diatonic scale">diatonic scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For convenience or by necessity it is often approximated by a <a href="/wiki/Minor_seventh" title="Minor seventh">minor seventh</a> interval or a <a href="/wiki/Dominant_seventh_chord" title="Dominant seventh chord">dominant seventh chord</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_minor_pentatonic_scale.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/A_minor_pentatonic_scale.svg/350px-A_minor_pentatonic_scale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/A_minor_pentatonic_scale.svg/525px-A_minor_pentatonic_scale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/A_minor_pentatonic_scale.svg/700px-A_minor_pentatonic_scale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="52" /></a><figcaption>A minor <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic scale</a>; <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d5\/PentMinor.mid\/PentMinor.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"PentMinor.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/PentMinor.mid/PentMinor.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">play</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:PentMinor.mid" title="File:PentMinor.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>, blues is distinguished by the use of the <a href="/wiki/Flat_(music)" title="Flat (music)">flattened</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_third" title="Major third">third</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tritone" title="Tritone">fifth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minor_seventh" title="Minor seventh">seventh</a> of the associated <a href="/wiki/Major_scale" title="Major scale">major scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blues <a href="/wiki/Shuffle_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuffle note">shuffles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Walking_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking bass">walking bass</a> reinforce the trance-like rhythm and call-and-response, and they form a repetitive effect called a <a href="/wiki/Groove_(popular_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groove (popular music)">groove</a>. Characteristic of the blues since its Afro-American origins, the shuffles played a central role in <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The simplest shuffles, which were the clearest signature of the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a> wave that started in the mid-1940s,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were a three-note <a href="/wiki/Riff" title="Riff">riff</a> on the bass strings of the guitar. When this riff was played over the bass and the drums, the <a href="/wiki/Groove_(music)" title="Groove (music)">groove</a> "feel" was created. Shuffle rhythm is often vocalized as "<i>dow</i>, da <i>dow</i>, da <i>dow</i>, da" or "<i>dump</i>, da <i>dump</i>, da <i>dump</i>, da":<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it consists of uneven, or "swung", eighth notes. On a guitar this may be played as a simple steady bass or it may add to that stepwise quarter note motion from the fifth to the sixth of the chord and back. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blues&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blues&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_blues" title="Origins of the blues">Origins of the blues</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hart_Wand" title="Hart Wand">Hart Wand</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Dallas_Blues" title="Dallas Blues">Dallas Blues</a>" was published in 1912; <a href="/wiki/W.C._Handy" class="mw-redirect" title="W.C. Handy">W.C. Handy</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Memphis_Blues" title="The Memphis Blues">The Memphis Blues</a>" followed in the same year. The first recording by an African American singer was <a href="/wiki/Mamie_Smith" title="Mamie Smith">Mamie Smith</a>'s 1920 rendition of <a href="/wiki/Perry_Bradford" title="Perry Bradford">Perry Bradford</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Crazy_Blues" title="Crazy Blues">Crazy Blues</a>". But the origins of the blues were some decades earlier, probably around 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This music is poorly documented, partly because of racial discrimination in U.S. society, including academic circles,<sup id="cite_ref-Kunzler,_pg._130_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunzler,_pg._130-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and partly because of the low rate of literacy among rural African Americans at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reports of blues music in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Texas">southern Texas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> were written at the dawn of the 20th century. Charles Peabody mentioned the appearance of blues music at <a href="/wiki/Clarksdale,_Mississippi" title="Clarksdale, Mississippi">Clarksdale, Mississippi</a>, and Gate Thomas reported similar songs in southern Texas around 1901–1902. These observations coincide more or less with the recollections of <a href="/wiki/Jelly_Roll_Morton" title="Jelly Roll Morton">Jelly Roll Morton</a>, who said he first heard blues music in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> in 1902; <a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey" title="Ma Rainey">Ma Rainey</a>, who remembered first hearing the blues in the same year in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>; and <a href="/wiki/W.C._Handy" class="mw-redirect" title="W.C. Handy">W.C. Handy</a>, who first heard the blues in <a href="/wiki/Tutwiler,_Mississippi" title="Tutwiler, Mississippi">Tutwiler, Mississippi</a>, in 1903. The first extensive research in the field was performed by <a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Odum" title="Howard W. Odum">Howard W. Odum</a>, who published an <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthology</a> of folk songs from <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_County,_Mississippi" title="Lafayette County, Mississippi">Lafayette County, Mississippi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newton_County,_Georgia" title="Newton County, Georgia">Newton County, Georgia</a>, between 1905 and 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first non-commercial recordings of blues music, termed <i>proto-blues</i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Oliver" title="Paul Oliver">Paul Oliver</a>, were made by Odum for research purposes at the beginning of the 20th century. They are now lost.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John-avery-lomax1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John-avery-lomax1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-John-avery-lomax1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John-avery-lomax1_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-John-avery-lomax1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John-avery-lomax1_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-John-avery-lomax1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Musicologist <a href="/wiki/John_Lomax" title="John Lomax">John Lomax</a> (left) shaking hands with musician <a href="/wiki/Rich_Brown_(blues_musician)" title="Rich Brown (blues musician)">"Uncle" Rich Brown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sumterville,_Alabama" title="Sumterville, Alabama">Sumterville, Alabama</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Other recordings that are still available were made in 1924 by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Gellert" title="Lawrence Gellert">Lawrence Gellert</a>. Later, several recordings were made by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Winslow_Gordon" title="Robert Winslow Gordon">Robert W. Gordon</a>, who became head of the <a href="/wiki/Archive_of_Folk_Culture" title="Archive of Folk Culture">Archive of American Folk Songs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Gordon's successor at the library was <a href="/wiki/John_Lomax" title="John Lomax">John Lomax</a>. In the 1930s, Lomax and his son <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Alan</a> made a large number of non-commercial blues recordings that testify to the huge variety of proto-blues styles, such as <a href="/wiki/Field_holler" title="Field holler">field hollers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ring_shout" title="Ring shout">ring shouts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A record of blues music as it existed before 1920 can also be found in the recordings of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Lead Belly</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_(blues_musician)" title="Henry Thomas (blues musician)">Henry Thomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these sources show the existence of many different structures distinct from <a href="/wiki/12_bar_blues" class="mw-redirect" title="12 bar blues">twelve-</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eight-bar_blues" title="Eight-bar blues">eight-</a>, or <a href="/wiki/16_bar_blues" class="mw-redirect" title="16 bar blues">sixteen-bar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The social and economic reasons for the appearance of the blues are not fully known.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first appearance of the blues is usually dated after the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Act of 1863</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kunzler,_pg._130_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunzler,_pg._130-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between 1860s and 1890s,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a period that coincides with post-<a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">emancipation</a> and later, the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Juke_joint" title="Juke joint">juke joints</a> as places where African-Americans went to listen to music, dance, or gamble after a hard day's work.<sup id="cite_ref-bluescommentary_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bluescommentary-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period corresponds to the transition from slavery to sharecropping, small-scale agricultural production, and the expansion of railroads in the southern United States. Several scholars characterize the development of blues music in the early 1900s as a move from group performance to individualized performance. They argue that the development of the blues is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the enslaved people.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_W._Levine_1977,_pg._223_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_W._Levine_1977,_pg._223-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Lawrence Levine, "there was a direct relationship between the national ideological emphasis upon the individual, the popularity of Booker T. Washington's teachings, and the rise of the blues." Levine stated that "psychologically, socially, and economically, African-Americans were being acculturated in a way that would have been impossible during slavery, and it is hardly surprising that their secular music reflected this as much as their religious music did."<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_W._Levine_1977,_pg._223_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_W._Levine_1977,_pg._223-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are few characteristics common to all blues music, because the genre took its shape from the idiosyncrasies of individual performers.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are some characteristics that were present long before the creation of the modern blues. Call-and-response shouts were an early form of blues-like music; they were a "functional expression ... style without accompaniment or harmony and unbounded by the formality of any particular musical structure".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A form of this pre-blues was heard in slave <a href="/wiki/Ring_shout" title="Ring shout">ring shouts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Field_holler" title="Field holler">field hollers</a>, expanded into "simple solo songs laden with emotional content".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blues has evolved from the unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves imported from West Africa and rural blacks into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, with regional variations across the United States. Although blues (as it is now known) can be seen as a musical style based on both European <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonic structure</a> and the African call-and-response tradition that transformed into an interplay of voice and guitar,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Call_and_Response_in_Blues_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Call_and_Response_in_Blues-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the blues form itself bears no resemblance to the melodic styles of the West African <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there are theories that the four-beats-per-measure structure of the blues might have its origins in the Native American tradition of <a href="/wiki/Pow_wow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pow wow">pow wow</a> drumming.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars identify strong influences on the blues from the melodic structures of certain West African musical styles of the savanna and sahel. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucy_Durran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucy Durran (page does not exist)">Lucy Durran</a> finds similarities with the melodies of the <a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara people</a>, and to a lesser degree, the <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof people</a>, but not as much of the <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerard_Kubik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerard Kubik (page does not exist)">Gerard Kubik</a> finds similarities to the melodic styles of both the west African savanna and central Africa, both of which were sources of enslaved people.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No specific African musical form can be identified as the single direct ancestor of the blues.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the call-and-response format can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">music of Africa</a>. That blue notes predate their use in blues and have an African origin is attested to by "A Negro Love Song", by the English composer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Coleridge-Taylor" title="Samuel Coleridge-Taylor">Samuel Coleridge-Taylor</a>, from his <i>African Suite for Piano</i>, written in 1898, which contains <a href="/wiki/Minor_third" title="Minor third">blue third</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seventh_chord" title="Seventh chord">seventh notes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Diddley_bow" title="Diddley bow">Diddley bow</a> (a homemade one-stringed instrument found in parts of the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a> sometimes referred to as a <i>jitterbug</i> or a <i>one-string</i> in the early twentieth century) and the <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a> are African-derived instruments that may have helped in the transfer of African performance techniques into the early blues instrumental vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The banjo seems to be directly imported from West African music. It is similar to the musical instrument that griots and other Africans such as the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> played (called <a href="/wiki/Xalam" title="Xalam">halam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Akonting" title="Akonting">akonting</a> by African peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the 1920s, when country blues began to be recorded, the use of the banjo in blues music was quite marginal and limited to individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Papa_Charlie_Jackson" title="Papa Charlie Jackson">Papa Charlie Jackson</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Gus_Cannon" title="Gus Cannon">Gus Cannon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blues music also adopted elements from the "Ethiopian airs", <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrel shows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negro_spiritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro spiritual">Negro spirituals</a>, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style also was closely related to <a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">ragtime</a>, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved "the original melodic patterns of African music".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when the record industry created the marketing categories "<a href="/wiki/Race_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Race music">race music</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillbilly music">hillbilly music</a>" to sell music by blacks for blacks and by whites for whites, respectively. At the time, there was no clear musical division between "blues" and "country", except for the ethnicity of the performer, and even that was sometimes documented incorrectly by record companies.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though musicologists can now attempt to define the blues narrowly in terms of certain chord structures and lyric forms thought to have originated in West Africa, audiences originally heard the music in a far more general way: it was simply the music of the rural south, notably the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a>. Black and white musicians shared the same repertoire and thought of themselves as "<a href="/wiki/Songsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Songsters">songsters</a>" rather than blues musicians. The notion of blues as a separate genre arose during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">black migration</a> from the countryside to urban areas in the 1920s and the simultaneous development of the recording industry. <i>Blues</i> became a code word for a record designed to sell to black listeners.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of Afro-American community, the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">spirituals</a>. The origins of spirituals go back much further than the blues, usually dating back to the middle of the 18th century, when the slaves were Christianized and began to sing and play Christian <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>, in particular those of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Watts" title="Isaac Watts">Isaac Watts</a>, which were very popular.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the blues gained its formal definition in terms of chord progressions, it was defined as the secular counterpart of spirituals. It was the low-down music played by rural blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the religious community a musician belonged to, it was more or less considered a sin to play this low-down music: blues was the devil's music. Musicians were therefore segregated into two categories: gospel singers and blues singers, guitar preachers and songsters. However, when rural black music began to be recorded in the 1920s, both categories of musicians used similar techniques: call-and-response patterns, blue notes, and slide guitars. Gospel music was nevertheless using musical forms that were compatible with Christian hymns and therefore less marked by the blues form than its secular counterpart.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-war_blues">Pre-war blues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blues&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-war blues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> publishing industry produced a great deal of <a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">ragtime</a> music. By 1912, the sheet music industry had published three popular blues-like compositions, precipitating the <a href="/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley" title="Tin Pan Alley">Tin Pan Alley</a> adoption of blues elements: "Baby Seals' Blues", by <a href="/wiki/Baby_Franklin_Seals" title="Baby Franklin Seals">Baby Franklin Seals</a> (arranged by <a href="/wiki/Artie_Matthews" title="Artie Matthews">Artie Matthews</a>); "Dallas Blues", by <a href="/wiki/Hart_Wand" title="Hart Wand">Hart Wand</a>; and "<a href="/wiki/The_Memphis_Blues" title="The Memphis Blues">The Memphis Blues</a>", by <a href="/wiki/W.C._Handy" class="mw-redirect" title="W.C. Handy">W.C. Handy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W._C._Handy_-_The_%22St._Louis_Blues%22_-_First_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/W._C._Handy_-_The_%22St._Louis_Blues%22_-_First_page.jpg/200px-W._C._Handy_-_The_%22St._Louis_Blues%22_-_First_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/W._C._Handy_-_The_%22St._Louis_Blues%22_-_First_page.jpg/300px-W._C._Handy_-_The_%22St._Louis_Blues%22_-_First_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/W._C._Handy_-_The_%22St._Louis_Blues%22_-_First_page.jpg/400px-W._C._Handy_-_The_%22St._Louis_Blues%22_-_First_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Sheet music from "<a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Blues_(song)" title="Saint Louis Blues (song)">Saint Louis Blues</a>" (1914)</figcaption></figure> <p>Handy was a formally trained musician, composer and arranger who helped to popularize the blues by transcribing and orchestrating blues in an almost symphonic style, with bands and singers. He became a popular and prolific composer, and billed himself as the "Father of the Blues"; however, his compositions can be described as a fusion of blues with ragtime and jazz, a merger facilitated using the Cuban <a href="/wiki/Habanera_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habanera (music)">habanera</a> rhythm that had long been a part of ragtime;<sup id="cite_ref-cgkmik_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgkmik-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trkeja_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trkeja-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Handy's signature work was the "<a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Blues_(song)" title="Saint Louis Blues (song)">Saint Louis Blues</a>". </p><p>In the 1920s, the blues became a major element of African American and American popular music, also reaching white audiences via Handy's arrangements and the classic female blues performers. These female performers became perhaps the first African American "superstars", and their recording sales demonstrated "a huge appetite for records made by and for black people."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blues evolved from informal performances in bars to entertainment in theaters. Blues performances were organized by the <a href="/wiki/Theater_Owners_Booking_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater Owners Booking Association">Theater Owners Booking Association</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclubs</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Club" title="Cotton Club">Cotton Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juke_joint" title="Juke joint">juke joints</a> such as the bars along <a href="/wiki/Beale_Street" title="Beale Street">Beale Street</a> in Memphis. Several record companies, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Record_Corporation" title="American Record Corporation">American Record Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okeh_Records" title="Okeh Records">Okeh Records</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Records" title="Paramount Records">Paramount Records</a>, began to record African-American music. </p><p>As the recording industry grew, <a href="/wiki/Country_blues" title="Country blues">country blues</a> performers like <a href="/wiki/Bo_Carter" title="Bo Carter">Bo Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)">Jimmie Rodgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blind_Lemon_Jefferson" title="Blind Lemon Jefferson">Blind Lemon Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Johnson_(musician)" title="Lonnie Johnson (musician)">Lonnie Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Red" title="Tampa Red">Tampa Red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blind_Blake" title="Blind Blake">Blind Blake</a> became more popular in the African American community. Kentucky-born <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Weaver_(musician)" title="Sylvester Weaver (musician)">Sylvester Weaver</a> was in 1923 the first to record the <a href="/wiki/Slide_guitar" title="Slide guitar">slide guitar</a> style, in which a guitar is fretted with a knife blade or the sawed-off neck of a bottle.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slide guitar became an important part of the <a href="/wiki/Delta_blues" title="Delta blues">Delta blues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bkihns_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bkihns-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first blues recordings from the 1920s are categorized as a traditional, rural country blues and a more polished city or urban blues. </p><p>Country blues performers often improvised, either without accompaniment or with only a banjo or guitar. Regional styles of country blues varied widely in the early 20th century. The (Mississippi) Delta blues was a rootsy sparse style with passionate vocals accompanied by slide guitar. The little-recorded <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Johnson (musician)">Robert Johnson</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combined elements of urban and rural blues. In addition to Robert Johnson, influential performers of this style included his predecessors <a href="/wiki/Charley_Patton" title="Charley Patton">Charley Patton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Son_House" title="Son House">Son House</a>. Singers such as <a href="/wiki/Blind_Willie_McTell" title="Blind Willie McTell">Blind Willie McTell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blind_Boy_Fuller" title="Blind Boy Fuller">Blind Boy Fuller</a> performed in the southeastern "delicate and lyrical" <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_blues" title="Piedmont blues">Piedmont blues</a> tradition, which used an elaborate ragtime-based <a href="/wiki/Fingerpicking" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingerpicking">fingerpicking</a> guitar technique. Georgia also had an early slide tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Curley_Weaver" title="Curley Weaver">Curley Weaver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Red" title="Tampa Red">Tampa Red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbecue_Bob" title="Barbecue Bob">"Barbecue Bob" Hicks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kokomo_Arnold" title="Kokomo Arnold">James "Kokomo" Arnold</a> as representatives of this style.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lively <a href="/wiki/Memphis_blues" title="Memphis blues">Memphis blues</a> style, which developed in the 1920s and 1930s near <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Jug_band" title="Jug band">jug bands</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Jug_Band" title="Memphis Jug Band">Memphis Jug Band</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Gus_Cannon" title="Gus Cannon">Gus Cannon's Jug Stompers</a>. Performers such as <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stokes_(musician)" title="Frank Stokes (musician)">Frank Stokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleepy_John_Estes" title="Sleepy John Estes">Sleepy John Estes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilkins" title="Robert Wilkins">Robert Wilkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Joe_McCoy" title="Kansas Joe McCoy">Kansas Joe McCoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casey_Bill_Weldon" title="Casey Bill Weldon">Casey Bill Weldon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Minnie" title="Memphis Minnie">Memphis Minnie</a> used a variety of unusual instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Washboard_(musical_instrument)" title="Washboard (musical instrument)">washboard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_styles_(violin)#Fiddle" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical styles (violin)">fiddle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazoo" title="Kazoo">kazoo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>. Memphis Minnie was famous for her <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso" title="Virtuoso">virtuoso</a> guitar style. Pianist <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Slim" title="Memphis Slim">Memphis Slim</a> began his career in Memphis, but his distinct style was smoother and had some swing elements. Many blues musicians based in Memphis moved to Chicago in the late 1930s or early 1940s and became part of the urban blues movement.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bessie_Smith_(1936)_by_Carl_Van_Vechten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bessie_Smith_%281936%29_by_Carl_Van_Vechten.jpg/180px-Bessie_Smith_%281936%29_by_Carl_Van_Vechten.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bessie_Smith_%281936%29_by_Carl_Van_Vechten.jpg/270px-Bessie_Smith_%281936%29_by_Carl_Van_Vechten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bessie_Smith_%281936%29_by_Carl_Van_Vechten.jpg/360px-Bessie_Smith_%281936%29_by_Carl_Van_Vechten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4338" data-file-height="5546" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a>, an early blues singer, known for her powerful voice</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urban_blues">Urban blues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blues&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Urban blues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>City or urban blues styles were more codified and elaborate, as a performer was no longer within their local, immediate community, and had to adapt to a larger, more varied audience's aesthetic.<sup id="cite_ref-qzdblv_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qzdblv-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Classic_female_blues" title="Classic female blues">Classic female urban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> blues singers were popular in the 1920s, among them "the big three"—<a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey" title="Ma Rainey">Gertrude "Ma" Rainey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lucille_Bogan" title="Lucille Bogan">Lucille Bogan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mamie_Smith" title="Mamie Smith">Mamie Smith</a>, more a vaudeville performer than a blues artist, was the first African American to record a blues song, in 1920; her second record, "Crazy Blues", sold 75,000 copies in its first month.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ma Rainey, the "Mother of Blues", and Bessie Smith each "[sang] around center tones, perhaps in order to project her voice more easily to the back of a room". Smith would "sing a song in an unusual key, and her artistry in bending and stretching notes with her beautiful, powerful contralto to accommodate her own interpretation was unsurpassed".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920, the vaudeville singer <a href="/wiki/Lucille_Hegamin" title="Lucille Hegamin">Lucille Hegamin</a> became the second black woman to record blues when she recorded "The Jazz Me Blues",<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Spivey" title="Victoria Spivey">Victoria Spivey</a>, sometimes called Queen Victoria or Za Zu Girl, had a recording career that began in 1926 and spanned forty years. These recordings were typically labeled "<a href="/wiki/Race_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Race records">race records</a>" to distinguish them from records sold to white audiences. Nonetheless, the recordings of some of the classic female blues singers were purchased by white buyers as well.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These blueswomen's contributions to the genre included "increased improvisation on melodic lines, unusual phrasing which altered the emphasis and impact of the lyrics, and vocal dramatics using shouts, groans, moans, and wails. The blues women thus effected changes in other types of popular singing that had spin-offs in jazz, <a href="/wiki/Broadway_musical" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway musical">Broadway musicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torch_song" title="Torch song">torch songs</a> of the 1930s and 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urban male performers included popular black musicians of the era, such as <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Red" title="Tampa Red">Tampa Red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Bill_Broonzy" title="Big Bill Broonzy">Big Bill Broonzy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leroy_Carr" title="Leroy Carr">Leroy Carr</a>. An important label of this era was the Chicago-based <a href="/wiki/Bluebird_Records" title="Bluebird Records">Bluebird Records</a>. Before World War II, Tampa Red was sometimes referred to as "the Guitar Wizard". Carr accompanied himself on the piano with <a href="/wiki/Scrapper_Blackwell" title="Scrapper Blackwell">Scrapper Blackwell</a> on guitar, a format that continued well into the 1950s with artists such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brown_(musician)" title="Charles Brown (musician)">Charles Brown</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Nat_%22King%22_Cole" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat "King" Cole">Nat "King" Cole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bkihns_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bkihns-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Texarkana_and_Northern%22_Boogie-woogie_bassline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%22Texarkana_and_Northern%22_Boogie-woogie_bassline.svg/200px-%22Texarkana_and_Northern%22_Boogie-woogie_bassline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%22Texarkana_and_Northern%22_Boogie-woogie_bassline.svg/300px-%22Texarkana_and_Northern%22_Boogie-woogie_bassline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%22Texarkana_and_Northern%22_Boogie-woogie_bassline.svg/400px-%22Texarkana_and_Northern%22_Boogie-woogie_bassline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="68" /></a><figcaption>A typical boogie-woogie bass line <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e8\/%22Texarkana_and_Northern%22_Boogie-woogie_bassline.mid\/%22Texarkana_and_Northern%22_Boogie-woogie_bassline.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\"Texarkana and Northern\" Boogie-woogie bassline.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/%22Texarkana_and_Northern%22_Boogie-woogie_bassline.mid/%22Texarkana_and_Northern%22_Boogie-woogie_bassline.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Play</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Texarkana_and_Northern%22_Boogie-woogie_bassline.mid" title="File:"Texarkana and Northern" Boogie-woogie bassline.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boogie-woogie (music)">Boogie-woogie</a> was another important style of 1930s and early 1940s urban blues. While the style is often associated with solo piano, boogie-woogie was also used to accompany singers and, as a solo part, in bands and small combos. Boogie-woogie style was characterized by a regular bass figure, an <a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">ostinato</a> or <a href="/wiki/Riff" title="Riff">riff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shift_of_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift of level">shifts of level</a> in the left hand, elaborating each chord and trills and decorations in the right hand. Boogie-woogie was pioneered by the Chicago-based <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Yancey" title="Jimmy Yancey">Jimmy Yancey</a> and the Boogie-Woogie Trio (<a href="/wiki/Albert_Ammons" title="Albert Ammons">Albert Ammons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Johnson_(musician)" title="Pete Johnson (musician)">Pete Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meade_Lux_Lewis" title="Meade Lux Lewis">Meade Lux Lewis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chicago boogie-woogie performers included <a href="/wiki/Pinetop_Smith" title="Pinetop Smith">Clarence "Pine Top" Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_Hines" title="Earl Hines">Earl Hines</a>, who "linked the propulsive left-hand rhythms of the ragtime pianists with melodic figures similar to those of Armstrong's trumpet in the right hand".<sup id="cite_ref-qzdblv_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qzdblv-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smooth Louisiana style of <a href="/wiki/Professor_Longhair" title="Professor Longhair">Professor Longhair</a> and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Dr._John" title="Dr. John">Dr. John</a> blends classic rhythm and blues with blues styles. </p><p>Another development in this period was <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a> blues. The "<a href="/wiki/Territory_band" title="Territory band">territory bands</a>" operating out of <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bennie_Moten" title="Bennie Moten">Bennie Moten</a> orchestra, <a href="/wiki/Jay_McShann" title="Jay McShann">Jay McShann</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie_Orchestra" title="Count Basie Orchestra">Count Basie Orchestra</a> were also concentrating on the blues, with 12-bar blues instrumentals such as Basie's "<a href="/wiki/One_O%27Clock_Jump" title="One O'Clock Jump">One O'Clock Jump</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Jumpin%27_at_the_Woodside" title="Jumpin' at the Woodside">Jumpin' at the Woodside</a>" and boisterous "<a href="/wiki/Blues_shouter" title="Blues shouter">blues shouting</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Rushing" title="Jimmy Rushing">Jimmy Rushing</a> on songs such as "Going to Chicago" and "<a href="/wiki/Sent_for_You_Yesterday" title="Sent for You Yesterday">Sent for You Yesterday</a>". A well-known big band blues tune is <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Miller" title="Glenn Miller">Glenn Miller</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/In_the_Mood" title="In the Mood">In the Mood</a>". In the 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">jump blues</a> style developed. Jump blues grew up from the boogie-woogie wave and was strongly influenced by big band music. It uses <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophone</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass instruments</a> and the guitar in the rhythm section to create a jazzy, up-tempo sound with declamatory vocals. Jump blues tunes by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jordan" title="Louis Jordan">Louis Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_Joe_Turner" title="Big Joe Turner">Big Joe Turner</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>, influenced the development of later styles such as rock and roll and rhythm and blues.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dallas-born <a href="/wiki/T-Bone_Walker" title="T-Bone Walker">T-Bone Walker</a>, who is often associated with the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_blues" title="West Coast blues">California blues</a> style,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la <a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Johnson_(musician)" title="Lonnie Johnson (musician)">Lonnie Johnson</a> and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s">1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blues&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms that led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>. The long <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">boom following World War II</a> induced another massive migration of the African-American population, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a>, which was accompanied by a significant increase of the real income of the urban blacks. The new migrants constituted a new market for the music industry. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Race_record" title="Race record">race record</a></i>, initially used by the <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a> for <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> music, was replaced by the term <i><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a></i>. This rapidly evolving market was mirrored by <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i> magazine's <a href="/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs" title="Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs">Rhythm & Blues chart</a>. This marketing strategy reinforced trends in urban blues music such as the use of electric instruments and <a href="/wiki/Instrument_amplifier" title="Instrument amplifier">amplification</a> and the generalization of the blues beat, the <a href="/wiki/Blues_shuffle" class="mw-redirect" title="Blues shuffle">blues shuffle</a>, which became ubiquitous in rhythm and blues (R&B). This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a>, became a component of R&B.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnLeeHooker1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JohnLeeHooker1997.jpg/220px-JohnLeeHooker1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JohnLeeHooker1997.jpg/330px-JohnLeeHooker1997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JohnLeeHooker1997.jpg/440px-JohnLeeHooker1997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker" title="John Lee Hooker">John Lee Hooker</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After World War II, new styles of <a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">electric blues</a> became popular in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</a><sup id="cite_ref-Herzhaft,_pg._53_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herzhaft,_pg._53-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>. Electric blues used <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a> (gradually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass guitar</a>), <a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">drums</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harmonica" title="Harmonica">harmonica</a> (or "blues harp") played through a microphone and a <a href="/wiki/Public_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Public address">PA system</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">overdriven</a> <a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">guitar amplifier</a>. Chicago became a center for electric blues from 1948 on, when <a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a> recorded his first success, "I Can't Be Satisfied".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues">Chicago blues</a> is influenced to a large extent by <a href="/wiki/Delta_blues" title="Delta blues">Delta blues</a>, because many performers had migrated from the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> region. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf" title="Howlin' Wolf">Howlin' Wolf</a>, Muddy Waters, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Dixon" title="Willie Dixon">Willie Dixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Reed" title="Jimmy Reed">Jimmy Reed</a> were all born in Mississippi and moved to Chicago during the Great Migration. Their style is characterized by the use of electric guitar, sometimes slide guitar, harmonica, and a rhythm section of bass and drums.<sup id="cite_ref-pc4_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pc4-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The saxophonist <a href="/wiki/J._T._Brown_(musician)" title="J. T. Brown (musician)">J. T. Brown</a> played in bands led by <a href="/wiki/Elmore_James" title="Elmore James">Elmore James</a> and by <a href="/wiki/J._B._Lenoir" title="J. B. Lenoir">J. B. Lenoir</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophone</a> was used as a backing instrument for rhythmic support more than as a lead instrument. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Little_Walter" title="Little Walter">Little Walter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Boy_Williamson_II" title="Sonny Boy Williamson II">Sonny Boy Williamson (Rice Miller)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Terry" title="Sonny Terry">Sonny Terry</a> are well known harmonica (called "<a href="/wiki/Harmonica_techniques#Blues_harp_(2nd_position)" title="Harmonica techniques">harp</a>" by blues musicians) players of the early Chicago blues scene. Other harp players such as <a href="/wiki/Big_Walter_Horton" title="Big Walter Horton">Big Walter Horton</a> were also influential. Muddy Waters and Elmore James were known for their innovative use of slide electric guitar. Howlin' Wolf and Muddy Waters were known for their deep, "gravelly" voices. </p><p>The bassist and prolific songwriter and composer <a href="/wiki/Willie_Dixon" title="Willie Dixon">Willie Dixon</a> played a major role on the Chicago blues scene. He composed and wrote many <a href="/wiki/Blues_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Blues standard">standard blues</a> songs of the period, such as "<a href="/wiki/Hoochie_Coochie_Man" title="Hoochie Coochie Man">Hoochie Coochie Man</a>", "<a href="/wiki/I_Just_Want_to_Make_Love_to_You" title="I Just Want to Make Love to You">I Just Want to Make Love to You</a>" (both penned for Muddy Waters) and, "<a href="/wiki/Wang_Dang_Doodle" title="Wang Dang Doodle">Wang Dang Doodle</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Back_Door_Man" title="Back Door Man">Back Door Man</a>" for Howlin' Wolf. Most artists of the Chicago blues style recorded for the Chicago-based <a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Checker_Records" title="Checker Records">Checker Records</a> labels. Smaller blues labels of this era included <a href="/wiki/Vee-Jay_Records" title="Vee-Jay Records">Vee-Jay Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/J.O.B._Records" title="J.O.B. Records">J.O.B. Records</a>. During the early 1950s, the dominating Chicago labels were challenged by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Phillips" title="Sam Phillips">Sam Phillips</a>' <a href="/wiki/Sun_Records" title="Sun Records">Sun Records</a> company in Memphis, which recorded <a href="/wiki/B._B._King" title="B. B. King">B. B. King</a> and Howlin' Wolf before he moved to Chicago in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Phillips discovered <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> in 1954, the Sun label turned to the rapidly expanding white audience and started recording mostly <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock 'n' roll</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, blues had a huge influence on mainstream American <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>. While popular musicians like <a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a><sup id="cite_ref-Herzhaft,_pg._53_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herzhaft,_pg._53-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both recording for Chess, were influenced by the Chicago blues, their enthusiastic playing styles departed from the melancholy aspects of blues. Chicago blues also influenced <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Zydeco" title="Zydeco">zydeco</a> music,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Chenier" title="Clifton Chenier">Clifton Chenier</a><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using blues accents. Zydeco musicians used electric solo guitar and <a href="/wiki/Cajun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun">cajun</a> arrangements of blues standards. </p><p>In England, electric blues took root there during a much acclaimed Muddy Waters tour in 1958. Waters, unsuspecting of his audience's tendency towards <a href="/wiki/Skiffle" title="Skiffle">skiffle</a>, an acoustic, softer brand of blues, turned up his amp and started to play his Chicago brand of electric blues. Although the audience was largely jolted by the performance, the performance influenced local musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Korner" title="Alexis Korner">Alexis Korner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Davies" title="Cyril Davies">Cyril Davies</a> to emulate this louder style, inspiring the <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yardbirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Yardbirds">Yardbirds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1950s, a new blues style emerged on Chicago's <a href="/wiki/West_Side,_Chicago" title="West Side, Chicago">West Side</a> pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Magic_Sam" title="Magic Sam">Magic Sam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Guy" title="Buddy Guy">Buddy Guy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otis_Rush" title="Otis Rush">Otis Rush</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cobra_Records" title="Cobra Records">Cobra Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "West Side sound" had strong rhythmic support from a rhythm guitar, bass guitar and drums and as perfected by Guy, <a href="/wiki/Freddie_King" title="Freddie King">Freddie King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magic_Slim" title="Magic Slim">Magic Slim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luther_Allison" title="Luther Allison">Luther Allison</a> was dominated by amplified electric lead guitar.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expressive <a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">guitar solos</a> were a key feature of this music. </p><p>Other blues artists, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker" title="John Lee Hooker">John Lee Hooker</a>, had influences not directly related to the Chicago style. John Lee Hooker's blues is more "personal", based on Hooker's deep rough voice accompanied by a single electric guitar. Though not directly influenced by boogie-woogie, his "groovy" style is sometimes called "guitar boogie". His first hit, "<a href="/wiki/Boogie_Chillen" class="mw-redirect" title="Boogie Chillen">Boogie Chillen</a>", reached number 1 on the R&B charts in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Swamp_blues" title="Swamp blues">swamp blues</a> genre developed near <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton Rouge">Baton Rouge</a>, with performers such as <a href="/wiki/Lightnin%27_Slim" title="Lightnin' Slim">Lightnin' Slim</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Slim_Harpo" title="Slim Harpo">Slim Harpo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Myers" title="Sam Myers">Sam Myers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_McCain" title="Jerry McCain">Jerry McCain</a> around the producer <a href="/wiki/J._D._%22Jay%22_Miller" title="J. D. "Jay" Miller">J. D. "Jay" Miller</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Excello_Records" title="Excello Records">Excello</a> label. Strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Reed" title="Jimmy Reed">Jimmy Reed</a>, swamp blues has a slower pace and a simpler use of the harmonica than the Chicago blues style performers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include "Scratch my Back", "She's Tough" and "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_a_King_Bee" title="I'm a King Bee">I'm a King Bee</a>". <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Alan Lomax</a>'s recordings of <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Fred_McDowell" title="Mississippi Fred McDowell">Mississippi Fred McDowell</a> would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a> circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing <a href="/wiki/North_Mississippi_hill_country_blues" class="mw-redirect" title="North Mississippi hill country blues">North Mississippi hill country blues</a> musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-msbluestrail1_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msbluestrail1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s_and_1970s">1960s and 1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blues&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1960s and 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B.B._King,_2006-06-26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/B.B._King%2C_2006-06-26.jpg/180px-B.B._King%2C_2006-06-26.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/B.B._King%2C_2006-06-26.jpg/270px-B.B._King%2C_2006-06-26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/B.B._King%2C_2006-06-26.jpg/360px-B.B._King%2C_2006-06-26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Blues legend <a href="/wiki/B.B._King" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B. King">B.B. King</a> with his guitar, "<a href="/wiki/Lucille_(guitar)" title="Lucille (guitar)">Lucille</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by <a href="/wiki/African_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="African American music">African American music</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a> were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> had brought African-American music to new audiences, within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as <a href="/wiki/Big_Bill_Broonzy" title="Big Bill Broonzy">Big Bill Broonzy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willie_Dixon" title="Willie Dixon">Willie Dixon</a> started looking for new markets in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Dick_Waterman" title="Dick Waterman">Dick Waterman</a> and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blues performers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker" title="John Lee Hooker">John Lee Hooker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a> continued to perform to enthusiastic audiences, inspiring new artists steeped in traditional blues, such as New York–born <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal_(musician)" title="Taj Mahal (musician)">Taj Mahal</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker" title="John Lee Hooker">John Lee Hooker</a> blended his blues style with rock elements and playing with younger white musicians, creating a musical style that can be heard on the 1971 album <i><a href="/wiki/Endless_Boogie" title="Endless Boogie">Endless Boogie</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/B._B._King" title="B. B. King">B. B. King</a>'s singing and virtuoso guitar technique earned him the eponymous title "king of the blues". King introduced a sophisticated style of <a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">guitar soloing</a> based on fluid <a href="/wiki/String_bending" title="String bending">string bending</a> and shimmering <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a> that influenced many later electric blues guitarists.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the Chicago style, King's band used strong brass support from a saxophone, trumpet, and trombone, instead of using slide guitar or harp. <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Bland" title="Bobby Bland">Bobby "Blue" Bland</a>, like B. B. King, also straddled the blues and R&B genres. During this period, <a href="/wiki/Freddie_King" title="Freddie King">Freddie King</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_King" title="Albert King">Albert King</a> often played with rock and <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a> musicians (<a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Booker_T_%26_the_MGs" class="mw-redirect" title="Booker T & the MGs">Booker T & the MGs</a>) and had a major influence on those styles of music. </p><p>The music of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a><sup id="cite_ref-Koroma,_pg._122_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koroma,_pg._122-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a> in the U.S. prompted a <a href="/wiki/American_folk_music_revival" title="American folk music revival">resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music</a>. As well festivals such as the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Folk_Festival" title="Newport Folk Festival">Newport Folk Festival</a><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as <a href="/wiki/Son_House" title="Son House">Son House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_John_Hurt" title="Mississippi John Hurt">Mississippi John Hurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skip_James" title="Skip James">Skip James</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reverend_Gary_Davis" title="Reverend Gary Davis">Reverend Gary Davis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koroma,_pg._122_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koroma,_pg._122-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_Records" title="Yazoo Records">Yazoo Records</a>. <a href="/wiki/J._B._Lenoir" title="J. B. Lenoir">J. B. Lenoir</a> from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s recorded several LPs using acoustic guitar, sometimes accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Willie_Dixon" title="Willie Dixon">Willie Dixon</a> on the acoustic bass or drums. His songs, originally distributed only in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commented on political issues such as <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> issues, which was unusual for this period. His album <i>Alabama Blues</i> contained a song with the following lyric: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>I never will go back to Alabama, that is not the place for me,<br /> I never will go back to Alabama, that is not the place for me.<br /> You know they killed my sister and my brother<br /> and the whole world let them peoples go down there free </p> </div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stevie_Ray_Vaughan_Live_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Stevie_Ray_Vaughan_Live_1983.jpg/170px-Stevie_Ray_Vaughan_Live_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Stevie_Ray_Vaughan_Live_1983.jpg/255px-Stevie_Ray_Vaughan_Live_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Stevie_Ray_Vaughan_Live_1983.jpg/340px-Stevie_Ray_Vaughan_Live_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>Texas blues guitarist <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Ray_Vaughan" title="Stevie Ray Vaughan">Stevie Ray Vaughan</a>, 1983</figcaption></figure> <p>White audiences' interest in the blues during the 1960s increased due to the Chicago-based <a href="/wiki/Paul_Butterfield" title="Paul Butterfield">Paul Butterfield Blues Band</a> featuring guitarist <a href="/wiki/Mike_Bloomfield" title="Mike Bloomfield">Michael Bloomfield</a> and singer/songwriter <a href="/wiki/Nick_Gravenites" title="Nick Gravenites">Nick Gravenites</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_blues" title="British blues">British blues</a> movement. The style of <a href="/wiki/British_blues" title="British blues">British blues</a> developed in the UK, when musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Davies" title="Cyril Davies">Cyril Davies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Korner" title="Alexis Korner">Alexis Korner</a>'s Blues Incorporated, <a href="/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac" title="Fleetwood Mac">Fleetwood Mac</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Mayall_%26_the_Bluesbreakers" title="John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers">John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Animals" title="The Animals">Animals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Yardbirds" title="The Yardbirds">Yardbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aynsley_Dunbar" title="Aynsley Dunbar">Aynsley Dunbar</a> Retaliation,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chicken_Shack" title="Chicken Shack">Chicken Shack</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> early <a href="/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(band)" title="Jethro Tull (band)">Jethro Tull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cream_(band)" title="Cream (band)">Cream</a> and the Irish musician <a href="/wiki/Rory_Gallagher" title="Rory Gallagher">Rory Gallagher</a> performed classic blues songs from the <a href="/wiki/Delta_blues" title="Delta blues">Delta</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues">Chicago blues</a> traditions. </p><p>In 1963, <a href="/wiki/Amiri_Baraka" title="Amiri Baraka">Amiri Baraka</a>, then known as LeRoi Jones, was the first to write a book on the social history of the blues in <i>Blues People: The Negro Music in White America</i>. The British and blues musicians of the early 1960s inspired a number of American <a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">blues rock</a> performers, including <a href="/wiki/Canned_Heat" title="Canned Heat">Canned Heat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janis_Joplin" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Winter" title="Johnny Winter">Johnny Winter</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_J._Geils_Band" title="The J. Geils Band">the J. Geils Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ry_Cooder" title="Ry Cooder">Ry Cooder</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Allman_Brothers_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Allman Brothers Band">Allman Brothers Band</a>. One blues rock performer, <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>, was a rarity in his field at the time: a Black man who played <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a>. Hendrix was a skilled guitarist, and a pioneer in the innovative use of <a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">distortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_feedback" title="Audio feedback">audio feedback</a> in his music.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through these artists and others, blues music influenced the development of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>. Later in the 1960s, British singer <a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Kelly" title="Jo Ann Kelly">Jo Ann Kelly</a> started her recording career. In the US, from the 1970s, female singers <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt" title="Bonnie Raitt">Bonnie Raitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Snow" title="Phoebe Snow">Phoebe Snow</a> performed blues.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_blues" title="Texas blues">Texas rock-blues style</a> emerged, which used guitars in both solo and rhythm roles. In contrast with the West Side blues, the Texas style is strongly influenced by the British rock-blues movement. Major artists of the Texas style are <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Winter" title="Johnny Winter">Johnny Winter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Ray_Vaughan" title="Stevie Ray Vaughan">Stevie Ray Vaughan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Fabulous_Thunderbirds" title="The Fabulous Thunderbirds">Fabulous Thunderbirds</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Harmonica" title="Harmonica">harmonica</a> player and singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Kim_Wilson" title="Kim Wilson">Kim Wilson</a>), and <a href="/wiki/ZZ_Top" title="ZZ Top">ZZ Top</a>. These artists all began their musical careers in the 1970s but they did not achieve international success until the next decade.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s_to_the_present">1980s to the present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blues&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1980s to the present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zucchero_01_trim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Zucchero_01_trim.jpg/220px-Zucchero_01_trim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Zucchero_01_trim.jpg/330px-Zucchero_01_trim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Zucchero_01_trim.jpg/440px-Zucchero_01_trim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>Italian singer <a href="/wiki/Zucchero_Fornaciari" title="Zucchero Fornaciari">Zucchero</a> is credited as the "Father of Italian Blues", and is among the few European blues artists who still enjoy international success.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 1980s there has been a resurgence of interest in the blues among a certain part of the African-American population, particularly around <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">deep South</a> regions. Often termed "<a href="/wiki/Soul_blues" title="Soul blues">soul blues</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Southern_soul" title="Southern soul">Southern soul</a>", the music at the heart of this movement was given new life by the unexpected success of two particular recordings on the Jackson-based <a href="/wiki/Malaco_Records" title="Malaco Records">Malaco</a> label:<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Z._Z._Hill" title="Z. Z. Hill">Z. Z. Hill</a>'s <i>Down Home Blues</i> (1982) and <a href="/wiki/Little_Milton" title="Little Milton">Little Milton</a>'s <i>The Blues is Alright</i> (1984). Contemporary African-American performers who work in this style of the blues include <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Rush_(musician)" title="Bobby Rush (musician)">Bobby Rush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denise_LaSalle" title="Denise LaSalle">Denise LaSalle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Jones" title="Sir Charles Jones">Sir Charles Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bettye_LaVette" title="Bettye LaVette">Bettye LaVette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Sease" title="Marvin Sease">Marvin Sease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Scott-Adams" title="Peggy Scott-Adams">Peggy Scott-Adams</a>, Mel Waiters, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Carter" title="Clarence Carter">Clarence Carter</a>, Dr. "Feelgood" Potts, O.B. Buchana, Ms. Jody, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Brown" title="Shirley Brown">Shirley Brown</a>, and dozens of others. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Clapton_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Eric_Clapton_2.jpg/240px-Eric_Clapton_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Eric_Clapton_2.jpg/360px-Eric_Clapton_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Eric_Clapton_2.jpg/480px-Eric_Clapton_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a> performing at Hyde Park, London, in June 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1980s blues also continued in both traditional and new forms. In 1986 the album <i><a href="/wiki/Strong_Persuader" title="Strong Persuader">Strong Persuader</a></i> announced <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cray" title="Robert Cray">Robert Cray</a> as a major blues artist. The first <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Ray_Vaughan" title="Stevie Ray Vaughan">Stevie Ray Vaughan</a> recording <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_Flood" title="Texas Flood">Texas Flood</a></i> was released in 1983, and the Texas-based guitarist exploded onto the international stage. <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker" title="John Lee Hooker">John Lee Hooker</a>'s popularity was revived with the album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Healer_(album)" title="The Healer (album)">The Healer</a></i> in 1989. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>, known for his performances with <a href="/wiki/John_Mayall_%26_the_Bluesbreakers" title="John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers">the Blues Breakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cream_(band)" title="Cream (band)">Cream</a>, made a comeback in the 1990s with his album <i><a href="/wiki/Unplugged_(Eric_Clapton_album)" title="Unplugged (Eric Clapton album)">Unplugged</a></i>, in which he played some standard blues numbers on acoustic guitar. </p><p>However, beginning in the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital multitrack recording</a> and other technological advances and new marketing strategies including <a href="/wiki/Video_clip" title="Video clip">video clip</a> production increased costs, challenging the spontaneity and improvisation that are an important component of blues music.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s and 1990s, blues publications such as <i><a href="/wiki/Living_Blues" title="Living Blues">Living Blues</a></i> and <i>Blues Revue</i> were launched, major cities began forming blues societies, outdoor blues festivals became more common, and<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclubs</a> and venues for blues emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tedeschi_Trucks_Band" title="Tedeschi Trucks Band">Tedeschi Trucks Band</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gov%27t_Mule" title="Gov't Mule">Gov't Mule</a> released blues rock albums. Female blues singers such as Bonnie Raitt, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Tedeschi" title="Susan Tedeschi">Susan Tedeschi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sue_Foley" title="Sue Foley">Sue Foley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Curfman" title="Shannon Curfman">Shannon Curfman</a> also recorded albums. </p><p>In the 1990s, the largely ignored <a href="/wiki/Hill_country_blues" title="Hill country blues">hill country blues</a> gained minor recognition in both blues and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> music circles with northern Mississippi artists <a href="/wiki/R._L._Burnside" title="R. L. Burnside">R. L. Burnside</a> and <a href="/wiki/Junior_Kimbrough" title="Junior Kimbrough">Junior Kimbrough</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-msbluestrail1_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msbluestrail1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blues performers explored a range of musical genres, as can be seen, for example, from the broad array of nominees of the yearly <a href="/wiki/Blues_Music_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Blues Music Award">Blues Music Awards</a>, previously named W.C. Handy Awards<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or of the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Contemporary_Blues_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album">Grammy Awards for Best Contemporary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Traditional_Blues_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album">Traditional Blues Album</a>. The Billboard Blues Album chart provides an overview of current blues hits. Contemporary blues music is nurtured by several blues labels such as: <a href="/wiki/Alligator_Records" title="Alligator Records">Alligator Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruf_Records" title="Ruf Records">Ruf Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Severn_Records" title="Severn Records">Severn Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess Records</a> (<a href="/wiki/Music_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Corporation of America">MCA</a>), <a href="/wiki/Delmark_Records" title="Delmark Records">Delmark Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/NorthernBlues_Music" title="NorthernBlues Music">NorthernBlues Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat_Possum_Records" title="Fat Possum Records">Fat Possum Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Records" title="Vanguard Records">Vanguard Records</a> (Artemis Records). Some labels are famous for rediscovering and remastering blues rarities, including <a href="/wiki/Arhoolie_Records" title="Arhoolie Records">Arhoolie Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Folkways_Recordings" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Folkways Recordings">Smithsonian Folkways Recordings</a> (heir of <a href="/wiki/Folkways_Records" title="Folkways Records">Folkways Records</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_Records" title="Yazoo Records">Yazoo Records</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shanachie_Records" title="Shanachie Records">Shanachie Records</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_impact">Musical impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blues&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Musical impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blues musical styles, forms (12-bar blues), melodies, and the blues scale have influenced many other genres of music, such as rock and roll, jazz, and popular music.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent jazz, folk or rock performers, such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> have performed significant blues recordings. The blues scale is often used in <a href="/wiki/Popular_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular song">popular songs</a> like <a href="/wiki/Harold_Arlen" title="Harold Arlen">Harold Arlen</a>'s "Blues in the Night", <a href="/wiki/Blues_ballad" title="Blues ballad">blues ballads</a> like "Since I Fell for You" and "Please Send Me Someone to Love", and even in orchestral works such as <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_in_Blue" title="Rhapsody in Blue">Rhapsody in Blue</a>" and "Concerto in F". Gershwin's second "Prelude" for solo piano is an interesting example of a classical blues, maintaining the form with academic strictness. The blues scale is ubiquitous in modern popular music and informs many <a href="/wiki/Modal_frame" title="Modal frame">modal frames</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Ladder_of_thirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladder of thirds">ladder of thirds</a> used in rock music (for example, in "<a href="/wiki/A_Hard_Day%27s_Night_(song)" title="A Hard Day's Night (song)">A Hard Day's Night</a>"). Blues forms are used in the theme to the televised <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(TV_series)" title="Batman (TV series)">Batman</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Teen_idol" title="Teen idol">teen idol</a> <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Forte" title="Fabian Forte">Fabian Forte</a>'s hit, "Turn Me Loose", <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> star <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)">Jimmie Rodgers</a>' music, and guitarist/vocalist <a href="/wiki/Tracy_Chapman" title="Tracy Chapman">Tracy Chapman</a>'s hit "Give Me One Reason". </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23%; ; padding:8px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Blues singing is about emotion. Its influence on popular singing has been so widespread that, at least among males, singing and emoting have become almost identical—it is a matter of projection rather than hitting the notes."<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a>, 1972</cite></p> </div> <p>Early country bluesmen such as <a href="/wiki/Skip_James" title="Skip James">Skip James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charley_Patton" title="Charley Patton">Charley Patton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tom_Dorsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Tom Dorsey">Georgia Tom Dorsey</a> played country and urban blues and had influences from spiritual singing. Dorsey helped to popularize <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gospel music developed in the 1930s, with the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_Quartet" title="Golden Gate Quartet">Golden Gate Quartet</a>. In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Cooke" title="Sam Cooke">Sam Cooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a> used gospel and blues music elements. In the 1960s and 1970s, gospel and blues were merged in <a href="/wiki/Soul_blues" title="Soul blues">soul blues</a> music. <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">Funk</a> music of the 1970s was influenced by soul; funk can be seen as an antecedent of hip-hop and contemporary R&B. </p><p><a href="/wiki/R%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B">R&B</a> music can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">spirituals</a> and blues. Musically, spirituals were a descendant of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> choral traditions, and in particular of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Watts" title="Isaac Watts">Isaac Watts</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>, mixed with African rhythms and call-and-response forms. Spirituals or religious chants in the African-American community are much better documented than the "low-down" blues. Spiritual singing developed because African-American communities could gather for mass or worship gatherings, which were called <a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">camp meetings</a>. </p><p>Edward P. Comentale has noted how the blues was often used as a medium for art or self-expression, stating: "As heard from Delta shacks to Chicago tenements to Harlem cabarets, the blues proved—despite its pained origins—a remarkably flexible medium and a new arena for the shaping of identity and community."<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duke_Ellington_at_the_Hurricane_Club_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Duke_Ellington_at_the_Hurricane_Club_1943.jpg/220px-Duke_Ellington_at_the_Hurricane_Club_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Duke_Ellington_at_the_Hurricane_Club_1943.jpg/330px-Duke_Ellington_at_the_Hurricane_Club_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Duke_Ellington_at_the_Hurricane_Club_1943.jpg/440px-Duke_Ellington_at_the_Hurricane_Club_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a> straddled the <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a> genres. Ellington extensively used the blues form.<sup id="cite_ref-monk_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monk-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the boundaries between blues and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> were less clear. Usually, jazz had harmonic structures stemming from <a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass bands</a>, whereas blues had blues forms such as the 12-bar blues. However, the jump blues of the 1940s mixed both styles. After WWII, blues had a substantial influence on jazz. <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a> classics, such as <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a>'s "Now's the Time", used the blues form with the pentatonic scale and blue notes. </p><p>Bebop marked a major shift in the role of jazz, from a popular style of music for dancing to a "high-art", less-accessible, cerebral "musician's music". The audience for both blues and jazz split, and the border between blues and jazz became more defined.<sup id="cite_ref-monk_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monk-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The blues' 12-bar structure and the blues scale was a major influence on <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> music. Rock and roll has been called "blues with a <a href="/wiki/Backbeat_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbeat (music)">backbeat</a>"; <a href="/wiki/Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a> called <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a> "blues with a <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a> beat". Rockabillies were also said to be 12-bar blues played with a <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a> beat. "<a href="/wiki/Hound_Dog_(song)" title="Hound Dog (song)">Hound Dog</a>", with its unmodified 12-bar structure (in both harmony and lyrics) and a melody centered on flatted third of the tonic (and flatted seventh of the subdominant), is a blues song transformed into a rock and roll song. <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>'s style of rock and roll was heavily influenced by the blues and its derivative boogie-woogie. His style of music was not exactly rockabilly but it has been often called real rock and roll (this is a label he shares with several African American rock and roll performers).<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many early rock and roll songs are based on blues: "<a href="/wiki/That%27s_All_Right_Mama" class="mw-redirect" title="That's All Right Mama">That's All Right Mama</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Johnny_B._Goode" title="Johnny B. Goode">Johnny B. Goode</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Suede_Shoes" title="Blue Suede Shoes">Blue Suede Shoes</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Whole_Lotta_Shakin%27_Goin_On" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On">Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Shake,_Rattle,_and_Roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Shake, Rattle, and Roll">Shake, Rattle, and Roll</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Long_Tall_Sally" title="Long Tall Sally">Long Tall Sally</a>". The early African American rock musicians retained the sexual themes and innuendos of blues music: "Got a gal named Sue, knows just what to do" ("<a href="/wiki/Tutti_Frutti_(song)" title="Tutti Frutti (song)">Tutti Frutti</a>", <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a>) or "See the girl with the red dress on, She can do the Birdland all night long" ("<a href="/wiki/What%27d_I_Say_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="What'd I Say (song)">What'd I Say</a>", <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a>). The 12-bar blues structure can be found even in novelty pop songs, such as <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Obviously_Five_Believers" class="mw-redirect" title="Obviously Five Believers">Obviously Five Believers</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Esther_and_Abi_Ofarim" class="mw-redirect" title="Esther and Abi Ofarim">Esther and Abi Ofarim</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Cinderella_Rockefella" title="Cinderella Rockefella">Cinderella Rockefella</a>". </p><p>Early <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> was infused with the blues.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)">Jimmie Rodgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moon_Mullican" title="Moon Mullican">Moon Mullican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills" title="Bob Wills">Bob Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Monroe" title="Bill Monroe">Bill Monroe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a> have all described themselves as blues singers and their music has a blues feel that is different, at first glance at least, from the later country-pop of artists like <a href="/wiki/Eddy_Arnold" title="Eddy Arnold">Eddy Arnold</a>. Yet, if one looks back further, Arnold also started out singing bluesy songs like 'I'll Hold You in My Heart'. A lot of the 1970s-era "outlaw" country music by <a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waylon_Jennings" title="Waylon Jennings">Waylon Jennings</a> also borrowed from the blues. When <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a> returned to country music after the decline of 1950s style rock and roll, he sang with a blues feel and often included blues standards on his albums. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blues&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tajmahalblues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a3/Tajmahalblues.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>The music of <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal_(musician)" title="Taj Mahal (musician)">Taj Mahal</a> for the 1972 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Sounder_(film)" title="Sounder (film)">Sounder</a></i> marked a revival of interest in acoustic blues.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like many other genres, blues has been called the "<a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">devil</a>'s music" or "music of the devil", even of inciting violence and other poor behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-trkeja_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trkeja-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The close association with the devil was actually a well known characteristic of blues lyrics and culture between the 1920s and 1960s. The devil's connection to the blues has faded from popular memory since then for a number of reasons, other than in the narrow sense of Robert Johnson selling his soul to the devil at the crossroads. A study of the devil's role in the blues was published in 2017 called <i>Beyond the Crossroads: The Devil & The Blues Tradition</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the blues revival of the 1960s and 1970s, acoustic blues artist <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal_(musician)" title="Taj Mahal (musician)">Taj Mahal</a> and Texas bluesman <a href="/wiki/Lightnin%27_Hopkins" title="Lightnin' Hopkins">Lightnin' Hopkins</a> wrote and performed music that figured prominently in the critically acclaimed film <i><a href="/wiki/Sounder_(film)" title="Sounder (film)">Sounder</a></i> (1972). The film earned Mahal a <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy</a> nomination for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture and a <a href="/wiki/BAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="BAFTA">BAFTA</a> nomination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Almost 30 years later, Mahal wrote blues for, and performed a banjo composition, claw-hammer style, in the 2001 movie release <i><a href="/wiki/Songcatcher" title="Songcatcher">Songcatcher</a></i>, which focused on the story of the preservation of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">roots music of Appalachia</a>. </p><p>Perhaps the most visible example of the blues style of music in the late 20th century came in 1980, when <a href="/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd" title="Dan Aykroyd">Dan Aykroyd</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Belushi" title="John Belushi">John Belushi</a> released the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blues_Brothers_(film)" title="The Blues Brothers (film)">The Blues Brothers</a></i>. The film drew many of the biggest living influencers of the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> genre together, such as <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker" title="John Lee Hooker">John Lee Hooker</a>. The band formed also began a successful tour under the <a href="/wiki/The_Blues_Brothers" title="The Blues Brothers">Blues Brothers</a> marquee. 1998 brought a sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/Blues_Brothers_2000" title="Blues Brothers 2000">Blues Brothers 2000</a></i> that, while not holding as great a critical and financial success, featured a much larger number of blues artists, such as <a href="/wiki/B.B._King" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B. King">B.B. King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erykah_Badu" title="Erykah Badu">Erykah Badu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Winwood" title="Steve Winwood">Steve Winwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Musselwhite" title="Charlie Musselwhite">Charlie Musselwhite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues_Traveler" title="Blues Traveler">Blues Traveler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Vaughan" title="Jimmie Vaughan">Jimmie Vaughan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Baxter" title="Jeff Baxter">Jeff Baxter</a>. </p><p>In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> made significant efforts to promote the blues to a larger audience. He asked several famous directors such as <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wim_Wenders" title="Wim Wenders">Wim Wenders</a> to participate in a series of documentary films for <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blues_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blues (film)">The Blues</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He also participated in the rendition of compilations of major blues artists in a series of high-quality CDs. Blues guitarist and vocalist <a href="/wiki/Keb%27_Mo%27" title="Keb' Mo'">Keb' Mo'</a> performed his blues rendition of "<a href="/wiki/America,_the_Beautiful" class="mw-redirect" title="America, the Beautiful">America, the Beautiful</a>" in 2006 to close out the final season of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing" title="The West Wing">The West Wing</a></i>. </p><p>The blues was highlighted in season 2012, episode 1 of <i><a href="/wiki/In_Performance_at_the_White_House" title="In Performance at the White House">In Performance at the White House</a></i>, entitled "Red, White and Blues". Hosted by <a href="/wiki/Barack" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack">Barack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a>, the show featured performances by <a href="/wiki/B.B._King" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B. King">B.B. King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Guy" title="Buddy Guy">Buddy Guy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Clark_Jr." title="Gary Clark Jr.">Gary Clark Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Beck" title="Jeff Beck">Jeff Beck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derek_Trucks" title="Derek Trucks">Derek Trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keb_Mo" class="mw-redirect" title="Keb Mo">Keb Mo</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blues&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Guit_Blues.JPG/28px-Guit_Blues.JPG" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Guit_Blues.JPG/41px-Guit_Blues.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Guit_Blues.JPG/55px-Guit_Blues.JPG 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="161" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Blues" title="Portal:Blues">Blues portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_festivals" title="List of blues festivals">List of blues festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_musicians" title="List of blues musicians">List of blues musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_standards" title="List of blues standards">List of blues standards</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blues&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bbc.co.uk-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/music/popular_music/blues2.shtml">"BBC – GCSE Bitesize: Origins of the blues"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+GCSE+Bitesize%3A+Origins+of+the+blues&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fschools%2Fgcsebitesize%2Fmusic%2Fpopular_music%2Fblues2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaihs.org/the-historical-roots-of-blues-music/">"The Historical Roots of Blues Music"</a>. African American Intellectual History Society. May 9, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Roots+of+Blues+Music&rft.pub=African+American+Intellectual+History+Society&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaihs.org%2Fthe-historical-roots-of-blues-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kunzler's dictionary of jazz provides two separate entries: "blues", and the "blues form", a widespread musical form (p. 131). Kunzler, Martin (1988). <i>Jazz-Lexicon</i>. Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205110639/https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/from-the-vault/posts/honoring-jazz">"Honoring Jazz: An Early American Art Form"</a>. <i>National Civil Rights Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/from-the-vault/posts/honoring-jazz">the original</a> on February 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Civil+Rights+Museum&rft.atitle=Honoring+Jazz%3A+An+Early+American+Art+Form&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilrightsmuseum.org%2Ffrom-the-vault%2Fposts%2Fhonoring-jazz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé" provides this etymology of <i>blues</i> and cites Colman's farce as the first appearance of the term in the English language; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120628163715/http://atilf.atilf.fr/dendien/scripts/fast.exe?mot=blues">"Blues"</a> (in French). Centre Nationale de Ressources Textuelles et Lixicales. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atilf.atilf.fr/dendien/scripts/fast.exe?mot=blues">the original</a> on June 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blues&rft.pub=Centre+Nationale+de+Ressources+Textuelles+et+Lixicales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatilf.atilf.fr%2Fdendien%2Fscripts%2Ffast.exe%3Fmot%3Dblues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huff-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huff_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huff_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/2399330">Devi, Debra (2013). "Why Is the Blues Called the 'Blues'?" <i>Huffington Post</i>, 4 January 2013</a>. Retrieved November 15, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2006" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Richard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4j2FDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22+John+James+Audubon+%22+%22had+the+blues%22&pg=PA302"><i>John James Audubon: The Making of an American</i></a>. Random House. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375713934" title="Special:BookSources/9780375713934"><bdi>9780375713934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+James+Audubon%3A+The+Making+of+an+American&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780375713934&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4j2FDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522%2BJohn%2BJames%2BAudubon%2B%2522%2B%2522had%2Bthe%2Bblues%2522%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcmassbookdig.waldenorlifeinwo00thor/?sp=5&st=pdf">"Image 5 of Walden, or, Life in the woods,"</a>. <i>Loc.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Loc.gov&rft.atitle=Image+5+of+Walden%2C+or%2C+Life+in+the+woods%2C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Fgdcmassbookdig.waldenorlifeinwo00thor%2F%3Fsp%3D5%26st%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1998" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Paul (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/isbn_9781555533540"><i>The story of the blues</i></a>. Internet Archive. Boston, Mass. : Northeastern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-355-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-355-7"><bdi>978-1-55553-355-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+the+blues&rft.pub=Boston%2C+Mass.+%3A+Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55553-355-7&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781555533540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Francis (1995). <i>The History of the Blues</i>. New York: Hyperion, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786860524" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786860524">978-0786860524</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Partridge, Eric (2002). <i>A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29189-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29189-7">978-0-415-29189-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolden, Tony (2004). <i>Afro-Blue: Improvisations in African American Poetry and Culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02874-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02874-8">978-0-252-02874-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferris, p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handy, W.C. <i>Father of the Blues: An Autobiography</i>. Ed. Arna Bontemps. New York: Macmillan, 1941. p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewen, pp. 142–143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleshJanis1958" class="citation book cs1">Blesh, Rudi; Janis, Harriet Grossman (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awHY-w8_iTsC&pg=PA186"><i>They All Played Ragtime: The True Story of an American Music</i></a>. Sidgwick & Jackson. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-3152-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-3152-2"><bdi>978-1-4437-3152-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+All+Played+Ragtime%3A+The+True+Story+of+an+American+Music&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Sidgwick+%26+Jackson&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-1-4437-3152-2&rft.aulast=Blesh&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rft.au=Janis%2C+Harriet+Grossman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DawHY-w8_iTsC%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2007" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, James G. Jr. (2007). <i>The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Ethnicity</i>. University of North Carolina Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5823-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5823-3"><bdi>978-0-8078-5823-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Southern+Culture%3A+Ethnicity&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-5823-3&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=James+G.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://renovatio.zaytuna.edu/article/what-islam-gave-the-blues">Sylviane A. Diouf, "What Islam Gave the Blues", <i>Renovatio</i>, June 17, 2019</a>. Retrieved August 17, 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Komara, p. 476</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <a href="/wiki/Big_Joe_Turner" title="Big Joe Turner">Big Joe Turner</a>'s "Rebecca", a compilation of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_blues_lyrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional blues lyrics">traditional blues lyrics</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore,_Allan_F.2002" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Allan F. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00alla"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00alla/page/32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00107-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00107-6"><bdi>978-0-521-00107-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Blues+and+Gospel+Music&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00107-6&rft.au=Moore%2C+Allan+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00alla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wirz.de/music/tampared/grafik/v1216a4.jpg">"Photographic image of record label"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(JPG)</span>. <i>Wirz.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wirz.de&rft.atitle=Photographic+image+of+record+label&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wirz.de%2Fmusic%2Ftampared%2Fgrafik%2Fv1216a4.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver, p. 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cgkmik-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cgkmik_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cgkmik_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morales, p. 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Humphrey, Mark A. In <i>Nothing but the Blues</i>. pp. 107–149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaltPerlsStewart" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1">Calt, Stephen; Perls, Nick; Stewart, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wirz.de/music/yazoo/grafik/1022b4.jpg"><i>Ten Years of Black Country Religion 1926–1936</i></a> (LP back cover notes). New York: <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_Records" title="Yazoo Records">Yazoo Records</a>. L-1022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002063218/http://www.wirz.de/music/yazoo/grafik/1022b4.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ten+Years+of+Black+Country+Religion+1926%E2%80%931936&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Yazoo+Records&rft.aulast=Calt&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Perls%2C+Nick&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wirz.de%2Fmusic%2Fyazoo%2Fgrafik%2F1022b4.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212215749/http://culturalequity.org/alanlomax/ce_alanlomax_profile_reverend_gary_davis.jsp">"Reverend Gary Davis"</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culturalequity.org/alanlomax/ce_alanlomax_profile_reverend_gary_davis.jsp">the original</a> on February 12, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reverend+Gary+Davis&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fculturalequity.org%2Falanlomax%2Fce_alanlomax_profile_reverend_gary_davis.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorcoran,_Michael" class="citation news cs1">Corcoran, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austin360.com/music/content/music/blindwilliejohnson_092803.html">"The Soul of Blind Willie Johnson"</a>. <i>Austin American-Statesman</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051030022838/http://www.austin360.com/music/content/music/blindwilliejohnson_092803.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Austin+American-Statesman&rft.atitle=The+Soul+of+Blind+Willie+Johnson&rft.au=Corcoran%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austin360.com%2Fmusic%2Fcontent%2Fmusic%2Fblindwilliejohnson_092803.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrozman,_Bob2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Brozman" title="Bob Brozman">Brozman, Bob</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525222458/http://www.bobbrozman.com/tip_evol12bar.html">"The Evolution of the 12-Bar Blues Progression"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobbrozman.com/tip_evol12bar.html">the original</a> on May 25, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+12-Bar+Blues+Progression&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Brozman%2C+Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobbrozman.com%2Ftip_evol12bar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Charters" title="Samuel Charters">Charters, Samuel</a>. In <i>Nothing but the Blues</i>. p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullman,_Ellen" class="citation web cs1">Fullman, Ellen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625045305/http://www.deepmedia.org/ellenfullman/mw85/fullman_article.pdf">"The Long String Instrument"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>MusicWorks</i>. Issue 37, Fall 1987. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deepmedia.org/ellenfullman/mw85/fullman_article.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MusicWorks&rft.atitle=The+Long+String+Instrument&rft.au=Fullman%2C+Ellen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deepmedia.org%2Fellenfullman%2Fmw85%2Ffullman_article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120911011306/http://www.outsideshore.com/school/music/almanac/html/Music_Theory/Jazz_Scales/Blues_And_Bebop_Scales/Blues_Scale.htm">"A Jazz Improvisation Almanac, Outside Shore Music Online School"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outsideshore.com/school/music/almanac/html/Music_Theory/Jazz_Scales/Blues_And_Bebop_Scales/Blues_Scale.htm">the original</a> on September 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Jazz+Improvisation+Almanac%2C+Outside+Shore+Music+Online+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outsideshore.com%2Fschool%2Fmusic%2Falmanac%2Fhtml%2FMusic_Theory%2FJazz_Scales%2FBlues_And_Bebop_Scales%2FBlues_Scale.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewen, p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kunzler, p. 1065</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearson, Barry. In <i>Nothing but the Blues</i>. p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamburger, David (2001). <i>Acoustic Guitar Slide Basics</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890490-38-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890490-38-6">978-1-890490-38-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, David. In <i>Nothing but the Blues</i>. p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kunzler,_pg._130-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kunzler,_pg._130_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunzler,_pg._130_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kunzler, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bastin, Bruce. In <i>Nothing but the Blues</i>. p. 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, David. In <i>Nothing but the Blues</i>. pp. 33–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cowley, John H. In <i>Nothing but the Blues</i>. p. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cowley, John H. In <i>Nothing but the Blues</i>. pp. 268–269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100123193411/http://www.leadbelly.org/re-homepage.html">"Lead Belly Foundation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leadbelly.org/re-homepage.html">the original</a> on January 23, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lead+Belly+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leadbelly.org%2Fre-homepage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphant,_Dave" class="citation web cs1">Oliphant, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fthxc">"Henry Thomas"</a>. <i>The Handbook of Texas Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft.atitle=Henry+Thomas&rft.au=Oliphant%2C+Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Ffthxc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garofalo, pp. 46–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bohlman, Philip V. (1999). "Immigrant, Folk, and Regional Music in the Twentieth Century". <i>The Cambridge History of American Music</i>. David Nicholls, ed. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 285. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45429-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45429-2">978-0-521-45429-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bluescommentary-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bluescommentary_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1984" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Paul (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bluesoffrecordth00oliv/page/45"><i>Blues Off the Record:Thirty Years of Blues Commentary</i></a>. New York: Da Capo Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bluesoffrecordth00oliv/page/45">45–47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80321-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80321-5"><bdi>978-0-306-80321-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blues+Off+the+Record%3AThirty+Years+of+Blues+Commentary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=45-47&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80321-5&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbluesoffrecordth00oliv%2Fpage%2F45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence_W._Levine_1977,_pg._223-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_W._Levine_1977,_pg._223_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_W._Levine_1977,_pg._223_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine, Lawrence W. (1977). <i>Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 223. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502374-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502374-9">978-0-19-502374-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, p. 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garofalo, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferris, p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morales, p. 276. Morales attributed this claim to <a href="/wiki/John_Storm_Roberts" title="John Storm Roberts">John Storm Roberts</a> in <i>Black Music of Two Worlds</i>, beginning his discussion with a quote from Roberts: "There does not seem to be the same African quality in blues forms as there clearly is in much Caribbean music."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Call_and_Response_in_Blues-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Call_and_Response_in_Blues_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010154112/http://how-to-play-blues-guitar.com/blues-concepts/call-and-response/">"Call and Response in Blues"</a>. How to Play Blues Guitar. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://how-to-play-blues-guitar.com/blues-concepts/call-and-response/">the original</a> on October 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Call+and+Response+in+Blues&rft.pub=How+to+Play+Blues+Guitar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhow-to-play-blues-guitar.com%2Fblues-concepts%2Fcall-and-response%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Charters" title="Samuel Charters">Charters, Samuel</a>. In <i>Nothing but the Blues</i>. p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224000913/http://www.americanindiannews.org:80/2009/09/music-exploring-native-american-influence-on-the-blues/">"MUSIC: Exploring Native American influence on the blues"</a>. September 17, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanindiannews.org/2009/09/music-exploring-native-american-influence-on-the-blues">the original</a> on December 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MUSIC%3A+Exploring+Native+American+influence+on+the+blues&rft.date=2009-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanindiannews.org%2F2009%2F09%2Fmusic-exploring-native-american-influence-on-the-blues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurán2013" class="citation journal cs1">Durán, Lucy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34636259">"POYI! Bamana jeli music, Mali and the blues"</a>. <i>Journal of African Cultural Studies</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 211–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13696815.2013.792725">10.1080/13696815.2013.792725</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1369-6815">1369-6815</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191563534">191563534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=POYI%21+Bamana+jeli+music%2C+Mali+and+the+blues&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-246&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191563534%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1369-6815&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13696815.2013.792725&rft.aulast=Dur%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34636259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afropop.org/articles/africa-and-the-blues-an-interview-with-gerhard-kubik">"Afropop Worldwide | Africa and the Blues: An Interview with Gerhard Kubik"</a>. <i>Afropop.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afropop.org&rft.atitle=Afropop+Worldwide+%26%23124%3B+Africa+and+the+Blues%3A+An+Interview+with+Gerhard+Kubik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafropop.org%2Farticles%2Fafrica-and-the-blues-an-interview-with-gerhard-kubik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVierwo,_BarbaraTrudeau,_Andy2005" class="citation book cs1">Vierwo, Barbara; Trudeau, Andy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nprcuriouslisten00evan/page/15"><i>The Curious Listener's Guide to the Blues</i></a>. Stone Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nprcuriouslisten00evan/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-53072-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-53072-2"><bdi>978-0-399-53072-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Curious+Listener%27s+Guide+to+the+Blues&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Stone+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-399-53072-2&rft.au=Vierwo%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Trudeau%2C+Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnprcuriouslisten00evan%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott,_Derek_B.2003" class="citation book cs1">Scott (2003). <i>From the Erotic to the Demonic: On Critical Musicology</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 182. <q>A blues idiom is hinted at in "A Negro Love-Song", a pentatonic melody with blue third and seventh in Coleridge-Taylor's <i>African Suite</i> of 1898, before the first blues publications.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Erotic+to+the+Demonic%3A+On+Critical+Musicology.&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Scott%2C+Derek+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteper,_Bill1999" class="citation web cs1">Steper, Bill (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906141616/http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF1902/Steber/Steber.html">"African-American Music from the Mississippi Hill Country: "They Say Drums Was a-Calling"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. APF Reporter. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF1902/Steber/Steber.html">the original</a> on September 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African-American+Music+from+the+Mississippi+Hill+Country%3A+%22They+Say+Drums+Was+a-Calling%22&rft.pub=APF+Reporter&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Steper%2C+Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aliciapatterson.org%2FAPF1902%2FSteber%2FSteber.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2009" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Douglas B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vqpoxEl_0_4C&pg=PA180"><i>Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia</i></a>. University Press of Mississippi. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-246-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-246-7"><bdi>978-1-60473-246-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murder+at+Montpelier%3A+Igbo+Africans+in+Virginia&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60473-246-7&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Douglas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvqpoxEl_0_4C%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Charters" title="Samuel Charters">Charters, Samuel</a>. In <i>Nothing but the Blues</i>. pp. 14–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charters, Samuel. In <i>Nothing but the Blues</i>. p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garofalo, p. 44. "Gradually, instrumental and harmonic accompaniment were added, reflecting increasing cross-cultural contact." Garofalo cited other authors who also mention the "Ethiopian airs" and "Negro spirituals".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schuller, cited in Garofalo, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garofalo, pp. 44–47: "As marketing categories, designations like race and <a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">hillbilly</a> intentionally separated artists along racial lines and conveyed the impression that their music came from mutually exclusive sources. Nothing could have been further from the truth... In cultural terms, blues and country were more equal than they were separate." Garofalo claimed that "artists were sometimes listed in the wrong racial category in record company catalogues."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfe, Charles. In <i>Nothing but the Blues</i>. pp. 233–263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolding" class="citation web cs1">Golding, Barrett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honkytonks.org/showpages/countryblues.htm">"The Rise of the Country Blues"</a>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Country+Blues&rft.pub=NPR&rft.aulast=Golding&rft.aufirst=Barrett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.honkytonks.org%2Fshowpages%2Fcountryblues.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humphrey, Mark A. In <i>Nothing but the Blues</i>. p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garofalo, p. 27. Garofalo cited Barlow in "Handy's sudden success demonstrated [the] commercial potential of [the blues], which in turn made the genre attractive to the Tin Pan Alley hacks, who wasted little time in turning out a deluge of imitations." (Parentheticals in Garofalo.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trkeja-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trkeja_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trkeja_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Garofalo, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynskey2021" class="citation news cs1">Lynskey, Dorian (February 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20210216-the-forgotten-story-of-americas-first-black-superstars">"The forgotten story of America's first black superstars"</a>. <i>Bbc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_Records" title="Yazoo Records">Yazoo Records</a>. 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Blues Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blues.org/blues/essays.php4?Id=3">the original</a> on December 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blues+Foundation+homepage&rft.pub=Blues+Foundation&rft.au=Hawkeye+Herman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blues.org%2Fblues%2Fessays.php4%3FId%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart-Baxter, Derrick (1970). <i>Ma Rainey and the Classic Blues Singers</i>. New York: Stein & Day. p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinberg, Jesse R.; Fairweather, Abrol (eds.) (2011). <i>Blues: Thinking Deep About Feeling Low</i>. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison, Daphne Duval (1988). <i>Black Pearls: Blues Queens of the '20s</i>. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1">Oliver, Paul. <i>Boogie Woogie Trio</i> (vinyl back cover). Copenhagen: Storyville. 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In <i>Nothing but the Blues</i>. pp. 313–314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Komara, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humphrey, Mark. A. 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In <i>Nothing but the Blues</i>. p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pc4-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pc4_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/search/?fq=str_title_serial%3A%22The+Pop+Chronicles+%28John+Gilliland+Collection%29%22&sort=date_a&start=3">Howlin' Wolf & Jimmy Reed</a> interviewed on the <i><a href="/wiki/Pop_Chronicles" title="Pop Chronicles">Pop Chronicles</a></i> (1969)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humphrey, Mark A. In <i>Nothing but the Blues</i>. p. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearson, Barry. 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University of Michigan Press. p. 175. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06765-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06765-7">978-0-472-06765-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herzhaft, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herzhaft, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msbluestrail1-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-msbluestrail1_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-msbluestrail1_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msbluestrail.org/_webapp_1964090/Hill_Country_Blues">"Hill Country Blues"</a>. 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The University of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Crossroads%3A+The+Devil+and+the+Blues+Tradition&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Gussow&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondcrossroads0000guss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724002319/http://www.pbs.org/inperformanceatthewhitehouse/shows/red-white-and-blues/">"In Performance at the White House: Red, White and Blues"</a>. <i>PBS</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/inperformanceatthewhitehouse/shows/red-white-and-blues/">the original</a> on July 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=In+Performance+at+the+White+House%3A+Red%2C+White+and+Blues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Finperformanceatthewhitehouse%2Fshows%2Fred-white-and-blues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blues&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow,_William1993" class="citation book cs1">Barlow, William (1993). "Cashing In: 1900-1939". In Dates, Jannette L.; Barlow, William (eds.). <i>Split Image: African Americans in the Mass Media</i> (2nd ed.). Howard University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88258-178-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88258-178-1"><bdi>978-0-88258-178-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cashing+In%3A+1900-1939&rft.btitle=Split+Image%3A+African+Americans+in+the+Mass+Media&rft.pages=31&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Howard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-88258-178-1&rft.au=Barlow%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bransford, Steve (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southernspaces.org/2004/blues-lower-chattahoochee-valley">"Blues in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley"</a> <i>Southern Spaces</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke,_Donald1995" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Donald (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofpopula00clar"><i>The Rise and Fall of Popular Music</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-11573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-11573-9"><bdi>978-0-312-11573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Popular+Music&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-312-11573-9&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallofpopula00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_Cohn1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Cohn" title="Lawrence Cohn">Lawrence Cohn</a>, ed. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nothingbutbluesm00cohn"><i>Nothing but the Blues: The Music and the Musicians</i></a>. Abbeville Publishing Group (Abbeville Press, Inc.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55859-271-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55859-271-1"><bdi>978-1-55859-271-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nothing+but+the+Blues%3A+The+Music+and+the+Musicians&rft.pub=Abbeville+Publishing+Group+%28Abbeville+Press%2C+Inc.%29&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-55859-271-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnothingbutbluesm00cohn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDicaire,_David1999" class="citation book cs1">Dicaire, David (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bluessingersbiog00dica"><i>Blues Singers: Biographies of 50 Legendary Artists of the Early 20th Century</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0606-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0606-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-0606-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blues+Singers%3A+Biographies+of+50+Legendary+Artists+of+the+Early+20th+Century&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0606-7&rft.au=Dicaire%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbluessingersbiog00dica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwen,_David1957" class="citation book cs1">Ewen, David (1957). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/panoramaofameric00ewen"><i>Panorama of American Popular Music</i></a></span>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-648360-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-648360-1"><bdi>978-0-13-648360-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panorama+of+American+Popular+Music&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-13-648360-1&rft.au=Ewen%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpanoramaofameric00ewen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerris,_Jean1993" class="citation book cs1">Ferris, Jean (1993). <i>America's Musical Landscape</i>. Brown & Benchmark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-697-12516-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-697-12516-3"><bdi>978-0-697-12516-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Musical+Landscape&rft.pub=Brown+%26+Benchmark&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-697-12516-3&rft.au=Ferris%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarofalo,_Reebee1997" class="citation book cs1">Garofalo, Reebee (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rockinoutpopular00garo_0"><i>Rockin' Out: Popular Music in the USA</i></a>. Allyn & Bacon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-13703-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-13703-9"><bdi>978-0-205-13703-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rockin%27+Out%3A+Popular+Music+in+the+USA&rft.pub=Allyn+%26+Bacon&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-205-13703-9&rft.au=Garofalo%2C+Reebee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frockinoutpopular00garo_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzhaft,_GérardHarris,_PaulDebord,_Brigitte1997" class="citation book cs1">Herzhaft, Gérard; Harris, Paul; Debord, Brigitte (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofbl00herz"><i>Encyclopedia of the Blues</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_Press" title="University of Arkansas Press">University of Arkansas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55728-452-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55728-452-5"><bdi>978-1-55728-452-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Blues&rft.pub=University+of+Arkansas+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55728-452-5&rft.au=Herzhaft%2C+G%C3%A9rard&rft.au=Harris%2C+Paul&rft.au=Debord%2C+Brigitte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofbl00herz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomara,_Edward_M.2006" class="citation book cs1">Komara, Edward M. (2006). <i>Encyclopedia of the Blues</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92699-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92699-7"><bdi>978-0-415-92699-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Blues&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92699-7&rft.au=Komara%2C+Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunzler,_Martin1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kunzler, Martin (1988). <i>Jazz Lexikon</i> (in German). Rohwolt Taschenbuch Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-499-16316-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-499-16316-6"><bdi>978-3-499-16316-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jazz+Lexikon&rft.pub=Rohwolt+Taschenbuch+Verlag&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-3-499-16316-6&rft.au=Kunzler%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorales,_Ed2003" class="citation book cs1">Morales, Ed (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinbeatrhythms00mora_0"><i>The Latin Beat</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81018-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81018-3"><bdi>978-0-306-81018-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+Beat&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81018-3&rft.au=Morales%2C+Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatinbeatrhythms00mora_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver,_PaulWright,_Richard1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Oliver" title="Paul Oliver">Oliver, Paul</a>; Wright, Richard (1990). <i><a href="/wiki/Blues_Fell_This_Morning" title="Blues Fell This Morning">Blues Fell This Morning: Meaning in the Blues</a></i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37793-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37793-5"><bdi>978-0-521-37793-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blues+Fell+This+Morning%3A+Meaning+in+the+Blues&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37793-5&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Paul&rft.au=Wright%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(author/producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Palmer (author/producer)">Palmer, Robert</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palme"><i>Deep Blues</i></a>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-49511-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-49511-5"><bdi>978-0-670-49511-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deep+Blues&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-670-49511-5&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeepblues00palme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuller,_Gunther1968" class="citation book cs1">Schuller, Gunther (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyjazzitsroot00schu"><i>Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504043-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504043-2"><bdi>978-0-19-504043-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Jazz%3A+Its+Roots+and+Musical+Development&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504043-2&rft.au=Schuller%2C+Gunther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyjazzitsroot00schu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern,_Eileen1997" class="citation book cs1">Southern, Eileen (1997). <i>The Music of Black Americans</i>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03843-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03843-9"><bdi>978-0-393-03843-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+Black+Americans&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03843-9&rft.au=Southern%2C+Eileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuriel2004" class="citation news cs1">Curiel, Jonathan (August 15, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050905161734/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2004%2F08%2F15%2FINGMC85SSK1.DTL">"Muslim Roots of the Blues"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SFGate" title="SFGate">SFGate</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/08/15/INGMC85SSK1.DTL">the original</a> on September 5, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SFGate&rft.atitle=Muslim+Roots+of+the+Blues&rft.date=2004-08-15&rft.aulast=Curiel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2004%2F08%2F15%2FINGMC85SSK1.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blues&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Blues</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=blues">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=blues&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Abbott, Lynn; Doug Seroff. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Original_Blues.html?id=_lHJjwEACAAJ">The Original Blues: The Emergence of the Blues in African-American Vaudeville, 1889–1926</a>.</i> Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-496-81002-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-496-81002-1">978-1-496-81002-1</a>.</li> <li>Brown, Luther. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southernspaces.org/2006/inside-poor-monkeys">"Inside Poor Monkey's"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Spaces" title="Southern Spaces">Southern Spaces</a></i>, June 22, 2006.</li> <li>Dixon, Robert M.W.; Godrich, John (1970). <i>Recording the Blues</i>. London: Studio Vista. 85 pp. SBN 289–79829–9.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakley1976" class="citation book cs1">Oakley, Giles (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVaedQMqi2UC"><i>The Devil's Music: A History of the Blues</i></a>. London: BBC. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-16012-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-16012-0"><bdi>978-0-563-16012-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Music%3A+A+History+of+the+Blues&rft.place=London&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-563-16012-0&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVaedQMqi2UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeil1991" class="citation book cs1">Keil, Charles (1991) [1966]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/urbanblues0000keil"><i>Urban Blues</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-42960-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-42960-1"><bdi>978-0-226-42960-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Blues&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-226-42960-1&rft.aulast=Keil&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Furbanblues0000keil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Oliver" title="Paul Oliver">Oliver, Paul</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781555533540"><i>The Story of the Blues</i></a></span> (new ed.). Northeastern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-355-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-355-7"><bdi>978-1-55553-355-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Blues&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55553-355-7&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781555533540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Oliver" title="Paul Oliver">Oliver, Paul</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YS0Vva57m8UC"><i>Conversation with the Blues, Volume 1</i></a>. New York: Horizon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8180-1223-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8180-1223-5"><bdi>978-0-8180-1223-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversation+with+the+Blues%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Horizon+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-8180-1223-5&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYS0Vva57m8UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe1973" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, Mike (1973). <i>Chicago Breakdown</i>. Eddison Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85649-015-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85649-015-6"><bdi>978-0-85649-015-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago+Breakdown&rft.pub=Eddison+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-85649-015-6&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiton1994" class="citation book cs1">Titon, Jeff Todd (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yPKlxdCBmk0C"><i>Early Downhome Blues: A Musical and Cultural Analysis</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4482-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4482-3"><bdi>978-0-8078-4482-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Downhome+Blues%3A+A+Musical+and+Cultural+Analysis&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4482-3&rft.aulast=Titon&rft.aufirst=Jeff+Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyPKlxdCBmk0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Welding, Peter; Brown, Toby, eds. (1991). <i>Bluesland: Portraits of Twelve Major American Blues Masters</i>. New York: Penguin Group. 253 + [2] pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-93375-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-93375-1">0-525-93375-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blues&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Blues</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Blues" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Blues">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Blues" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Blues">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9759" class="extiw" title="d:Q9759">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southernstudies.olemiss.edu/studying-the-blues-at-the-university-of-mississippi/">Center for the Study of Southern Culture and the University of Mississippi</a>, the foremost institution for blues scholarship in the U.S.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/folklife/onlinecollections.html">The American Folklife Center's Online Collections and Presentations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.BlueShoeProject.org/">The Blue Shoe Project – Nationwide (U.S.) Blues Education Programming</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/theblues/">"The Blues"</a>, documentary series by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>, aired on <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blues.org/">The Blues Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980612235347/http://www.deltabluesmuseum.org/">The Delta Blues Museum</a> (archived 12 June 1998)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/music_in_poetry/index.html">The Music in Poetry</a> – <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> lesson plan on the blues, for teachers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wirz.de/music/american.htm">American Music</a>: Archive of artist and record label discographies</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Blues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Blues" title="Template:Blues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Blues" title="Template talk:Blues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Blues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Blues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Blues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_note" title="Blue note">Blue note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_ballad" title="Blues ballad">Blues ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_scale" title="Blues scale">Blues scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">Call and response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-bar_blues" title="Eight-bar blues">Eight-bar blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Musical improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuffle_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuffle note">Shuffles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_blues_verses" title="Traditional blues verses">Traditional blues verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-bar_blues" title="Twelve-bar blues">Twelve-bar blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking bass">Walking bass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_blues" title="Origins of the blues">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_holler" title="Field holler">Field hollers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_song#African-American_work_songs" title="Work song">Work songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional<br /> styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_blues" title="African blues">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_blues" title="Desert blues">Desert blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_blues" title="Canadian blues">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_blues" title="Delta blues">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_country_blues" title="Hill country blues">Hill country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_blues" title="Louisiana blues">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_blues" title="New Orleans blues">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_blues" title="Swamp blues">Swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_blues" title="Memphis blues">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_in_New_Zealand" title="Blues in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_blues" title="Piedmont blues">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_blues" title="Texas blues">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_blues" title="Anatolian blues">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_blues" title="British blues">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_blues" title="West Coast blues">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">Boogie-woogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_female_blues" title="Classic female blues">Classic female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_blues" title="Country blues">Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_blues" title="Delta blues">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_country_blues" title="Hill country blues">Hill country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_blues" title="Dirty blues">Dirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife_and_drum_blues" title="Fife and drum blues">Fife and drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokum" title="Hokum">Hokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holler_blues" title="Holler blues">Holler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_band" title="Jug band">Jug band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skiffle" title="Skiffle">Skiffle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fusion genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">Blues rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biker_metal" title="Biker metal">Biker metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_rock" title="Boogie rock">Boogie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_blues" title="Punk blues">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_blues" title="Gospel blues">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">Jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_blues" title="Soul blues">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_musicians" title="List of blues musicians">Blues musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_blues_musicians_by_genre" title="Lists of blues musicians by genre">Blues musicians by genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_standards" title="List of blues standards">Blues standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_festivals" title="List of blues festivals">Blues festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Guit_Blues.JPG/28px-Guit_Blues.JPG" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Guit_Blues.JPG/41px-Guit_Blues.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Guit_Blues.JPG/55px-Guit_Blues.JPG 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="161" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Blues" title="Portal:Blues">Blues portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Blues" title="Category:Blues">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Blues_songs" title="Category:Blues songs">Blues songs</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_folk_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americanrootsmusic" title="Template:Americanrootsmusic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americanrootsmusic" title="Template talk:Americanrootsmusic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americanrootsmusic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americanrootsmusic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_folk_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">Appalachian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">Old-time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">Cajun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_pop" title="Swamp pop">Swamp pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music_revival" title="American folk music revival">Folk revival</a> (1950s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dirt_music" title="Red dirt music">Red dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dixieland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixieland">Dixieland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_music" title="Creole music">Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zydeco" title="Zydeco">Zydeco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_band" title="Jug band">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">Spirituals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gospel_music" title="Black Gospel music">Gospel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_music" title="Americana music">Americana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">Roots rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk" title="Honky-tonk">Honky-tonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Blues"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX536851">Spain</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Blues"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4777258">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282546405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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