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<span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1952–1955:_Music_career_beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1952–1955:_Music_career_beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1952–1955: Music career beginnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1952–1955:_Music_career_beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1955–1962:_Signing_with_Chess:_"Maybellene"_to_"Come_On"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1955–1962:_Signing_with_Chess:_"Maybellene"_to_"Come_On""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1955–1962: Signing with Chess: "Maybellene" to "Come On"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1955–1962:_Signing_with_Chess:_"Maybellene"_to_"Come_On"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1963–1969:_"Nadine"_and_move_to_Mercury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1963–1969:_"Nadine"_and_move_to_Mercury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1963–1969: "Nadine" and move to Mercury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1963–1969:_"Nadine"_and_move_to_Mercury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970–1979:_Back_to_Chess:_"My_Ding-a-Ling"_to_White_House_concert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970–1979:_Back_to_Chess:_"My_Ding-a-Ling"_to_White_House_concert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1970–1979: Back to Chess: "My Ding-a-Ling" to White House concert</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970–1979:_Back_to_Chess:_"My_Ding-a-Ling"_to_White_House_concert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980–2017:_Last_years_on_the_road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980–2017:_Last_years_on_the_road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>1980–2017: Last years on the road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980–2017:_Last_years_on_the_road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Death and funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Discography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Discography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Studio_albums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studio_albums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Studio albums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studio_albums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chuck Berry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="تشاك بيري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشاك بيري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ak_Berri" title="Çak Berri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çak Berri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="چاک بری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چاک بری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="চাক বেরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চাক বেরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Чак Беры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чак Беры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Чак Бэры – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чак Бэры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Чък Бери – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чък Бери" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BA_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Τσακ Μπέρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσακ Μπέρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="چاک بری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاک بری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%99_%EB%B2%A0%EB%A6%AC" title="척 베리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="척 베리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%84_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Չաք Բերի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չաք Բերի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99" title="צ'אק ברי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'אק ברי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%99_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჩაკ ბერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩაკ ბერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Caks_Berijs" title="Čaks Berijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čaks Berijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Чак Бери – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чак Бери" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="ചക്ക് ബെറി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചക്ക് ബെറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%89" title="شك بيرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شك بيرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="チャック・ベリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャック・ベリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਚੱਕ ਬੇਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੱਕ ਬੇਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Берри, Чак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берри, Чак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Чак Бери – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чак Бери" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="சக் பெரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சக் பெரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="ชัค เบอร์รี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชัค เบอร์รี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D1%96" title="Чак Беррі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чак Беррі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E9%87%8C" title="查克·贝里 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="查克·贝里" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Chuck Berry" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%93%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9" title="卓巴利 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卓巴利" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E9%87%8C" title="查克·贝里 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查克·贝里" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5921#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Chuck_Berry" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chuck Berry (disambiguation)">Chuck Berry (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Chuck Berry</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuck_Berry_1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chuck_Berry_1957.jpg/220px-Chuck_Berry_1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chuck_Berry_1957.jpg/330px-Chuck_Berry_1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chuck_Berry_1957.jpg/440px-Chuck_Berry_1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1558" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Berry in 1957</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Charles Edward Anderson Berry</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1926-10-18</span>)</span>October 18, 1926<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, Missouri, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 18, 2017<span style="display:none">(2017-03-18)</span> (aged 90)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">near <a href="/wiki/Wentzville,_Missouri" title="Wentzville, Missouri">Wentzville, Missouri</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Bellerive Gardens Cemetery, St. Louis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music" title="Honorific nicknames in popular music">Father of Rock N' Roll</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Singer</li><li>musician</li><li>songwriter</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Themetta Suggs</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="October 28, 1948">1948</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Musical career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Instruments</th><td class="infobox-data note"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Vocals</li><li>guitar</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discography</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry_discography" title="Chuck Berry discography">Chuck Berry discography</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Years active</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1953–2017</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Labels</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atco_Records" title="Atco Records">Atco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dualtone_Records" title="Dualtone Records">Dualtone</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical artist</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chuckberry.com">chuckberry<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Edward Anderson Berry</b> (October 18, 1926 – March 18, 2017) was an American singer, guitarist and songwriter who pioneered <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>. Nicknamed the "<a href="/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music" title="Honorific nicknames in popular music">Father of Rock and Roll</a>", he refined and developed <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> into the major elements that made rock and roll distinctive with songs such as "<a href="/wiki/Maybellene" title="Maybellene">Maybellene</a>" (1955), "<a href="/wiki/Roll_Over_Beethoven" title="Roll Over Beethoven">Roll Over Beethoven</a>" (1956), "<a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Music_(song)" title="Rock and Roll Music (song)">Rock and Roll Music</a>" (1957), and "<a href="/wiki/Johnny_B._Goode" title="Johnny B. Goode">Johnny B. Goode</a>" (1958).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing lyrics that focused on teen life and <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a>, and developing a music style that included guitar <a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">solos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guitar_showmanship" title="Guitar showmanship">showmanship</a>, Berry was a major influence on subsequent <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell2008p168_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2008p168-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born into a middle-class black family in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, Berry had an interest in music from an early age and gave his first public performance at <a href="/wiki/Sumner_High_School_(St._Louis)" title="Sumner High School (St. Louis)">Sumner High School</a>. While still a high school student, he was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Armed_robbery" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed robbery">armed robbery</a> and was sent to a <a href="/wiki/Reformatory" title="Reformatory">reformatory</a>, where he was held from 1944 to 1947. After his release, Berry settled into married life and worked at an automobile assembly plant. By early 1953, influenced by the guitar <a href="/wiki/Riff" title="Riff">riffs</a> and showmanship techniques of the <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> musician <a href="/wiki/T-Bone_Walker" title="T-Bone Walker">T-Bone Walker</a>, Berry began performing with the <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Johnson_(musician)" title="Johnnie Johnson (musician)">Johnnie Johnson Trio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His break came when he traveled to Chicago in May 1955 and met <a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a>, who suggested he contact <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Chess" title="Leonard Chess">Leonard Chess</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess Records</a>. With Chess, he recorded "Maybellene"—Berry's adaptation of the country song "<a href="/wiki/Ida_Red_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida Red (song)">Ida Red</a>"—which sold over a million copies, reaching number one on <i>Billboard</i> magazine's rhythm and blues chart.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 1950s, Berry was an established star, with several hit records and film appearances and a lucrative touring career. He had also established his own St. Louis nightclub, Berry's Club Bandstand.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sentenced to three years in prison in January 1962 for offenses under the <a href="/wiki/Mann_Act" title="Mann Act">Mann Act</a>—he had transported a 14-year-old girl across state lines for the purpose of having sex.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trial_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trial-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his release in 1963, Berry had several more successful songs, including "<a href="/wiki/No_Particular_Place_to_Go" title="No Particular Place to Go">No Particular Place to Go</a>", "<a href="/wiki/You_Never_Can_Tell_(song)" title="You Never Can Tell (song)">You Never Can Tell</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Nadine_(song)" title="Nadine (song)">Nadine</a>". However, these did not achieve the same success or lasting impact of his 1950s songs, and by the 1970s he was more in demand as a nostalgia performer, playing his past material with local backup bands of variable quality.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, he reached a new level of achievement when a rendition of "<a href="/wiki/My_Ding-a-Ling" title="My Ding-a-Ling">My Ding-a-Ling</a>" became his only record to top the charts. His insistence on being paid in cash led in 1979 to a four-month jail sentence and community service, for <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a>. </p><p>Berry was among the first musicians to be inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> on its opening in 1986; he was cited for having "laid the groundwork for not only a rock and roll sound but a rock and roll stance."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berry is included in several of <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> magazine's "greatest of all time" lists; he was ranked fifth on its 2004 and 2011 lists of the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_100_Greatest_Artists_of_All_Time" title="Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time">100 Greatest Artists of All Time</a> and 2nd greatest guitarist of all time in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-immortals_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immortals-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's <a href="/wiki/500_Songs_That_Shaped_Rock_and_Roll" class="mw-redirect" title="500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll">500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll</a> includes three of Berry's: "Johnny B. Goode", "Maybellene", and "Rock and Roll Music".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Johnny B. Goode" is the only rock-and-roll song included on the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maybellene,_Chuck_Berry%27s_guitar,_a_Gibson_ES-350T.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Maybellene%2C_Chuck_Berry%27s_guitar%2C_a_Gibson_ES-350T.jpg/220px-Maybellene%2C_Chuck_Berry%27s_guitar%2C_a_Gibson_ES-350T.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="525" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Maybellene%2C_Chuck_Berry%27s_guitar%2C_a_Gibson_ES-350T.jpg/330px-Maybellene%2C_Chuck_Berry%27s_guitar%2C_a_Gibson_ES-350T.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Maybellene%2C_Chuck_Berry%27s_guitar%2C_a_Gibson_ES-350T.jpg/440px-Maybellene%2C_Chuck_Berry%27s_guitar%2C_a_Gibson_ES-350T.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="2762" /></a><figcaption>Chuck Berry's guitar, Maybellene, a <a href="/wiki/Gibson_ES-350T" title="Gibson ES-350T">Gibson ES-350T</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Charles Edward Anderson Berry was born on October 18, 1926, in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, the youngest child of Henry William Berry and Martha Bell Berry (née Banks).<sup id="cite_ref-Chuck_Berry_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chuck_Berry-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He grew up in the north St. Louis neighbourhood known as <a href="/wiki/The_Ville,_St._Louis" title="The Ville, St. Louis">the Ville</a>, an area where many middle-class people lived. His father, Henry (1895–1987) was a contractor and deacon of a nearby <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> church; his mother, Martha (1894–1980) was a certified public school principal.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berry's upbringing allowed him to pursue his interest in music from an early age. He gave his first public performance in 1941 while still a student at <a href="/wiki/Sumner_High_School_(St._Louis)" title="Sumner High School (St. Louis)">Sumner High School</a> in St. Louis;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was still a student there in 1944, when he was arrested for <a href="/wiki/Armed_robbery" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed robbery">armed robbery</a> after robbing three shops in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>, and then stealing a car at gunpoint with some friends.<sup id="cite_ref-SweetTunes_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SweetTunes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berry's account in his autobiography is that his car broke down and he flagged down a passing car and stole it at gunpoint with a non-functional pistol.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was convicted and sent to the Intermediate Reformatory for Young Men (now the <a href="/wiki/Algoa_Correctional_Center" title="Algoa Correctional Center">Algoa Correctional Center</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City, Missouri</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Chuck_Berry_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chuck_Berry-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he formed a singing quartet and did some boxing.<sup id="cite_ref-SweetTunes_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SweetTunes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The singing group became competent enough that the authorities allowed it to perform outside the detention facility.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berry was released from the reformatory on his 21st birthday in 1947. </p><p>On October 28, 1948, Berry married Themetta "Toddy" Suggs, who gave birth to Darlin Ingrid Berry on October 3, 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Early1998_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early1998-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chuck supported his family by taking various jobs in St. Louis, working briefly as a factory worker at two automobile assembly plants and as a janitor in the apartment building where he and his wife lived. Afterwards, he trained as a beautician at the Poro College of Cosmetology, founded by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Malone" class="mw-redirect" title="Annie Malone">Annie Turnbo Malone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was doing well enough by 1950 to buy a "small three room brick cottage with a bath" on Whittier Street,<sup id="cite_ref-page179_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page179-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is now listed as the <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry_House" title="Chuck Berry House">Chuck Berry House</a> on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1952–1955:_Music_career_beginnings"><span id="1952.E2.80.931955:_Music_career_beginnings"></span>1952–1955: Music career beginnings</h3></div> <p>By the early 1950s, Chuck Berry was working with local bands in clubs in St. Louis as an extra source of income.<sup id="cite_ref-page179_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page179-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been playing <a href="/wiki/Blues_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Blues music">blues</a> since his teens, and he borrowed both guitar riffs and <a href="/wiki/Guitar_showmanship" title="Guitar showmanship">showmanship</a> techniques from the blues musician <a href="/wiki/T-Bone_Walker" title="T-Bone Walker">T-Bone Walker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also took guitar lessons from his friend Ira Harris, which laid the foundation for his guitar style.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early 1953, Berry was performing with <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Johnson_(musician)" title="Johnnie Johnson (musician)">Johnnie Johnson</a>'s trio, starting a long-time collaboration with the pianist.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The band played blues and ballads as well as <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>. Berry wrote, "Curiosity provoked me to lay a lot of our country stuff on our predominantly black audience and some of our black audience began whispering 'who is that black <a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">hillbilly</a> at the Cosmo?' After they laughed at me a few times, they began requesting the hillbilly stuff and enjoyed dancing to it."<sup id="cite_ref-Chuck_Berry_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chuck_Berry-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, Berry recorded the tracks "I Hope These Words Will Find You Well" and "Oh, Maria!" with the group Joe Alexander & the Cubans. The songs were released as a single on the Ballad label.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berry's showmanship, along with a mix of country tunes and R&B tunes, sung in the style of <a href="/wiki/Nat_King_Cole" title="Nat King Cole">Nat King Cole</a> set to the music of <a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a> brought in a wider audience, particularly affluent white people.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1955–1962:_Signing_with_Chess:_"Maybellene"_to_"Come_On""><span id="1955.E2.80.931962:_Signing_with_Chess:_.22Maybellene.22_to_.22Come_On.22"></span>1955–1962: Signing with Chess: "Maybellene" to "Come On"</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maybellene_-_Billboard_ad_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maybellene_-_Billboard_ad_1955.jpg/170px-Maybellene_-_Billboard_ad_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maybellene_-_Billboard_ad_1955.jpg/255px-Maybellene_-_Billboard_ad_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maybellene_-_Billboard_ad_1955.jpg/340px-Maybellene_-_Billboard_ad_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1603" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i> advertisement, August 6, 1955</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1955, Berry traveled to Chicago, where he met Muddy Waters who suggested he contact <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Chess" title="Leonard Chess">Leonard Chess</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess Records</a>. Berry thought his blues music would interest Chess, but Chess was a larger fan of Berry's take on "<a href="/wiki/Ida_Red_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida Red (song)">Ida Red</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-pc5_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pc5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 21, 1955, Berry recorded an adaptation of the song "Ida Red", under the title "<a href="/wiki/Maybellene" title="Maybellene">Maybellene</a>", with <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Johnson_(musician)" title="Johnnie Johnson (musician)">Johnnie Johnson</a> on the piano, <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Green" title="Jerome Green">Jerome Green</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a>'s band) on the maracas, Ebby Hardy on the drums and <a href="/wiki/Willie_Dixon" title="Willie Dixon">Willie Dixon</a> on the bass.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Maybellene" sold over a million copies, reaching number one on <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboard magazine">Billboard</a></i> magazine's rhythm and blues chart and number five on its Best Sellers in Stores chart for September 10, 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-Chuck_Berry_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chuck_Berry-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berry said, "It came out at the right time when Afro-American music was spilling over into the mainstream pop."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Berry first saw a copy of the <i>Maybellene</i> record, he was surprised that two other individuals, including DJ <a href="/wiki/Alan_Freed" title="Alan Freed">Alan Freed</a> had been given writing credit; that would entitle them to some of the royalties. After a court battle, Berry was able to regain full writing credit.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of June 1956, his song "<a href="/wiki/Roll_Over_Beethoven" title="Roll Over Beethoven">Roll Over Beethoven</a>" reached number 29 on the <i>Billboard</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Top 100 chart, and Berry toured as one of the "Top Acts of '56". He and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a> became friends. Perkins said that "I knew when I first heard Chuck that he'd been affected by country music. I respected his writing; his records were very, very great."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1957, Berry took part in <a href="/wiki/Alan_Freed" title="Alan Freed">Alan Freed</a>'s "Biggest Show of Stars for 1957", touring the United States with the <a href="/wiki/Everly_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Everly Brothers">Everly Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-SchinderSchwartz2008_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchinderSchwartz2008-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a guest on <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guy_Mitchell_Show" title="The Guy Mitchell Show">Guy Mitchell Show</a></i>, singing his hit song "Rock 'n' Roll Music". The hits continued from 1957 to 1959, with Berry scoring over a dozen chart singles during this period, including the US Top 10 hits "<a href="/wiki/School_Days_(Chuck_Berry_song)" title="School Days (Chuck Berry song)">School Days</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Music_(song)" title="Rock and Roll Music (song)">Rock and Roll Music</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Sweet_Little_Sixteen" title="Sweet Little Sixteen">Sweet Little Sixteen</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Johnny_B._Goode" title="Johnny B. Goode">Johnny B. Goode</a>". He appeared in two early rock-and-roll movies: <i>Rock Rock Rock</i> (1956), in which he sang "You Can't Catch Me", and <i><a href="/wiki/Go,_Johnny,_Go!" title="Go, Johnny, Go!">Go, Johnny, Go!</a></i> (1959), in which he had a speaking role as himself and performed "Johnny B. Goode", "<a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee_(song)" title="Memphis, Tennessee (song)">Memphis, Tennessee</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Little_Queenie" title="Little Queenie">Little Queenie</a>". His performance of "Sweet Little Sixteen" at the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival" title="Newport Jazz Festival">Newport Jazz Festival</a> in 1958 was captured in the motion picture <i><a href="/wiki/Jazz_on_a_Summer%27s_Day" title="Jazz on a Summer's Day">Jazz on a Summer's Day</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DenisoffRomanowski1991_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DenisoffRomanowski1991-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuck_Berry_circa_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chuck_Berry_circa_1958.jpg/170px-Chuck_Berry_circa_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chuck_Berry_circa_1958.jpg/255px-Chuck_Berry_circa_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chuck_Berry_circa_1958.jpg/340px-Chuck_Berry_circa_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1294" /></a><figcaption>Berry in a 1958 publicity photo</figcaption></figure> <p>The opening guitar riff of "Johnny B. Goode"<sup id="cite_ref-LOUIS_JORDAN,_THE_JUKEBOX_KING_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOUIS_JORDAN,_THE_JUKEBOX_KING-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is similar to the one used by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jordan" title="Louis Jordan">Louis Jordan</a> in his "<a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_That_Just_Like_a_Woman_(They%27ll_Do_It_Every_Time)" title="Ain't That Just Like a Woman (They'll Do It Every Time)">Ain't That Just Like a Woman</a>" (1946).<sup id="cite_ref-LOUIS_JORDAN,_THE_JUKEBOX_KING_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOUIS_JORDAN,_THE_JUKEBOX_KING-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berry acknowledged the debt to Jordan and several sources have indicated that his work was influenced by Jordan in general.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flanagan_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flanagan-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 1950s, Berry was a high-profile established star with several hit records and film appearances and a lucrative touring career. He had opened a racially integrated St. Louis nightclub, Berry's Club Bandstand, and invested in real estate.<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in December 1959, he was arrested under the <a href="/wiki/Mann_Act" title="Mann Act">Mann Act</a> after allegations that he had had sex with a 14-year-old <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> waitress, Janice Escalante,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom he had transported across state lines to work as a hatcheck girl at his club.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a two-week trial in March 1960, he was <a href="/wiki/Convict" title="Convict">convicted</a>, fined $5,000, and sentenced to five years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-Collis2002_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collis2002-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appealed the decision, arguing that the judge's comments and attitude were <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> and prejudiced the jury against him. The appeal was upheld<sup id="cite_ref-trial_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trial-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a second trial was heard in May and June 1961,<sup id="cite_ref-BEHM_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEHM-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in another conviction and a three-year prison sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-pegg_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pegg-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After another appeal failed, Berry served one and one-half years in prison from February 1962 to October 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued recording and performing during the trials, but his output had slowed as his popularity declined; his last single released before he was imprisoned was "<a href="/wiki/Come_On_(Chuck_Berry_song)" title="Come On (Chuck Berry song)">Come On</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1963–1969:_"Nadine"_and_move_to_Mercury"><span id="1963.E2.80.931969:_.22Nadine.22_and_move_to_Mercury"></span>1963–1969: "Nadine" and move to Mercury</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuck_Berry_en_Lucy_Ann_(1965).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chuck_Berry_en_Lucy_Ann_%281965%29.jpg/220px-Chuck_Berry_en_Lucy_Ann_%281965%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chuck_Berry_en_Lucy_Ann_%281965%29.jpg/330px-Chuck_Berry_en_Lucy_Ann_%281965%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chuck_Berry_en_Lucy_Ann_%281965%29.jpg/440px-Chuck_Berry_en_Lucy_Ann_%281965%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3087" data-file-height="2315" /></a><figcaption>Berry and his sister Lucy Ann, 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>When Berry was released from prison in 1963, his return to recording and performing was made easier because <a href="/wiki/British_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="British invasion">British invasion</a> bands—notably the <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">Beatles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a>—had sustained interest in his music by releasing cover versions of his songs,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miles2009_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles2009-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other bands had reworked some of them, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">the Beach Boys</a>' 1963 hit "<a href="/wiki/Surfin%27_U.S.A._(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfin' U.S.A. (song)">Surfin' U.S.A.</a>", which used the melody of Berry's "<a href="/wiki/Sweet_Little_Sixteen" title="Sweet Little Sixteen">Sweet Little Sixteen</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-StudwellLonergan1999_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StudwellLonergan1999-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964 and 1965 Berry released eight singles, including three that were commercially successful, reaching the top 20 of the <i>Billboard</i> 100: "<a href="/wiki/No_Particular_Place_to_Go" title="No Particular Place to Go">No Particular Place to Go</a>" (a humorous reworking of "School Days", concerning the introduction of seat belts in cars),<sup id="cite_ref-Pegg168_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pegg168-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/You_Never_Can_Tell_(song)" title="You Never Can Tell (song)">You Never Can Tell</a>", and the rocking "<a href="/wiki/Nadine_(song)" title="Nadine (song)">Nadine</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1966 and 1969, Berry released five albums for <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury Records</a>, including his second live album (and first recorded entirely onstage), <i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_the_Fillmore_Auditorium_(Chuck_Berry_album)" title="Live at the Fillmore Auditorium (Chuck Berry album)">Live at Fillmore Auditorium</a></i>; for the live album he was backed by the <a href="/wiki/Steve_Miller_Band" title="Steve Miller Band">Steve Miller Band</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although this period was not a successful one for studio work,<sup id="cite_ref-CooperHaney1997_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CooperHaney1997-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berry was still a top concert draw. In May 1964, he had made a successful tour of the UK,<sup id="cite_ref-Pegg168_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pegg168-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but when he returned in January 1965, his behavior was erratic and moody, and his touring style of using unrehearsed local backing bands and a strict nonnegotiable contract was earning him a reputation as a difficult and unexciting performer.<sup id="cite_ref-Pegg2004_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pegg2004-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also played at large events in North America, such as the <a href="/wiki/Schaefer_Music_Festival" title="Schaefer Music Festival">Schaefer Music Festival</a>, in New York City's <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> in July 1969, and the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Rock_and_Roll_Revival" title="Toronto Rock and Roll Revival">Toronto Rock and Roll Revival</a> festival in October.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner2004_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner2004-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970–1979:_Back_to_Chess:_"My_Ding-a-Ling"_to_White_House_concert"><span id="1970.E2.80.931979:_Back_to_Chess:_.22My_Ding-a-Ling.22_to_White_House_concert"></span>1970–1979: Back to Chess: "My Ding-a-Ling" to White House concert</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Berry helped give life to a subculture ... Even "My Ding-a-Ling", a fourth-grade wee-wee joke that used to mortify true believers at college concerts, permitted a lot of twelve-year-olds new insight into the moribund concept of "dirty" when it hit the airwaves ... </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Berry returned to Chess from 1970 to 1973. There were no hit singles from the 1970 album <i>Back Home</i>, but in 1972, Chess released a live recording of "<a href="/wiki/My_Ding-a-Ling" title="My Ding-a-Ling">My Ding-a-Ling</a>", a novelty song that he had recorded in a different version as "My Tambourine" on his 1968 LP <i>From St. Louie to Frisco</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The track became his only number-one single. A live recording of "<a href="/wiki/Reelin%27_and_Rockin%27" title="Reelin' and Rockin'">Reelin' and Rockin'</a>", issued as a follow-up single in the same year, was his last Top 40 hit in both the US and the UK. Both singles were included on the part-live, part-studio album <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Chuck_Berry_Sessions" title="The London Chuck Berry Sessions">The London Chuck Berry Sessions</a></i> (other albums of London sessions were recorded by Chess's mainstay artists <a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf" title="Howlin' Wolf">Howlin' Wolf</a>). Berry's second tenure with Chess ended with the 1975 album <i>Chuck Berry</i>, after which he did not make a studio record until <i><a href="/wiki/Rockit_(album)" title="Rockit (album)">Rockit</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Atco_Records" title="Atco Records">Atco Records</a> in 1979, which would be his last studio album for 38 years.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuck_Berry_Midnight_Special_1973.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Chuck_Berry_Midnight_Special_1973.JPG/170px-Chuck_Berry_Midnight_Special_1973.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Chuck_Berry_Midnight_Special_1973.JPG/255px-Chuck_Berry_Midnight_Special_1973.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Chuck_Berry_Midnight_Special_1973.JPG/340px-Chuck_Berry_Midnight_Special_1973.JPG 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>Berry as guest host of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Midnight_Special_(TV_series)" title="The Midnight Special (TV series)">The Midnight Special</a></i> in 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1970s, Berry toured on the strength of his earlier successes. He was on the road for many years, carrying only his <a href="/wiki/Gibson_Guitar_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibson Guitar Corporation">Gibson</a> guitar, confident that he could hire a band that already knew his music no matter where he went. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a> said that in this period his "live performances became increasingly erratic, ... working with terrible backup bands and turning in sloppy, out-of-tune performances" which "tarnished his reputation with younger fans and oldtimers" alike.<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1972, he was filmed, at the <a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush_Empire" title="Shepherd's Bush Empire">BBC Television Theatre</a> in Shepherds Bush, for <i>Chuck Berry in Concert</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> part of a 60-date tour backed by the band Rocking Horse.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the many bandleaders performing a backup role with Berry in the 1970s, were <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Miller_(musician)" title="Steve Miller (musician)">Steve Miller</a> when each was just starting his career. (Springsteen related in the documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Hail!_Hail!_Rock_%27n%27_Roll" title="Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll">Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll</a></i> that Berry did not give the band a set list and expected the musicians to follow his lead after each guitar intro. Berry did not speak to the band after the show. Nevertheless, Springsteen backed Berry again when he appeared at the concert for the <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> in 1995.) At the request of <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, Berry performed at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> on June 1, 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berry's touring style, traveling the "oldies" circuit in the 1970s (often being paid in cash by local promoters), added ammunition to the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a>'s accusations that Berry had evaded paying income taxes. Facing criminal sanction for the third time, Berry pleaded guilty to evading nearly $110,000 in federal income tax owed on his 1973 earnings. Newspaper reports in 1979 put his 1973 joint income (with his wife) at $374,982.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sentenced to four months in prison and 1,000 hours of community service—performing benefit concerts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup>—in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Company1979_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Company1979-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980–2017:_Last_years_on_the_road"><span id="1980.E2.80.932017:_Last_years_on_the_road"></span>1980–2017: Last years on the road</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChuckBerry1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ChuckBerry1997.jpg/220px-ChuckBerry1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ChuckBerry1997.jpg/330px-ChuckBerry1997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ChuckBerry1997.jpg/440px-ChuckBerry1997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>Berry performing at the <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach_Blues_Festival" title="Long Beach Blues Festival">Long Beach Blues Festival</a>, August 1997</figcaption></figure> <p>Berry continued to play 70 to 100 one-nighters per year in the 1980s, still traveling solo and requiring a local band to back him at each stop. In 1986, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Hackford" title="Taylor Hackford">Taylor Hackford</a> made a documentary film, <i><a href="/wiki/Hail!_Hail!_Rock_%27n%27_Roll" title="Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll">Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll</a></i>, of a celebration concert for Berry's sixtieth birthday, organized by <a href="/wiki/Keith_Richards" title="Keith Richards">Keith Richards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etta_James" title="Etta James">Etta James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Lennon" title="Julian Lennon">Julian Lennon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cray" title="Robert Cray">Robert Cray</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a>, among others, appeared with Berry on stage and in the film. During the concert, Berry played a <a href="/wiki/Gibson_ES-355" title="Gibson ES-355">Gibson ES-355</a>, the luxury version of the <a href="/wiki/Gibson_ES-335" title="Gibson ES-335">ES-335</a> that he favored on his 1970s tours. Richards played a black <a href="/wiki/Fender_Telecaster" title="Fender Telecaster">Fender Telecaster</a> Custom, Cray a <a href="/wiki/Fender_Stratocaster" title="Fender Stratocaster">Fender Stratocaster</a> and Clapton a Gibson ES 350T, the same model that Berry used on his early recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-SweetTunes_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SweetTunes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1980s, Berry bought the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Air_Restaurant" title="Southern Air Restaurant">Southern Air</a>, a restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Wentzville,_Missouri" title="Wentzville, Missouri">Wentzville, Missouri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Rock_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Rock-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, Berry performed a television special at <a href="/wiki/Roxy_Theatre_(West_Hollywood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roxy Theatre (West Hollywood)">The Roxy</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Hollywood,_California" title="West Hollywood, California">West Hollywood</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tina_Turner" title="Tina Turner">Tina Turner</a> as his special guest. The concert was released a year later on home video.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2000, Berry faced legal issues when he was sued by his former pianist <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Johnson_(musician)" title="Johnnie Johnson (musician)">Johnnie Johnson</a> who claimed that he had co-written over 50 songs, including "No Particular Place to Go", "Sweet Little Sixteen" and "Roll Over Beethoven", that credit Berry alone. The case was dismissed when the judge ruled that <a href="/wiki/Laches_(equity)" title="Laches (equity)">too much time had passed</a> since the songs were written.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuck_Berry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Chuck_Berry.jpg/170px-Chuck_Berry.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Chuck_Berry.jpg/255px-Chuck_Berry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Chuck_Berry.jpg/340px-Chuck_Berry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Berry performing at <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Festival" title="Virgin Festival">Virgin Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, August 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2008, Berry toured Europe, with stops in Sweden, Norway, Finland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Ireland, Switzerland, Poland, and Spain. In mid-2008, he played at the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Festival" title="Virgin Festival">Virgin Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a concert on New Year's Day 2011 in Chicago, Berry, suffering from exhaustion, passed out and had to be helped off stage.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berry lived in <a href="/wiki/Ladue,_Missouri" title="Ladue, Missouri">Ladue, Missouri</a>, approximately 10 miles (16 km) west of St. Louis. He also had a home at "Berry Park", near Wentzville where he lived part-time since the 1950s and was the home in which he died. The home with the guitar-shaped swimming pool, is seen in scenes near the end of the film <i>Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Berry performed he often required payment up front in a paper bag which he transferred to an attaché case, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> on <i>In Their Own Words</i>, relates. He gave interviews where he talked about having been ripped off during his early career. Thus he protected his own interests.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He regularly performed one Wednesday each month at <a href="/wiki/Blueberry_Hill_(restaurant)" title="Blueberry Hill (restaurant)">Blueberry Hill</a>, a restaurant and bar located in the <a href="/wiki/Delmar_Loop" title="Delmar Loop">Delmar Loop</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a>, from 1996 to 2014. Berry announced on his 90th birthday that his first new studio album since <i>Rockit</i> in 1979, entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_(Chuck_Berry_album)" title="Chuck (Chuck Berry album)">Chuck</a></i>, would be released in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first new record in 38 years, it includes his children, Charles Berry Jr. and Ingrid, on guitar and harmonica with songs "covering the spectrum from hard-driving rockers to soulful thought-provoking time capsules of a life's work" and dedicated to his wife Toddy.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2></div> <p>On March 18, 2017, Berry was found unresponsive at his home near Wentzville. Emergency workers called to the scene were unable to revive him, and he was pronounced dead by his personal physician.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/TMZ" title="TMZ">TMZ</a> posted an audio recording on its website in which a 911 operator can be heard responding to a reported <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a> at Berry's home.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berry's funeral was held on April 9, 2017, at <a href="/wiki/The_Pageant" title="The Pageant">The Pageant</a>, in Berry's home town of St. Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was remembered with a public viewing by family, friends, and fans in The Pageant. He was viewed with his cherry-red <a href="/wiki/Gibson_ES-335" title="Gibson ES-335">Gibson ES-335</a> guitar bolted to the inside lid of the coffin<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with flower arrangements that included one sent by the Rolling Stones in the shape of a guitar. Afterwards a private service was held in the club celebrating Berry's life and musical career, with the Berry family inviting 300 members of the public into the service. <a href="/wiki/Gene_Simmons" title="Gene Simmons">Gene Simmons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a> gave an impromptu, unadvertised eulogy at the service, while <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a> was scheduled to lead the funeral procession but was unable to attend due to an illness. The night before, many St. Louis area bars held a mass <a href="/wiki/Toast_(honor)" title="Toast (honor)">toast</a> at 10 pm in Berry's honor.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Berry's attorneys estimated that his estate was worth $50 million, including $17 million in music rights. Berry's music publishing accounted for $13 million of the estate's value. The Berry estate owned roughly half of his songwriting credits (mostly from his later career), while <a href="/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management" title="BMG Rights Management">BMG Rights Management</a> controlled the other half; most of Berry's recordings are currently owned by <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2017, Dualtone, the label which released Berry's final album, <i>Chuck</i>, agreed to publish all his compositions in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berry is interred in a mausoleum in Bellerive Gardens Cemetery in St. Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2></div> <p>In 1987, Berry was charged with assaulting a woman at <a href="/wiki/Gramercy_Park_Hotel" title="Gramercy Park Hotel">New York's Gramercy Park Hotel</a>. He was accused of causing "lacerations of the mouth, requiring five stitches, two loose teeth, [and] contusions of the face." He pleaded guilty to a lesser charge of harassment and paid a $250 fine.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, he was sued by several women who claimed that he had installed a <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video camera</a> in the bathroom of his restaurant. Berry claimed that he had the camera installed to catch a worker who was suspected of stealing from the restaurant. Although his guilt was never proven in court, Berry opted for a class action settlement. One of his biographers, Bruce Pegg, estimated that it cost Berry over $1.2 million plus legal fees.<sup id="cite_ref-SweetTunes_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SweetTunes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His lawyers said he had been the victim of a conspiracy to profit from his wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-SweetTunes_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SweetTunes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reportedly, according to <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>, a police raid on his house found intimate videotapes of women. Also found in the raid were 62 grams of <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a>. Felony drug charges were filed and Berry agreed to plead guilty to misdemeanor possession of marijuana. He was given a six-month suspended jail sentence, placed on two years unsupervised probation, and was ordered to donate $5,000 to a local hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-RSBIO_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSBIO-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>While no individual can be said to have invented rock and roll, Chuck Berry comes the closest of any single figure to being the one who put all the essential pieces together. It was his particular genius to graft country & western guitar licks onto a rhythm & blues chassis in his very first single, "Maybellene". </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>A pioneer of rock and roll, Berry was a significant influence on the development of both the music and the attitude associated with the rock music lifestyle. With songs such as "<a href="/wiki/Maybellene" title="Maybellene">Maybellene</a>" (1955), "<a href="/wiki/Roll_Over_Beethoven" title="Roll Over Beethoven">Roll Over Beethoven</a>" (1956), "<a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Music_(song)" title="Rock and Roll Music (song)">Rock and Roll Music</a>" (1957) and "<a href="/wiki/Johnny_B._Goode" title="Johnny B. Goode">Johnny B. Goode</a>" (1958), Berry refined and developed <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> into the major elements that made rock and roll distinctive, with lyrics successfully aimed to appeal to the early teenage market by using graphic and humorous descriptions of teen dances, fast cars, high school life, and consumer culture,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and utilizing <a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">guitar solos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guitar_showmanship" title="Guitar showmanship">showmanship</a> that would be a major influence on subsequent rock music.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell2008p168_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2008p168-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Berry, the songwriter, according to critic <a href="/wiki/Jon_Pareles" title="Jon Pareles">Jon Pareles</a>, invented rock as "a music of teenage wishes fulfilled and good times (even with cops in pursuit)."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berry contributed three things to rock music: an irresistible swagger, a focus on the guitar riff as the primary melodic element and an emphasis on songwriting as storytelling.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His records are a rich storehouse of the essential lyrical, showmanship and musical components of rock and roll. In addition to the <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">Beatles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a>, a large number of significant popular-music performers have recorded Berry's songs.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not technically accomplished, his guitar style is distinctive—he incorporated electronic effects to mimic the sound of bottleneck blues guitarists and drew on the influence of guitar players such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hogan" title="Carl Hogan">Carl Hogan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/T-Bone_Walker" title="T-Bone Walker">T-Bone Walker</a><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to produce a clear and exciting sound that many later guitarists would acknowledge as an influence in their own style.<sup id="cite_ref-RSBIO_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSBIO-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berry's showmanship has been influential on other rock guitarists,<sup id="cite_ref-WilkinsRubie2007_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilkinsRubie2007-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly his one-legged hop routine,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "<a href="/wiki/Duckwalk" title="Duckwalk">duck walk</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he first used as a child when he walked "stooping with full-bended knees, but with my back and head vertical" under a table to retrieve a ball and his family found it entertaining; he used it when "performing in New York for the first time and some journalist branded it the duck walk."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 29, 2011, Berry was honored in a dedication of an eight-foot, in-motion Chuck Berry Statue in the Delmar Loop in St. Louis right across the street from Blueberry Hill. Berry said, "It's glorious—I do appreciate it to the highest, no doubt about it. That sort of honor is seldom given out. But I don't deserve it."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rock critic <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a> considers Berry "the greatest of the rock and rollers",<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> said, "if you tried to give rock and roll another name, you might call it 'Chuck Berry'."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nugent" title="Ted Nugent">Ted Nugent</a> said, "If you don't know every Chuck Berry lick, you can't play rock guitar."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> called Berry "the <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> of rock 'n' roll".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> tweeted, "Chuck Berry was rock's greatest practitioner, guitarist, and the greatest pure rock 'n' roll writer who ever lived."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked what caused the explosion of the popularity of rock 'n roll which took place in the 1950s, with him and a handful of others, mainly him, Berry said, "Well, actually they begin to listen to it, you see, because certain stations played certain music. The music that we, the blacks, played, the cultures were so far apart, we would have to have a play station in order to play it. The cultures begin to come together, and you begin to see one another's vein of life, then the music came together."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuck_Berry_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chuck_Berry_2000.jpg/170px-Chuck_Berry_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chuck_Berry_2000.jpg/255px-Chuck_Berry_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chuck_Berry_2000.jpg/340px-Chuck_Berry_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>Chuck Berry wearing the Kennedy Center Honors, 2000</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the honors Berry received were the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award">Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award</a> in 1984<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Kennedy Center Honors</a> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was ranked seventh on <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine's 2009 list of the 10 best electric guitar players of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 14, 2002, he was honored as one of the first <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Music_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast Music Incorporated">BMI</a> Icons at the 50th annual BMI Pop Awards. He was presented the award along with BMI affiliates <a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2014, Berry was made a <a href="/wiki/Laureate" title="Laureate">laureate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polar_Music_Prize" title="Polar Music Prize">Polar Music Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berry is included in several of <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> magazine's "Greatest of All Time" lists. In September 2003, the magazine ranked him number 6 in its list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November his compilation album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Twenty-Eight" title="The Great Twenty-Eight">The Great Twenty-Eight</a></i> was ranked 21st in <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time" title="Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time"><i>Rolling Stone</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2004, Berry was ranked fifth on the list of "The Immortals– The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time". <a href="/wiki/Joe_Perry_(musician)" title="Joe Perry (musician)">Joe Perry</a> wrote in tribute, "As a songwriter, Chuck Berry is like the <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> of rock & roll. He gets right to the point. He tells a story in short sentences. You get a great picture in your mind of what's going on, in a very short amount of space, in well-picked words... kids today are playing the same three chords, trying to play in that same style. Turn the guitars up, and it's <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>. It's the <a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a>. I hear it in the <a href="/wiki/White_Stripes" class="mw-redirect" title="White Stripes">White Stripes</a>, too. People will always cover Chuck Berry songs. When bands go do their homework, they will have to listen to Chuck Berry. If you want to learn about rock & roll, if you want to play rock & roll, you have to start there."<sup id="cite_ref-immortals_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immortals-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2004, six of his songs were included in "<a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Songs_of_All_Time" title="Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time">Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time</a>": "<a href="/wiki/Johnny_B._Goode" title="Johnny B. Goode">Johnny B. Goode</a>" (#7), "<a href="/wiki/Maybellene" title="Maybellene">Maybellene</a>" (#18), "<a href="/wiki/Roll_Over_Beethoven" title="Roll Over Beethoven">Roll Over Beethoven</a>" (#97), "<a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Music_(song)" title="Rock and Roll Music (song)">Rock and Roll Music</a>" (#128), "<a href="/wiki/Sweet_Little_Sixteen" title="Sweet Little Sixteen">Sweet Little Sixteen</a>" (#272) and "<a href="/wiki/Brown_Eyed_Handsome_Man" title="Brown Eyed Handsome Man">Brown Eyed Handsome Man</a>" (#374).<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2008, his song "Johnny B. Goode" was ranked first in the "100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time".<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> ranked Berry at number 96 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The journalist <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Klosterman" title="Chuck Klosterman">Chuck Klosterman</a> has argued that in 300 years Berry will still be remembered as the rock musician who most closely captured the essence of rock and roll.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Time</i> magazine said, "There was no one like Elvis. But there was 'definitely' no one like Chuck Berry."<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Rolling Stone</i> called him "the father of rock & roll" who "gave the music its sound and its attitude, even as he battled racism—and his own misdeeds—all the way," reporting that <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a> said, "All of us are footnotes to the words of Chuck Berry."<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kevin Strait, curator of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a> in Washington, DC, said that Berry is "one of the primary sonic architects of rock and roll."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Cleveland.com's Troy L. Smith, "Chuck Berry didn't invent rock and roll all by his lonesome. But he was the man who took rhythm and blues and transformed it into a new genre that would ever change popular music. Songs like 'Maybellene,' 'Johnny B. Goode,' 'Roll Over Beethoven' and 'Rock and Roll Music' would showcase the core elements of what rock and roll would become. The sound, the format and the style were built on the music Berry created. To some extent, everyone who followed was a copycat."<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> named <a href="/wiki/Berry_(crater)" title="Berry (crater)">a small crater</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> after Berry.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discography">Discography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry_discography" title="Chuck Berry discography">Chuck Berry discography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studio_albums">Studio albums</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/After_School_Session" title="After School Session">After School Session</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Dozen_Berrys" title="One Dozen Berrys">One Dozen Berrys</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berry_Is_on_Top" title="Berry Is on Top">Berry Is on Top</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rockin%27_at_the_Hops" title="Rockin' at the Hops">Rockin' at the Hops</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Juke_Box_Hits" title="New Juke Box Hits">New Juke Box Hits</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Great_Guitars" title="Two Great Guitars">Two Great Guitars</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a>) (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_to_Liverpool" title="St. Louis to Liverpool">St. Louis to Liverpool</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry_in_London" title="Chuck Berry in London">Chuck Berry in London</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fresh_Berry%27s" title="Fresh Berry's">Fresh Berry's</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry%27s_Golden_Hits" title="Chuck Berry's Golden Hits">Chuck Berry's Golden Hits</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry_in_Memphis" title="Chuck Berry in Memphis">Chuck Berry in Memphis</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_St._Louie_to_Frisco" title="From St. Louie to Frisco">From St. Louie to Frisco</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concerto_in_B._Goode" class="mw-redirect" title="Concerto in B. Goode">Concerto in B. Goode</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Back_Home_(Chuck_Berry_album)" title="Back Home (Chuck Berry album)">Back Home</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Dues" title="San Francisco Dues">San Francisco Dues</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Chuck_Berry_Sessions" title="The London Chuck Berry Sessions">The London Chuck Berry Sessions</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bio_(album)" title="Bio (album)">Bio</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry_(album)" title="Chuck Berry (album)">Chuck Berry</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rockit_(album)" title="Rockit (album)">Rockit</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_(Chuck_Berry_album)" title="Chuck (Chuck Berry album)">Chuck</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRosenblatt2017" class="citation news cs1">Rosenblatt, Kalhan (March 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/celebrity/chuck-berry-father-rock-n-roll-dies-90-missouri-police-n699311">"Chuck Berry, father of rock 'n' roll, dies at 90"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190522005252/https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/celebrity/chuck-berry-father-rock-n-roll-dies-90-missouri-police-n699311">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry%2C+father+of+rock+%27n%27+roll%2C+dies+at+90&rft.date=2017-03-18&rft.aulast=Rosenblatt&rft.aufirst=Kalhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpop-culture%2Fcelebrity%2Fchuck-berry-father-rock-n-roll-dies-90-missouri-police-n699311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell2008p168-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2008p168_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2008p168_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, M. (ed.) (2008). <i>Popular Music in America: And the Beat Goes On</i>. 3rd ed. Cengage Learning. pp. 168–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.eb.co.uk/eb/article-9078885#cite">"Chuck Berry"</a>. <i>Britannica Online Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604054111/http://library.eb.co.uk/?target=%2Feb%2Farticle-9078885#cite">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry&rft.btitle=Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.eb.co.uk%2Feb%2Farticle-9078885%23cite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Frederick, Jennifer (March 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7728700/chuck-berry-dead">"Chuck Berry, a Founding Father of Rock 'n' Roll, Dies at 90"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327170838/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7728700/chuck-berry-dead">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry%2C+a+Founding+Father+of+Rock+%27n%27+Roll%2C+Dies+at+90&rft.date=2017-03-18&rft.aulast=Frederick&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F7728700%2Fchuck-berry-dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sltrib.com/home/5076088-155/chuck-berry-a-rock-n-roll">"Chuck Berry, a rock 'n' roll originator, dies at age 90"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune" title="The Salt Lake Tribune">The Salt Lake Tribune</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry%2C+a+rock+%27n%27+roll+originator%2C+dies+at+age+90&rft.date=2017-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Fhome%2F5076088-155%2Fchuck-berry-a-rock-n-roll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trial-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trial_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trial_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101013023507/http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/295/295.F2d.192.16752_1.html">"295 F.2d 192"</a>. ftp.resource.org. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=The+250+Greatest+Guitarists+of+All+Time&rft.date=2023-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-lists%2Fbest-guitarists-1234814010%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rockhall.com/exhibits/one-hit-wonders-songs-that-shaped-rock-and-roll/">"Experience the Music: One Hit Wonders and the Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509180015/http://rockhall.com/exhibits/one-hit-wonders-songs-that-shaped-rock-and-roll/">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Experience+the+Music%3A+One+Hit+Wonders+and+the+Songs+That+Shaped+Rock+and+Roll&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frockhall.com%2Fexhibits%2Fone-hit-wonders-songs-that-shaped-rock-and-roll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/music.html">"Voyager Interstellar Mission: The Golden Record"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720053223/http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/music.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Voyager+Interstellar+Mission%3A+The+Golden+Record&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoyager.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fspacecraft%2Fmusic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chuck_Berry-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chuck_Berry_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chuck_Berry_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chuck_Berry_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chuck_Berry_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-of-rock.com/berry.htm">"Chuck Berry"</a>. history-of-rock.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065241/http://www.history-of-rock.com/berry.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-of-rock.com%2Fberry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatesHigginbotham2004" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Henry Louis Jr.; Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks (April 29, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3dXw6gR2GgkC&q=Martha+Bell+(Banks)+Henry+William+Berry&pg=PA71"><i>African American Lives</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199882861" title="Special:BookSources/9780199882861"><bdi>9780199882861</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210216231948/https://books.google.com/books?id=3dXw6gR2GgkC&q=Martha+Bell+%28Banks%29+Henry+William+Berry&pg=PA71">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+American+Lives&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-04-29&rft.isbn=9780199882861&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis+Jr.&rft.au=Higginbotham%2C+Evelyn+Brooks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3dXw6gR2GgkC%26q%3DMartha%2BBell%2B%28Banks%29%2BHenry%2BWilliam%2BBerry%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinraub2003" class="citation news cs1">Weinraub, Bernard (February 23, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/23/us/sweet-tunes-fast-beats-and-a-hard-edge.html">"Sweet Tunes, Fast Beats and a Hard Edge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091213080212/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/23/us/sweet-tunes-fast-beats-and-a-hard-edge.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2007</span>. <q>A significant moment in his early life was a musical performance in 1941 at Sumner High School, which had a middle-class black student body.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sweet+Tunes%2C+Fast+Beats+and+a+Hard+Edge&rft.date=2003-02-23&rft.aulast=Weinraub&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F02%2F23%2Fus%2Fsweet-tunes-fast-beats-and-a-hard-edge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SweetTunes-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SweetTunes_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SweetTunes_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SweetTunes_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SweetTunes_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SweetTunes_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinraub2003" class="citation news cs1">Weinraub, Bernard (February 23, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/23/us/sweet-tunes-fast-beats-and-a-hard-edge.html">"Sweet Tunes, Fast Beats and a Hard Edge — Series"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091213080212/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/23/us/sweet-tunes-fast-beats-and-a-hard-edge.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sweet+Tunes%2C+Fast+Beats+and+a+Hard+Edge+%E2%80%94+Series&rft.date=2003-02-23&rft.aulast=Weinraub&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F02%2F23%2Fus%2Fsweet-tunes-fast-beats-and-a-hard-edge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulla2009" class="citation book cs1">Gulla, Bob (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DL3I9qQWdeAC&pg=PA32"><i>Guitar Gods: The 25 Players Who Made Rock History</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313358067" title="Special:BookSources/9780313358067"><bdi>9780313358067</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627144302/http://books.google.com/books?id=DL3I9qQWdeAC&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guitar+Gods%3A+The+25+Players+Who+Made+Rock+History&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780313358067&rft.aulast=Gulla&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDL3I9qQWdeAC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPegg2003">Pegg (2003</a>, p. 14).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerry1988">Berry (1988</a>, pp. 57–72)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Early1998-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Early1998_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarly1998" class="citation book cs1">Early, Gerald Lyn (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRLhcVs_pJUC&pg=PA166"><i>Ain't but a Place: An Anthology of African American Writings About St. Louis</i></a>. Missouri History Museum. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781883982287" title="Special:BookSources/9781883982287"><bdi>9781883982287</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627144312/http://books.google.com/books?id=IRLhcVs_pJUC&pg=PA166">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ain%27t+but+a+Place%3A+An+Anthology+of+African+American+Writings+About+St.+Louis&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Missouri+History+Museum&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781883982287&rft.aulast=Early&rft.aufirst=Gerald+Lyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRLhcVs_pJUC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPegg2003">Pegg (2003</a>, pp. 20–22).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-page179-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-page179_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page179_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarly1998">Early (1998</a>, p. 179).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721185424/http://outside.in/greater-ville-st-louis-mo/chuck-berrys-house">"News About Chuck Berry's House in Greater Ville, St. Louis, MO"</a>. outside.in. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://outside.in/greater-ville-st-louis-mo/chuck-berrys-house">the original</a> on July 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=News+About+Chuck+Berry%27s+House+in+Greater+Ville%2C+St.+Louis%2C+MO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foutside.in%2Fgreater-ville-st-louis-mo%2Fchuck-berrys-house&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohnAldin,_Mary_KatherineBastin,_Bruce1993" class="citation book cs1">Cohn, Lawrence; Aldin, Mary Katherine; Bastin, Bruce (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nothingbutbluesm00cohn/page/174"><i>Nothing but the Blues: The Music and the Musicians</i></a>. Abbeville Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nothingbutbluesm00cohn/page/174">174</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55859-271-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55859-271-1"><bdi>978-1-55859-271-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nothing+but+the+Blues%3A+The+Music+and+the+Musicians&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Abbeville+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-55859-271-1&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft.au=Aldin%2C+Mary+Katherine&rft.au=Bastin%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnothingbutbluesm00cohn%2Fpage%2F174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100109044235/http://www.chuckberry.com/about/bio.htm">"The Official Site of Chuck Berry"</a>. chuckberry.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chuckberry.com/about/bio.htm">the original</a> on January 9, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Official+Site+of+Chuck+Berry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chuckberry.com%2Fabout%2Fbio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/chuck-berry-plays-tribute-to-johnnie-johnson-1.559275">"Chuck Berry plays tribute to Johnnie Johnson"</a>. CBC News. April 15, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210216231953/https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/chuck-berry-plays-tribute-to-johnnie-johnson-1.559275">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry+plays+tribute+to+Johnnie+Johnson&rft.date=2005-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fentertainment%2Fchuck-berry-plays-tribute-to-johnnie-johnson-1.559275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittenauer" class="citation news cs1">Wittenauer, Cheryl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstcoastnews.com/printfullstory.aspx?storyid=35622">"Chuck Berry Remembers Johnnie Johnson"</a>. firstcoastnews.com. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry+Remembers+Johnnie+Johnson&rft.aulast=Wittenauer&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstcoastnews.com%2Fprintfullstory.aspx%3Fstoryid%3D35622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/Joe-Alexander-And-The-Cubans-Oh-Maria/release/4543698"><i>Joe Alexander And The Cubans – Oh Maria (1954, Vinyl)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joe+Alexander+And+The+Cubans+%E2%80%93+Oh+Maria+%281954%2C+Vinyl%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2FJoe-Alexander-And-The-Cubans-Oh-Maria%2Frelease%2F4543698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100109044235/http://www.chuckberry.com/about/bio.htm">"The Official Site of Chuck Berry"</a>. chuckberry.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chuckberry.com/about/bio.htm">the original</a> on January 9, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Official+Site+of+Chuck+Berry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chuckberry.com%2Fabout%2Fbio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pc5-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pc5_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/search/?fq=str_title_serial%3A%22The+Pop+Chronicles+%28John+Gilliland+Collection%29%22&sort=date_a&start=4">Leonard Chess</a> interviewed on the <i><a href="/wiki/Pop_Chronicles" title="Pop Chronicles">Pop Chronicles</a></i> (1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Rothwell, Fred (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs4ZAQAAIAAJ"><i>Long Distance Information: Chuck Berry's Recorded Legacy</i></a>. Music Mentor Books. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9519888-2-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9519888-2-4"><bdi>978-0-9519888-2-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Distance+Information%3A+Chuck+Berry%27s+Recorded+Legacy&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Music+Mentor+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9519888-2-4&rft.aulast=Rothwell&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHs4ZAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002113531/http://www.die-rock-and-roll-ag.de/html/chuck_1955-56.html">"Chuck 1955–56"</a>. Die-rock-and-roll-ag.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.die-rock-and-roll-ag.de/html/chuck_1955-56.html">the original</a> on October 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chuck+1955%E2%80%9356&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.die-rock-and-roll-ag.de%2Fhtml%2Fchuck_1955-56.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NBC Evening News, March 18, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaels2014" class="citation news cs1">Michaels, Sean (August 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/aug/05/son-dj-alan-freed-hall-of-fame-no-longer-want-ashes">"Son of DJ Alan Freed says Rock Hall of Fame no longer want his cremated remains"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031721/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/aug/05/son-dj-alan-freed-hall-of-fame-no-longer-want-ashes">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Son+of+DJ+Alan+Freed+says+Rock+Hall+of+Fame+no+longer+want+his+cremated+remains&rft.date=2014-08-05&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2014%2Faug%2F05%2Fson-dj-alan-freed-hall-of-fame-no-longer-want-ashes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinraub1999" class="citation news cs1">Weinraub, Bernard (October 14, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/14/arts/the-man-who-knew-it-wasn-t-only-rock-n-roll.html">"The Man Who Knew It Wasn't Only Rock 'n' Roll"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208223102/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/14/arts/the-man-who-knew-it-wasn-t-only-rock-n-roll.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2021</span>. <q>Mr. Jackson, who wrote the Freed biography, said that two members of the virtuoso group the Moonglows told him that Mr. Freed had no involvement with their big hit <i>Sincerely</i> yet took a writing credit for it and received the royalties. Maybelline .... Mr. Berry went to court eventually and succeeded in having Mr. Freed's name removed as co-writer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Knew+It+Wasn%27t+Only+Rock+%27n%27+Roll&rft.date=1999-10-14&rft.aulast=Weinraub&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F10%2F14%2Farts%2Fthe-man-who-knew-it-wasn-t-only-rock-n-roll.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perkins, Carl; McGee, David (1996). <i>Go, Cat, Go!</i>. Hyperion Press. pp. 215, 216. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7868-6073-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7868-6073-1">0-7868-6073-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchinderSchwartz2008-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SchinderSchwartz2008_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchinderSchwartz2008" class="citation book cs1">Schinder, Scott; Schwartz, Andy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q-ET5tnh0MUC&pg=PA86"><i>Icons of Rock</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313338465" title="Special:BookSources/9780313338465"><bdi>9780313338465</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627144301/http://books.google.com/books?id=q-ET5tnh0MUC&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icons+of+Rock&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780313338465&rft.aulast=Schinder&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq-ET5tnh0MUC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DenisoffRomanowski1991-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DenisoffRomanowski1991_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenisoffRomanowski1991" class="citation book cs1">Denisoff, R. Serge; Romanowski, William D. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kT0fKUCTUC4C&pg=PA104"><i>Risky Business: Rock in Film</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412833370" title="Special:BookSources/9781412833370"><bdi>9781412833370</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627144243/http://books.google.com/books?id=kT0fKUCTUC4C&pg=PA104">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Risky+Business%3A+Rock+in+Film&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9781412833370&rft.aulast=Denisoff&rft.aufirst=R.+Serge&rft.au=Romanowski%2C+William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkT0fKUCTUC4C%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOUIS_JORDAN,_THE_JUKEBOX_KING-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LOUIS_JORDAN,_THE_JUKEBOX_KING_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOUIS_JORDAN,_THE_JUKEBOX_KING_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovett2017" class="citation web cs1">Lovett, Emily (July 25, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courttheatre.org/about/blog/louis-jordan-jukebox-king/">"Louis Jordan, the Jukebox King | Five Guys Named Moe"</a>. Court Theatre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis+Jordan%2C+the+Jukebox+King+%26%23124%3B+Five+Guys+Named+Moe&rft.pub=Court+Theatre&rft.date=2017-07-25&rft.aulast=Lovett&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courttheatre.org%2Fabout%2Fblog%2Flouis-jordan-jukebox-king%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItalie2017" class="citation news cs1">Italie, Hillel (March 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/chuck-berrys-music-helped-define-the-modern-teenager/">"Chuck Berry's influence on rock 'n roll was incalculable"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry%27s+influence+on+rock+%27n+roll+was+incalculable&rft.date=2017-03-18&rft.aulast=Italie&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fnation-world%2Fchuck-berrys-music-helped-define-the-modern-teenager%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flanagan-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flanagan_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanagan1987" class="citation book cs1">Flanagan, Bill (1987). <i>Written in My Soul: Conversations with Rock's Great Songwriters</i>. RosettaBooks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Written+in+My+Soul%3A+Conversations+with+Rock%27s+Great+Songwriters&rft.pub=RosettaBooks&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommer2017" class="citation web cs1">Sommer, Tim (March 31, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.com/2017/03/surprising-factors-that-made-chuck-berry-music-eternal/">"3 Surprising Factors That Made Chuck Berry's Music Eternal"</a>. <i>Observer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observer&rft.atitle=3+Surprising+Factors+That+Made+Chuck+Berry%27s+Music+Eternal&rft.date=2017-03-31&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobserver.com%2F2017%2F03%2Fsurprising-factors-that-made-chuck-berry-music-eternal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allmusic-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p3664/biography">"Chuck Berry > Biography"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry+%3E+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fp3664%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/chuck-berry-goes-on-trial-for-the-second-time">"Chuck Berry goes on trial for the second time - Oct 28, 1961"</a>. History.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401134006/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/chuck-berry-goes-on-trial-for-the-second-time">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry+goes+on+trial+for+the+second+time+-+Oct+28%2C+1961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fchuck-berry-goes-on-trial-for-the-second-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2008" class="citation news cs1">Weiner, Eric (March 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88104308">"The Long, Colorful History of the Mann Act"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100421165121/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88104308">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Long%2C+Colorful+History+of+the+Mann+Act&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D88104308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collis2002-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collis2002_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollis2002" class="citation book cs1">Collis, John (October 30, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AgUAQAAIAAJ"><i>Chuck Berry: The Biography</i></a>. Aurum. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781854108739" title="Special:BookSources/9781854108739"><bdi>9781854108739</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526212743/https://books.google.com/books?id=0AgUAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chuck+Berry%3A+The+Biography&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Aurum&rft.date=2002-10-30&rft.isbn=9781854108739&rft.aulast=Collis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AgUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigginbotham1998" class="citation book cs1">Higginbotham, Aloysius Leon (1998). <i>Shades of Freedom: Racial Politics and Presumptions of the American Legal Process</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512288-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512288-6"><bdi>978-0-19-512288-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shades+of+Freedom%3A+Racial+Politics+and+Presumptions+of+the+American+Legal+Process&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512288-6&rft.aulast=Higginbotham&rft.aufirst=Aloysius+Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BEHM-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BEHM_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPegg2003">Pegg (2003</a>, pp. 123–124, 129).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pegg-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pegg_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPegg2003">Pegg (2003</a>, pp. 144–157, 161).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPegg2003">Pegg (2003</a>, p. 161).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crlf.de/ChuckBerry/chessupto1966.html">"Chuck Berry Collector's Guide – The Chess Era (1955–1966)"</a>. crlf.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016132054/http://www.crlf.de/ChuckBerry/chessupto1966.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry+Collector%27s+Guide+%E2%80%93+The+Chess+Era+%281955%E2%80%931966%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crlf.de%2FChuckBerry%2Fchessupto1966.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPegg2003">Pegg (2003</a>, p. 163).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miles2009-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miles2009_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles2009" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Barry (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r8xbaIlrUREC&pg=PA20"><i>The British Invasion</i></a>. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402769764" title="Special:BookSources/9781402769764"><bdi>9781402769764</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627144252/http://books.google.com/books?id=r8xbaIlrUREC&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Invasion&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781402769764&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr8xbaIlrUREC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StudwellLonergan1999-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StudwellLonergan1999_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStudwellLonergan1999" class="citation book cs1">Studwell, William Emmett; Lonergan, David F. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jhy_BdXuSm4C"><i>The Classic Rock and Roll Reader: Rock Music from Its Beginnings to the Mid-1970s</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780789001511" title="Special:BookSources/9780789001511"><bdi>9780789001511</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627144258/http://books.google.com/books?id=jhy_BdXuSm4C">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classic+Rock+and+Roll+Reader%3A+Rock+Music+from+Its+Beginnings+to+the+Mid-1970s&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780789001511&rft.aulast=Studwell&rft.aufirst=William+Emmett&rft.au=Lonergan%2C+David+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djhy_BdXuSm4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pegg168-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pegg168_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pegg168_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPegg2003">Pegg (2003</a>, p. 168).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPegg2003">Pegg (2003</a>, p. 262).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crlf.de/ChuckBerry/mercury.html">"Chuck Berry Collector's Guide – The Mercury Era (1966–1969)"</a>. crlf.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204163445/http://www.crlf.de/ChuckBerry/mercury.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry+Collector%27s+Guide+%E2%80%93+The+Mercury+Era+%281966%E2%80%931969%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crlf.de%2FChuckBerry%2Fmercury.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" class="citation news cs1">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rockhall.com/inductees/chuck-berry">"Chuck Berry"</a>. rockhall.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613015718/http://rockhall.com/inductees/chuck-berry">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry&rft.au=Rock+and+Roll+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frockhall.com%2Finductees%2Fchuck-berry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CooperHaney1997-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CooperHaney1997_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperHaney1997" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, B. Lee; Haney, Wayne S. (January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C9hNX3tcKrEC&pg=PA30"><i>Rock Music in American Popular Culture II: More Rock 'n' Roll Resources</i></a>. Harrington Park Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781560238775" title="Special:BookSources/9781560238775"><bdi>9781560238775</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627144249/http://books.google.com/books?id=C9hNX3tcKrEC&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+Music+in+American+Popular+Culture+II%3A+More+Rock+%27n%27+Roll+Resources&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Harrington+Park+Press&rft.date=1997-01&rft.isbn=9781560238775&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=B.+Lee&rft.au=Haney%2C+Wayne+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC9hNX3tcKrEC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pegg2004-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pegg2004_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPegg2003">Pegg (2003</a>, pp. 173–174).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warner2004-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warner2004_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner2004" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Jay (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-vpcsdAEMc0C"><i>On This Day in Music History</i></a>. Hal Leonard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781617743795" title="Special:BookSources/9781617743795"><bdi>9781617743795</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627144256/http://books.google.com/books?id=-vpcsdAEMc0C">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+This+Day+in+Music+History&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781617743795&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-vpcsdAEMc0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Christgau, Robert</a> (1988). "Chuck Berry". In Anthony DeCurtis; James Henke (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rollingstoneillu00decu"><i>The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll: The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music</i></a></span>. New York City: Random House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rollingstoneillu00decu/page/60">60</a>–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-73728-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-73728-6"><bdi>0-679-73728-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry&rft.btitle=The+Rolling+Stone+Illustrated+History+of+Rock+%26+Roll%3A+The+Definitive+History+of+the+Most+Important+Artists+and+Their+Music&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=60-66&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-679-73728-6&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frollingstoneillu00decu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPegg2003">Pegg (2003</a>, p. 184).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.starpulse.com/Music/Berry,_Chuck/Discography/album/P3664/R30491/">"Rock It Album Review, Songs, Ratings"</a>. starpulse.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606175211/http://www.starpulse.com/Music/Berry,_Chuck/Discography/album/P3664/R30491/">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rock+It+Album+Review%2C+Songs%2C+Ratings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.starpulse.com%2FMusic%2FBerry%2C_Chuck%2FDiscography%2Falbum%2FP3664%2FR30491%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0074rbc">"Chuck Berry in Concert - BBC Four"</a>. bbc.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327033707/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0074rbc">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry+in+Concert+-+BBC+Four&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb0074rbc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/michael-snow-mn0000965472">"Michael Snow - Biography & History - AllMusic"</a>. allmusic.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320055355/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/michael-snow-mn0000965472">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Michael+Snow+-+Biography+%26+History+-+AllMusic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fmichael-snow-mn0000965472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/13/archives/chuck-berry-pleads-guilty-to-tax-evasion-for-1973.html">"Chuck Berry Pleads Guilty to Tax Evasion for 1973"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. June 13, 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180527201419/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/13/archives/chuck-berry-pleads-guilty-to-tax-evasion-for-1973.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry+Pleads+Guilty+to+Tax+Evasion+for+1973&rft.date=1979-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F06%2F13%2Farchives%2Fchuck-berry-pleads-guilty-to-tax-evasion-for-1973.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Company1979-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Company1979_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wEIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61">"Chuck Berry Enters Prison Where Watergaters Stayed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jet_(magazine)" title="Jet (magazine)">Jet</a></i>. August 30, 1979. p. 61. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627144248/http://books.google.com/books?id=wEIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry+Enters+Prison+Where+Watergaters+Stayed&rft.pages=61&rft.date=1979-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwEIDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackford2007" class="citation news cs1">Hackford, Taylor (March 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205165400/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/rocknroll-fireworks-keith-richards-and-chuck-berry-together-on-stage-440364.html">"Rock'n'Roll Fireworks: Keith Richards and Chuck Berry Together on Stage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/rocknroll-fireworks-keith-richards-and-chuck-berry-together-on-stage-440364.html">the original</a> on December 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Rock%27n%27Roll+Fireworks%3A+Keith+Richards+and+Chuck+Berry+Together+on+Stage&rft.date=2007-03-16&rft.aulast=Hackford&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fmusic%2Ffeatures%2Frocknroll-fireworks-keith-richards-and-chuck-berry-together-on-stage-440364.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Rock-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Rock_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-of-rock.com/berrytwo.htm">"Chuck Berry"</a>. history-of-rock.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304205812/http://www.history-of-rock.com/berrytwo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-of-rock.com%2Fberrytwo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.imdb.com/title/tt1780797/">"Chuck Berry: Live at the Roxy with Tina Turner"</a>. imdb.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry%3A+Live+at+the+Roxy+with+Tina+Turner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1780797%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/4443831.stm">"Rock Pioneer Johnson Dies Aged 80"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. April 14, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150606083125/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4443831.stm">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rock+Pioneer+Johnson+Dies+Aged+80&rft.date=2005-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2F4443831.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080808161942/http://www.chuckberry.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2076">"Official Concert Schedule (2008)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chuckberry.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2076">the original</a> on August 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Official+Concert+Schedule+%282008%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chuckberry.com%2Fforum%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ft%3D2076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110122232942/http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-live-0103-chuck-berry-review-20110102,0,7930886.story">"Chuck Berry Recovering at Home from Exhaustion after Chicago Show"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. January 1, 2011. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry+Recovering+at+Home+from+Exhaustion+after+Chicago+Show&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fct-live-0103-chuck-berry-review-20110102%2C0%2C7930886.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110307182835/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CbawWMn0Q0U"><i>Chuck Berry Felt Ill on Stage in Chicago 01.01.2011</i></a>. YouTube. January 1, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CbawWMn0Q0U">the original</a> on March 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chuck+Berry+Felt+Ill+on+Stage+in+Chicago+01.01.2011&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DCbawWMn0Q0U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130226113737/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMl82G-Xamw"><i>Chuck Berry After Collapse in Chicago 01.01.2011 – On Stage Explaining What Happened</i></a>. YouTube. January 1, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMl82G-Xamw">the original</a> on February 26, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chuck+Berry+After+Collapse+in+Chicago+01.01.2011+%E2%80%93+On+Stage+Explaining+What+Happened&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DYMl82G-Xamw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chuckberry.de/archive_october2002.htm">"News Archive – October 2002"</a>. chuckberry.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716120822/http://www.chuckberry.de/archive_october2002.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=News+Archive+%E2%80%93+October+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chuckberry.de%2Farchive_october2002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/video/chuck-berry-ii2qnk/">"Chuck Berry"</a>. PBS. August 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chuck+Berry&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2022-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fvideo%2Fchuck-berry-ii2qnk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/oct/18/chuck-berry-new-album-first-in-38-years">"Chuck Berry, 90, announces first album in 38 years"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. October 18, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018160902/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/oct/18/chuck-berry-new-album-first-in-38-years">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry%2C+90%2C+announces+first+album+in+38+years&rft.date=2016-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2016%2Foct%2F18%2Fchuck-berry-new-album-first-in-38-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck,_Christina2016" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, Christina (October 31, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/2016/1018/Chuck-Berry-to-release-new-studio-album-at-90-video">"Chuck Berry to release new studio album at 90"</a>. <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>: 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319111656/http://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/2016/1018/Chuck-Berry-to-release-new-studio-album-at-90-video">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry+to+release+new+studio+album+at+90&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2016-10-31&rft.au=Beck%2C+Christina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FThe-Culture%2F2016%2F1018%2FChuck-Berry-to-release-new-studio-album-at-90-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchabnerRothman2017" class="citation news cs1">Schabner, Dean; Rothman, Michael (March 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/legendary-musician-chuck-berry-dead-90/story?id=46228597">"Legendary musician Chuck Berry dead at 90"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Legendary+musician+Chuck+Berry+dead+at+90&rft.date=2017-03-18&rft.aulast=Schabner&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft.au=Rothman%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FEntertainment%2Flegendary-musician-chuck-berry-dead-90%2Fstory%3Fid%3D46228597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39318602">"Rock and roll legend Chuck Berry dies"</a>. BBC News. March 18, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319000601/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39318602">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rock+and+roll+legend+Chuck+Berry+dies&rft.date=2017-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-39318602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tmz.com/2017/03/20/chuck-berry-cardiac-arrest-audio/">"Chuck Berry's death: Cops responded to cardiac arrest call"</a>. tmz.com. March 20, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170321160123/http://www.tmz.com/2017/03/20/chuck-berry-cardiac-arrest-audio/">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry%27s+death%3A+Cops+responded+to+cardiac+arrest+call&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tmz.com%2F2017%2F03%2F20%2Fchuck-berry-cardiac-arrest-audio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2017/04/09/Funeral-held-for-music-legend-Chuck-Berry-in-St-Louis/6441491762608/">"Funeral held for music legend Chuck Berry in St. Louis"</a>. <i>UPI.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170614223342/http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2017/04/09/Funeral-held-for-music-legend-Chuck-Berry-in-St-Louis/6441491762608">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Business-Savvy+Chuck+Berry+Left+Behind+An+Estimated+%2450+Million+Estate&rft.date=2017-03-22&rft.aulast=Christman&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fbiz%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Flegal-and-management%2F7735739%2Fchuck-berry-left-behind-17-million-in-music-assets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristman2017" class="citation news cs1">Christman, Ed (September 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7980738/chuck-berry-us-publishing-dualtone-isalee-music">"Dualtone to Handle Chuck Berry U.S. Publishing Rights: Exclusive"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171119032023/http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7980738/chuck-berry-us-publishing-dualtone-isalee-music">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dualtone+to+Handle+Chuck+Berry+U.S.+Publishing+Rights%3A+Exclusive&rft.date=2017-09-26&rft.aulast=Christman&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F7980738%2Fchuck-berry-us-publishing-dualtone-isalee-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stlouispatina.com/chuck-berry-mausoleum-bellerive-cemetery/">"Chuck Berry Mausoleum, Bellerive Cemetery – St Louis Patina"</a>. <i>Stlouispatina.com</i>. May 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry%3A+Farewell+to+the+Father+of+Rock&rft.date=2017-04-07&rft.aulast=Gilmore&rft.aufirst=Mikal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Ffeatures%2Fchuck-berry-inside-father-of-rocks-triumphs-scandals-w475260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSBIO-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RSBIO_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSBIO_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080714112146/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/chuckberry/biography">"Chuck Berry: Biography"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/chuckberry/biography">the original</a> on July 14, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry%3A+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fartists%2Fchuckberry%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rockhall.com/inductees/chuck-berry/bio/">"Chuck Berry Biography"</a>. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150406155340/http://rockhall.com/inductees/chuck-berry/bio/">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frockhall.com%2Finductees%2Fchuck-berry%2Fbio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227211939/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/magazine-feature/7735698/chuck-berry-rock-n-roll-teenagers-inventor">"Yes, Chuck Berry Invented Rock 'n' Roll -- and Singer-Songwriters. Oh, Teenagers Too"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. March 22, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/magazine-feature/7735698/chuck-berry-rock-n-roll-teenagers-inventor">the original</a> on February 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Yes%2C+Chuck+Berry+Invented+Rock+%27n%27+Roll+--+and+Singer-Songwriters.+Oh%2C+Teenagers+Too&rft.date=2017-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-feature%2F7735698%2Fchuck-berry-rock-n-roll-teenagers-inventor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPareles2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Pareles" title="Jon Pareles">Pareles, John</a> (March 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/18/arts/chuck-berry-dead.html">"Chuck Berry, Rock 'n' Roll Pioneer, Dies at 90"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320195947/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/18/arts/chuck-berry-dead.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry+Didn%27t+Invent+Rock+%27n%27+Roll%2C+But+He+Turned+It+Into+an+Attitude+That+Changed+the+World&rft.date=2017-03-18&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fchuck-berry-didnt-invent-rock-n-roll-but-he-turned-an-attitude-changed-world-987198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1999" class="citation book cs1">Miller, James (1999). <i>Flowers in the Dustbin: The Rise of Rock and Roll, 1947–1977</i>. 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Newton Abbot, England: <a href="/wiki/David_%26_Charles" title="David & Charles">David & Charles</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialguitarf0000wilk_f2l7/page/68">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780715327333" title="Special:BookSources/9780715327333"><bdi>9780715327333</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Guitar&rft.place=Newton+Abbot%2C+England&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780715327333&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Rubie%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialguitarf0000wilk_f2l7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsChappell2011" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Mark; Chappell, Jon (May 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jvNSyI6C3hEC&pg=PA1"><i>Guitar for Dummies</i></a>. Hoboken, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118054734" title="Special:BookSources/9781118054734"><bdi>9781118054734</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627144246/http://books.google.com/books?id=jvNSyI6C3hEC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guitar+for+Dummies&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-05-23&rft.isbn=9781118054734&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Chappell%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjvNSyI6C3hEC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGulla2009">Gulla (2009</a>, p. 31).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerry1988">Berry (1988</a>, p. 6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galegroup.com/free_resources/bhm/bio/berry_c.htm">Chuck Berry biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204113442/http://www.galegroup.com/free_resources/bhm/bio/berry_c.htm">Archived</a> December 4, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Thomson Gale</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Durchholz2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Daniel Durchholz, Daniel (July 29, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/chuck-berry-statue-unveiled-in-st-louis-247875/">"Chuck Berry Statue Unveiled in St. Louis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003100811/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/chuck-berry-statue-unveiled-in-st-louis-247875/">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry+Statue+Unveiled+in+St.+Louis&rft.date=2011-07-29&rft.aulast=Daniel+Durchholz&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2Fchuck-berry-statue-unveiled-in-st-louis-247875%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/music/berry-76.php">"Robert Christgau: Chuck Berry"</a>. <i>robertchristgau.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317092237/http://robertchristgau.com/xg/music/berry-76.php">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=robertchristgau.com&rft.atitle=Robert+Christgau%3A+Chuck+Berry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertchristgau.com%2Fxg%2Fmusic%2Fberry-76.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150314233239/http://chuckberry.com/about/quotes/">"QUOTES – The Official Site of Chuck Berry"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chuckberry.com/about/quotes/">the original</a> on March 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=QUOTES+%E2%80%93+The+Official+Site+of+Chuck+Berry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchuckberry.com%2Fabout%2Fquotes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitts2002" class="citation book cs1">Kitts, Jeff (2002). Brad Tolinski (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg838EcECUwC&pg=PT196"><i>Guitar World Presents the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time!: From the Pages of Guitar World Magazine</i></a>. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: <a href="/wiki/Hal_Leonard" title="Hal Leonard">Hal Leonard</a>. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-634-04619-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-634-04619-5"><bdi>0-634-04619-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50292711">50292711</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210216231952/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg838EcECUwC&pg=PT196">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guitar+World+Presents+the+100+Greatest+Guitarists+of+All+Time%21%3A+From+the+Pages+of+Guitar+World+Magazine&rft.place=Milwaukee%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50292711&rft.isbn=0-634-04619-5&rft.aulast=Kitts&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFg838EcECUwC%26pg%3DPT196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrott2017" class="citation news cs1">Trott, Bill (March 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-chuckberry-idUSKBN16P0UL">"Rock 'n' roll pioneer Chuck Berry dead at 90"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318223739/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-chuckberry-idUSKBN16P0UL">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Rock+%27n%27+roll+pioneer+Chuck+Berry+dead+at+90&rft.date=2017-03-19&rft.aulast=Trott&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-people-chuckberry-idUSKBN16P0UL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWamsley2017" class="citation news cs1">Wamsley, Laurel (March 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/19/520721943/chuck-berry-dead-tribute-bruce-springsteen-mick-jagger-keith-richards">"Tributes To Chuck Berry Pour In: 'One Of My Big Lights Has Gone Out'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319181245/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/19/520721943/chuck-berry-dead-tribute-bruce-springsteen-mick-jagger-keith-richards">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Tributes+To+Chuck+Berry+Pour+In%3A+%27One+Of+My+Big+Lights+Has+Gone+Out%27&rft.date=2017-03-19&rft.aulast=Wamsley&rft.aufirst=Laurel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2017%2F03%2F19%2F520721943%2Fchuck-berry-dead-tribute-bruce-springsteen-mick-jagger-keith-richards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chuck Berry, 1972, interview by Charles Osgood, re-broadcast, <i>CBS Sunday Morning</i>, September 25, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100206071832/http://www2.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Lifetime_Awards/">"Lifetime Achievement Award"</a>. National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Lifetime_Awards/">the original</a> on February 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lifetime+Achievement+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.grammy.com%2FRecording_Academy%2FAwards%2FLifetime_Awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323230000/http://www.kennedy-center.org/explorer/artists/?entity_id=3699&source_type=A">"Kennedy Center: Biographical Information for Chuck Berry"</a>. kennedy-center.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kennedy-center.org/calendar/index.cfm?fuseaction=showIndividual&entity_id=3699&source_type=A">the original</a> on March 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kennedy+Center%3A+Biographical+Information+for+Chuck+Berry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kennedy-center.org%2Fcalendar%2Findex.cfm%3Ffuseaction%3DshowIndividual%26entity_id%3D3699%26source_type%3DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3961025/10-greatest-guitar-players/">"The 10 Greatest Electric-Guitar Players"</a>. <i>Time</i>. August 14, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120155423/http://time.com/3961025/10-greatest-guitar-players/">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+10+Greatest+Electric-Guitar+Players&rft.date=2009-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3961025%2F10-greatest-guitar-players%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2002" class="citation news cs1">Patterson, Rob (June 30, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/233284">"BMI ICON Awards Honor Three of Rock & Roll's Founding Fathers"</a>. <i>bmi.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140925212455/http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/233284">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bmi.com&rft.atitle=BMI+ICON+Awards+Honor+Three+of+Rock+%26+Roll%27s+Founding+Fathers&rft.date=2002-06-30&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmi.com%2Fnews%2Fentry%2F233284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2014" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Mark (August 26, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/aug/26/chuck-berry-wins-polar-music-prize">"Rock'n'Roll Pioneer Chuck Berry Wins Polar Music Prize in Sweden"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140827102917/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/aug/26/chuck-berry-wins-polar-music-prize">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rock%27n%27Roll+Pioneer+Chuck+Berry+Wins+Polar+Music+Prize+in+Sweden&rft.date=2014-08-26&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2014%2Faug%2F26%2Fchuck-berry-wins-polar-music-prize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417042507/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5937559/the_100_greatest_guitarists_of_all_time">"The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>. May 5, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5937559/the_100_greatest_guitarists_of_all_time/">the original</a> on April 17, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=The+100+Greatest+Guitarists+of+All+Time&rft.date=2008-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F5937559%2Fthe_100_greatest_guitarists_of_all_time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207075704/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5938174/the_rs_500_greatest_albums_of_all_time/">"The RS 500 Greatest Albums of All Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5938174/the_rs_500_greatest_albums_of_all_time/">the original</a> on February 7, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=The+RS+500+Greatest+Albums+of+All+Time&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F5938174%2Fthe_rs_500_greatest_albums_of_all_time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2004" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Perry_(musician)" title="Joe Perry (musician)">Perry, Joe</a> (March 24, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/chuck-berry-20110420">"Chuck Berry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301010616/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/chuck-berry-20110420">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry&rft.date=2004-03-24&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Flists%2F100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231%2Fchuck-berry-20110420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417042040/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/500songs">"The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>. December 9, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/500songs">the original</a> on April 17, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=The+RS+500+Greatest+Songs+of+All+Time&rft.date=2004-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fnews%2Fcoverstory%2F500songs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605032031/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/20947527/">"The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/20947527/">the original</a> on June 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=The+100+Greatest+Guitar+Songs+of+All+Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fnews%2Fcoverstory%2F20947527%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-singers-all-time-1234642307/chuck-berry-13-1234643051/">"The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i>. January 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=The+200+Greatest+Singers+of+All+Time&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-lists%2Fbest-singers-all-time-1234642307%2Fchuck-berry-13-1234643051%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlosterman2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Klosterman" title="Chuck Klosterman">Klosterman, Chuck</a> (May 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/29/magazine/which-rock-star-will-historians-of-the-future-remember.html+Picks&contentId=&mediaId=&referrer=http://www.nytimes.com/&priority=true&action=click&contentCollection=Politics&module=Collection&region=Marginalia&src=me&version=spotlight&pgtype=article">"Which Rock Star Will Rock Historians of the Future Remember?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Which+Rock+Star+Will+Rock+Historians+of+the+Future+Remember%3F&rft.date=2016-05-23&rft.aulast=Klosterman&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F05%2F29%2Fmagazine%2Fwhich-rock-star-will-historians-of-the-future-remember.html%2BPicks%26contentId%3D%26mediaId%3D%26referrer%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F%26priority%3Dtrue%26action%3Dclick%26contentCollection%3DPolitics%26module%3DCollection%26region%3DMarginalia%26src%3Dme%26version%3Dspotlight%26pgtype%3Darticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Richards, Cliff (April 3, 2017). "Chuck Berry Rock 'n' Roll Icon". <i>Time</i>. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Chuck+Berry+Rock+%27n%27+Roll+Icon&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikal Gilmore, "Chuck Berry 1926-2017," <i>Rolling Stone</i>, pp. 23–24, April 20, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Strait (July 6, 2017). <i><a href="/wiki/PBS_NewsHour" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS NewsHour">PBS NewsHour</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2020" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Troy L. (June 25, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2020/06/50-most-important-african-american-music-artists-of-all-time.html">"50 most important African American music artists of all time"</a>. <i>cleveland.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cleveland.com&rft.atitle=50+most+important+African+American+music+artists+of+all+time&rft.date=2020-06-25&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Troy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fentertainment%2F2020%2F06%2F50-most-important-african-american-music-artists-of-all-time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/15937">"Planetary Names"</a>. <i>planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov&rft.atitle=Planetary+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FFeature%2F15937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry1988" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Chuck (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chuckberryautobi00berr_0"><i>Chuck Berry: The Autobiography</i></a></span>. New York: Fireside/Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-67159-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-67159-6"><bdi>0-671-67159-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17918633">17918633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chuck+Berry%3A+The+Autobiography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fireside%2FSimon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17918633&rft.isbn=0-671-67159-6&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchuckberryautobi00berr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegg2003" class="citation book cs1">Pegg, Bruce (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWO4gdorYBwC"><i>Brown Eyed Handsome Man: The Life and Hard Times of Chuck Berry</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93751-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93751-5"><bdi>0-415-93751-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210216231953/https://books.google.com/books?id=jWO4gdorYBwC">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brown+Eyed+Handsome+Man%3A+The+Life+and+Hard+Times+of+Chuck+Berry&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-93751-5&rft.aulast=Pegg&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWO4gdorYBwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWO4gdorYBwC&pg=PA144">p. 144</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319200431/https://books.google.com/books?id=jWO4gdorYBwC&pg=PA144">Archived</a> March 19, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWO4gdorYBwC&pg=PA173">p. 173</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627144259/http://books.google.com/books?id=jWO4gdorYBwC&pg=PA173">Archived</a> June 27, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWO4gdorYBwC&pg=PA262">p. 262</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210216232004/https://books.google.com/books?id=jWO4gdorYBwC&pg=PA262">Archived</a> February 16, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau2017" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Christgau, Robert</a> (March 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/magazine-feature/7735698/chuck-berry-rock-n-roll-teenagers-inventor">"Yes, Chuck Berry Invented Rock 'n' Roll – and Singer-Songwriters. Oh, Teenagers Too"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Yes%2C+Chuck+Berry+Invented+Rock+%27n%27+Roll+%E2%80%93+and+Singer-Songwriters.+Oh%2C+Teenagers+Too&rft.date=2017-03-22&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-feature%2F7735698%2Fchuck-berry-rock-n-roll-teenagers-inventor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryer1981" class="citation journal cs1">Fryer, Paul H. (1981). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Brown-Eyed Handsome Man": Chuck Berry and the Blues Tradition". <i>Phylon</i>. <b>42</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">60–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F274885">10.2307/274885</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/274885">274885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phylon&rft.atitle=%22Brown-Eyed+Handsome+Man%22%3A+Chuck+Berry+and+the+Blues+Tradition&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F274885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F274885%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fryer&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2022" class="citation book cs1">Smith, R. J. (2022). <i>Chuck Berry: An American Life</i>. New York: Hachette Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-92163-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-92163-6"><bdi>978-0-306-92163-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chuck+Berry%3A+An+American+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-306-92163-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChuck+Berry" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Chuck Berry</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Chuck_Berry" class="extiw" title="c:category:Chuck Berry">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry" class="extiw" title="q:Chuck Berry">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5921" class="extiw" title="d:Q5921">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chuckberry.com/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5921#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/180119-Chuck-Berry">Chuck Berry</a> discography at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001946/">Chuck Berry</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/15173%7C31911/wp">Chuck Berry</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM Movie Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.last.fm/music/Chuck+Berry">Chuck Berry</a> at <a href="/wiki/Last.fm" title="Last.fm">Last.fm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lyricsmusic.name/chuck-berry-lyrics/">Chuck Berry lyrics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320143515/http://lyricsmusic.name/chuck-berry-lyrics/">Archived</a> March 20, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394678">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-solo .navbox-title{background-color:#f0e68c}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-non-vocal .navbox-title{background-color:#f4bf92}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-non-perform .navbox-title{background-color:#bfe0bf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-group .navbox-title{background-color:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-cover .navbox-title{background-color:#d8bfd8}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-classical .navbox-title{background-color:#b0e0e6}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-temp .navbox-title{background-color:#d3d3d3}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}html.skin-theme-clienpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clienpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox navbox-musical-artist navbox-musical-artist-solo" aria-labelledby="Chuck_Berry212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chuck_Berry" title="Template:Chuck Berry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chuck_Berry" title="Template talk:Chuck Berry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chuck_Berry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chuck Berry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chuck_Berry212" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chuck Berry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studio albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/After_School_Session" title="After School Session">After School Session</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Dozen_Berrys" title="One Dozen Berrys">One Dozen Berrys</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berry_Is_on_Top" title="Berry Is on Top">Berry Is on Top</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rockin%27_at_the_Hops" title="Rockin' at the Hops">Rockin' at the Hops</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Juke_Box_Hits" title="New Juke Box Hits">New Juke Box Hits</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Great_Guitars" title="Two Great Guitars">Two Great Guitars</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a>) (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_to_Liverpool" title="St. Louis to Liverpool">St. Louis to Liverpool</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry_in_London" title="Chuck Berry in London">Chuck Berry in London</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fresh_Berry%27s" title="Fresh Berry's">Fresh Berry's</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry%27s_Golden_Hits" title="Chuck Berry's Golden Hits">Chuck Berry's Golden Hits</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry_in_Memphis" title="Chuck Berry in Memphis">Chuck Berry in Memphis</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_St._Louie_to_Frisco" title="From St. Louie to Frisco">From St. Louie to Frisco</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concerto_in_%22B_Goode%22" title="Concerto in "B Goode"">Concerto in "B Goode"</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Back_Home_(Chuck_Berry_album)" title="Back Home (Chuck Berry album)">Back Home</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Dues" title="San Francisco Dues">San Francisco Dues</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Chuck_Berry_Sessions" title="The London Chuck Berry Sessions">The London Chuck Berry Sessions</a></i> (1972) (Side 1)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bio_(album)" title="Bio (album)">Bio</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry_(album)" title="Chuck Berry (album)">Chuck Berry</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rockit_(album)" title="Rockit (album)">Rockit</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_(Chuck_Berry_album)" title="Chuck (Chuck Berry album)">Chuck</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry_on_Stage" title="Chuck Berry on Stage">Chuck Berry on Stage</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_the_Fillmore_Auditorium_(Chuck_Berry_album)" title="Live at the Fillmore Auditorium (Chuck Berry album)">Live at the Fillmore Auditorium</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Chuck_Berry_Sessions" title="The London Chuck Berry Sessions">The London Chuck Berry Sessions</a></i> (1972) (Side 2)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry_Live_in_Concert" title="Chuck Berry Live in Concert">Chuck Berry Live in Concert</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hail!_Hail!_Rock_%27n%27_Roll_(album)" title="Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll (album)">Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Live!_(Chuck_Berry_album)" title="Live! (Chuck Berry album)">Live!</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_on_Stage_(Chuck_Berry_album)" title="Live on Stage (Chuck Berry album)">Live on Stage</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry_%E2%80%93_In_Concert" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuck Berry – In Concert">Chuck Berry – In Concert</a></i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compilations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rock,_Rock,_Rock!_(soundtrack)" title="Rock, Rock, Rock! (soundtrack)">Rock, Rock, Rock!</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry_Twist" title="Chuck Berry Twist">Chuck Berry Twist</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry%27s_Golden_Decade" title="Chuck Berry's Golden Decade">Chuck Berry's Golden Decade</a></i> (1967, 1973, 1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Twenty-Eight" title="The Great Twenty-Eight">The Great Twenty-Eight</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chess_Box" title="The Chess Box">The Chess Box</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthology_(Chuck_Berry_album)" title="Anthology (Chuck Berry album)">The Anthology</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volume_2_(Chuck_Berry_album)" title="Volume 2 (Chuck Berry album)">Volume 2</a></i> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Maybellene" title="Maybellene">Maybellene</a>" / "<a href="/wiki/Wee_Wee_Hours" title="Wee Wee Hours">Wee Wee Hours</a>" (1955)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Roll_Over_Beethoven" title="Roll Over Beethoven">Roll Over Beethoven" / "Drifting Heart</a>" (1956)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Too_Much_Monkey_Business" title="Too Much Monkey Business">Too Much Monkey Business</a>" / "<a href="/wiki/Brown_Eyed_Handsome_Man" title="Brown Eyed Handsome Man">Brown Eyed Handsome Man</a>" (1956)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/School_Days_(Chuck_Berry_song)" title="School Days (Chuck Berry song)">School Days" / "Deep Feeling</a>" (1957)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Music_(song)" title="Rock and Roll Music (song)">Rock and Roll Music" / "Blue Feeling</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sweet_Little_Sixteen" title="Sweet Little Sixteen">Sweet Little Sixteen" / "Reelin' and Rockin'</a>" (1958)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Carol_(Chuck_Berry_song)" title="Carol (Chuck Berry song)">Carol</a>"/ "Hey Pedro" (1958)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Johnny_B._Goode" title="Johnny B. Goode">Johnny B. Goode</a>" / "<a href="/wiki/Around_and_Around" title="Around and Around">Around and Around</a>" (1958)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Run_Rudolph_Run" title="Run Rudolph Run">Run Rudolph Run</a>" (1958)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Almost_Grown_(song)" title="Almost Grown (song)">Almost Grown</a>" / "<a href="/wiki/Little_Queenie" title="Little Queenie">Little Queenie</a>" (1959)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Back_in_the_U.S.A." title="Back in the U.S.A.">Back in the U.S.A.</a>" / "<a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee_(song)" title="Memphis, Tennessee (song)">Memphis, Tennessee</a>" (1959)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nadine_(song)" title="Nadine (song)">Nadine</a>" (1964)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_Particular_Place_to_Go" title="No Particular Place to Go">No Particular Place to Go</a>" (1964)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Ding-a-Ling" title="My Ding-a-Ling">My Ding-a-Ling</a>" (1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chuck_Berry" title="Category:Chuck Berry">Other articles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry_discography" title="Chuck Berry discography">Discography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry_House" title="Chuck Berry House">Chuck Berry House</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hail!_Hail!_Rock_%27n%27_Roll" title="Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll">Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Johnson_(musician)" title="Johnnie Johnson (musician)">Johnnie Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_ES-350T" title="Gibson ES-350T">Gibson ES-350T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_ES-355" title="Gibson ES-355">Gibson ES-355</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chuck_Berry" title="Category:Chuck Berry">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Chuck_Berry89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Chuck_Berry89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards for Chuck Berry</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Music_Award_of_Merit33" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Music_Award_of_Merit" title="Template:American Music Award of Merit"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Music_Award_of_Merit" title="Template talk:American Music Award of Merit"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Music_Award_of_Merit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Music Award of Merit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Music_Award_of_Merit33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Music_Award_of_Merit" title="American Music Award of Merit">American Music Award of Merit</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Como" title="Perry Como">Perry Como</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a> (1980)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chuck Berry</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Rogers" title="Kenny Rogers">Kenny Rogers</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynn" title="Loretta Lynn">Loretta Lynn</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Diamond" title="Neil Diamond">Neil Diamond</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merle_Haggard" title="Merle Haggard">Merle Haggard</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(promoter)" title="Bill Graham (promoter)">Bill Graham</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Houston" title="Whitney Houston">Whitney Houston</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Wynette" title="Tammy Wynette">Tammy Wynette</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Estefan" title="Gloria Estefan">Gloria Estefan</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_Brooks" title="Garth Brooks">Garth Brooks</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama (American band)">Alabama</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Jovi" title="Bon Jovi">Bon Jovi</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lennox" title="Annie Lennox">Annie Lennox</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Template:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Template talk:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award">Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1963–1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a></li></ul></li> <li>1965 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a></li></ul></li> <li>1967 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li></ul></li> <li>1968 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a></li></ul></li> <li>1971 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a></li></ul></li> <li>1972 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalia_Jackson" title="Mahalia Jackson">Mahalia Jackson</a></li></ul></li> <li>1984 <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chuck Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a></li></ul></li> <li>1985 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a></li></ul></li> <li>1986 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia" title="Andrés Segovia">Andrés Segovia</a></li></ul></li> <li>1987 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Acuff" title="Roy Acuff">Roy Acuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Carter" title="Benny Carter">Benny Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Herman" title="Woody Herman">Woody Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._B._King" title="B. B. King">B. B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a></li></ul></li> <li>1989 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casals" title="Pablo Casals">Pablo Casals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Tatum" title="Art Tatum">Art Tatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Vaughan" title="Sarah Vaughan">Sarah Vaughan</a></li></ul></li> <li>1990 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nat_King_Cole" title="Nat King Cole">Nat King Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1991–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1991 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitty_Wells" title="Kitty Wells">Kitty Wells</a></li></ul></li> <li>1992 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coltrane" title="John Coltrane">John Coltrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a></li></ul></li> <li>1993 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chet_Atkins" title="Chet Atkins">Chet Atkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk">Thelonious Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Monroe" title="Bill Monroe">Bill Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fats_Waller" title="Fats Waller">Fats Waller</a></li></ul></li> <li>1994 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Evans" title="Bill Evans">Bill Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Cline" title="Patsy Cline">Patsy Cline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Lee" title="Peggy Lee">Peggy Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mancini" title="Henry Mancini">Henry Mancini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield" title="Curtis Mayfield">Curtis Mayfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a></li></ul></li> <li>1996 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Brubeck" title="Dave Brubeck">Dave Brubeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Bland" title="Bobby Bland">Bobby "Blue" Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers" title="The Everly Brothers">The Everly Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Grappelli" title="Stéphane Grappelli">Stéphane Grappelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus">Charles Mingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Peterson" title="Oscar Peterson">Oscar Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a></li></ul></li> <li>1998 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mills_Brothers" title="The Mills Brothers">The Mills Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li></ul></li> <li>1999 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Cooke" title="Sam Cooke">Sam Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Redding" title="Otis Redding">Otis Redding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Torm%C3%A9" title="Mel Tormé">Mel Tormé</a></li></ul></li> <li>2000 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker" title="John Lee Hooker">John Lee Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Miller" title="Mitch Miller">Mitch Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2001–2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett" title="Tony Bennett">Tony Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a></li></ul></li> <li>2002 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Clooney" title="Rosemary Clooney">Rosemary Clooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Como" title="Perry Como">Perry Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Green" title="Al Green">Al Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joni_Mitchell" title="Joni Mitchell">Joni Mitchell</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etta_James" title="Etta James">Etta James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mathis" title="Johnny Mathis">Johnny Mathis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Miller" title="Glenn Miller">Glenn Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Puente" title="Tito Puente">Tito Puente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Garfunkel" title="Simon & Garfunkel">Simon & Garfunkel</a></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Van_Cliburn" title="Van Cliburn">Van Cliburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Funk_Brothers" title="The Funk Brothers">The Funk Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Jenkins" title="Ella Jenkins">Ella Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Rollins" title="Sonny Rollins">Sonny Rollins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artie_Shaw" title="Artie Shaw">Artie Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Watson" title="Doc Watson">Doc Watson</a></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Arnold" title="Eddy Arnold">Eddy Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Blakey" title="Art Blakey">Art Blakey</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Carter_Family" title="Carter Family">Carter Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Gould" title="Morton Gould">Morton Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janis_Joplin" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelly_Roll_Morton" title="Jelly Roll Morton">Jelly Roll Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinetop_Perkins" title="Pinetop Perkins">Pinetop Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Staple_Singers" title="The Staple Singers">The Staple Singers</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_(band)" title="Cream (band)">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merle_Haggard" title="Merle Haggard">Merle Haggard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson" title="Robert Johnson">Robert Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pryor" title="Richard Pryor">Richard Pryor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weavers" title="The Weavers">The Weavers</a></li></ul></li> <li>2007 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._%26_the_M.G.%27s" title="Booker T. & the M.G.'s">Booker T. & the M.G.'s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornette_Coleman" title="Ornette Coleman">Ornette Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">The Doors</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills" title="Bob Wills">Bob Wills</a></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Bacharach" title="Burt Bacharach">Burt Bacharach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Band" title="The Band">The Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Day" title="Doris Day">Doris Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Perlman" title="Itzhak Perlman">Itzhak Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Roach" title="Max Roach">Max Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Scruggs" title="Earl Scruggs">Earl Scruggs</a></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Autry" title="Gene Autry">Gene Autry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Boys_of_Alabama" title="The Blind Boys of Alabama">The Blind Boys of Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tops" title="Four Tops">The Four Tops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Jones" title="Hank Jones">Hank Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Lee" title="Brenda Lee">Brenda Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Martin" title="Dean Martin">Dean Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Paxton" title="Tom Paxton">Tom Paxton</a></li></ul></li> <li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Darin" title="Bobby Darin">Bobby Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_%22Honeyboy%22_Edwards" title="David "Honeyboy" Edwards">David "Honeyboy" Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynn" title="Loretta Lynn">Loretta Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn" title="André Previn">André Previn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Terry" title="Clark Terry">Clark Terry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2011–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2011 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Haynes" title="Roy Haynes">Roy Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juilliard_String_Quartet" title="Juilliard String Quartet">Juilliard String Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kingston_Trio" title="The Kingston Trio">The Kingston Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_Parton" title="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Beverly_Shea" title="George Beverly Shea">George Beverly Shea</a></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Allman_Brothers_Band" title="The Allman Brothers Band">The Allman Brothers Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Campbell" title="Glen Campbell">Glen Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Jobim" title="Antônio Carlos Jobim">Antônio Carlos Jobim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jones" title="George Jones">George Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Memphis_Horns" title="The Memphis Horns">The Memphis Horns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Scott-Heron" title="Gil Scott-Heron">Gil Scott-Heron</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Haden" title="Charlie Haden">Charlie Haden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightnin%27_Hopkins" title="Lightnin' Hopkins">Lightnin' Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_King" title="Carole King">Carole King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patti_Page" title="Patti Page">Patti Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">The Temptations</a></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Chenier" title="Clifton Chenier">Clifton Chenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers" title="The Isley Brothers">The Isley Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kris_Kristofferson" title="Kris Kristofferson">Kris Kristofferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Manzanero" title="Armando Manzanero">Armando Manzanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Powell" title="Maud Powell">Maud Powell</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Guy" title="Buddy Guy">Buddy Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaco_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Flaco Jiménez">Flaco Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Louvin_Brothers" title="The Louvin Brothers">The Louvin Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Shorter" title="Wayne Shorter">Wayne Shorter</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Brown" title="Ruth Brown">Ruth Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Cruz" title="Celia Cruz">Celia Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire" title="Earth, Wind & Fire">Earth, Wind & Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Airplane" title="Jefferson Airplane">Jefferson Airplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-DMC" title="Run-DMC">Run-DMC</a></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Caesar" title="Shirley Caesar">Shirley Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jamal" title="Ahmad Jamal">Ahmad Jamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Pride" title="Charley Pride">Charley Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)">Jimmie Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Simone" title="Nina Simone">Nina Simone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sly_Stone" title="Sly Stone">Sly Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">The Velvet Underground</a></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Blaine" title="Hal Blaine">Hal Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Diamond" title="Neil Diamond">Neil Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmylou_Harris" title="Emmylou Harris">Emmylou Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jordan" title="Louis Jordan">Louis Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meters" title="The Meters">The Meters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tina_Turner" title="Tina Turner">Tina Turner</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)" title="George Clinton (funk musician)">George Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament-Funkadelic" title="Parliament-Funkadelic">Parliament-Funkadelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Eckstine" title="Billy Eckstine">Billy Eckstine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donny_Hathaway" title="Donny Hathaway">Donny Hathaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Iglesias" title="Julio Iglesias">Julio Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_%26_Dave" title="Sam & Dave">Sam & Dave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionne_Warwick" title="Dionne Warwick">Dionne Warwick</a></li></ul></li> <li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_(band)" title="Chicago (band)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Flack" title="Roberta Flack">Roberta Flack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prine" title="John Prine">John Prine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy" title="Public Enemy">Public Enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Rosetta_Tharpe" title="Sister Rosetta Tharpe">Sister Rosetta Tharpe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2021 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash_and_the_Furious_Five" title="Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five">Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Hampton" title="Lionel Hampton">Lionel Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt-N-Pepa" title="Salt-N-Pepa">Salt-N-Pepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selena" title="Selena">Selena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt" title="Bonnie Raitt">Bonnie Raitt</a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_McFerrin" title="Bobby McFerrin">Bobby McFerrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey" title="Ma Rainey">Ma Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slick_Rick" title="Slick Rick">Slick Rick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">The Supremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Wilson" title="Ann Wilson">Ann Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(rock_musician)" title="Nancy Wilson (rock musician)">Nancy Wilson</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Anderson" title="Laurie Anderson">Laurie Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clark_Sisters" title="The Clark Sisters">The Clark Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight" title="Gladys Knight">Gladys Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N.W.A" title="N.W.A">N.W.A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Wynette" title="Tammy Wynette">Tammy Wynette</a></li></ul></li> <li>2025 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankie_Beverly" title="Frankie Beverly">Frankie Beverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">The Clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jones_(singer)" title="Bobby Jones (singer)">Bobby Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal_(musician)" title="Taj Mahal (musician)">Taj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxanne_Shante" title="Roxanne Shante">Roxanne Shante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankie_Valli" title="Frankie Valli">Frankie Valli</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kennedy_Center_Honorees_(2000s)444" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2000s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2000s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2000s" title="Template talk:Kennedy Center Honorees 2000s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2000s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2000s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kennedy_Center_Honorees_(2000s)444" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Kennedy Center Honorees</a> (2000s)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Baryshnikov" title="Mikhail Baryshnikov">Mikhail Baryshnikov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chuck Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Cliburn" title="Van Cliburn">Van Cliburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Levine" title="James Levine">James Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chita_Rivera" title="Chita Rivera">Chita Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Burnett" title="Carol Burnett">Carol Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynn" title="Loretta Lynn">Loretta Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Perlman" title="Itzhak Perlman">Itzhak Perlman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Joan Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett" title="Tony Bennett">Tony Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Farrell" title="Suzanne Farrell">Suzanne Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris" title="Julie Harris">Julie Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tina_Turner" title="Tina Turner">Tina Turner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_Parton" title="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Fleisher" title="Leon Fleisher">Leon Fleisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Martin" title="Steve Martin">Steve Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Wilson" title="Brian Wilson">Brian Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jones" title="George Jones">George Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twyla_Tharp" title="Twyla Tharp">Twyla Tharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Townshend" title="Pete Townshend">Pete Townshend</a> & <a href="/wiki/Roger_Daltrey" title="Roger Daltrey">Roger Daltrey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Brubeck" title="Dave Brubeck">Dave Brubeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Bumbry" title="Grace Bumbry">Grace Bumbry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1970s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1980s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1990s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2000s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2010s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2020s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Polar_Music_Prize58" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_Music_Prize" title="Template:Polar Music Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_Music_Prize" title="Template talk:Polar Music Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_Music_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar Music Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Polar_Music_Prize58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Polar_Music_Prize" title="Polar Music Prize">Polar Music Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> / the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joni_Mitchell" title="Joni Mitchell">Joni Mitchell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Ericson" title="Eric Ericson">Eric Ericson</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> / <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Bacharach" title="Burt Bacharach">Burt Bacharach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Makeba" title="Miriam Makeba">Miriam Makeba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Jarrett" title="Keith Jarrett">Keith Jarrett</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.B._King" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B. King">B.B. King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Gil" title="Gilberto Gil">Gilberto Gil</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valery_Gergiev" title="Valery Gergiev">Valery Gergiev</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Rollins" title="Sonny Rollins">Sonny Rollins</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming" title="Renée Fleming">Renée Fleming</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Abreu" title="José Antonio Abreu">José Antonio Abreu</a> / <a href="/wiki/El_Sistema" title="El Sistema">El Sistema</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk" title="Björk">Björk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronos_Quartet" title="Kronos Quartet">Kronos Quartet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour" title="Youssou N'Dour">Youssou N'Dour</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kaija_Saariaho" title="Kaija Saariaho">Kaija Saariaho</a> (2013)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chuck Berry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellars" title="Peter Sellars">Peter Sellars</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmylou_Harris" title="Emmylou Harris">Emmylou Harris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Glennie" title="Evelyn Glennie">Evelyn Glennie</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Martin" title="Max Martin">Max Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bartoli" title="Cecilia Bartoli">Cecilia Bartoli</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Shorter" title="Wayne Shorter">Wayne Shorter</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_National_Institute_of_Music" title="Afghanistan National Institute of Music">Afghanistan National Institute of Music</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash" title="Grandmaster Flash">Grandmaster Flash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Playing_for_Change" title="Playing for Change">Playing for Change</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Netrebko" title="Anna Netrebko">Anna Netrebko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diane_Warren" title="Diane Warren">Diane Warren</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_intercontemporain" title="Ensemble intercontemporain">Ensemble intercontemporain</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Blackwell" title="Chris Blackwell">Chris Blackwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_Kidjo" title="Angélique Kidjo">Angélique Kidjo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Esa-Pekka_Salonen" title="Esa-Pekka Salonen">Esa-Pekka Salonen</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_–_Class_of_1986182" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1986_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:1986 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1986_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:1986 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1986_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1986 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_–_Class_of_1986182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees" title="List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees">Class of 1986</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chuck Berry</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sam_Cooke" title="Sam Cooke">Sam Cooke</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers" title="The Everly Brothers">The Everly Brothers</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Everly" title="Don Everly">Don Everly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phil_Everly" title="Phil Everly">Phil Everly</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson" title="Robert Johnson">Robert Johnson</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers" title="Jimmie Rodgers">Jimmie Rodgers</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Yancey" title="Jimmy Yancey">Jimmy Yancey</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-performers<br />(Ahmet Ertegun Award)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Alan_Freed" title="Alan Freed">Alan Freed</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sam_Phillips" title="Sam Phillips">Sam Phillips</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lifetime achievement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Hammond_(record_producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hammond (record producer)">John Hammond</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Voyager_Golden_Record435" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Template:Voyager Golden Record"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Template talk:Voyager Golden Record"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Voyager Golden Record"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Voyager_Golden_Record435" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Contents of the Voyager Golden Record">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>first movement of <i><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos" title="Brandenburg Concertos">Brandenburg Concerto</a></i> No. 2, BWV 1047</li> <li>"Cavatina" from <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._13_(Beethoven)" title="String Quartet No. 13 (Beethoven)">Beethoven's String Quartet No. 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakrulo" title="Chakrulo">Chakrulo</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dark_Was_the_Night,_Cold_Was_the_Ground" title="Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground">Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground</a>"</li> <li>"Gavotte en Rondeau" from <a href="/wiki/Partita_for_Violin_No._3_(Bach)" title="Partita for Violin No. 3 (Bach)">Partita for Violin No. 3, BWV 1006</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Izlel_ye_Delyo_Haydutin" title="Izlel ye Delyo Haydutin">Izlel ye Delyo Haydutin</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Johnny_B._Goode" title="Johnny B. Goode">Johnny B. Goode</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_and_Fugue_in_C_major,_BWV_870" title="Prelude and Fugue in C major, BWV 870">Prelude and Fugue in C major, BWV 870, from <i>The Well-Tempered Clavier</i>, Book II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puspawarna" title="Puspawarna">Puspawarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Night_aria" title="Queen of the Night aria">Queen of the Night aria from <i>The Magic Flute</i></a></li> <li>"Sacrificial Dance" from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Humpback_Whale_(album)" title="Songs of the Humpback Whale (album)">Songs of the Humpback Whale</a></i></li> <li>first movement of <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)">Beethoven's Symphony No. 5</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cover of the Sounds of Earth Record" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg/100px-The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg/150px-The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg/200px-The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="2215" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong_and_His_Hot_Seven" title="Louis Armstrong and His Hot Seven">and His Hot Seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valya_Balkanska" title="Valya Balkanska">Valya Balkanska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Opera" title="Bavarian State Opera">Bavarian State Opera</a> <ul><li>with <a href="/wiki/Edda_Moser" title="Edda Moser">Edda Moser</a>, conductor: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sawallisch" title="Wolfgang Sawallisch">Wolfgang Sawallisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_String_Quartet" title="Budapest String Quartet">Budapest String Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chuck Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Columbia Symphony Orchestra">Columbia Symphony Orchestra</a> <ul><li>conductor: <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cohen_(musician)" title="John Cohen (musician)">John Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Dj%C3%A4wa" title="Tom Djäwa">Tom Djäwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Druyan" title="Ann Druyan">Ann Druyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grumiaux" title="Arthur Grumiaux">Arthur Grumiaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Pinghu" title="Guan Pinghu">Guan Pinghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Holborne" title="Anthony Holborne">Anthony Holborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Jalilov" title="Kamil Jalilov">Kamil Jalilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Willie_Johnson" title="Blind Willie Johnson">Blind Willie Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesarbai_Kerkar" title="Kesarbai Kerkar">Kesarbai Kerkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Bach-Orchester" title="Münchener Bach-Orchester">Münchener Bach-Orchester</a> <ul><li>conductor: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Richter_(conductor)" title="Karl Richter (conductor)">Karl Richter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Munrow" title="David Munrow">David Munrow</a> <ul><li>with the <a href="/wiki/Early_Music_Consort" title="Early Music Consort">Early Music Consort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._H._Notoprojo" title="K. P. H. Notoprojo">K. P. H. Notoprojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestra" title="Philharmonia Orchestra">Philharmonia Orchestra</a> <ul><li>conductor: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Sagan" title="Nick Sagan">Nick Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gor%C5%8D_Yamaguchi" title="Gorō Yamaguchi">Gorō Yamaguchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Contents_of_the_Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Category:Contents of the Voyager Golden Record">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Contents_of_the_Voyager_Golden_Record" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Contents of the Voyager Golden Record">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5921#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3605" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5921#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3605" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5921#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118831437">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Berry, Chuck"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82228079">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121055366">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121055366">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00463197">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Berry, Chuck"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV098947">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35671998">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002152874&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX842182">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070574952">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90244133">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000045105&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000067061&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp355v691w38gg1">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810549136405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007334813705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000189748">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14053482">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03602101?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chuck Berry"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/592a3b6d-c42b-4567-99c9-ecf63bd66499">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1036116">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118831437.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118831437">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027394832">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xw61fp">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Berry&oldid=1270290181">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Berry&oldid=1270290181</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chuck_Berry" title="Category:Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1926_births" title="Category:1926 births">1926 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2017_deaths" title="Category:2017 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