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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бруктэры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бруктэры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бруктери – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бруктери" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BActers" title="Brúcters – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brúcters" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brukterer" title="Brukterer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brukterer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BActeros" title="Brúcteros – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brúcteros" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruktero" title="Bruktero – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bruktero" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بورکتری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بورکتری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruct%C3%A8res" title="Bructères – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bructères" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruktearen" title="Bruktearen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bruktearen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bructeri" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brukteri" title="Brukteri – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brukteri" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Brukteri" title="Suku Brukteri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Brukteri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bructeri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ברוקטרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברוקטרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bructere" title="Bructere – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bructere" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bructerusok" title="Bructerusok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bructerusok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бруктери – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бруктери" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bructeren" title="Bructeren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bructeren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bructeren" title="Bructeren – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bructeren" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%86%E3%83%AA%E6%97%8F" title="ブルクテリ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルクテリ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BActeros" title="Brúcteros – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brúcteros" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бруктеры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бруктеры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brukteri" title="Brukteri – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brukteri" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brukteri" title="Brukteri – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Brukteri" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brukterit" title="Brukterit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brukterit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brukterer" title="Brukterer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brukterer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бруктери – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бруктери" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q850223#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Germanic tribe</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_century_Germani.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1st_century_Germani.png/350px-1st_century_Germani.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/1st_century_Germani.png 1.5x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>The approximate positions of some <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> reported by Graeco-Roman authors in the first century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Bructeri</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a>: Βρούκτεροι, <i>Broukteroi</i>, or Βουσάκτεροι, <i>Bousakteroi</i>; <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>: <i>Boructuare</i>) were a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribe</a><sup id="cite_ref-Germanic_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germanic-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Roman imperial</a> times, located in northwestern Germany, in present-day <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>. Their territory included both sides of the upper <a href="/wiki/Ems_(river)" title="Ems (river)">Ems</a> (Latin <i>Amisia</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Lippe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippe River">Lippe</a> (Latin <i>Luppia</i>) rivers. At its greatest extent, their territory apparently stretched between the vicinities of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Teutoburg_Forest" title="Teutoburg Forest">Teutoburg Forest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a> river in the east. In late Roman times they moved south to settle upon the east bank of the Rhine facing <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, an area later associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_history">Role in history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bructeri&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Role in history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bructeri were part of the alliance under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsi (Germanic)">Marsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a>, that defeated the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> General <a href="/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus">Varus</a> and annihilated his three legions at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teutoburg_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Teutoburg Forest">Battle of Teutoburg Forest</a> in 9 AD. </p><p>Six years later, one of the generals serving under <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>, Lucius <a href="/wiki/Stertinia_gens" title="Stertinia gens">Stertinius</a> defeated the Bructeri near the Ems and devastated their lands. Among the booty captured by Stertinius was the eagle standard of <a href="/wiki/Legio_XIX" title="Legio XIX">Legio XIX</a> that had been lost at Teutoburg Forest. "The troops were then marched to the furthest frontier of the Bructeri, and all the country between the rivers Amisia and Luppia was ravaged, not far from the forest of Teutoburgium, where the remains of Varus and his legions were said to lie unburied."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars consider the Bructeri among the most dangerous Germanic enemies of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bructeri in 69-70 participated in the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Batavian rebellion">Batavian rebellion</a>. The best known of the Bructeri was their wise virgin <a href="/wiki/Veleda" title="Veleda">Veleda</a>, the spiritual leader of the Batavi rising, regarded as a goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She foretold the success of the Germans against the Roman legions during the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Batavian revolt">Batavian revolt</a>. A Roman Munius Lupercus was sent to offer her gifts but was murdered on the road.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a>, asked for her as an arbiter; "they were not, however, allowed to approach or address Veleda herself. In order to inspire them with more respect they were prevented from seeing her. She dwelt in a lofty tower, and one of her relatives, chosen for the purpose, conveyed, like the messenger of a divinity, the questions and answers."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a>, Tacitus reported that the <a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a> had moved to the territories of the Bructeri, after having driven them out and totally annihilated them, in alliance with other nearby populations, whom the Latin writer thanks for "offering delight to Roman eyes", without Rome having to intervene. More than 60,000 of the Bructeri fell. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"May the tribes, I pray, ever retain if not love for us [Romans], at least hatred for each other; for while [...], fortune can give no greater boon than discord among our foes."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bructeri&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bructeri were sometimes divided into major and minor divisions. <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (64/63 BC – c. 24 AD) describes the Lippe river running through the territory of the lesser Bructeri (Βουσάκτεροι), about 600 <a href="/wiki/Stadia_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadia (length)">stadia</a> from the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ptolemy (c. AD 90 – c. AD 168) says that lesser Bructeri and the <a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a> occupied the area just to the north of the Rhine. Both authors agree that the greater Bructeri in their time lived between the Ems and the Weser, to the south of a part of the <a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tacitus (56 AD – 117 AD) on the other hand, states that the Bructeri had been forced from their territory, which he describes as having been north of the Tencteri who were on the Rhine at the time, between Cologne and the Chatti. This was done by the <a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a>, who neighbored the Bructeri upon their north, along with other neighboring tribes. More than sixty thousand fell in this conflict, which the Romans had been able to observe with satisfaction.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> (died 113) mentioned in a letter (2.7) that in his time "a triumphal Statue was decreed by the Senate to <a href="/wiki/Vestricius_Spurinna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestricius Spurinna">Vestricius Spurinna</a>", at the notion of the emperor, because he "had brought the King of the Bructeri into his Realm by force of War; and even subdu'd that rugged Nation, by the Sight and Terror of it, the most honourable kind of Victory". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_antiquity">Later antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bructeri&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bructeri eventually disappear from historical records, apparently absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> communities of the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The final mentions of their name seem to indicate this, and also that they had moved south from their old position north of the Lippe. </p><p>In 307–308, after having spent the year before fighting <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks"><i>Franci</i></a> raiding along the Rhine and the executions of instigators <a href="/wiki/Ascaric" title="Ascaric">Ascaric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merogais" title="Merogais">Merogais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Constantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Constantine">emperor Constantine</a> led a punitive expedition against the Bructeri over the Rhine and built a bridge at Cologne. </p><p>In 392 AD, according to a citation by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulpicius_Alexander" title="Sulpicius Alexander">Sulpicius Alexander</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Arbogast_(magister_militum)" title="Arbogast (magister militum)">Arbogast</a> crossed the Rhine to punish the Franks for incursions into Gaul. He first devastated the territory of the <i>Bricteri</i>, near the bank of the Rhine, then the Chamavi, apparently their neighbours. Neither of these tribes confronted him. The <a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a> however were under military leadership of the Frankish princes <a href="/wiki/Marcomer" title="Marcomer">Marcomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunno" title="Sunno">Sunno</a> and they appeared "on the ridges of distant hills". At this time the Bructeri apparently lived near <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Peutinger_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Peutinger map">Peutinger map</a>, the Bructeri also appear as a distinct entity on the opposite side of the Rhine to <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, the <i>Burcturi</i>, with Franks to their north, and <a href="/wiki/Suevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Suevi">Suevi</a> to their south. This has been interpreted to mean that the Bructeri had moved into the area previously inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a>, which had in the time of Caesar been inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a> (who had in turn crossed the Rhine to inhabit Cologne as Roman citizens during imperial times). In the description of <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a>, the Bructeri and Sicambri are apparently close to their old positions, but with Suevi having inserted themselves upon the Rhine and the Tencteri and Usipetes much further south, near the Black Forest. This document is however suspected of resulting from confused use of primary sources.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a>, in his Poems, VII, lists the Bructeri among the allies who crossed the Rhine into Gaul under <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a> in 451, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Catalaunian Fields">Battle of the Catalaunian Fields</a>. (After them are listed the Franks living along the <a href="/wiki/Neckar_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Neckar River">Neckar River</a>.) But it is possible, according for example to <a href="/wiki/E._A._Thompson" title="E. A. Thompson">E. A. Thompson</a> that Sidonius included names of historical tribes, for effect. </p><p>The name of the <i><a href="/wiki/Arboruchoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboruchoi">Arboruchoi</a></i> (Αρβόρυχοι), a people described by <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> (550s) as living in Gaul next to the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> who lived along the lower Rhine during the time of <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> (c. 490), have also been proposed to be Bructeri. According to Procopius, they were Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a></i> who warred with the Franks before joining and merging with them, although they retained some of the customs from their Roman service down to Procopius' time. Not all scholars accept their identification with the Bructeri, however, which depends on a misspelling by Procopius (<i>Arboruchoi</i> for <i>Arboruchtoi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boructuari_and_Borthari"><i>Boructuari</i> and <i>Borthari</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bructeri&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Boructuari and Borthari"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the eighth century, <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a></i> lists among the peoples "from whom the Angles and Saxons who now live in Britain derive their origin" the <i>Boructuari</i> (original Latin,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old English Bede <i>Boructuare</i>). In the same passage Bede also lists the <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> and continental <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>. This name is usually identified with that of the Bructeri.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pohl" title="Walter Pohl">Walter Pohl</a>, the mention of these later <i>Boructuari</i>, may be a classical allusion designed to establish continuity between the barbarian present and past.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ian_N._Wood" title="Ian N. Wood">Ian Wood</a>, noting that the Bricteri of Gregory of Tours are usually considered either a Saxon or Frankish group, suggests that the <i>Boructuari</i> represent a Frankish component in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory also reported that <a href="/wiki/Suitbert_of_Kaiserswerth" title="Suitbert of Kaiserswerth">Saint Suitbert</a> tried to convert these <i>Boructuari</i> to Christianity in the late 7th century, when he was bishop of the Frisians, but that during this period they were attacked by the Saxons.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bede records that around 692, the Saxons conquered the <i>Boructuari</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Saxons had conquered their homeland, Bructeri were found in Thuringia; their name is preserved in the names Großbrüchter and Kleinbrüchter, in the municipality <a href="/wiki/Helbed%C3%BCndorf" title="Helbedündorf">Helbedündorf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 738, the <i>Borthari</i> are one of the peoples of Germania addressed in a letter of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Pope Gregory III</a>, the others being the <a href="/wiki/Hessia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessia">Hessians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringi" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuringi">Thuringians</a>, Nistresi, Wedrecii, <a href="/wiki/Lognai" class="mw-redirect" title="Lognai">Lognai</a>, Suduodi and Graffelti. The letter was carried by <a href="/wiki/Boniface" class="mw-redirect" title="Boniface">Boniface</a>. In it, Gregory advises the peoples and their princes to accept Boniface's religious authority and to abandon the pagan customs they had rejected at baptism. The <i>Borthari</i> are usually identified with Bede's <i>Boructuari</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingians</a> the name of the Bructeri was still being used for a <a href="/wiki/Gau_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gau (country subdivision)">gau</a> in the region near where they had originally lived, the so-called Brukterergau (or Borahtra, Botheresgau, Botheresge, Pagus Boroctra). This was however now south of the Lippe, and north of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr river">Ruhr river</a>, in the area classically inhabited by the Sicambri. This area is today the well-known and heavily populated <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> region of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bructeri&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Germanic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Germanic peoples">List of ancient Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarian invasions">Barbarian invasions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bructeri&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Germanic-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Germanic_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_S._Wells" title="Peter S. Wells">Wells, Peter S.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-812?">"Bructeri"</a>. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191744457" title="Special:BookSources/9780191744457"><bdi>9780191744457</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Bructeri. A Germanic people who lived near the Ems River in northern Germany.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bructeri&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780191744457&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Peter+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-812%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABructeri" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonDrinkwater2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Arthur Thompson">Thompson, Edward Arthur</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Drinkwater" class="mw-redirect" title="John Frederick Drinkwater">Drinkwater, John Frederick</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-1183?">"Bructeri"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Simon_Hornblower" title="Simon Hornblower">Hornblower, Simon</a>; Spawforth, Antony; <a href="/wiki/Esther_Eidinow" title="Esther Eidinow">Eidinow, Esther</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Classical Dictionary">The Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i> (4 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191735257" title="Special:BookSources/9780191735257"><bdi>9780191735257</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Bructeri, a Germanic people living north of the Lippe in the neighbourhood of modern Münster. A powerful people...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bructeri&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780191735257&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Edward+Arthur&rft.au=Drinkwater%2C+John+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199545568.001.0001%2Facref-9780199545568-e-1183%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABructeri" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0078:book=1:chapter=60&highlight=bructeri">Tac. Ann. 1.60</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Brukterer, § 2 (Historisches)</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Germanische_Altertumskunde_Online" title="Germanische Altertumskunde Online">Germanische Altertumskunde Online</a></i>. Vol. 3 (1978), S. 585.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0083:chapter=8&highlight=veleda">Tac. Ger. 8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=4:chapter=61&highlight=veleda">Tac. Hist. 4.61</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=4:chapter=65&highlight=veleda">Tac. Hist. 4.65</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0083:chapter=33&highlight=veleda">Tac. Ger. 33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198:book=7:chapter=1&highlight=bructeri">Strabo, Geography 7.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reshistoriaeantiqua.co.uk/Ptol7.html">Ptolemaeus 2.11.</a> and also at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/10.html">lacuscurtius site</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0083:chapter=33&highlight=bructeri">Tac. Ger. 33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchütte" class="citation cs2">Schütte, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ptolemysmapsofno00schrich"><i>Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe, a reconstruction of the prototypes</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemy%27s+maps+of+northern+Europe%2C+a+reconstruction+of+the+prototypes&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCtte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fptolemysmapsofno00schrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABructeri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Pierre_Poly2016" class="citation cs2">Jean-Pierre Poly (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cliothemis.com/Freedom-warriors-bond-legalbook">"Freedom, Warriors' Bond, Legal Book: The <i>Lex Salica</i> Between Barbarian Custom and Roman Law"</a>, <i>Clio et Thémis</i>, <b>11</b>: 1–25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clio+et+Th%C3%A9mis&rft.atitle=Freedom%2C+Warriors%27+Bond%2C+Legal+Book%3A+The+Lex+Salica+Between+Barbarian+Custom+and+Roman+Law&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Jean-Pierre+Poly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cliothemis.com%2FFreedom-warriors-bond-legalbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABructeri" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, at 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lapidge" title="Michael Lapidge">Michael Lapidge</a> (ed.), Paolo Chiesa (trans.), Beda, <i>Storia degli Inglesi = Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</i> (Arnoldo Mondadori, 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&redir_esc=y&id=guRQAQAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=boructuari">p. 358</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindy_A._McKinney2011" class="citation cs2">Windy A. McKinney (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1626/1/Final_Document.pdf"><i>Creating a </i>gens Anglorum<i>: Social and Ethnic Identity in Anglo-Saxon England through the Lens of Bede's </i>Historia Ecclesiastica<i><span></span></i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD diss.), University of York</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+a+gens+Anglorum%3A+Social+and+Ethnic+Identity+in+Anglo-Saxon+England+through+the+Lens+of+Bede%27s+Historia+Ecclesiastica&rft.pub=University+of+York&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Windy+A.+McKinney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F1626%2F1%2FFinal_Document.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABructeri" class="Z3988"></span>, pp. 10 & 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Pohl1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pohl" title="Walter Pohl">Walter Pohl</a> (1997), "Ethnic Names and Identities in the British Isles: A Comparative Perspective", in John Hines (ed.), <i>The Anglo-Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective</i>, Boydell Press, pp. 7–32</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Names+and+Identities+in+the+British+Isles%3A+A+Comparative+Perspective&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxons+from+the+Migration+Period+to+the+Eighth+Century%3A+An+Ethnographic+Perspective&rft.pages=7-32&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Walter+Pohl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABructeri" class="Z3988"></span>, at 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_N._Wood1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ian_N._Wood" title="Ian N. Wood">Ian N. Wood</a> (1997), "Before and After the Migration to Britain", in John Hines (ed.), <i>The Anglo-Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective</i>, Boydell Press, pp. 41–53</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Before+and+After+the+Migration+to+Britain&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxons+from+the+Migration+Period+to+the+Eighth+Century%3A+An+Ethnographic+Perspective&rft.pages=41-53&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Ian+N.+Wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABructeri" class="Z3988"></span>, at 41 & 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bede <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/CompleteWorksOfVenerableBedeV03/page/n211/mode/2up">https://archive.org/details/CompleteWorksOfVenerableBedeV03/page/n211/mode/2up</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John-Henry Clay, <i>In the Shadow of Death: Saint Boniface and the Conversion of Hessia, 721–54</i> (Brepols, 2010), p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimpff2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schimpff, Volker (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/receive/jportal_jparticle_00192535">"Sondershausen und das Wippergebiet im früheren Mittelalter - einige zumeist namenkundliche Bemerkungen eines Archäologen"</a>. <i>Alt-Thüringen</i> (in German). <b>40</b>: 291–302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alt-Th%C3%BCringen&rft.atitle=Sondershausen+und+das+Wippergebiet+im+fr%C3%BCheren+Mittelalter+-+einige+zumeist+namenkundliche+Bemerkungen+eines+Arch%C3%A4ologen&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=291-302&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Schimpff&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzs.thulb.uni-jena.de%2Freceive%2Fjportal_jparticle_00192535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABructeri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John-Henry Clay, <i>In the Shadow of Death: Saint Boniface and the Conversion of Hessia, 721–54</i> (Brepols, 2010), pp. 197–198. The Nistresi are perhaps the Niftharsi or else the people of the river <a href="/wiki/Nister_(river)" title="Nister (river)">Nister</a>. The Wedrecii are probably people of the river <a href="/wiki/Wetschaft" title="Wetschaft">Wetschaft</a>. The Suduodi are unidentifiable. The Graffelti are the people of the <a href="/wiki/Grabfeld" title="Grabfeld">Grabfeld</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeuss1837" class="citation cs2">Zeuss (1837), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rVQEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA353"><i>Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Deutschen+und+die+Nachbarst%C3%A4mme&rft.date=1837&rft.au=Zeuss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrVQEAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABructeri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bructeri&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ralf G. Jahn: <i>Der römisch-germanische Krieg (9-16 n. Chr.)</i>. Inaugural-Dissertation, Bonn 2001.</li> <li>Günter Neumann, Harald von Petrikovits, Rafael von Uslar: <i>Brukterer</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Reallexikon_der_Germanischen_Altertumskunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde">Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</a></i>. Bd. 3, S. 581ff.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bructeri&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/xix.html">Legio XIX, www.livius.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506131104/http://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/xix.html">Archived</a> 2015-05-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> „<i>In 15, the eagle of the nineteenth was recovered by the Roman commander Lucius Stertinius among the Bructeri.</i>“</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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