CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Suebi - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2f0c496b-e1a5-437c-950c-29e9137f619a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Suebi","wgTitle":"Suebi","wgCurRevisionId":1275156004,"wgRevisionId":1275156004,"wgArticleId":28487,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Languages without Glottolog code","Language articles with unreferenced extinction date","Languages with neither ISO nor Glottolog code","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2011","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Suebi","Early Germanic peoples","Foederati","Irminones"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Suebi","wgRelevantArticleId":28487,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q155085","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.20"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/1st_century_Germani.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="972"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/1st_century_Germani.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="648"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="518"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Suebi - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebi"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebi"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Suebi rootpage-Suebi skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Suebi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Suebi" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Suebi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Suebi" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-More_than_one_tribe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#More_than_one_tribe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>More than one tribe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-More_than_one_tribe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribes_names_in_classical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribes_names_in_classical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tribes names in classical sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribes_names_in_classical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_bank_of_the_Danube" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_bank_of_the_Danube"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Northern bank of the Danube</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_bank_of_the_Danube-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approaching_the_Rhine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approaching_the_Rhine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Approaching the Rhine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approaching_the_Rhine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Elbe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Elbe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>The Elbe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Elbe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_of_the_Elbe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_of_the_Elbe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>East of the Elbe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_of_the_Elbe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baltic_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltic_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Baltic Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltic_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cultural characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historical events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ariovistus_and_the_Suebi_in_58_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ariovistus_and_the_Suebi_in_58_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ariovistus and the Suebi in 58 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ariovistus_and_the_Suebi_in_58_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caesar_and_the_Suebi_in_55_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caesar_and_the_Suebi_in_55_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Caesar and the Suebi in 55 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caesar_and_the_Suebi_in_55_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhine_crossing_of_29_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhine_crossing_of_29_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Rhine crossing of 29 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhine_crossing_of_29_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_victory_of_Drusus_in_9_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_victory_of_Drusus_in_9_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>The victory of Drusus in 9 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_victory_of_Drusus_in_9_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_defeat_in_9_AD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_defeat_in_9_AD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Roman defeat in 9 AD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_defeat_in_9_AD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_9_AD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_9_AD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Aftermath of 9 AD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_9_AD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marcomannic_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marcomannic_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Marcomannic wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marcomannic_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Migration period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suevian_Kingdom_of_Gallaecia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suevian_Kingdom_of_Gallaecia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Suevian Kingdom of Gallaecia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Suevian_Kingdom_of_Gallaecia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Suevian Kingdom of Gallaecia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Suevian_Kingdom_of_Gallaecia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years_of_the_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years_of_the_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Last years of the kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years_of_the_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat_by_the_Visigoths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat_by_the_Visigoths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Defeat by the Visigoths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat_by_the_Visigoths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conversion_to_Arianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_to_Arianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6.1</span> <span>Conversion to Arianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_to_Arianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_to_Orthodox_Trinitarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_to_Orthodox_Trinitarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6.2</span> <span>Conversion to Orthodox Trinitarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_to_Orthodox_Trinitarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norse_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norse_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Norse mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norse_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Suebi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebe" title="Suebe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suebe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sueben" title="Sueben – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sueben" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="سويبيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سويبيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sueus" title="Sueus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sueus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suevos" title="Suevos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Suevos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Свевы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Свевы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Свеби – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свеби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sueved" title="Sueved – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sueved" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sueus" title="Sueus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sueus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Свевсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Свевсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A9bov%C3%A9" title="Svébové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svébové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svebere" title="Svebere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Svebere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sueben" title="Sueben – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sueben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sueebid" title="Sueebid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sueebid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Σουάβοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουάβοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_suevo" title="Pueblo suevo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo suevo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sueboj" title="Sueboj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sueboj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebo" title="Suebo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Suebo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="سوئبی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوئبی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A8ves" title="Suèves – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suèves" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%ABven" title="Suëven – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Suëven" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suevos" title="Suevos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Suevos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%97%90%EB%B9%84" title="수에비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수에비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svevi" title="Svevi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svevi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Suebi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suebi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Suebi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სვებები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სვებები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waswevi" title="Waswevi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waswevi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Suebi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svebai" title="Svebai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Svebai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sueba" title="Sueba – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sueba" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szv%C3%A9bek" title="Szvébek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szvébek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Свеви – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Свеви" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebos" title="Suebos – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Suebos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sueben" title="Sueben – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sueben" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sueben" title="Sueben – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sueben" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%93%E6%97%8F" title="スエビ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スエビ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sueben" title="Sueben – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sueben" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svebere" title="Svebere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svebere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sueus" title="Sueus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sueus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swebowie" title="Swebowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Swebowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suevos" title="Suevos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suevos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Suebi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Свевы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свевы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Suebi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svevi" title="Svevi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Svevi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A9bi" title="Svébi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Svébi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svebi" title="Svebi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svebi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Свеви – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свеви" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svevi" title="Svevi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svevi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveebit" title="Sveebit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sveebit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveber" title="Sveber – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sveber" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suevi" title="Suevi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Suevi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Свеви – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Свеви" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="سوئبی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سوئبی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Suebi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sueevn" title="Sueevn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sueevn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E6%B1%87%E4%BA%BA" title="苏维汇人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏维汇人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E6%B1%87%E4%BA%BA" title="苏维汇人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苏维汇人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q155085#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Suebi" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Suebi"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Suebi"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Suebi" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Suebi" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&oldid=1275156004" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Suebi&id=1275156004&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSuebi"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSuebi"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Suebi&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Suebi" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q155085" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical ethnic grouping of Germanic tribes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Suebians" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Swabians" title="Swabians">Swabians</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_century_Germani.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1st_century_Germani.png/300px-1st_century_Germani.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1st_century_Germani.png/450px-1st_century_Germani.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/1st_century_Germani.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>The approximate positions of some <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> reported by Graeco-Roman authors in the 1st century. Suebian peoples in red, and other <a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a> in purple.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Suebi</b> (also spelled <b>Suavi</b>, <b>Suevi</b> or <b>Suebians</b>) were a large group of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> originally from the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> river region in what is now <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a>. In the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman era">Roman era</a> they included many peoples with their own names such as the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>. New groupings formed later, such as the <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bavarians" title="Bavarians">Bavarians</a>, and two kingdoms in the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> were simply referred to as Suebian.<sup id="cite_ref-Germanic_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germanic-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> specified that the Suebian group was not an old tribal group itself, the Suebian peoples are associated by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a>, a grouping of Germanic peoples who claimed ancestral connections. Tacitus mentions Suebian languages, and a geographical "Suevia". </p><p>The Suevians were first mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Gaul" title="Germanisation of Gaul">invasion of Gaul</a> led by the Germanic king <a href="/wiki/Ariovistus" title="Ariovistus">Ariovistus</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>. Unlike Strabo and Tacitus who wrote later, he described them as a single people, distinct from the Marcomanni, within the larger Germanic category, who he saw as a growing threat to Gaul and Italy in the first century BC, as they had been moving southwards aggressively, at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> tribes, and establishing a Germanic presence in the immediate areas north of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. In particular, Caesar saw the Suebians as the most warlike of the Germanic peoples. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> the first emperor, Rome made aggressive campaigns into <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, east of the Rhine and north of the Danube, pushing towards the Elbe. After suffering a major defeat to the Romans in 9 BC, <a href="/wiki/Maroboduus" title="Maroboduus">Maroboduus</a> became king of a Suevian kingdom which was established within the protective mountains and forests of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>. The Suevians did not join the alliance led by <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 69 AD the Suebian kings <a href="/wiki/Italicus_(chieftain)" title="Italicus (chieftain)">Italicus</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sido_(Suebian_King)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sido (Suebian King) (page does not exist)">Sido</a> provided support to the Flavian faction under <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> in the 2nd century AD, the Marcomanni, perhaps under pressure from <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="East Germanic tribes">East Germanic tribes</a> to their north, <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">invaded</a> Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>, new Suebian groups had emerged, and Italy was invaded again by the <a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a> ravaged <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and settled the <a href="/wiki/Agri_Decumates" title="Agri Decumates">Agri Decumates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Alamanni continued exerting pressure on Gaul, while the Alamannic chieftain <a href="/wiki/Chrocus" title="Chrocus">Chrocus</a> played an important role in elevating <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>. </p><p>By the late 4th century AD, the Middle Danubian frontier inhabited by the Quadi and Marcomanni received large numbers of Gothic and other eastern peoples escaping disturbances associated with the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>. In 406 AD, Suebian tribes led by <a href="/wiki/Hermeric" title="Hermeric">Hermeric</a>, together with other Danubian groups including Alans and Vandals, <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossed the Rhine</a> and overran <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>. They eventually established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Galicia</a>. With the breaking up of Hunnic power after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nedao" title="Battle of Nedao">Battle of Nedao</a> there was also a short-lived Kingdom of the Suebi on the Danube, under <a href="/wiki/Hunimund" title="Hunimund">Hunimund</a>. They were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, one of the peoples of eastern origin who had been allies of the Huns. In the sixth century the Suevic <a href="/wiki/Longobards" class="mw-redirect" title="Longobards">Longobards</a> moved from the Elbe to become one of the major powers of the Middle <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, in competition with the dynasties from the east such as the <a href="/wiki/Herules" class="mw-redirect" title="Herules">Herules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>. </p><p>During the last years of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">decline</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, the Suebian general <a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimer</a> was its <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lombards, with many Danubian peoples both Suebian and eastern, later settled Italy and established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Kingdom of the Lombards</a>. </p><p>The Alamanni, <a href="/wiki/Bavarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarii">Bavarii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a> who remained in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> gave their names to the still-existing <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suebian languages are thought to be a main source of the later <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German languages</a>, especially the Upper-German dialects predominant in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria, which experienced the <a href="/wiki/Second_consonant_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Second consonant shift">Second consonant shift</a> some time after about 600 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Etymologists trace the name from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> *<i>swēbaz</i> based on the Proto-Germanic <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a> *<i>swē-</i> found in the third-person <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">reflexive pronoun</a>, giving the meaning "one's own" people,<sup id="cite_ref-urnordisk_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urnordisk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in turn from an earlier <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Indo-European</a> root <i>*swe-</i> (Polish <i>swe, swój, swoi,</i> Latin <i>sui,</i> Italian <i>suo, </i> Sanskrit <i>swa</i>, each meaning "one's own").<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The etymological sources list the following ethnic names as being from the same root: <a href="/wiki/Swedes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedes (Germanic tribe)">Suiones</a> (whence also the name of the <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a>), <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabellians" title="Sabellians">Sabellians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabines</a>, and, according to one of the hypotheses, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic people">Slavs</a>, indicating the possibility of a prior more extended and common Indo-European ethnic name, "our own people". Notably, the <a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a>, known to classical authors as one of the largest Suebian groups, also seem to have a name with this same meaning, but recorded with a different pronunciation by the Romans. </p><p>Alternatively, it may be borrowed from a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> word for "vagabond".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mu%C5%A1ov_Cauldron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mu%C5%A1ov_Cauldron.jpg/220px-Mu%C5%A1ov_Cauldron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mu%C5%A1ov_Cauldron.jpg/330px-Mu%C5%A1ov_Cauldron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mu%C5%A1ov_Cauldron.jpg/440px-Mu%C5%A1ov_Cauldron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Mušov Cauldron, a Roman bronze cauldron found in 1988 in a Germanic chieftain's grave in <a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1ov" title="Mušov">Mušov</a>, Czech Republic, dating to the 2nd century A.D. The cauldron is decorated by four cast heads of Germanic men wearing a <a href="/wiki/Suebian_knot" title="Suebian knot">Suebian knot</a> hairstyle</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Statuette_of_a_Suebi_captive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bronze_Statuette_of_a_Suebi_captive.jpg/250px-Bronze_Statuette_of_a_Suebi_captive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bronze_Statuette_of_a_Suebi_captive.jpg/330px-Bronze_Statuette_of_a_Suebi_captive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bronze_Statuette_of_a_Suebi_captive.jpg/500px-Bronze_Statuette_of_a_Suebi_captive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Roman bronze statuette of a Suebian captive. First to 3rd century AD.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_than_one_tribe">More than one tribe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: More than one tribe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caesar placed the Suebi east of the <a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a> apparently near modern <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, in the position where later writers mention the <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a>, and he distinguished them from their allies the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>. Some commentators believe that Caesar's Suebi were the later Chatti or possibly the <a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later authors use the term <i>Suebi</i> more broadly, "to cover a large number of tribes in central Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Caesar treated them as one Germanic tribe within an alliance, albeit the largest and most warlike one, later authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, specified that the Suevi "do not, like the <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a>, constitute a single nation. They actually occupy more than half of Germania, and are divided into a number of distinct tribes under distinct names, though all generally are called Suebi".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although no classical authors explicitly call the Chatti Suevic, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (23 AD – 79 AD), reported in his <i>Natural History</i> that the Irminones were a large grouping of related Germanic <i>gentes</i> or "tribes" including not only the Suebi, but also the Hermunduri, Chatti and <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-plin4.14_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plin4.14-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether or not the Chatti were ever considered Suevi, both Tacitus and Strabo distinguish the two partly because the Chatti were more settled in one territory, whereas Suevi remained less settled.<sup id="cite_ref-strabo_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strabo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The definitions of the greater ethnic groupings within <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> were apparently not always consistent and clear, especially in the case of mobile groups such as the Suevi. Whereas Tacitus reported three main kinds of German peoples, Irminones, <a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a>, Pliny specifically adds two more <i>genera</i> or "kinds", the <a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a> and the Vandili (<a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>). The Vandals were tribes east of the Elbe, including the well-known <a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a>, an area that Tacitus treated as Suebic. That the Vandals might be a separate type of Germanic people, corresponding to the modern concept of <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Germanic">East Germanic</a>, is a possibility that Tacitus also noted, but for example the <a href="/wiki/Varini" class="mw-redirect" title="Varini">Varini</a> are named as Vandilic by Pliny, and specifically Suebic by Tacitus. </p><p>At one time, classical ethnography had applied the name <i>Suevi</i> to so many Germanic tribes that it appeared as if, in the first centuries AD, that native name would replace the foreign name "Germans".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern term "Elbe Germanic" similarly covers a large grouping of Germanic peoples that at least overlaps with the classical terms "Suevi" and "Irminones". However, this term was developed mainly as an attempt to define the ancient peoples who must have spoken the Germanic dialects that led to modern <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> dialects spoken in Austria, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> and German speaking Switzerland. This was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Friedrich Maurer</a> as one of five major <i>Kulturkreise</i> or "culture-groups" whose dialects developed in the southern German area from the first century BC through to the fourth century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from his own linguistic work with modern dialects, he also referred to the archaeological and literary analysis of Germanic tribes done earlier by <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Kossinna" title="Gustaf Kossinna">Gustaf Kossinna</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of these proposed ancient dialects, the Vandals, Goths and Burgundians are generally referred to as members of the Eastern Germanic group, distinct from the Elbe Germanic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribes_names_in_classical_sources">Tribes names in classical sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tribes names in classical sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_bank_of_the_Danube">Northern bank of the Danube</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Northern bank of the Danube"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20181124Lobdengau-Museum05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/20181124Lobdengau-Museum05.jpg/250px-20181124Lobdengau-Museum05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/20181124Lobdengau-Museum05.jpg/330px-20181124Lobdengau-Museum05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/20181124Lobdengau-Museum05.jpg/500px-20181124Lobdengau-Museum05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Suebi ceramics. Lobdengau-Museum, <a href="/wiki/Ladenburg" title="Ladenburg">Ladenburg</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>In the time of Caesar, southern Germany had a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> and Germanic tribes and was increasingly coming under pressure from Germanic groups led by the Suebi. As described later by Tacitus, what is today southern Germany between the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a>, and the Rhine had been deserted by the departure of two large Celtic nations, the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Schwaben" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwaben">Schwaben</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a> further east near the <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercynian forest">Hercynian forest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tac._Ger._28_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tac._Ger._28-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, near the Hercynian forest Caesar believed that the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Tectosages" title="Tectosages">Tectosages</a> had once lived. All of these peoples had for the most part moved by the time of Tacitus. Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> wrote that the Suebi, who dwelt across the Rhine, were called Celts.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may follow a Greek tradition of labelling all barbarian people north of the Alps as Celtic. </p><p>Strabo (64/63 BC – c. 24 AD), in Book IV (6.9) of his <i>Geography</i> also associates the Suebi with the <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_Forest" title="Hercynian Forest">Hercynian Forest</a> and the south of Germania north of the Danube. He describes a chain of mountains north of the Danube that is like a lower extension of the Alps, possibly the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Swabian Alps">Swabian Alps</a>, and further east the <a href="/wiki/Gabreta_Forest" title="Gabreta Forest">Gabreta Forest</a>, possibly the modern <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohemian forest">Bohemian forest</a>. In Book VII (1.3) Strabo specifically mentions as Suevic peoples the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>, who under King <a href="/wiki/Marobodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marobodus">Marobodus</a> had moved into the same Hercynian forest as the <a href="/wiki/Coldui" class="mw-redirect" title="Coldui">Coldui</a> (possibly the <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a>), taking over an area called "Boihaemum". This king "took the rulership and acquired, in addition to the peoples aforementioned, the <a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> (a large tribe), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zumi (page does not exist)">Zumi</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Butones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butones (page does not exist)">Butones</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugilones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugilones (page does not exist)">Mugilones</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sibini (page does not exist)">Sibini</a>, and also the <a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a>, a large tribe of the Suevi themselves". Some of these tribes were "inside the forest" and some "outside of it".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tacitus confirms the name "Boiemum", saying it was a survival marking the old traditional population of the place, the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a>, though the population had changed.<sup id="cite_ref-Tac._Ger._28_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tac._Ger._28-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> describes a series of very powerful Suebian states in his own time, running along the north of the Danube which was the frontier with Rome, and stretching into the lands where the Elbe originates in the modern day <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. Going from west to east the first were the <a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a>, living near the sources of the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> and stretching across the Danube into Roman <a href="/wiki/Rhaetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhaetia">Rhaetia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next came the <a href="/wiki/Naristi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naristi">Naristi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>, and then the <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a>. The Quadi are on the edge of greater Suebia, having the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> to the southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suebi_Germanic_with_nodus_found_in_Apt,_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Suebi_Germanic_with_nodus_found_in_Apt%2C_France.jpg/220px-Suebi_Germanic_with_nodus_found_in_Apt%2C_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="452" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Suebi_Germanic_with_nodus_found_in_Apt%2C_France.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Suebi Germanic with nodus found in Apt, France</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a> the geographer did not always state which tribes were Suebi, but along the northern bank of the Danube, from west to east and starting at the "<a href="/wiki/Agri_Decumates" title="Agri Decumates">desert</a>" formerly occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a>, he names the <a href="/wiki/Parmaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parmaecampi">Parmaecampi</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a>, and then a "large people" known as the <a href="/wiki/Baemoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Baemoi">Baemoi</a> (whose name appears to recall the <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a> again), and then the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Racatriae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racatriae (page does not exist)">Racatriae</a>. North of the Baemoi, is the <a href="/wiki/Luna_forest" title="Luna forest">Luna forest</a> which has iron mines, and which is south of the Quadi. North of the Adrabaecampi, are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudini (page does not exist)">Sudini</a> and then the Marcomanni living in the Gambreta forest. North of them, but south of the Sudetes mountains (which are not likely to be the same as the modern ones of that name) are the <a href="/wiki/Varisti" class="mw-redirect" title="Varisti">Varisti</a>, who are probably the same as Tacitus' "Naristi" mentioned above. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> writes that in the early 4th century the Vandals had moved to the north of the Danube, but with the Marcomanni still to their west, and the Hermunduri still to their north. A possible sign of confusion in this comment is that he equates the area in question to later <a href="/wiki/Gepidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gepidia">Gepidia</a>, which was further south, in Pannonia, modern Hungary, and east of the Danube.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, as discussed below, the Danubian Suebi, along with the neighbours such as the Vandals, apparently moved southwards into Roman territories, both south and east of the Danube, during this period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Approaching_the_Rhine">Approaching the Rhine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Approaching the Rhine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caesar describes the Suebi as pressing the German tribes of the Rhine, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a>, from the east, forcing them from their homes. While emphasizing their warlike nature he writes as if they had a settled homeland somewhere between the <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a>, and separated from the Cherusci by a deep forest called the Silva Bacenis. He also describes the Marcomanni as a tribe distinct from the Suebi, and also active within the same alliance. But he does not describe where they were living. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> wrote that the Suebi "excel all the others in power and numbers."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He describes Suebic peoples (Greek <i>ethnē</i>) as having come to dominate Germany between the Rhine and Elbe, with the exception of the Rhine valley, on the frontier with the Roman empire, and the "coastal" regions north of the Rhine. </p><p>The geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (c. AD 90 – c. AD 168), in a fairly extensive account of Greater Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> makes several unusual mentions of Suebi between the Rhine and the Elbe. He describes their position as stretching out in a band from the Elbe, all the way to the northern Rhine, near the <a href="/wiki/Sugambri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugambri">Sugambri</a>. The "Suevi <a href="/wiki/Langobardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Langobardi">Langobardi</a>" are the Suevi located closest to the Rhine, far to the east of where most sources report them. To the east of the Langobardi, are the "Suevi <a href="/wiki/Angili" class="mw-redirect" title="Angili">Angili</a>", extending as far north as the middle Elbe, also to the east of the position reported in other sources. It has been speculated that Ptolemy may have been confused by his sources, or else that this position of the Langobardi represented a particular moment in history.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As discussed below, in the third century a large group of Suebi, also referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Allemanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Allemanni">Allemanni</a>, moved up to the Rhine bank in modern <a href="/wiki/Schwaben" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwaben">Schwaben</a>, which had previously been controlled by the Romans. They competed in this region with Burgundians who had arrived from further east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Elbe">The Elbe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Elbe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strabo does not say much about the Suebi east of the Elbe, saying that this region was still unknown to Romans,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but mentions that a part of the Suebi live there, naming only specifically the <a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Langobardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Langobardi">Langobardi</a>. But he mentions these are there because of recent defeats at Roman hands which had forced them over the river. (Tacitus mentions that the Hermunduri were later welcomed on to the Roman border at the Danube.) In any case he says that the area near the Elbe itself is held by the Suebi.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Tacitus and Ptolemy we can derive more details: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a> are described by Tacitus as "the oldest and noblest of the Suebi", and, like the Suebi described by Caesar, they have 100 cantons. Tacitus says that "the vastness of their community makes them regard themselves as the head of the Suevic race".<sup id="cite_ref-Section_39_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Section_39-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ptolemy the "Suevi Semnones" live upon the Elbe and stretch as far east as a river apparently named after them, the Suevus, probably the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a>. South of them he places the <a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a>, and then, again upon the Elbe, the <a href="/wiki/Calucones" title="Calucones">Calucones</a>. To the southeast further up the upper Elbe he places not the Hermunduri mentioned by other authors (who had possibly moved westwards and become Ptolemy's "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teuriochaemai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teuriochaemai (page does not exist)">Teuriochaemai</a>", and the later <a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a>), but the <a href="/wiki/Baenochaemae" class="mw-redirect" title="Baenochaemae">Baenochaemae</a> (whose name appears to be somehow related to the modern name <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, and somehow derived from the older placename mentioned by Strabo and Tacitus as the capital of King <a href="/wiki/Marobodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marobodus">Marobodus</a> after he settled his Marcomanni in the <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercynian forest">Hercynian forest</a>). A monument confirms that the <a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a>, who fought the Romans in the 3rd century, and were associated with the Alamanni, were Semnones.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Langobardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Langobardi">Langobardi</a> live a bit further from Rome's borders, in "scanty numbers" but "surrounded by a host of most powerful tribes" and kept safe "by daring the perils of war" according to Tacitus.<sup id="cite_ref-sect40_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sect40-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tacitus names seven tribes who live "next" after the Langobardi, "fenced in by rivers or forests" stretching "into the remoter regions of Germany". These all worshiped <a href="/wiki/Nertha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nertha">Nertha</a>, or Mother Earth, whose sacred grove was on an island in the Ocean (presumably the Baltic Sea): <a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aviones" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviones">Aviones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglii" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglii">Anglii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varini" class="mw-redirect" title="Varini">Varini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eudoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudoses">Eudoses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suarini" class="mw-redirect" title="Suarini">Suarini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuitones" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuitones">Nuitones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sect40_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sect40-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>At the mouth of the Elbe (and in the Danish peninsula), the classical authors do not place any Suevi, but rather the <a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a> to the west of the Elbe, and the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> to the east, and in the "neck" of the peninsula.</li></ul> <p>Note that while various errors and confusions are possible, Ptolemy places the Angles and Langobardi west of the Elbe, where they may indeed have been present at some points in time, given that the Suebi were often mobile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_of_the_Elbe">East of the Elbe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: East of the Elbe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is already mentioned above that stretching between the Elbe and the Oder, the classical authors place the Suebic Semnones. Ptolemy places the <a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a> to their south in the stretch between these rivers. These Silingi appear in later history as a branch of the Vandals, and were therefore likely to be speakers of <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Germanic">East Germanic</a> dialects. Their name is associated with medieval <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>. Further south on the Elbe are the Baenochaemae and between them and the Askibourgian mountains Ptolemy names a tribe called the <a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Batini</a> (Βατεινοὶ), apparently north and/or east of the Elbe. </p><p>According to Tacitus, around the north of the Danubian Marcomanni and Quadi, "dwelling in forests and on mountain-tops", live the <a href="/wiki/Marsigni" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsigni">Marsigni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buri_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buri (Germanic tribe)">Buri</a>, who "in their language and manner of life, resemble the Suevi".<sup id="cite_ref-sect43_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sect43-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Living partly subject to the Quadi are the <a href="/wiki/Gotini" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotini">Gotini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osi_(ancient_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Osi (ancient tribe)">Osi</a>, who Tacitus says speak respectively <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonians">Pannonian</a>, and are therefore not Germans.) Ptolemy also places the "<a href="/wiki/Lugi_Buri" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugi Buri">Lugi Buri</a>" in mountains, along with a tribe called the <a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a>. These mountains, stretching from near the upper <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> to the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>, he calls the <a href="/wiki/Askibourgian" class="mw-redirect" title="Askibourgian">Askibourgian</a> mountains. Between these mountains and the Quadi he adds several tribes, from north to south these are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidones (page does not exist)">Sidones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotini" title="Cotini">Cotini</a> (possibly Tacitus' Gotini) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Visburgi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visburgi (page does not exist)">Visburgi</a>. There is then the Orcynian (Hercyian) forest, which Ptolemy defines with relatively restricted boundaries, and then the Quadi. </p><p>Beyond this mountain range (probably the modern <a href="/wiki/Sudetes" title="Sudetes">Sudetes</a>) where the Marsigni and Buri lived, in the area of modern southwest Poland, Tacitus reported a multitude of tribes, the most widespread name of which was the <a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a>. These included the <a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naharvali" class="mw-redirect" title="Naharvali">Naharvali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sect43_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sect43-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Tacitus does not mention the language of the Lugii.) As mentioned above, Ptolemy categorizes the Buri amongst the Lugii, and concerning the Lugii north of the mountains, he named two large groups, the Lougoi Omanoi and the Lougoi Didounoi, who live between the "Suevus" river (probably the <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a>: <i>Solawa</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> river) and the Vistula, south of the <a href="/wiki/Burgundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundi">Burgundi</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vindobona_Hoher_Markt-79.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Vindobona_Hoher_Markt-79.JPG/250px-Vindobona_Hoher_Markt-79.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Vindobona_Hoher_Markt-79.JPG/330px-Vindobona_Hoher_Markt-79.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Vindobona_Hoher_Markt-79.JPG/500px-Vindobona_Hoher_Markt-79.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Suebi Captive Representation in Roman bronze figure</figcaption></figure> <p>These Burgundians who according to Ptolemy lived between the Baltic sea Germans and the Lugii, stretching between the Suevus and Vistula rivers, were described by Pliny the Elder (as opposed to Tacitus) as being not Suevic but <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandili</a>, amongst whom he also included the Goths, and the Varini, both being people living north of them near the Baltic coast. Pliny's "Vandili" are generally thought to be speakers of what modern linguists refer to as <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Germanic">Eastern Germanic</a>. Between the coastal Saxons and inland Suebi, Ptolemy names the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teutonari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teutonari (page does not exist)">Teutonari</a> and the "Viruni" (presumably the Varini of Tacitus), and further east, between the coastal Farodini and the Suebi are the <a href="/wiki/Teutones" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutones">Teutones</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Avarni" class="mw-redirect" title="Avarni">Avarni</a>. Further east again, between the Burgundians and the coastal Rugiclei were the "Aelvaeones" (presumably the Helveconae of Tacitus). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baltic_Sea">Baltic Sea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Baltic Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tacitus called the Baltic sea the Suebian sea. <a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a> wrote in his <i>Description of the World</i> (III.3.31) beyond the Danish isles are "the farthest people of Germania, the Hermiones". </p><p>North of the Lugii, near the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, Tacitus places the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothones (Goths)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a>. These three Germanic tribes share a tradition of having kings, and also similar arms – round shields and short swords.<sup id="cite_ref-sect43_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sect43-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ptolemy says that east of the Saxons, from the "Chalusus" river to the "Suevian" river are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farodini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farodini (page does not exist)">Farodini</a>, then the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidini (page does not exist)">Sidini</a> up to the "Viadua" river, and after these the "Rugiclei" up to the Vistula river (probably referring to the "Rugii" of Tacitus). He does not specify if these are Suevi. </p><p>In the sea, the states of the <a href="/wiki/Suiones" class="mw-redirect" title="Suiones">Suiones</a>, "powerful in ships" are, according to Tacitus, Germans with the Suevic (Baltic) sea on one side and an "almost motionless" sea on the other more remote side. Modern commentators believe this refers to <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Closely bordering on the Suiones and closely resembling them, are the tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sect45_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sect45-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ptolemy describes Scandinavia as being inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a> in the west, <a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a> in the east, <a href="/wiki/Fenni" title="Fenni">Finni</a> in the north, <a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Gautae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a> in the south, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Levoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levoni (page does not exist)">Levoni</a> in the middle. He does not describe them as Suebi. </p><p>Tacitus describes the non-Germanic <a href="/wiki/Aestii" class="mw-redirect" title="Aestii">Aestii</a> on the eastern shore of the "Suevic Sea" (Baltic), "whose rites and fashions and style of dress are those of the Suevi, while their language is more like the British."<sup id="cite_ref-sect45_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sect45-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After giving this account, Tacitus says: "Here Suebia ends."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, for Tacitus <i>geographic</i> "Suebia" comprises the entire periphery of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, including within it tribes not identified as Suebi or even Germanic. On the other hand, Tacitus does clearly consider there to be not only a Suebian region, but also Suebian languages, and Suebian customs, which all contribute to making a specific tribe more or less "Suebian".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_characteristics">Cultural characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cultural characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caesar noted that rather than grain crops, they spent time on animal husbandry and hunting. They wore animal skins, bathed in rivers, consumed milk and meat products, and prohibited wine, allowing trade only to dispose of their booty and otherwise they had no goods to export. They had no private ownership of land and were not permitted to stay resident in one place for more than one year. They were divided into 100 cantons, each of which had to provide and support 1000 armed men for the constant pursuit of war. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IArta_romana_prizonier_MG_1761_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/IArta_romana_prizonier_MG_1761_02.JPG/220px-IArta_romana_prizonier_MG_1761_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/IArta_romana_prizonier_MG_1761_02.JPG/330px-IArta_romana_prizonier_MG_1761_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/IArta_romana_prizonier_MG_1761_02.JPG/440px-IArta_romana_prizonier_MG_1761_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Captive with Suebian knot National Museum of Romanian History</figcaption></figure><p> Strabo describes the Suebi and people from their part of the world as highly mobile and nomadic, unlike more settled and agricultural tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a>:</p><blockquote><p>...they do not till the soil or even store up food, but live in small huts that are merely temporary structures; and they live for the most part off their flocks, as the Nomads do, so that, in imitation of the Nomads, they load their household belongings on their wagons and with their beasts turn whithersoever they think best.</p></blockquote> <p>Notable in classical sources, the Suebi can be identified by their hair style called the "<a href="/wiki/Suebian_knot" title="Suebian knot">Suebian knot</a>", which "distinguishes the freeman from the slave";<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in other words served as a badge of social rank. The same passage points out that chiefs "use an even more elaborate style". </p><p>Tacitus mentions the sacrifice of humans practiced by the <a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a> in a sacred grove<sup id="cite_ref-Section_39_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Section_39-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the murder of slaves used in the rites of <a href="/wiki/Nerthus" title="Nerthus">Nerthus</a> practiced by the tribes of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sect40_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sect40-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief priest of the <a href="/wiki/Naharvali" class="mw-redirect" title="Naharvali">Naharvali</a> dresses as a woman and that tribe also worships in groves. The <a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a> fight at night dyed black. The <a href="/wiki/Suiones" class="mw-redirect" title="Suiones">Suiones</a> own fleets of rowing vessels with prows at both ends. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Suebian</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe basin</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Suebi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">after 6th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Suebian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark_inscriptions#Continental" class="mw-redirect" title="Elder Futhark inscriptions">Runic script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i> (<code>mis</code>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png/250px-Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png/375px-Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png/500px-Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="2312" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Proposed theory on the distribution of the primary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> dialect groups in Europe in around AD 1: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a>, or Ingvaeonic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Weser%E2%80%93Rhine_Germanic" title="Weser–Rhine Germanic">Weser–Rhine Germanic</a>, or Istvaeonic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe Germanic</a>, or Irminonic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>While there is debate possible about whether all tribes identified by Romans as Germanic spoke a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic language</a>, the Suebi are generally agreed to have spoken one or more Germanic languages. Tacitus refers to Suebian languages, implying there was more than one by the end of the first century. In particular, the Suebi are associated with the concept of an "Elbe Germanic" group of early dialects spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a>, entering Germany from the east, and originating on the Baltic. In late classical times, these dialects, by now situated to the south of the Elbe, and stretching across the Danube into the Roman empire, experienced the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a> that defines modern <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German languages</a>, and in its most extreme form, <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-robinson_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian German</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic German</a> more broadly, are therefore "assumed to have evolved at least in part" from Suebian.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian dialect</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Lombardic language</a> spoken by the Lombards of Italy, and <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">standard "High German"</a> itself, are also at least partly derived from the dialects spoken by the Suebi. (The only non-Suebian name among the major groups of Upper Germanic dialects is <a href="/wiki/High_Franconian_German" title="High Franconian German">High Franconian German</a>, but this is on the transitional frontier with <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a>, as is neighboring Thuringian.)<sup id="cite_ref-robinson_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_events">Historical events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historical events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ariovistus_and_the_Suebi_in_58_BC">Ariovistus and the Suebi in 58 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ariovistus and the Suebi in 58 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julius_Caesar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Julius_Caesar.jpg/220px-Julius_Caesar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Julius_Caesar.jpg/330px-Julius_Caesar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Julius_Caesar.jpg/440px-Julius_Caesar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Marble bust of Julius Caesar, first century C.E.; recent discovery on the <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Island of Pantelleria</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_4" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Commentaries on the Gallic War/Book 4">Commentaries on the Gallic War/Book 4</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>Julius Caesar (100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) describes the Suebi in his firsthand account, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Bello_Gallico" class="mw-redirect" title="De Bello Gallico">De Bello Gallico</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the "largest and the most warlike nation of all the Germans". </p><p>Caesar confronted a large army led by a Suevic King named <a href="/wiki/Ariovistus" title="Ariovistus">Ariovistus</a> in 58 BC who had been settled for some time in Gaul already, at the invitation of the Gaulish <a href="/wiki/Arverni" title="Arverni">Arverni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sequani" title="Sequani">Sequani</a> as part of their war against the Aedui. He had already been recognized as a king by the Roman senate. Ariovistus forbade the Romans from entering into Gaul. Caesar on the other hand saw himself and Rome as an ally and defender of the Aedui. </p><p>The forces Caesar faced in battle were composed of "<a href="/wiki/Harudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Harudes">Harudes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribocci" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribocci">Tribocci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedusii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sedusii (page does not exist)">Sedusii</a>, and Suevi". While Caesar was preparing for conflict, a new force of Suebi was led to the Rhine by two brothers, Nasuas and Cimberius, forcing Caesar to rush in order to try to avoid the joining of forces. </p><p>Caesar defeated Ariovistus in battle, forcing him to escape across the Rhine. When news of this spread, the fresh Suebian forces turned back in some panic, which led local tribes on the Rhine to take advantage of the situation and attack them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caesar_and_the_Suebi_in_55_BC">Caesar and the Suebi in 55 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Caesar and the Suebi in 55 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also reported within Caesar's accounts of the Gallic wars, the Suebi posed another threat in 55 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germanic <a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a>, who had worked out an alliance with Caesar, were complaining of being harassed by the Suebi, and the Tencteri and Usipetes, already forced from their homes, tried to cross the Rhine and enter Gaul by force. Caesar bridged the Rhine, the first known to do so, with a <a href="/wiki/Pile_bridge" title="Pile bridge">pile bridge</a>, which though considered a marvel, was dismantled after only eighteen days. The Suebi abandoned their towns closest to the Romans, retreated to the forest and assembled an army. Caesar moved back across the bridge and broke it down, stating that he had achieved his objective of warning the Suebi. They in turn supposedly stopped harassing the Ubii. The Ubii were later resettled on the west bank of the Rhine, in Roman territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhine_crossing_of_29_BC">Rhine crossing of 29 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rhine crossing of 29 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (c. 150 – 235 AD) wrote the history of Rome for a Greek audience. He reported that, shortly before 29 BC, the Suebi crossed the Rhine, only to be defeated by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Carrinas_(consul_43_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Carrinas (consul 43 BC)">Gaius Carrinas</a> who, along with the young <a href="/wiki/Octavian_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian Caesar">Octavian Caesar</a>, celebrated a triumph in 29 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, they turn up fighting a group of <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacians</a> in a gladiatorial display at Rome celebrating the consecration of the Julian hero-shrine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_victory_of_Drusus_in_9_BC">The victory of Drusus in 9 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The victory of Drusus in 9 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> (c. 69 AD – after 122 AD), gives the Suebi brief mention in connection with their defeat against <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a> in 9 BC. He says that the Suebi and <a href="/wiki/Sugambri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugambri">Sugambri</a> "submitted to him and were taken into Gaul and settled in lands near the Rhine" while the other Germani were pushed "to the farther side of the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">river Albis</a>" (Elbe).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He must have meant the temporary military success of Drusus, as it is unlikely the Rhine was cleared of Germans. Elsewhere he identifies the settlers as 40,000 prisoners of war, only a fraction of the yearly draft of militia.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus</a> (c. 74 AD – c. 130 AD), gives a more detailed view of the operations of 9 BC. He reports that the <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a>, Suebi and <a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a> formed an alliance by crucifying twenty Roman centurions, but that Drusus defeated them, confiscated their plunder and sold them into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presumably only the war party was sold, as the Suebi continue to appear in the ancient sources. </p><p>Florus's report of the peace brought to Germany by Drusus is glowing but premature. He built "more than five hundred forts" and two bridges guarded by fleets. "He opened a way through the <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_Forest" title="Hercynian Forest">Hercynian Forest</a>", which implies but still does not overtly state that he had subdued the Suebi. "In a word, there was such peace in Germany that the inhabitants seemed changed ... and the very climate milder and softer than it used to be." </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annales</a></i> of Tacitus, it is mentioned that after the defeat of 9 BC the Romans made peace with <a href="/wiki/Marbod" class="mw-redirect" title="Marbod">Maroboduus</a>, who is described as king of the Suevians. This is the first mention of any permanent king of the Suebi.<sup id="cite_ref-Book_II_section_26_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_II_section_26-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Maroboduus was in most sources referred to as the king of the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>, a tribal name that had already been distinct from the Suebi in Caesar's time. (As discussed above, it is not sure which Suebi were the Suebi of Caesar, but at least they were distinguished from the Marcomanni.) However, Maroboduus was also described as Suebian, and his association with the Marcomanni more specifically comes after the Langobards and Semnones were specifically said to have left his kingdom, having previously been under his rule. At some point in this period the Marcomanni had come to be settled in the forested regions once inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a>, in and around <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, under his rule. </p><p>Augustus planned in 6 AD to destroy the kingdom of Maroboduus, which he considered to be too dangerous for the Romans. The later emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> commanded twelve legions to attack the Marcomanni, but the outbreak of a <a href="/wiki/Great_Illyrian_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Illyrian revolt">revolt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>, and the need for troops there, forced Tiberius to conclude a treaty with Maroboduus and to recognize him as king.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_defeat_in_9_AD">Roman defeat in 9 AD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Roman defeat in 9 AD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a></div> <p>After the death of Drusus, the <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a> annihilated three legions at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teutoburg_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Teutoburg Forest">Battle of Teutoburg Forest</a> and thereafter "... the empire ... was checked on the banks of the Rhine." While elements of the Suevi may have been involved, this was an alliance mainly made up of non-Suebic tribes from northwestern Germany, the Cherusci, <a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsi (Germanic)">Marsi</a>, Chatti, Bructeri, Chauci, and Sicambri. The kingdom of the Marcomanni and their allies stayed out of the conflict and when Maroboduus was sent the head of the defeated Roman leader <a href="/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus">Varus</a>, he sent it on to Rome for burial. Within his own alliance were various Suebic peoples, Hermunduri, Quadi, Semnones, Lugii, Zumi, Butones, Mugilones, Sibini and Langobards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_of_9_AD">Aftermath of 9 AD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aftermath of 9 AD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_limes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Germanic_limes.jpg/170px-Germanic_limes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Germanic_limes.jpg/255px-Germanic_limes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Germanic_limes.jpg/340px-Germanic_limes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Roman limes and modern boundaries.</figcaption></figure> <p>Subsequently, Augustus placed <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>, the son of Drusus, in charge of the forces of the Rhine and he, after dealing with a mutiny among his troops, proceeded against the <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a> and their allies, breaking their power finally at the battle of Idistavisus, a plain on the <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a>. All eight legions and supporting units of Gauls were required in order to accomplish this.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germanicus' zeal led finally to his being replaced (17 AD) by his cousin Drusus, Tiberius' son, as <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> thought it best to follow his predecessor's policy of limiting the empire. Germanicus certainly would have involved the Suebi, with unpredictable results.<sup id="cite_ref-Book_II_section_26_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_II_section_26-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a> and allies, now had a free hand. He accused Maroboduus of hiding in the <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_Forest" title="Hercynian Forest">Hercynian Forest</a> while the other Germans fought for freedom, and of being the only king among the Germans. The two groups "turned their arms against each other." The Suebic <a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Langobardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Langobardi">Langobardi</a> rebelled against their king and went over to the Cherusci. Left with only the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a> and Herminius' uncle, who had defected, Maroboduus appealed to <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus</a>, now governor of <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Illyricum</a>, and was given only a pretext of aid.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The resulting battle was indecisive but Maroboduus withdrew to Bohemia and sent for assistance to Tiberius. He was refused on the grounds that he had not moved to help <a href="/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus">Varus</a>. Drusus encouraged the Germans to finish him off. A force of <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> under <a href="/wiki/Catualda" title="Catualda">Catualda</a>, a Marcomannian exile, bought off the nobles and seized the palace. Maroboduus escaped to <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> and the Romans offered him refuge in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> where he remained the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in 37 AD. After his expulsion the leadership of the Marcomanni was contested by their Suebic neighbours and allies, the Hermunduri and Quadi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marcomannic_wars">Marcomannic wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Marcomannic wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></div> <p>In the 2nd century AD, the Marcomanni entered into a confederation with other peoples including the <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a>, Vandals, and <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, against the Roman Empire. The war began in 166, when the Marcomanni overwhelmed the defences between <a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnuntum" title="Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a>, penetrated along the border between the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, laid waste to <a href="/wiki/Flavia_Solva" title="Flavia Solva">Flavia Solva</a>, and could be stopped only shortly before reaching <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> sea. The war lasted until Marcus Aurelius' death in 180. </p><p>In the third century Jordanes claims that the Marcomanni paid tribute to the Goths, and that the princes of the Quadi were enslaved. The Vandals, who had moved south towards Pannonia, were apparently still sometimes able to defend themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration_period">Migration period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Migration period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alemanni_expansion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alemanni_expansion.png/220px-Alemanni_expansion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alemanni_expansion.png/330px-Alemanni_expansion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alemanni_expansion.png/440px-Alemanni_expansion.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Alemanni expansion and Roman-Alemannic battle sites, 3rd to 5th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In 259/60, one or more groups of Suebi appear to have been the main element in the formation of a new tribal alliance known as the <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> who came to occupy the Roman frontier region known as the <a href="/wiki/Agri_Decumates" title="Agri Decumates">Agri Decumates</a>, east of the Rhine and south of the Main. The Alamanni were sometimes simply referred to as Suebi by contemporaries, and the region came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a> – a name which survives to this day. People in this region of Germany are still called <a href="/wiki/Schwaben" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwaben">Schwaben</a>, a name derived from the Suebi. One specific group in the region in the 3rd century, sometimes distinguished from the Alamanni, were the <a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a>, which a monument found in Augsburg refers to as Semnones. </p><p>A large group of Suebi, whose origins are unclear, breached the Roman frontier by <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossing the Rhine</a>, perhaps at <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, at about the same time as the Vandals and <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> (31 December 406), thus launching an invasion of northern <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. It is thought that this group probably contained a significant amount of <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a>, moving out of their homeland under pressure from <a href="/wiki/Radagaisus" title="Radagaisus">Radagaisus</a>. This group later invaded Spain and became rulers of Roman Gaellicia. </p><p>Other Suebi apparently remained in or near to the original homeland areas near the Elbe and the modern Czech Republic, occasionally still being referred to by this term. Another group of Suebi, the so-called "northern Suebi" were described as a part of the Saxons in 569 under the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> king <a href="/wiki/Sigebert_I" title="Sigebert I">Sigebert I</a> in areas of today's <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>. An area known as <a href="/wiki/Schwabengau" title="Schwabengau">Schwabengau</a> or Suebengau existed at least until the 12th century. </p><p>Further south, a group of Suebi established a kingdom in parts of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, which appears in records after the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> were defeated in 454 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nedao" title="Battle of Nedao">Battle of Nedao</a>. Their king <a href="/wiki/Hunimund" title="Hunimund">Hunimund</a> fought against the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bolia" title="Battle of Bolia">battle of Bolia</a> in 469. The Suebian coalition lost the battle, and Hunimund appear to have migrated towards southern Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a> probably made up one significant part of these Suebi, who lived in at least two distinct areas.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the Lombards, a Suebic group long known on the Elbe, came to dominate the Pannonian region before successfully invading Italy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suevian_Kingdom_of_Gallaecia">Suevian Kingdom of Gallaecia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Suevian Kingdom of Gallaecia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suebic_migrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Suebic_migrations.jpg/400px-Suebic_migrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Suebic_migrations.jpg/600px-Suebic_migrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Suebic_migrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Suebic migrations across Europe.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suebi under king <a href="/wiki/Hermeric" title="Hermeric">Hermeric</a>, probably coming from the Alemanni, the Quadi, or both,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> worked their way into the south of France, eventually crossing the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> and entering the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> which was no longer under Imperial rule since the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Gerontius_(magister_militum)" title="Gerontius (magister militum)">Gerontius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Hispania" title="Maximus of Hispania">Maximus</a> in 409. </p><p>Passing through the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(historical_territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Country (historical territory)">Basque country</a>, they settled in the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, in north-western <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, and the northern half of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>), where, swearing fealty to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a>, they were accepted as <i><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a></i> and permitted to settle under their own autonomous governance. Contemporaneously with the self-governing province of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Britannia</a>, the kingdom of the Suebi in Gallaecia became the first of the sub-Roman kingdoms to be formed in the disintegrating territory of the Western Roman Empire. Suebic Gallaecia was the first kingdom separated from the Roman Empire to mint coins. </p><p>The Suebic kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> was established in 409 and lasted until 585. Smaller than the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogothic</a> kingdom of Italy or the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic</a> kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, it reached a relative stability and prosperity—and even expanded military southwards—despite the occasional quarrels with the neighbouring Visigothic kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement">Settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suevos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Suevos.JPG/220px-Suevos.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Suevos.JPG/330px-Suevos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Suevos.JPG/440px-Suevos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3044" data-file-height="2283" /></a><figcaption>Road sign at the village of Suevos, <a href="/wiki/Ames,_A_Coru%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Ames, A Coruña">Ames</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sueben_coin_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sueben_coin_II.jpg/220px-Sueben_coin_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="443" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Sueben_coin_II.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Golden coin from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a>, 410–500 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The Germanic invaders and immigrants settled mainly in rural areas, as <a href="/wiki/Idacius" class="mw-redirect" title="Idacius">Idacius</a> clearly stated: "The Hispanic, spread over cities and <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppida</a>..." and the "Barbarians, govern over the provinces". According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dan_Stanislawski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dan Stanislawski (page does not exist)">Dan Stanislawski</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> way of living in Northern regions is mostly inherited from the Suebi, in which small farms prevail, distinct from the large properties of Southern Portugal. Bracara Augusta, the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a> and former capital of Roman Gallaecia, became the capital of the Suebi. <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Orosius</a>, at that time resident in Hispania, shows a rather pacific initial settlement, the newcomers working their lands<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or serving as bodyguards of the locals.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Germanic group that accompanied the Suebi and settled in Gallaecia were the <a href="/wiki/Buri_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buri (Germanic tribe)">Buri</a>. They settled in the region between the rivers <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1vado_River" title="Cávado River">Cávado</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homem_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homem River (page does not exist)">Homem</a>, in the area known as <a href="/wiki/Terras_de_Bouro" title="Terras de Bouro">Terras de Bouro</a> (Lands of the Buri), Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Suebi quickly adopted the local <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">language</a>, few traces were left of their Germanic tongue, but for some words and for <a href="/wiki/Germanic_personal_names_in_Galicia#Names_used_by_the_Suevi" title="Germanic personal names in Galicia">their personal and land names</a>, adopted by most of the Gallaeci.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Galicia four <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parishes</a> and six villages are named <i>Suevos</i> or <i>Suegos</i>, i.e. <i>Sueves</i>, after old Suebic settlements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Espada_sueva_-_Conimbriga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Espada_sueva_-_Conimbriga.jpg/170px-Espada_sueva_-_Conimbriga.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Espada_sueva_-_Conimbriga.jpg/255px-Espada_sueva_-_Conimbriga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Espada_sueva_-_Conimbriga.jpg/340px-Espada_sueva_-_Conimbriga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="5368" /></a><figcaption>Suebic sword. Conimbriga, Portugal</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> were sent in 416 by the emperor Honorius to fight the Germanic invaders in Hispania, but they were re-settled in 417 by the Romans as <i>foederati</i> in Aquitania after completely defeating the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a> Vandals. The absence of competition permitted first, the <a href="/wiki/Asdingi" class="mw-redirect" title="Asdingi">Asdingi</a> Vandals, and later, the Suebi, to expand south and east. After the departure of the Vandals for Africa in 429 Roman authority in the peninsula was reasserted for 10 years except in northwest where the Suevi were confined. In its heyday Suebic Gallaecia extended as far south as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, capitals of the Roman provinces of <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betica" class="mw-redirect" title="Betica">Betica</a>, while their expeditions reached <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lleida" title="Lleida">Lleida</a> after taking the Roman capital, Mérida, in 439. The previous year 438 <a href="/wiki/Hermeric" title="Hermeric">Hermeric</a> ratified the peace with the <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a>, the local and partially romanized rural population, and, weary of fighting, abdicated in favour of his son <a href="/wiki/Requila" class="mw-redirect" title="Requila">Rechila</a>, who proved to be a notable general, defeating first Andevotus, <i>Romanae militiae dux</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later <a href="/wiki/Vitus_(magister_militum)" title="Vitus (magister militum)">Vitus <i>magister utriusque militiae</i></a>. In 448, <a href="/wiki/Rechila" title="Rechila">Rechila</a> died, leaving the crown to his son <a href="/wiki/Rechiar" title="Rechiar">Rechiar</a> who had converted to Roman Catholicism c. 447. Soon, he married a daughter of the Gothic king <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_I" title="Theodoric I">Theodoric I</a>, and began a wave of attacks on the <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Tarraconense</a>, still a Roman province. By 456 the campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Rechiar" title="Rechiar">Rechiar</a> clashed with the interests of the Visigoths, and a large army of Roman federates (Visigoths under the command of <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_II" title="Theodoric II">Theodoric II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a> directed by kings <a href="/wiki/Gundioc" class="mw-redirect" title="Gundioc">Gundioc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I_of_Burgundy" title="Chilperic I of Burgundy">Chilperic</a>) crossed the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> into Hispania, and defeated the Suebi near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Astorga,_Spain" title="Astorga, Spain">Astorga</a>. Rechiar was executed after being captured by his brother-in-law, the Visigothic king Theodoric II. In 459, the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a> defeated the Suebi, briefly restoring Roman rule in northern <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>. Nevertheless, the Suebi became free of Roman control forever after Majorian was assassinated two years later. The Suebic kingdom was confined in the northwest in Gallaecia and northern Lusitania where political division and civil war arose among several pretenders to the royal throne. After years of turmoil, <a href="/wiki/Remismund" title="Remismund">Remismund</a> was recognized as the sole king of the Suebi, bringing forth a politic of friendship with the Visigoths, and favoring the conversion of his people to <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_years_of_the_kingdom">Last years of the kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Last years of the kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispania3c.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hispania3c.JPG/220px-Hispania3c.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hispania3c.JPG/330px-Hispania3c.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hispania3c.JPG/440px-Hispania3c.JPG 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>The Suebic kingdom of Gallaecia (green), c. 550, (with borders of the former Roman provinces of Hispania)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 561 king Ariamir called the catholic <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Braga" title="First Council of Braga">First Council of Braga</a>, which dealt with the old problem of the <a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a> heresy. Eight years after, in 569, king Theodemir called the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lugo" title="First Council of Lugo">First Council of Lugo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to increase the number of dioceses within his kingdom. Its acts have been preserved through a medieval resume known as <i>Parrochiale Suevorum</i> or <i>Divisio Theodemiri</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeat_by_the_Visigoths">Defeat by the Visigoths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Defeat by the Visigoths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 570 the Arian king of the Visigoths, <a href="/wiki/Leovigild" class="mw-redirect" title="Leovigild">Leovigild</a>, made his first attack on the Suebi. Between 572 and 574, Leovigild invaded the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a>, pushing the Suebi west and northwards. In 575 the Suebic king, <a href="/wiki/Miro_of_Gallaecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Miro of Gallaecia">Miro</a>, made a peace treaty with Leovigild in what seemed to be the beginning of a new period of stability. Yet, in 583 Miro supported the rebellion of the Catholic Gothic prince <a href="/wiki/Hermenegild" title="Hermenegild">Hermenegild</a>, engaging in military action against king Leovigild, although Miro was defeated in Seville when trying to break on through the blockade on the Catholic prince. As a result, he was forced to recognize Leovigild as friend and protector, for him and for his successors, dying back home just some months later. His son, king <a href="/wiki/Eboric" title="Eboric">Eboric</a>, confirmed the friendship with Leovigild, but he was deposed just a year later by his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Andeca" class="mw-redirect" title="Andeca">Audeca</a>, giving Leovigild an excuse to attack the kingdom. In 585 AD, first Audeca and later <a href="/wiki/Malaric" title="Malaric">Malaric</a>, were defeated and the Suebic kingdom was incorporated into the Visigothic one as its sixth province. The Suebi were respected in their properties and freedom, and continued to dwell in Gallaecia, finally merging with the rest of the local population during the early Middle Ages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conversion_to_Arianism">Conversion to Arianism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Conversion to Arianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Suebi remained mostly pagan, and their subjects <a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianist</a> until an <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> missionary named <a href="/wiki/Ajax_(missionary)" title="Ajax (missionary)">Ajax</a>, sent by the Visigothic king Theodoric II at the request of the Suebic unifier <a href="/wiki/Remismund" title="Remismund">Remismund</a>, in 466 converted them and established a lasting Arian church which dominated the people until the conversion to Trinitarian Catholicism the 560s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conversion_to_Orthodox_Trinitarianism">Conversion to Orthodox Trinitarianism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Conversion to Orthodox Trinitarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mutually incompatible accounts of the conversion of the Suebi to Orthodox Catholic Trinitarian Christianity of the First and Second Ecumenical Councils are presented in the primary records: </p> <ul><li>The minutes of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Braga" title="First Council of Braga">First Council of Braga</a>—which met on 1 May 561—state explicitly that the synod was held at the orders of a king named <a href="/wiki/Ariamir" title="Ariamir">Ariamir</a>. Of the eight assistant bishops, just one bears a Suebic name: Hildemir. While the Catholicism of Ariamir is not in doubt, that he was the first Chalcedonian monarch of the Suebi since Rechiar has been contested on the grounds that his Catholicism is not explicitly stated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thompson86_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson86-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was, however, the first Suebic monarch to hold a Catholic synod, and when the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Braga" title="Second Council of Braga">Second Council of Braga</a> was held at the request of king <a href="/wiki/Miro_(Suevic_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miro (Suevic king)">Miro</a>, a Catholic himself,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 572, of the twelve assistant bishops five bears Suebic names: Remisol of <a href="/wiki/Viseu" title="Viseu">Viseu</a>, Adoric of <a href="/wiki/Idanha-a-Velha" title="Idanha-a-Velha">Idanha</a>, Wittimer of <a href="/wiki/Ourense" title="Ourense">Ourense</a>, Nitigis of <a href="/wiki/Lugo" title="Lugo">Lugo</a> and Anila of <a href="/wiki/Tui,_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tui, Galicia">Tui</a>.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Suevorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Suevorum">Historia Suevorum</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> states that a king named <a href="/wiki/Theodemir_(Suebian_king)" title="Theodemir (Suebian king)">Theodemar</a> brought about the conversion of his people from <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> with the help of the missionary <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Dumio" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin of Dumio">Martin of Dumio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a>, on the other hand, an otherwise unknown sovereign named <a href="/wiki/Chararic_(Suevic_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chararic (Suevic king)">Chararic</a>, having heard of <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Martin of Tours</a>, promised to accept the beliefs of the saint if only his son would be cured of <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a>. Through the relics and intercession of Saint Martin the son was healed; Chararic and the entire royal household converted to the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson83_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson83-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>By 589, when the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Toledo" title="Third Council of Toledo">Third Council of Toledo</a> was held, and the Visigoth Kingdom of Toledo converted officially from Arianism to Catholicism, king <a href="/wiki/Reccared_I" title="Reccared I">Reccared I</a> stated in its minutes that also "an infinite number of Suebi have converted", together with the Goths, which implies that the earlier conversion was either superficial or partial. In the same council, four bishops from Gallaecia abjured of their Arianism. And so, the Suebic conversion is ascribed, not to a Suebe, but to a Visigoth by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Biclarum" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Biclarum">John of Biclarum</a>, who puts their conversion alongside that of the Goths, occurring under Reccared I in 587–589.</li></ul> <p>Most scholars have attempted to meld these stories. It has been alleged that Chararic and Theodemir must have been successors of Ariamir, since Ariamir was the first Suebic monarch to lift the ban on Catholic synods; Isidore therefore gets the chronology wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reinhart suggested that Chararic was converted first through the <a href="/wiki/Relics" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics">relics</a> of Saint Martin and that Theodemir was converted later through the preaching of Martin of Dumio.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson86_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson86-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dahn equated Chararic with Theodemir, even saying that the latter was the name he took upon baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson86_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson86-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been suggested that Theodemir and Ariamir were the same person and the son of Chararic.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson86_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson86-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the opinion of some historians, Chararic is nothing more than an error on the part of Gregory of Tours and never existed.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If, as Gregory relates, Martin of Dumio died about the year 580 and had been bishop for about thirty years, then the conversion of Chararic must have occurred around 550 at the latest.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson83_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson83-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Ferreiro believes the conversion of the Suebi was progressive and stepwise and that Chararic's public conversion was only followed by the lifting of a ban on Catholic synods in the reign of his successor, which would have been Ariamir; Thoedemir was responsible for beginning a persecution of the Arians in his kingdom to root out their heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galicia_-_Quiroga_Chi_Rho.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian Chi Rho on a 5th-century marble table, Quiroga, Galicia."><img alt="Christian Chi Rho on a 5th-century marble table, Quiroga, Galicia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Galicia_-_Quiroga_Chi_Rho.jpg/250px-Galicia_-_Quiroga_Chi_Rho.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Galicia_-_Quiroga_Chi_Rho.jpg/330px-Galicia_-_Quiroga_Chi_Rho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Galicia_-_Quiroga_Chi_Rho.jpg/500px-Galicia_-_Quiroga_Chi_Rho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="2556" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Christian <a href="/wiki/Chi_Rho" title="Chi Rho">Chi Rho</a> on a 5th-century marble table, <a href="/wiki/Quiroga,_Galicia" title="Quiroga, Galicia">Quiroga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%ADbulas_suevas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Suebic and Roman fibullae from Conimbriga, Portugal"><img alt="Suebic and Roman fibullae from Conimbriga, Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/F%C3%ADbulas_suevas.jpg/200px-F%C3%ADbulas_suevas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/F%C3%ADbulas_suevas.jpg/300px-F%C3%ADbulas_suevas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/F%C3%ADbulas_suevas.jpg/400px-F%C3%ADbulas_suevas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5414" data-file-height="3558" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Suebic and Roman fibullae from <a href="/wiki/Conimbriga" class="mw-redirect" title="Conimbriga">Conimbriga</a>, Portugal</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norse_mythology">Norse mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Norse mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of the Suebi also appears in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> and in early Scandinavian sources. The earliest attestation is the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a> name <i>Swabaharjaz</i> ("Suebian warrior") on the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6_runestone" title="Rö runestone">Rö runestone</a> and in the place name Svogerslev.<sup id="cite_ref-urnordisk_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urnordisk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sv%C3%A1fa" title="Sváfa">Sváfa</a>, whose name means "Suebian",<sup id="cite_ref-runnamn_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-runnamn-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a> who appears in the eddic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Helgakvi%C3%B0a_Hj%C3%B6rvar%C3%B0ssonar" title="Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar">Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar</a></i>. The kingdom <i>Sváfaland</i> also appears in this poem and in the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ei%C3%B0rekssaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Þiðrekssaga">Þiðrekssaga</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Swabia_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Swabia family tree">Dukes of Swabia family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_personal_names_in_Galicia" title="Germanic personal names in Galicia">Germanic personal names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laeti" title="Laeti">Laeti</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Germanic-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Germanic_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDrinkwater2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Drinkwater" class="mw-redirect" title="John Frederick Drinkwater">Drinkwater, John Frederick</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-6113?">"Suebi"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Simon_Hornblower" title="Simon Hornblower">Hornblower, Simon</a>; Spawforth, Antony; <a href="/wiki/Esther_Eidinow" title="Esther Eidinow">Eidinow, Esther</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Classical Dictionary"><i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191735257" title="Special:BookSources/9780191735257"><bdi>9780191735257</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Suebi, an elusive term, applied by Tacitus (1) in his Germania to an extensive group of German peoples living east of the Elbe and including the Hermunduri, Marcomanni, Quadi, Semnones, and others, but used rather more narrowly by other Roman writers, beginning with Caesar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Suebi&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780191735257&rft.aulast=Drinkwater&rft.aufirst=John+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199545568.001.0001%2Facref-9780199545568-e-6113%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maroboduus">"Maroboduus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Maroboduus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMaroboduus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTacitus2009" class="citation book cs1">Tacitus, Publius (25 June 2009). <i>The Histories</i>. Penguin. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-44964-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-140-44964-8"><bdi>978-0-140-44964-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009-06-25&rft.isbn=978-0-140-44964-8&rft.aulast=Tacitus&rft.aufirst=Publius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Marcomanni">"Marcomanni"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Marcomanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMarcomanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alemanni">"Alamanni"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Alamanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAlemanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ricimer">"Ricimer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Ricimer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRicimer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Swabia">"Swabia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Swabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSwabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarm2013" class="citation cs2">Harm, Volker (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263591031">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Elbgermanisch", "Weser-Rhein-Germanisch" und die Grundlagen des Althochdeutschen"</a>, in Nielsen; Stiles (eds.), <i>Unity and Diversity in West Germanic and the Emergence of English, German, Frisian and Dutch</i>, North-Western European Language Evolution, vol. 66, pp. <span class="nowrap">79–</span>99</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Elbgermanisch%22%2C+%22Weser-Rhein-Germanisch%22+und+die+Grundlagen+des+Althochdeutschen&rft.btitle=Unity+and+Diversity+in+West+Germanic+and+the+Emergence+of+English%2C+German%2C+Frisian+and+Dutch&rft.series=North-Western+European+Language+Evolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Harm&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F263591031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urnordisk-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-urnordisk_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urnordisk_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeterson" class="citation web cs1">Peterson, Lena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518012642/http://www.sofi.se/images/NA/pdf/urnord.pdf">"Swābaharjaz"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lexikon över urnordiska personnamn</i>. Institutet för språk och folkminnen, Sweden. p. 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sofi.se/images/NA/pdf/urnord.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexikon+%C3%B6ver+urnordiska+personnamn&rft.atitle=Sw%C4%81baharjaz&rft.pages=16&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Lena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sofi.se%2Fimages%2FNA%2Fpdf%2Furnord.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span> (Text in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>); for an alternative meaning, as "free, independent" see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoom2006" class="citation book cs1">Room, Adrian (2006). "Swabia, Sweden". <i>Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites: Second Edition</i>. Jefferson, North Carolina, and London: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. pp. 363, 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786422483" title="Special:BookSources/0786422483"><bdi>0786422483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swabia%2C+Sweden&rft.btitle=Placenames+of+the+World%3A+Origins+and+Meanings+of+the+Names+for+6%2C600+Countries%2C+Cities%2C+Territories%2C+Natural+Features+and+Historic+Sites%3A+Second+Edition&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina%2C+and+London&rft.pages=363%2C+364&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0786422483&rft.aulast=Room&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span>; compare <a href="/wiki/Suiones" class="mw-redirect" title="Suiones">Suiones</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPokorny" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pokorny" title="Julius Pokorny">Pokorny, Julius</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809064309/http://www.indoeuropean.nl/cgi-bin/startq.cgi?flags=endnnnl&root=leiden&basename=%5Cdata%5Cie%5Cpokorny">"Root/Lemma se-"</a>. <i>Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch</i>. Indo-European Etymological Dictionary (IEED), Department of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics, Leiden University. pp. <span class="nowrap">882–</span>884. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indoeuropean.nl/cgi-bin/startq.cgi?flags=endnnnl&root=leiden&basename=%5Cdata%5Cie%5Cpokorny">the original</a> on 2011-08-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indogermanisches+Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.atitle=Root%2FLemma+se-&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E882-%3C%2Fspan%3E884&rft.aulast=Pokorny&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indoeuropean.nl%2Fcgi-bin%2Fstartq.cgi%3Fflags%3Dendnnnl%26root%3Dleiden%26basename%3D%255Cdata%255Cie%255Cpokorny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> text); locate by searching the page number.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKöbler2000" class="citation web cs1">Köbler, Gerhard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025144447/http://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/indogermanischeswoerterbuch/idgS.pdf">"*se-"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Indogermanisches Wörterbuch: 3. Auflage</i>. p. 188. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/indogermanischeswoerterbuch/idgS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indogermanisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch%3A+3.+Auflage&rft.atitle=%2Ase-&rft.pages=188&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6bler&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koeblergerhard.de%2Fgermanistischewoerterbuecher%2Findogermanischeswoerterbuch%2FidgS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span> (German language text); the etymology in English is in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatkins2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Calvert_Watkins" title="Calvert Watkins">Watkins, Calvert</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE509.html">"s(w)e-"</a>. <i>Appendix I: Indo-European Roots</i>. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Appendix+I%3A+Indo-European+Roots&rft.atitle=s%28w%29e-&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Calvert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2Froots%2FIE509.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span> Some related English words are <i>sibling, sister, swain, self</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchrijver2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schrijver" title="Peter Schrijver">Schrijver, Peter</a> (2003). "The etymology of Welsh chwith and the semantics and morphology of PIE *k(w)sweibh-". In Russell, Paul (ed.). <i>Yr Hen Iaith: Studies in Early Welsh</i>. Aberystwyth: Celtic Studies Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891271-10-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891271-10-6"><bdi>978-1-891271-10-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+etymology+of+Welsh+chwith+and+the+semantics+and+morphology+of+PIE+%2Ak%28w%29sweibh-&rft.btitle=Yr+Hen+Iaith%3A+Studies+in+Early+Welsh&rft.place=Aberystwyth&rft.pub=Celtic+Studies+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-891271-10-6&rft.aulast=Schrijver&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeck1898" class="citation web cs1">Peck (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=catti-harpers&highlight=chatti">"Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harpers+Dictionary+of+Classical+Antiquities&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Peck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aentry%3Dcatti-harpers%26highlight%3Dchatti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChambers1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Wilson_Chambers" title="Raymond Wilson Chambers">Chambers, R. W.</a> (1912). <i>Widseth: a Study in Old English Heroic Legend</i>. Cambridge: University Press. pp. 194, note on line 22 of Widsith.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Widseth%3A+a+Study+in+Old+English+Heroic+Legend&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=194%2C+note+on+line+22+of+Widsith&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span> Republished in 2006 by Kissinger Publishing as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4254-9551-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4254-9551-6">1-4254-9551-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus <i>Germania</i> Section 8, translation by H. Mattingly.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plin4.14-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plin4.14_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=4:chapter=28&highlight=suevi">"Book IV section XIV"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+IV+section+XIV&rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D28%26highlight%3Dsuevi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strabo-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-strabo_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239:book=7:chapter=1&highlight=suevi%2Cchatti">"Strab. 7.1"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strab.+7.1&rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D1%26highlight%3Dsuevi%252Cchatti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c788wWR_bLwC&pg=PA467">"Germanic Tribes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe/page/467"><i>Late Antiquity</i></a>. Harvard University Press. 1999. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe/page/467">467</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674511736" title="Special:BookSources/9780674511736"><bdi>9780674511736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germanic+Tribes&rft.btitle=Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=467&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780674511736&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc788wWR_bLwC%26pg%3DPA467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaurer1952" class="citation book cs1">Maurer, Friedrich (1952) [1942]. <i>Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes – und Volkskunde</i>. Bern, München: A. Franke Verlag, Leo Lehnen Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordgermanen+und+Alemannen%3A+Studien+zur+germanischen+und+fr%C3%BChdeutschen+Sprachgeschichte%2C+Stammes+%E2%80%93+und+Volkskunde&rft.place=Bern%2C+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=A.+Franke+Verlag%2C+Leo+Lehnen+Verlag&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Maurer&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKossinna1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Kossinna" title="Gustaf Kossinna">Kossinna, Gustaf</a> (1911). <i>Die Herkunft der Germanen</i>. Leipzig: Kabitsch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Herkunft+der+Germanen&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Kabitsch&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kossinna&rft.aufirst=Gustaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tac._Ger._28-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tac._Ger._28_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tac._Ger._28_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Tac.%20Ger.%2028&lang=original">"Tac. Ger. 28"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tac.+Ger.+28&rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DTac.%2520Ger.%252028%26lang%3Doriginal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDio2014" class="citation book cs1">Dio, Cassius (19 September 2014). <i>Delphi Complete Works of Cassius Dio (Illustrated)</i>. Delphi Classics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delphi+Complete+Works+of+Cassius+Dio+%28Illustrated%29&rft.pub=Delphi+Classics&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft.aulast=Dio&rft.aufirst=Cassius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198:book=7:chapter=1&highlight=boihaemum">"Strab. 7.1"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strab.+7.1&rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D1%26highlight%3Dboihaemum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0083%3Achapter%3D41">"Section 41"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Section+41&rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0083%253Achapter%253D41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0083%3Achapter%3D42">"Section 42"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Section+42&rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0083%253Achapter%253D42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105120230/http://www.romansonline.com/Src_Frame.asp?DocID=Gth_Goth_22">"Chapt 22"</a>. Romansonline.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romansonline.com/Src_Frame.asp?DocID=Gth_Goth_22">the original</a> on 2013-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapt+22&rft.pub=Romansonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romansonline.com%2FSrc_Frame.asp%3FDocID%3DGth_Goth_22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrabo" class="citation book cs1">Strabo. <i>Geographica</i>. Book IV Chapter 3 Section 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographica&rft.pages=Book+IV+Chapter+3+Section+4&rft.au=Strabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrabo" class="citation web cs1">Strabo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/10.html">"Geography"</a>. Penelope.uchicago.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography&rft.pub=Penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FPeriods%2FRoman%2F_Texts%2FPtolemy%2F2%2F10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gudmund_Sch%C3%BCtte" title="Gudmund Schütte">Schütte</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ptolemysmapsofno00schrich"><i>Ptolemy's Maps of Northern Europe</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D2">"<i>Geography</i> 7.2"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography+7.2&rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0198%253Abook%253D7%253Achapter%253D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D3">"<i>Geography</i> 7.3"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography+7.3&rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0198%253Abook%253D7%253Achapter%253D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Section_39-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Section_39_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Section_39_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Germania</i> Section 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sect40-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sect40_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sect40_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sect40_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Germania</i> Section 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sect43-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sect43_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sect43_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sect43_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0083%3Achapter%3D43">"Section 43"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Section+43&rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0083%253Achapter%253D43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sect45-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sect45_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sect45_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Germania</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0083%3Achapter%3D45">Section 45</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus' modern editor Arthur J. Pomeroy concludes "it is clear that there is no monolithic 'Suebic' group, but a series of tribes who may share some customs (for instance, warrior burials) but also vary considerably." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPomeroy1994" class="citation journal cs1">Pomeroy, Arthur J. (1994). "Tacitus' Germania". <i>The Classical Review</i>. New Series. <b>44</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">58–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009840X00290446">10.1017/S0009840X00290446</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246879432">246879432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=Tacitus%27+Germania&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009840X00290446&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246879432%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pomeroy&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span> A review in English of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeumannHenning_Seemann" class="citation book cs1">Neumann, Gunter; Henning Seemann. <i>Beitrage zum Verstandnis der Germania des Tacitus, Teil II: Bericht uber die Kolloquien der Kommission fur die Altertumskunde Nord- und Mitteleuropas im Jahre 1986 und 1987</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beitrage+zum+Verstandnis+der+Germania+des+Tacitus%2C+Teil+II%3A+Bericht+uber+die+Kolloquien+der+Kommission+fur+die+Altertumskunde+Nord-+und+Mitteleuropas+im+Jahre+1986+und+1987&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=Gunter&rft.au=Henning+Seemann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span> A German-language text.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robinson-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-robinson_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robinson_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Orrin_W._Robinson_(philologist)" title="Orrin W. Robinson (philologist)">Robinson, Orrin</a> (1992), <i>Old English and its Closest Relatives</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+English+and+its+Closest+Relatives&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Orrin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span> pages 194–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waldman & Mason, 2006, <i>Encyclopedia of European Peoples</i>, p. 784.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book IV, sections 1–3, and 19; Book VI, section 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book IV sections 4–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDio" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Dio, Lucius Claudius Cassius</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10162/10162-8.txt">"Dio's Rome"</a>. <i>Project Gutenberg</i>. Translated by Herbert Baldwin Foster. pp. Book 51 sections 21, 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Gutenberg&rft.atitle=Dio%27s+Rome&rft.pages=Book+51+sections+21%2C+22&rft.aulast=Dio&rft.aufirst=Lucius+Claudius+Cassius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F10162%2F10162-8.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuetonius_Tranquillus" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius Tranquillus, Gaius</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html">"The Life of Augustus"</a>. <i>The Lives of the Twelve Caesars</i>. Bill Thayer in LacusCurtius. pp. section 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lives+of+the+Twelve+Caesars&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+Augustus&rft.pages=section+21&rft.aulast=Suetonius+Tranquillus&rft.aufirst=Gaius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FL%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FSuetonius%2F12Caesars%2FAugustus%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuetonius_Tranquillus" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius Tranquillus, Gaius</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html">"The Life of Tiberius"</a>. <i>The Lives of the Twelve Caesars</i>. Bill Thayer in LacusCurtius. pp. section 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lives+of+the+Twelve+Caesars&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+Tiberius&rft.pages=section+9&rft.aulast=Suetonius+Tranquillus&rft.aufirst=Gaius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FSuetonius%2F12Caesars%2FTiberius%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlorus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus, Lucius Annaeus</a>. <i>Epitome of Roman History</i>. Book II section 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epitome+of+Roman+History&rft.pages=Book+II+section+30&rft.aulast=Florus&rft.aufirst=Lucius+Annaeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Book_II_section_26-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Book_II_section_26_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Book_II_section_26_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Book II section 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velleius Paterculus, <i>Compendium of Roman History</i> 2, 109, 5; <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <i>Roman History</i> 55, 28, 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book II section 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book II sections 44–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book II sections 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502033048/http://www.romansonline.com/Src_Frame.asp?DocID=Gth_Goth_16">"chapt 16"</a>. Romansonline.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romansonline.com/Src_Frame.asp?DocID=Gth_Goth_16">the original</a> on 2014-05-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=chapt+16&rft.pub=Romansonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romansonline.com%2FSrc_Frame.asp%3FDocID%3DGth_Goth_16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geschichte der Goten. Entwurf einer historischen Ethnographie, C.H. Beck, 1. Aufl. (München 1979), 2. Aufl. (1980), unter dem Titel: Die Goten. Von den Anfängen bis zur Mitte des sechsten Jahrhunderts. 4. Aufl. (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Lotter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Lotter (page does not exist)">Friedrich Lotter</a> on the "Donausueben".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLópez_Quiroga2001" class="citation journal cs1">López Quiroga, Jorge (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uam.es/otros/cupauam/pdf/Cupauam27/2706.pdf">"Elementos foráneos en las necrópolis tardorromanas de Beiral (Ponte de Lima, Portugal) y Vigo (Pontevedra, España): de nuevo la cuestión del siglo V d. C. en la Península Ibérica"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CuPAUAM</i>. <b>27</b>: <span class="nowrap">115–</span>124<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CuPAUAM&rft.atitle=Elementos+for%C3%A1neos+en+las+necr%C3%B3polis+tardorromanas+de+Beiral+%28Ponte+de+Lima%2C+Portugal%29+y+Vigo+%28Pontevedra%2C+Espa%C3%B1a%29%3A+de+nuevo+la+cuesti%C3%B3n+del+siglo+V+d.+C.+en+la+Pen%C3%ADnsula+Ib%C3%A9rica&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+Quiroga&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uam.es%2Fotros%2Fcupauam%2Fpdf%2FCupauam27%2F2706.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"the barbarians, detesting their swords, turn them into ploughs", <i>Historiarum Adversum Paganos</i>, VII, 41, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"anyone wanting to leave or to depart, uses these barbarians as mercenaries, servers or defenders", <i>Historiarum Adversum Paganos</i>, VII, 41, 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domingos Maria da Silva, <i>Os Búrios</i>, Terras de Bouro, Câmara Municipal de Terras de Bouro, 2006. (in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Medieval Galician records show more than 1500 different Germanic names in use for over 70% of the local population. Also, in Galicia, Northern and Central Portugal, there are more than 5.000 toponyms (villages and towns) based on personal Germanic names (<a href="/wiki/Mondariz" title="Mondariz">Mondariz</a> < *villa *Mundarici; <a href="/wiki/Baltar,_Ourense" title="Baltar, Ourense">Baltar</a> < *villa *Baldarii; <a href="/wiki/Gomesende" title="Gomesende">Gomesende</a> < *villa *Gumesenþi; <a href="/wiki/Gondomar,_Portugal" title="Gondomar, Portugal">Gondomar</a> < *villa *Gunþumari...); and several toponyms not based on personal names, mainly in Galicia (Malburgo, <a href="/wiki/Samos,_Lugo" title="Samos, Lugo">Samos</a> < Samanos "Congregated", near a hundred Saa/Sá < *Sala "house, palace"...); and some lexical influence on the <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a>, such as:<br /><i>laverca</i> "<a href="/wiki/Lark" title="Lark">lark</a>" < protogermanic *laiwarikō "lark"<br /><i>brasa</i> "torch; ember" < protogermanic *blasōn "torch"<br /><i>britar</i> "to break" < protogermanic *breutan "to break"<br /><i>lobio</i> "vine gallery" < protogermanic *laubjōn "leaves"<br /><i>ouva</i> "elf" < protogermanic *albaz "elf"<br /><i>trigar</i> "to urge" < protogermanic *þreunhan "to urge"<br /><i>maga</i> "guts (of fish)" < protogermanic *magōn "stomach"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isidorus Hispalensis, <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_de_regibus_Gothorum,_Vandalorum_et_Suevorum" title="Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum">Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum</a></i>, 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferreiro, 199 n11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson86-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson86_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson86_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson86_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson86_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St. Martin on Braga wrote in his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/martinbraga/formula.shtml">Formula Vitae Honestae</a> <i>Gloriosissimo ac tranquillissimo et insigni catholicae fidei praedito pietate Mironi regi</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferreiro, 198 n8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson83-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson83_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson83_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferreiro, 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferreiro, 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-runnamn-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-runnamn_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sofi.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1017">Peterson, Lena. (2002). <i>Nordiskt runnamnslexikon</i>, at <i>Institutet för språk och folkminnen</i>, Sweden.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014171959/http://www.sofi.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1017">Archived</a> October 14, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Ferreiro, Alberto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao-us:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:v530-1995-003-00-000009">"Braga and Tours: Some Observations on Gregory's <i>De virtutibus sancti Martini</i>."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Early_Christian_Studies" title="Journal of Early Christian Studies">Journal of Early Christian Studies</a></i>. 3 (1995), p. 195–210.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Arthur Thompson">Thompson, E. A.</a> "The Conversion of the Spanish Suevi to Catholicism." <i>Visigothic Spain: New Approaches</i>. ed. <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_(historian)" title="Edward James (historian)">Edward James</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822543-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822543-1">0-19-822543-1</a>.</li> <li>Reynolds, Robert L., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rbph_0035-0818_1957_num_35_1_2022">"Reconsideration of the history of the Suevi"</a>, <i>Revue belge de pholologie et d'histoire</i>, 35 (1957), p. 19–45.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScharf2005" class="citation cs2">Scharf, Ralf (2005), "Sweben § 2-7", in Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.), <i>Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</i>, vol. 30 (2 ed.), De Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018385-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018385-6"><bdi>978-3-11-018385-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sweben+%C2%A7+2-7&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018385-6&rft.aulast=Scharf&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuebi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suebi&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Suebi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Suebi">Suebi</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/hydatiuschronicon.html">The Chronicle of Hydatius</a> is the main source for the history of the Suebi in Galicia and Portugal up to 468.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/JorgeArias/Papers/1584561/Identity_and_Interaction_the_Suevi_and_the_Hispano-Romans">Identity and Interaction: the Suevi and the Hispano-Romans, University of Virginia, 2007</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celtiberia.net/articulo.asp?id=1670">Medieval Galician anthroponomy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benedictus.mgh.de/quellen/chga/index.htm">Minutes of the Councils of Braga and Toledo</a>, in the <i>Collectio Hispana Gallica Augustodunensis</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/orosius.html">Orosius' <i>Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples436" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples436" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sippe" title="Sippe">Sippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Germanic peoples">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155085#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata490" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155085#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata490" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155085#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4058693-5">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/99040">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suebi&oldid=1275156004">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suebi&oldid=1275156004</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suebi" title="Category:Suebi">Suebi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Early Germanic peoples">Early Germanic peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foederati" title="Category:Foederati">Foederati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irminones" title="Category:Irminones">Irminones</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_without_Glottolog_code" title="Category:Languages without Glottolog code">Languages without Glottolog code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_unreferenced_extinction_date" title="Category:Language articles with unreferenced extinction date">Language articles with unreferenced extinction date</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_neither_ISO_nor_Glottolog_code" title="Category:Languages with neither ISO nor Glottolog code">Languages with neither ISO nor Glottolog code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2011" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2011">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 February 2025, at 11:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suebi&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Suebi</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>60 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-78bdfcd464-npc4l","wgBackendResponseTime":205,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.181","walltime":"1.443","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6097,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":120582,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6833,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":184278,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1142.860 1 -total"," 42.54% 486.216 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.82% 192.266 12 Template:Cite_book"," 13.94% 159.322 25 Template:Cite_web"," 13.30% 151.968 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 11.37% 129.903 1 Template:Germanic_peoples"," 11.09% 126.785 1 Template:Navbox"," 10.57% 120.806 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.31% 94.934 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.48% 62.668 2 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.624","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7252443,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-8669bc5c8-wc72n","timestamp":"20250318155056","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Suebi","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suebi","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q155085","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q155085","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:43:11Z","dateModified":"2025-02-11T11:20:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/74\/1st_century_Germani.png","headline":"large group of Germanic tribes"}</script> </body> </html>