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It is landlocked in the Tian Shan mountain range, bordering China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Most of its population is ethnic Kyrgyz, a Turkic group formerly known for nomadism. The majority religion is Sunni Islam, with a significant Christian population mainly derived from ethnic Russians and Germans.&#91;2&#93; Kyrgyzstan is one of the poorest Central Asian republics, but it's also remained the least religious and most free of them.&#91;3&#93; You take what you can get. 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It is landlocked in the Tian Shan mountain range, bordering China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Most of its population is ethnic Kyrgyz, a Turkic group formerly known for nomadism. The majority religion is Sunni Islam, with a significant Christian population mainly derived from ethnic Russians and Germans.&#91;2&#93; Kyrgyzstan is one of the poorest Central Asian republics, but it's also remained the least religious and most free of them.&#91;3&#93; You take what you can get. 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Clothes can change one's thoughts sometimes. When we were searching for prisoners who had escaped a detention centre, Melis Turganbayev (the former interior minister) came to me and said that they had been eavesdropping on telephone conversations of wives and mistresses of criminals. Their wives and mistresses wore sacks on their heads and they wanted to organise bombings.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Almazbek Atambayev, Kyrgyz prime minister, defending his anti-burka campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox" style="float: right; clear:right; border: 2px solid silver; margin: 0 0 .5em .5em; width: 200px;"> <div style="background-color: #e7ece6; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; padding: .3em;"><b>Kyrgyzstan</b> <b></b></div> <center><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/195px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="117" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/293px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/390px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></center> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Demographics</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by population" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by population">Population</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>5,895,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP (million)</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>13.125 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP p/cap.</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>1,070 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by life expectancy" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>70.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by Human Development Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by Human Development Index">Development Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.628 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Government</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Democracy Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Democracy Index">Democracy Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>5.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Corruption Perceptions Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>2.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>More</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Education Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Education Index">Education Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.656 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" class="extiw" title="wp:Importance of religion by country" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Importance of religion by country">Religiosity</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>72.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>The <b>Kyrgyz Republic</b>, commonly known as <b>Kyrgyzstan</b>, is a former <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. It is landlocked in the Tian Shan mountain range, bordering <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. Most of its population is ethnic Kyrgyz, a Turkic group formerly known for nomadism. The majority religion is <a href="/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, with a significant <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> population mainly derived from ethnic Russians and Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> Kyrgyzstan is one of the poorest Central Asian republics, but it's also remained the least religious and most free of them.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> You take what you can get. The country's capital and largest city is Bishkek. </p><p>Like its Central Asian Turkic cousins, Kyrgyzstan was formerly dominated by nomadic tribes. The country's mountainous terrain largely kept it isolated from the outside world, but Kyrgyzstan did see outside merchants travel through on the Silk Road. This era of independence and nomadism came to a harsh end when <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> came smashing in to realize its <a href="/wiki/Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialist</a> ambitions in Central Asia. Russia later went belly up and came back as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, bringing more tyranny in Kyrgyzstan and more economic development. </p><p>Kyrgyzstan became an independent country in 1991 after the Soviet Union also met its end. Askar Akayev, the leader since 1990, ran unopposed in the first elections. In 2005, the peaceful Tulip Revolution ousted Akayev and replaced him with Kurmanbek Bakiyev. Unfortunately, while Kyrgyzstan is better off in its civil society than the other Central Asian republics, it's still beset by extreme political corruption and ethnic tensions. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Historical_overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical overview</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Nomad_tribal_era"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nomad tribal era</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Russian_rule"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Russian rule</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Soviet_Kyrgyzstan"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Soviet Kyrgyzstan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Independence_and_the_Tulip_Revolution"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Independence and the Tulip Revolution</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_overview">Historical overview</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical overview">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirghiz_Tents.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kirghiz_Tents.png/250px-Kirghiz_Tents.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kirghiz_Tents.png/375px-Kirghiz_Tents.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kirghiz_Tents.png/500px-Kirghiz_Tents.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="371" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirghiz_Tents.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Kyrgyz <i>yurts</i> depicted during the 19th century.</div></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Nomad_tribal_era">Nomad tribal era</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nomad tribal era">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The Kyrgyz people seem to have come initially from western <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, and they were among the nomadic raider groups that caused <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a> so many headaches.<sup id="cite_ref-etrib_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etrib-4">[4]</a></sup> These attacks and raids helped spur the gradual construction of the Great Wall of China. </p><p>Although they had a reputation as great warriors, the Kyrgyz people came under the domination of various other nomadic groups, most notably the Hunnic Xiongnu people.<sup id="cite_ref-etrib_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etrib-4">[4]</a></sup> They escaped by fleeing westward into what is now the modern Kyrgyz region. Too bad for them, then, that their new mountain home didn't quite protect them from further overlordship, this time of newly-Islamized Turkics who forcibly converted the pagans to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lp_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lp-5">[5]</a></sup> </p><p>Over the following centuries, the Kyrgyz were overrun by multiple other empires, but their mountainous homeland was largely protected from destruction. The most successful of these conquerors were the Mongols led by Genghis Khan and his descendants. The brutality of the Mongol attack devastated the Kyrgyz homeland, and they fell under two centuries of Mongol domination.<sup id="cite_ref-mng_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mng-6">[6]</a></sup> When the Mongol Empire was divided between Genghis' sons, Kyrgyzstan went to Chagatai, whose dominion included East Turkestan.<sup id="cite_ref-lp_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lp-5">[5]</a></sup> Despite being under despotic Mongol rule, the Kyrgyz maintained a great deal of autonomy due to their isolated location. Plus, the Chagatai Khanate soon had bigger fish to deal with. A much bigger fish, in fact: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a>. China's imperialist ambitions had long been aimed at East Turkestan (today, an occupied territory within the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic</a>). The Kyrgyz survived by alternately turning to China or Russia for protection from the other.<sup id="cite_ref-mng_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mng-6">[6]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Russian_rule">Russian rule</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Russian rule">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:317px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Turk_front1922.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Turk_front1922.jpg/315px-Turk_front1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="315" height="144" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Turk_front1922.jpg/473px-Turk_front1922.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Turk_front1922.jpg/630px-Turk_front1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2125" data-file-height="969" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Turk_front1922.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Basmachi fighters against Russian rule.</div></div></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> wanted to kill everyone. We were saved by Lenin.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Kyrgyz civilian explains their persistent loyalty to Lenin's memory.<sup id="cite_ref-urk_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urk-7">[7]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After spending decades as an effective Russian client state, the Kyrgyz people came under official Russian occupation in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-rus_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rus-8">[8]</a></sup> Integration into greater Russia was slow, once again due to the difficulty in actually reaching Kyrgyzstan. Eventually, though, Russian and Ukrainian immigrants arrived to start exploiting the region as a center for mining. There was no question that Kyrgyzstan was an occupied colonial territory, though, as the Russians were eager to build mining infrastructure. Still, they didn't really do much to benefit the Kyrgyz people. They remained uneducated and bypassed by economic opportunity.<sup id="cite_ref-rus_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rus-8">[8]</a></sup> The Kyrgyz people suffered greatly from land confiscations, forced labor, and high <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a>. It's safe to say that the Kyrgyz really had no reason to be loyal to psycho Mother Russia. </p><p>Not a lot changed under Russian rule, but <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> finally caused conflict between the colonizer and the colonized. When the Russian Empire tried conscripting its Central Asian subjects to fight and die in the war, they rose up in the Basmachi movement to resist being sent off.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> The Russian response was horrific. Tsarists massacred hundreds of thousands of people, and hundreds of thousands more were killed in the attempt to flee.<sup id="cite_ref-urk_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urk-7">[7]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Soviet_Kyrgyzstan">Soviet Kyrgyzstan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Soviet Kyrgyzstan">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin_Statue_in_Bishkek.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lenin_Statue_in_Bishkek.jpg/300px-Lenin_Statue_in_Bishkek.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lenin_Statue_in_Bishkek.jpg/450px-Lenin_Statue_in_Bishkek.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lenin_Statue_in_Bishkek.jpg/600px-Lenin_Statue_in_Bishkek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin_Statue_in_Bishkek.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Statue of Vladimir Lenin in Bishkek.</div></div></div> <p>Tsarist authorities' horrific atrocities against the Kyrgyz people made it easy for Lenin and the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> to win their loyalty. All the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communists</a> really had to do was promise not to massacre the Kyrgyz or destroy their culture, and the Kyrgyz were basically sold on the whole <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> idea.<sup id="cite_ref-urk_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urk-7">[7]</a></sup> Along with the rest of Central Asia, Kyrgyzstan first became an autonomous region within Soviet Russia before being upgraded to its own republic in 1936. </p><p>Sadly and unfairly, the Kyrgyz peoples' general loyalty to the Soviet Union didn't stop Lenin's successor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> from brutalizing them alongside the rest of Central Asia. First, Stalin decided that nomadism had to go, so he had the Kyrgyz rounded up and forced onto collectivized farms.<sup id="cite_ref-lp_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lp-5">[5]</a></sup> This also exposed Kyrgyzstan to economic ruination and famine, just like in other parts of Central Asia. When the Kyrgyz dared to resist this, Stalin brought down the hammer and ordered troops and the NKVD to massacre people.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> New boss, same as the old boss. </p><p>After that, Kyrgyzstan also underwent the typical Soviet environmental exploitation. Its mountainous and remote landscape made it perfect for extensive <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> mining, and the Soviet Union dug up many thousands of tons of the stuff.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Soviet safety regulations were typically lax during mining, and western Kyrgyzstan is home to horrifically polluted sites.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ura_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ura-13">[13]</a></sup> </p><p>Of course, towards the end of the Soviet Union's lifetime, Kyrgyzstan both benefited from and suffered due to the liberalizing reforms of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>. With the Soviet boot slowly rising, ethnic Kyrgyz and ethnic Uzbeks in the region had enough room to start fighting with each other. Race riots starting in 1990 caused hundreds of deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-sov_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sov-14">[14]</a></sup> Elections later that year brought in Askar Akayev, the first president of any Soviet republic who hadn't previously been a high-ranking Communist Party member.<sup id="cite_ref-sov_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sov-14">[14]</a></sup> Unlike the other Central Asian republics, especially <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>'s loyal leader, Akayev almost immediately pushed for independence and used the attempted coup against Gorbachev as the flash point he needed to make things official. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Independence_and_the_Tulip_Revolution">Independence and the Tulip Revolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independence and the Tulip Revolution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_Kyrgyzstan_10years_2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Stamp_of_Kyrgyzstan_10years_2.jpg/200px-Stamp_of_Kyrgyzstan_10years_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Stamp_of_Kyrgyzstan_10years_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="181" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_Kyrgyzstan_10years_2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Akayev on a 2001 Kyrgyz postage stamp.</div></div></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The ouster of Kyrgyz President Askar Akayev shows that popular expectations in the Asian states of the former Soviet Union are not appreciably different from those in the European ones.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Martha Brill Olcott, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Akayev ran unopposed in elections and became the country's unquestioned leader. The problem was that Akayev was a bit of a dumbass. He appointed yes-men to local offices, but those yes-men promptly turned around and used those offices to enrich themselves at the expense of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-sov_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sov-14">[14]</a></sup> That pissed people off, mainly because Kyrgyzstan's economy shit itself after being cut off from the greater Soviet industrial base. It's not a recipe for success when government officials plunder the treasury to live large while people struggle to feed themselves. </p><p>Things finally broke apart in 2005 amid more scandal and more corruption. The disputed 2005 elections and the subsequent assassination attempt on the opposition leader caused nationwide protests for Akayev's removal.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> With the situation rapidly escalating, Akayev made the right choice and resigned from his post, then fled the country to go live in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. He was then replaced in a snap election for president, which surprisingly was relatively free by Central Asian standards.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <center><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:43px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ala-too_Square_in_Bishkek,_Kyrgyzstan,_2007-09-11_(color-corrected).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ala-too_Square_in_Bishkek%2C_Kyrgyzstan%2C_2007-09-11_%28color-corrected%29.jpg/250px-Ala-too_Square_in_Bishkek%2C_Kyrgyzstan%2C_2007-09-11_%28color-corrected%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ala-too_Square_in_Bishkek%2C_Kyrgyzstan%2C_2007-09-11_%28color-corrected%29.jpg/500px-Ala-too_Square_in_Bishkek%2C_Kyrgyzstan%2C_2007-09-11_%28color-corrected%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Government buildings in Bishkek. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:43px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beshbarmak,_national_dish_(3991850909).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Beshbarmak%2C_national_dish_%283991850909%29.jpg/225px-Beshbarmak%2C_national_dish_%283991850909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Beshbarmak%2C_national_dish_%283991850909%29.jpg/338px-Beshbarmak%2C_national_dish_%283991850909%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Beshbarmak%2C_national_dish_%283991850909%29.jpg/450px-Beshbarmak%2C_national_dish_%283991850909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Beshbarmak, a horse meat and noodle dish. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:43px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bringing_the_sheep_home,_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_(3968109583).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg/225px-Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg/338px-Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg/450px-Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Herding sheep in the rugged countryside. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:52px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyrgyz_women_offering_butter_and_salt.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kyrgyz_women_offering_butter_and_salt.jpg/225px-Kyrgyz_women_offering_butter_and_salt.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="151" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kyrgyz_women_offering_butter_and_salt.jpg/338px-Kyrgyz_women_offering_butter_and_salt.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kyrgyz_women_offering_butter_and_salt.jpg/450px-Kyrgyz_women_offering_butter_and_salt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Kyrgyz women bearing snacks. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:37px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Orthodox_cathedral_in_Bishkek.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Russian_Orthodox_cathedral_in_Bishkek.jpg/225px-Russian_Orthodox_cathedral_in_Bishkek.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="181" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Russian_Orthodox_cathedral_in_Bishkek.jpg/338px-Russian_Orthodox_cathedral_in_Bishkek.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Russian_Orthodox_cathedral_in_Bishkek.jpg/450px-Russian_Orthodox_cathedral_in_Bishkek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="2514" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Russian Orthodox cathedral in Bishkek. </p> </div> </div></li> </ul></center> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-36846249">Kyrgyzstan president: 'Women in mini skirts don't become suicide bombers'</a>. <i>BBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="extiw" title="wp:Religion in Kyrgyzstan" rel="nofollow">Religion in Kyrgyzstan</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2019/08/kyrgyzstan-attempts-to-isolate-local-islam/">Kyrgyzstan Attempts to Isolate Local Islam</a>. <i>The Diplomat.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etrib-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-etrib_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-etrib_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/kyrgyzstan/1.htm">Kyrgyzstan Early History</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lp-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lp_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lp_5-1">5.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lp_5-2">5.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/kyrgyzstan/background/history/a/nar/7a9bb7f5-2f04-4f15-881f-dda5b4e2f188/356887">Kyrgyzstan</a>. <i>Lonely Planet.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mng-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mng_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mng_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/kyrgyzstan/2.htm">Kyrgyzstan: Mongol Domination</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urk-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-urk_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-urk_7-1">7.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-urk_7-2">7.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/memorializing-and-avoiding-the-great-urkun-in-kyrgyzstan/">Memorializing (and Avoiding) the Great Urkun in Kyrgyzstan</a>. <i>The Diplomat.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rus-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rus_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rus_8-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/kyrgyzstan/3.htm">Kyrgyzstan: Russia</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmachi_movement" class="extiw" title="wp:Basmachi movement" rel="nofollow">Basmachi movement</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/uncovering-stalins-terror-in-kyrgyzstan/">Uncovering Stalin’s terror in Kyrgyzstan</a>. <i>Open Democracy.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/kyrgyzstan.aspx">Uranium in Kyrgyzstan</a>. <i>World Nuclear Association.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailuu-Suu" class="extiw" title="wp:Mailuu-Suu" rel="nofollow">Mailuu-Suu</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ura-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ura_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2016/12/soviet-uranium-mines-still-have-deadly-impact-in-kyrgyzstan/">Soviet Uranium Mines Still Have Deadly Impact in Kyrgyzstan</a>. <i>The Diplomat.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sov-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sov_14-0">14.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sov_14-1">14.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sov_14-2">14.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/kyrgyzstan/4.htm">Kyrgyzstan: The Soviet Union and Recent History</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2005/03/28/kyrgyzstan-s-tulip-revolution-pub-16710">Kyrgyzstan’s "Tulip Revolution"</a>. <i>Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-was-the-tulip-revolution.html">What Was the Tulip Revolution?</a> <i>World Atlas.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Kyrgyz_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="wp:2005 Kyrgyz presidential election" rel="nofollow">2005 Kyrgyz presidential election</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox" class="toccolours" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em 3.5%; text-align:center;"> <div style="margin:0.15em; padding:0.1em; background:#ccccff; font-weight:bold;"><span id="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nations</a> of the world</span> </div> <div class="hlist" style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0.15em 1.425em;"><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><b>Africa</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> — <a href="/wiki/ESwatini" title="ESwatini">eSwatini</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> — <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> <p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><b>Asia</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> — <a href="/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> — <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> — <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> — <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> — <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> — <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> — <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kyrgyzstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> — <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> — <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> — <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> — <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><b>Europe</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> — <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia">Czechia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> — <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> — <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> — <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> — <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> — <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> — <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> — <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> — <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> — <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> — <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><b>North America</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> — <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> — <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>) <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><b>Oceania</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> — <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><b>South America</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> — <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands"><small>Malvinas</small></a>)— <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><b>Separatist or disputed</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> —<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Micronation" title="Micronation">Micronation</a> — <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand">Sealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> — <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> </p> <span style="float:left;"><big><b>Historical</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> — <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="Kingdom of Hawaiʻi">Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" 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