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<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Japan - RationalWiki</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":!1,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"Z93zOymxeoYek9bZ0iIiqgAAAQ0","wgCSPNonce":!1,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":!1,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Japan","wgTitle":"Japan","wgCurRevisionId":2724197,"wgRevisionId":2724197,"wgArticleId":6945,"wgIsArticle":!0,"wgIsRedirect":!1,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with broken file links","Bronze-level articles","Anti-immigration","Asian countries","Asian history","Empires","Japan","Racism","Sexism","Anti-Korean","Pseudohistory promoters","Technology","Unification Church","War crimes","Denialism","Genocide denial","Fascism","Imperialism","Islamophobia","Xenophobia"], "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Japan","wgRelevantArticleId":6945,"wgIsProbablyEditable":!0,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":!0,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":!0,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":!0};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","mediawiki.toc.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@1hzgi",function($,jQuery,require,module){/*@nomin*/mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); });});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cmediawiki.toc.styles%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.35.6"/> <meta name="description" content="The State of Japan&#32;(日本国,&#32;Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, either is correct) is an East Asian archipelago nation on the westernmost edge of the Pacific Ocean, and the object of much misplaced admiration by naive Westerners. Its four main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. It is the world's last nation to have an emperor as its leader, although that emperor is bound by constitutional restrictions to the point where he is essentially a figurehead. Similar arrangements persisted for much of Japan's history, but it is clear that the imperial Yamato dynasty has proven to be remarkably resilient and long-lived. Today, Japan is known for its technological innovation, excellent food, and unique blending of Western and Eastern cultures. 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Its four main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. It is the world's last nation to have an emperor as its leader, although that emperor is bound by constitutional restrictions to the point where he is essentially a figurehead. Similar arrangements persisted for much of Japan's history, but it is clear that the imperial Yamato dynasty has proven to be remarkably resilient and long-lived. Today, Japan is known for its technological innovation, excellent food, and unique blending of Western and Eastern cultures. 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clear:right; border: 2px solid silver; margin: 0 0 .5em .5em; width: 200px;"> <div style="background-color: #e7ece6; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; padding: .3em;"><b>Japan</b></div> <center><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Japan.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/250px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="130" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/330px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/500px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></center> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Demographics</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by population" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by population">Population</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>125,880,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP (million)</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>4,910,580 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP p/cap.</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>39,048 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by life expectancy" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>84.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by Human Development Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by Human Development Index">Development Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.915 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Government</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Democracy Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Democracy Index">Democracy Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>7.99 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Corruption Perceptions Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>73 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>More</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Education Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Education Index">Education Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.949 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" class="extiw" title="wp:Importance of religion by country" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Importance of religion by country">Religiosity</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>24 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><br /> </p> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The Japan of old still dwells deep in the soul of every inhabitant of her islands and manifests itself at every turn in some euphuistic subtlety or an exquisitely delicate courtesy.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> historian<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:161</sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>State of Japan</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (</span><span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja">日本国</span><span class="t_nihongo_comma" style="display:none">,</span> <i>Nippon-koku</i> or <i>Nihon-koku</i>, either is correct) is an East <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> archipelago nation on the westernmost edge of the Pacific Ocean, and the object of much misplaced admiration by naive Westerners. Its four main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. It is the world's last nation to have an emperor as its leader, although that emperor is bound by <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutional</a> restrictions to the point where he is essentially a figurehead. Similar arrangements persisted for much of Japan's history, but it is clear that the imperial Yamato dynasty has proven to be remarkably resilient and long-lived. Today, Japan is known for its technological innovation, excellent food, and unique blending of <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> and Eastern cultures. Its capital and largest city is Tokyo. </p><p>Japan started showing up in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a>'s writings as early as the 1st century CE, and sometime around the 3rd century, it became unified under an imperial <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>. The most influential of Japan's early clans, the Yamato, became the ruling dynasty during this period and started to claim descent from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaterasu" class="extiw" title="wp:Amaterasu" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Amaterasu">Amaterasu</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, Japan's traditional sun goddess.Court life in Japan was heavily influenced by their Chinese neighbors, but the emperor himself increasingly retreated into personal pursuits while allowing court officials to rule Japan in his stead. This first created an effective hereditary regency led by powerful court families, but these court families themselves soon lost interest in day-to-day administration. In their place rose a succession of military <a href="/wiki/Dictator" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictator">dictators</a> (<i>shōguns</i>), <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> lords (<i>daimyō</i>), and a class of warrior nobility (<i>samurai</i>). The warlords fought amongst themselves for land and power during a bloody period of constant <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil wars</a> called the <i>Sengoku Jidai</i>, or the "Age of Warring States." Japan wouldn't reunify until the rise of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1603. During the Sengoku era, though, traders from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> showed up to exploit the wars for profit. The Tokugawa retaliated by implementing the <i>Sakoku</i> policy, which forced Japan into two centuries of isolationism, peace, and stagnation. </p><p>Everything changed in 1854 when a modern war fleet from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> showed up to threaten Japan into reopening trade. Western trade had an explosive effect on the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy">economy</a>, and disgruntled samurai launched the Boshin War in 1868 to destroy the shogunate and return power to the emperor. Emperor Meiji embarked on a bold series of modernization and industrialization reforms which rapidly transformed Japan from a <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> state into a modern military force. Emboldened by its new military, Imperial Japan started throwing its weight around. It made inroads into <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, beat China in a war, beat <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in a war, allied with the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and then started bullying China even harder during and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. This age of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> culminated in Japan's re-invasion of China in 1937, kicking off the Second Sino-Japanese War. During this campaign, Japan's horrific brutality and <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> earned condemnation and sanctions from much of the world. This placed Japan in a desperate economic situation, leading it to attack Pearl Harbor and various European colonies in 1941, bringing Japan into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Axis" title="Axis">Axis</a>. Japan did even more horrible things in that war until 1945, when the US <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">dropped two nuclear bombs on Japanese cities</a>, compelling the nation's emperor to surrender near-unconditionally. </p><p>After the destruction of the war and subsequent military occupation, Japan rebuilt itself on the principle that it should make <a href="/wiki/Car" class="mw-redirect" title="Car">cars</a> and electronics, not war. Japan's new constitution stripped the emperor's divinity and basically all power and forever renounced Japan's right to declare war. In the absence of military adventurism, Japan focused on building its economy and became a major market force through the latter 20th century, although economic stagnation became to set in after the 1990s until today. Although Japan seems like a more friendlier nation on the global stage than it was during the imperialist age, there are still echoes of that dark past. A <i>de facto</i> one-party state under the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a> (LDP), Ultra<a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> is a major force in Japanese politics. Its former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe" title="Shinzō Abe">Shinzō Abe</a> seemed to have his heart set on undermining the constitution and returning to the <a href="/wiki/Good_old_days" title="Good old days">good old days</a> when Japan could use its military offensively again.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> After he was assassinated for his links to the <a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a> cult, he became a martyr among far-right revisionist organizations, and the LDP has echoed that they would implement Abe's policies which was not realized when he stepped down. Japan has also refused to deal with the crimes its soldiers and government committed during the imperial age, a major sticking point with Japan's neighbors and allies.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Japan's largest <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> political organization, <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a>, has made it its goal to stoke ultranationalism and <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">revise history</a> to rebuild Japan's empire.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Mythological_founding_.28and_actual_history.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mythological founding (and actual history)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_Yamato_rule"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early Yamato rule</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Fujiwara_regency"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Fujiwara regency</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Rise_of_the_warlord_class"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Rise of the warlord class</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Sengoku_period"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Sengoku period</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Reunification_process"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Reunification process</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Tokugawa_Shogunate"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Tokugawa Shogunate</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Perry_Expedition_and_the_Bakumatsu"><span class="tocnumber">1.8</span> <span class="toctext">Perry Expedition and the Bakumatsu</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Boshin_War"><span class="tocnumber">1.9</span> <span class="toctext">Boshin War</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Meiji_modernization"><span class="tocnumber">1.10</span> <span class="toctext">Meiji modernization</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#The_Red_Sun_rises"><span class="tocnumber">1.11</span> <span class="toctext">The Red Sun rises</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#First_Sino-Japanese_War"><span class="tocnumber">1.11.1</span> <span class="toctext">First Sino-Japanese War</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Russo-Japanese_War"><span class="tocnumber">1.11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Russo-Japanese War</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Annexation_of_Korea"><span class="tocnumber">1.11.3</span> <span class="toctext">Annexation of Korea</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Japan_in_World_War_I"><span class="tocnumber">1.11.4</span> <span class="toctext">Japan in World War I</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Turn_to_fascism"><span class="tocnumber">1.12</span> <span class="toctext">Turn to fascism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Second_Sino-Japanese_War"><span class="tocnumber">1.13</span> <span class="toctext">Second Sino-Japanese War</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Japan_in_World_War_II"><span class="tocnumber">1.14</span> <span class="toctext">Japan in World War II</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Opening_offensives"><span class="tocnumber">1.14.1</span> <span class="toctext">Opening offensives</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Turning_point_and_island_hopping"><span class="tocnumber">1.14.2</span> <span class="toctext">Turning point and island hopping</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Preparing_to_invade_Japan"><span class="tocnumber">1.14.3</span> <span class="toctext">Preparing to invade Japan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"><span class="tocnumber">1.14.4</span> <span class="toctext">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Military_occupation_and_reconstruction"><span class="tocnumber">1.15</span> <span class="toctext">Military occupation and reconstruction</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Economic_.22miracle.22"><span class="tocnumber">1.16</span> <span class="toctext">Economic "miracle"</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Stagnation_and_modern_Japan"><span class="tocnumber">1.17</span> <span class="toctext">Stagnation and modern Japan</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Government_and_politics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Government and politics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Yamato_monarchy_.28or_how_to_win_by_doing_nothing.29"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Yamato monarchy (or how to win by doing nothing)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Conservative_one-party_state"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Conservative one-party state</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Return_to_the_old_ways"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Return to the old ways</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Ultranationalism_and_the_far-right"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Ultranationalism and the far-right</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#.22Abenomics.22"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">"Abenomics"</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Suicide"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Suicide</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Whaling"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Whaling</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Xenophobia_and_racism"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Xenophobia and racism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Caste_discrimination"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Caste discrimination</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Shintoism_and_Buddhism"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Shintoism and Buddhism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Christianity"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Christianity</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Historical_revisionism_and_denialism"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Historical revisionism and denialism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Amaterasu_cave.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Amaterasu_cave.JPG/500px-Amaterasu_cave.JPG" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Amaterasu_cave.JPG/960px-Amaterasu_cave.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="846" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Amaterasu_cave.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The goddess Amaterasu, central to Japanese mythology.</div></div></div> <h3><span id="Mythological_founding_(and_actual_history)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Mythological_founding_.28and_actual_history.29">Mythological founding (and actual history)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mythological founding (and actual history)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>According to Japan's <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> traditions, the <a href="/wiki/Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods">gods</a> created the Japanese islands. Alongside the Japanese islands came <i>kami</i>, which were nature deities influencing various natural phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-myths_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myths-5">[5]</a></sup> The most important of the <i>kami</i> was Amaterasu, the sun goddess who holds the forces of <a href="/wiki/Evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Evil">evil</a> at bay with her presence.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> She essentially serves as the patron deity for all of Japan. That red circle on Japan's flag is a sun representing her. Japan's legends hold that Amaterasu created Japan as a nation and is the direct ancestor of the ruling Yamato dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Ever since the codification of this legend, Japan has heavily associated itself with the sun and its imagery. </p><p>So that's Japan's <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">mythic</a> origin story. Of course, we here at <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki" title="RationalWiki">RationalWiki</a> are at least a little bit <a href="/wiki/Skeptical" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptical">skeptical</a> of sun goddess stories, so we'll also give you the accepted history. In reality, Japan started off as a collection of disunited peoples considered unimportant by the nearby Chinese empire.<sup id="cite_ref-japbeg_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japbeg-8">[8]</a></sup> Although generally disinterested in Japan as a potential tributary, Chinese travelers documented much of the region's early culture. They described ancient Japan as a land of hundreds of scattered tribal communities that subsisted on raw vegetables, rice, and <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> served on bamboo and wooden trays, had vassal-master relations, collected <a href="/wiki/Taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxes">taxes</a>, and had provincial granaries and markets, violent succession struggles, and formed political alliances and federations.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> During that early period, Japan was influenced by visiting travelers from China. Japan's remote situation meant that its rulers could pick and choose which customs and traditions to adopt and which to ignore. Japan eventually adopted Chinese-style writing (kanji) and architecture, and the evolution of these practices was also often inspired by happenings in China.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Horyu-ji45s2s4500.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Horyu-ji45s2s4500.jpg/330px-Horyu-ji45s2s4500.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Horyu-ji45s2s4500.jpg/500px-Horyu-ji45s2s4500.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Horyu-ji45s2s4500.jpg/960px-Horyu-ji45s2s4500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Horyu-ji45s2s4500.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Hōryū-ji, a temple in Ikuraga completed in 607 CE.</div></div></div> <p>Around the 5th century, a kingdom ruled by the Yamato dynasty rose to power by unifying most of what is now Japan. During the 7th century, those Yamato rulers got word of China's extensive written histories. Deciding to give that a go themselves, the Yamato commissioned an official chronicle of myths, history, and legends. The <i>Kojiki</i>, as it's now known, mainly served to dictate Japan's "canon" history and justify the Yamato dynasty's imperial rule by connecting them to Japan's mythological founding.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> And when we say the <i>Kojiki</i> was legal canon, we mean it. Scholars who questioned the work's accuracy faced <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, forced resignation, or were even brought to trial on criminal charges.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> Indeed, the Japanese founding myth is less mythology or history than outright <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>. The Yamato had brilliantly manipulated Japanese beliefs to create for themselves a divine right to rule. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_Yamato_rule">Early Yamato rule</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Yamato rule">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:317px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_throne_of_Heijo_palace.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Imperial_throne_of_Heijo_palace.jpg/315px-Imperial_throne_of_Heijo_palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="315" height="236" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Imperial_throne_of_Heijo_palace.jpg/473px-Imperial_throne_of_Heijo_palace.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Imperial_throne_of_Heijo_palace.jpg/630px-Imperial_throne_of_Heijo_palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_throne_of_Heijo_palace.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The imperial throne in Heijō Palace.</div></div></div> <p>During the rise and consolidation of the Yamato state, Japan started developing an <a href="/wiki/Aristocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocratic">aristocratic</a> society whose elites were expected to be skilled soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-kofu_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kofu-13">[13]</a></sup> This aristocracy was divided into many powerful clans, each headed by a patriarch and sworn to serve the emperor. It was essentially Japan's take on <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>. </p><p>Around 538 CE, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> crossed into Japan and was quickly adopted by many clans and Yamato emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> The emperors also started modeling their rulership style after Chinese <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, mainly where fiscal policy and central banking were concerned. Based on the Chinese model, the Yamato emperors built an elaborate court life where subordinate clan patriarchs would help the emperor administrate Japan. Like China, Japan had no fixed capital during this period, as the emperor could move his court wherever he pleased. </p><p>The common people weren't lucky enough to benefit from this lavish lifestyle. The Yamato gradually appropriated most of Japan's land under direct imperial rule and organized the population according to their professions, which they were stuck with for life.<sup id="cite_ref-kofu_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kofu-13">[13]</a></sup> Most people were farmers; others were fishers, weavers, potters, artisans, armorers, and ritual specialists. </p><p>In 645, the process of imperial centralization got a huge shot in the arm with the Taika reforms. Inspired by some bloody infighting among the clans, the Taika reforms placed all Japanese land under the personal ownership of the emperor. They instituted a <a href="/wiki/Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Census">census</a> upon which a new tax system would be built.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Much of this was meant to emulate the success of the Tang dynasty in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a>, and Japan built government bureaus and trained officials in the Chinese way. </p><p>To further solidify itself as an empire, Japan built itself a permanent capital city at Heijokyo, or Nara, in 710. The new city was styled after the Tang dynasty capital at Chang'an and had around 200,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-nara_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nara-16">[16]</a></sup> Although economic activity around the capital was hopping, the emperors' focus on their capital caused things to stagnate elsewhere. Due to pushback from nobles and Buddhist monks, the Taika reforms were eventually abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> In the reform's place rose a system of large noble estates, which gradually became increasingly autonomous from imperial rule.<sup id="cite_ref-nara_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nara-16">[16]</a></sup> Factional infighting and court intrigues consumed most of the emperor's time and energy, and power started to decentralize. </p><p>In a last-ditch attempt to reverse decentralization, some Yamato emperors tried moving the capital around. They moved in 784 to Nagaoka and in 794 to Heian. The latter city would eventually become known as Kyoto, its name ever since. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fujiwara_regency">Fujiwara regency</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fujiwara regency">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fujiwaranomichinaga.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Fujiwaranomichinaga.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="214" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="214" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Fujiwaranomichinaga.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Fujiwara no Michinaga, one of the most powerful regents.</div></div></div> <p>Moving the capital to Kyoto did indeed reinvigorate the imperial government. However, a series of wars in northeastern Japan against unsubjugated peoples necessitated the appointment of a chief commander, the <i>seii taishogun</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-gudako_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gudako-18">[18]</a></sup> The clans also became more powerful as their military abilities were called into action. As a result, the nobles completely disregarded many of their obedience and tax obligations with basically no consequence. </p><p>More noble knife-fighting ensued and one noble family, the Fujiwara, became the dominant political force in the imperial court. Members of the family intermarried into the Yamato dynasty, ensuring that the Fujiwara would always be able to influence where and how the emperor's time and money were spent.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> Eventually, they leveraged that influence to manipulate the imperial succession by placing the youngest possible candidate on the throne. They ensured that the child emperor would need a regent to rule and that regent would always be a member of the Fujiwara clan. In this manner, the Fujiwara had neatly side-stepped the imperial myth to seize power without actually needing to remove the Yamato dynasty. </p><p>To keep the emperor and other nobles from protesting at this blatant usurpation, the Fujiwara made it their policy to distract everyone in court with frivolous pursuits. The aristocracy busied themselves with poetry, artwork, and the finer things in life.<sup id="cite_ref-gudako_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gudako-18">[18]</a></sup> During this period, the Japanese written language began to differentiate itself from Chinese. Japanese noblewomen wrote elaborate works describing semi-fictionalized accounts of court life and romance, most notably <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji" class="extiw" title="wp:The Tale of Genji" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: The Tale of Genji">The Tale of Genji</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> Many of these works are now counted in the canon of classical Japanese literature. Meanwhile, the Fujiwara and other clever clans used the lack of imperial oversight to acquire vast amounts of land and wealth for themselves. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rise_of_the_warlord_class">Rise of the warlord class</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rise of the warlord class">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu-Protecting_his_master_Tsugunobu.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu-Protecting_his_master_Tsugunobu.jpg/350px-Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu-Protecting_his_master_Tsugunobu.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="174" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu-Protecting_his_master_Tsugunobu.jpg/525px-Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu-Protecting_his_master_Tsugunobu.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu-Protecting_his_master_Tsugunobu.jpg/700px-Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu-Protecting_his_master_Tsugunobu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="2979" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu-Protecting_his_master_Tsugunobu.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Satō Tsugunobu takes an arrow meant for his master Minamoto no Yoshitsune in the Genpei War, like an honorable samurai.</div></div></div> <p>The Fujiwara eventually started to fail in the early 1000s due to the emergence of factions within the clan and subsequent power struggles. Opposition Fujiwara factions also hired private, professional armies of samurai, which they used to fight giant pissing contests.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> The Fujiwara eventually tore each other apart, making way for rival clans Minamoto and Taira to fight a vast civil war between 1180 and 1185 over control of the regency.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> The Minamoto won out due to their superior military strength, and Minamoto no Yoritomo used his newfound power to declare himself military dictator and create the first <i>bakufu</i> or shogunate.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg/275px-Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="173" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg/413px-Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg/550px-Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="379" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Samurai in troopships during the Mongol invasions.</div></div></div> <p>Minamoto no Yoritomo also invented the office of <i>shugo</i>. The shogun appointed a shugo to rule one or more provinces in his name. Upon the shugo's death, a successor would be appointed by the shogun without regard to familial succession.<sup id="cite_ref-shug_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shug-23">[23]</a></sup> The shugo, as you might expect, immediately decided to start treating the land as their personal property. They raised their own samurai armies using the profits from their granted holdings, and they quickly became too numerous and powerful for the shogunate to control.<sup id="cite_ref-shug_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shug-23">[23]</a></sup> By the 1400s, the shugo decided to start completely ignoring the shogun's authority. They became the <i>daimyō</i>, lords in their own right who ruled as they chose. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:237px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Himeji02.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Himeji02.jpg/235px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Himeji02.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="176" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Himeji02.jpg/353px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Himeji02.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Himeji02.jpg/470px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Himeji02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Himeji02.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Himeji Castle, a flaunting display of warlord wealth.</div></div></div> <p>One of the most critical events speeding along the rise of the warlord era were the two invasions by Kublai Khan and the Mongol Empire in 1274 and 1281. Japan's shogun rejected the Mongol demands, raised an army of samurai, and defended Kyushu against two Mongol invasions, eventually thwarted by <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoon">typhoons</a>. Shinto priests attributed the two defeats of the Mongols to a "divine wind" (<i>kamikaze</i>), a sign of <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>'s special protection of Japan. The daimyō, though, were convinced that their way of warlordism and samurai honor codes was the key to protecting Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> They continued grasping up more and more power, now having decided that they were doing it for the good of Japan as a whole. </p><p>This process was completed in 1467 when a succession dispute led different clans to fight against each other for the shogunate. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" class="extiw" title="wp:Ōnin War" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Ōnin War">Ōnin War</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, a nationwide free-for-all melee, lasted for a decade, devastating Japan and leaving many of the daimyō militarily exhausted but entirely beyond the shogun's control. It also permanently set the daimyō against each other, creating a situation in which Japan would remain in a low-intensity civil war for more than a century afterward. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sengoku_period">Sengoku period</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sengoku period">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagashino_Teppo-Ashigaru.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nagashino_Teppo-Ashigaru.jpg/350px-Nagashino_Teppo-Ashigaru.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="210" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nagashino_Teppo-Ashigaru.jpg/525px-Nagashino_Teppo-Ashigaru.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nagashino_Teppo-Ashigaru.jpg/700px-Nagashino_Teppo-Ashigaru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1500" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagashino_Teppo-Ashigaru.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Oda Nobunaga's troops use massed firearm tactics to tear shit up in the Battle of Nagashino.</div></div></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Most of the leading samurai families took part in what can only be described as an orgy of violence, burning of temples, ransacking shops, massacring hostages, and defiling the dead.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—J. L. Huffman, historian.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Onin War led to serious political fragmentation; a great struggle for land and power ensued among daimyō, plunging Japan into constant violence. Most wars of the period were short and localized, but they happened all over the country, and new wars started constantly. This had a catastrophic effect on Japan's economy. Near Kyoto, the shogunate could maintain security, but the non-stop movement and clashes of armies strained local resources elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-sengo_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sengo-26">[26]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Martyrs_of_Nagasaki_-_a_painting_from_Prague.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Martyrs_of_Nagasaki_-_a_painting_from_Prague.jpg/165px-Martyrs_of_Nagasaki_-_a_painting_from_Prague.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="212" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Martyrs_of_Nagasaki_-_a_painting_from_Prague.jpg/248px-Martyrs_of_Nagasaki_-_a_painting_from_Prague.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Martyrs_of_Nagasaki_-_a_painting_from_Prague.jpg/330px-Martyrs_of_Nagasaki_-_a_painting_from_Prague.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2290" data-file-height="2941" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Martyrs_of_Nagasaki_-_a_painting_from_Prague.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Catholics executed in Nagasaki in 1597.</div></div></div> <p>To support these constant wars and the construction of new forts and castles, the daimyō oppressed and taxed their peasants even harder. The peasants didn't take well to that, and many revolted to form <i>Ikki.</i> The <i>Ikki</i> were armies of rampaging peasants who started by sacking and destroying their overlords' possessions and then evolved into regional protection rackets.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> One powerful peasant group took over Kyoto itself, cutting the city off from the outside world and ignoring the shoguns' legal authority. </p><p>During this tumultuous time, Europeans started showing up to establish trade relations. First came <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> in 1543, then <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in 1587, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> in 1609. In exchange for Japanese <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and silver, the Europeans started selling <a href="/wiki/Firearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm">firearms</a> and information on how to use them. This had a dramatic effect when warlord Oda Nobunaga adopted firearm <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> around 1560 and used these new tactics to conquer a vast chunk of Japan and become the country's new leader, taking the first step towards unification.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> His greatest victory was the Battle of Nagashino, where he and his ally Tokugawa Ieyasu used firearm tactics to destroy a samurai cavalry charge.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> That had a permanent impact on Japanese warfare, as warlords realized that guns trumped the old ways of war. The samurai was on his way out. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokugawa_Ieyasu2.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tokugawa_Ieyasu2.JPG/200px-Tokugawa_Ieyasu2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tokugawa_Ieyasu2.JPG/300px-Tokugawa_Ieyasu2.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tokugawa_Ieyasu2.JPG/400px-Tokugawa_Ieyasu2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="2100" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokugawa_Ieyasu2.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Tokugawa Ieyasu, founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate.</div></div></div> <p>Another impact of European trade made itself known not too long after. European <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> did their thing basically unhindered during the struggle, spreading <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to hundreds of thousands of converts. As Japan started unifying, though, the daimyō were able to start putting a stop to this. Proscriptions against Christianity began in 1587 and outright persecutions in 1597.<sup id="cite_ref-sengo_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sengo-26">[26]</a></sup> One notable event saw the rulers of Nagasaki execute 26 <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholics</a> via <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>. Suppressing missionary activity would become one of Japan's motivations for completely severing contact with the outside world. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reunification_process">Reunification process</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reunification process">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Oda Nobunaga would later be betrayed by one of his generals and forced to commit <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>. His close second-in-command Toyotomi Hideyoshi took over the conquests, creating the second step towards unification by turning Japan into a patchwork realm built on alliances.<sup id="cite_ref-unif_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unif-30">[30]</a></sup> Hideyoshi fucked up, though, by trying to invade Korea, which was a tributary state under Chinese domination. He started the effort in 1592, but it quickly went sour in the face of huge Chinese armies. The wars ended abruptly in 1598 with his death. </p><p>In the place of the first two great unifiers came the third and last: Tokugawa Ieyasu, their former ally. After his old friend's death, he quickly seized control of Japan, aided by the vast wealth and land area he had amassed during the Sengoku campaigns. By 1600, Tokugawa had defeated all of the rebellious warlords and brought the entirety of Japan under his personal control. He rapidly abolished numerous enemy clans, reduced many others in size, and redistributed the spoils of war to his family and allies.<sup id="cite_ref-tokufir_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tokufir-31">[31]</a></sup> </p><p>Once his rule was indisputable, Tokugawa took on the title of shogun, legitimizing himself as the ruler of all of Japan. This marks the beginning of the Tokugawa Shogunate and the end of the Sengoku period and its wars. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tokugawa_Shogunate">Tokugawa Shogunate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tokugawa Shogunate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Grote_partij_bij_het_opperhoofd_van_Dejima.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Grote_partij_bij_het_opperhoofd_van_Dejima.jpg/330px-Grote_partij_bij_het_opperhoofd_van_Dejima.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="213" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Grote_partij_bij_het_opperhoofd_van_Dejima.jpg/500px-Grote_partij_bij_het_opperhoofd_van_Dejima.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Grote_partij_bij_het_opperhoofd_van_Dejima.jpg/960px-Grote_partij_bij_het_opperhoofd_van_Dejima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5092" data-file-height="3935" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Grote_partij_bij_het_opperhoofd_van_Dejima.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Dutch trade outpost in Japan, 1805.</div></div></div> <p>Tokugawa's first task as a shogun was to deal with the rising problem of Christianity within Japan. In 1612, he ordered his direct vassals to swear never to adopt the religion, and he spent the next few decades gradually restricting European traders to just a few cities.<sup id="cite_ref-christi_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christi-32">[32]</a></sup> In 1635, this policy of seclusion became even more extreme, with an edict forbidding any Japanese person from ever leaving the country. </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:227px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shimabara_Castle_Tower_20090906.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Shimabara_Castle_Tower_20090906.jpg/225px-Shimabara_Castle_Tower_20090906.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Shimabara_Castle_Tower_20090906.jpg/338px-Shimabara_Castle_Tower_20090906.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Shimabara_Castle_Tower_20090906.jpg/450px-Shimabara_Castle_Tower_20090906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="850" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Shimabara_Castle_Tower_20090906.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Shimabara Castle.</div></div></div> <p>By this point, Japan had about 720,000 Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-christii_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christii-33">[33]</a></sup> Tokugawa feared that the nearby <a href="/wiki/Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish">Spanish</a>, who had recently taken over the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, would use Christianity as a way to force colonial rule on Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-christii_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christii-33">[33]</a></sup> To prevent that, he outright banned Christianity, beginning a horrifying process where tens of thousands of Christian converts were beheaded or <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">tortured</a> to death.<sup id="cite_ref-christii_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christii-33">[33]</a></sup> </p><p>The Christians didn't take that lying down. In 1637, they launched the Shimabara Rebellion. The Tokugawa failed to suppress the rebellion even after sending in more than 120,000 soldiers, so they had to hire help from the Dutch. Once back in control, Tokugawa officials ordered the execution of about 37,000 rebels. The uprising confirmed to many Japanese that Christianity meant disloyalty and effectively spelled the end of that religion's chances of making significant headway in Japan. By 1641 Japan had expelled almost all foreigners save the Dutch and Chinese and limited even them to just the city of Nagasaki.<sup id="cite_ref-christi_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christi-32">[32]</a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Tokugawa had enforced a strict Confucian-inspired social hierarchy on the people of Japan. At the top were the samurai, who were just 7% of the population; they levied taxes on farmers and were the only class legally permitted to bear weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-socordi_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-socordi-34">[34]</a></sup> Peasants were second, as the Japanese acknowledged that farmers and laborers performed an essential service to society.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> Then came artisans who produced non-essential goods, restricted to their own quarters in every city. At the very bottom were merchants, who had wealth but were forbidden from showing it. Finally, below the very bottom were the untouchables, people who were stuck doing jobs Japan considered shitty, like being a tanner or an undertaker.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> Untouchables were carefully sectioned away from the rest of society until they were needed for some reason. </p><p>Even in a single household, there were enforced restrictions. Absolute obedience was demanded from family members toward the head of household (<i>kachō</i>), and women were officially held in contempt.<sup id="cite_ref-socordi_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-socordi-34">[34]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Perry_Expedition_and_the_Bakumatsu">Perry Expedition and the Bakumatsu</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Perry Expedition and the Bakumatsu">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_(BM_2013,3002.1_56).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_56%29.jpg/350px-The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_56%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="222" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_56%29.jpg/525px-The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_56%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_56%29.jpg/700px-The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_56%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1013" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_(BM_2013,3002.1_56).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Japanese depiction of Perry's military force during his second visit in 1854.</div></div></div> <p>Throughout the early 1800s, Westerners became more and more determined to trade with Japan. Western ships routinely docked at Japanese harbors without permission, trespassed on Japanese territorial waters, and offloaded Western merchants to do some down-low buying and selling.<sup id="cite_ref-perryi_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perryi-37">[37]</a></sup> Meanwhile, the Tokugawa Shogunate was in crisis due to many natural disasters and the inability to deal with the resulting fallout. Merchants and bankers, after all, were considered scum in Japan at the time. </p><p>Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> had just annexed <a href="/wiki/California" class="mw-redirect" title="California">California</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_War" title="Mexican-American War">Mexican-American War</a> and was looking to capitalize on having a Pacific port by throwing some weight around in the Pacific. China was first on the menu, but Japan wasn't far behind. In 1852, Matthew Calbraith Perry, who commanded the US East India Squadron, received orders from President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> to take his fleet to Japan and use <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a> to get the Japanese to allow trade with the US.<sup id="cite_ref-perri_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perri-38">[38]</a></sup> The US had tried this move before on multiple occasions, but Perry realized that the key to success was to perform a suitably intimidating show of military might.<sup id="cite_ref-usnav_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usnav-39">[39]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:287px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NagasakiNavalTrainingCenter.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NagasakiNavalTrainingCenter.jpg/285px-NagasakiNavalTrainingCenter.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="202" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NagasakiNavalTrainingCenter.jpg/428px-NagasakiNavalTrainingCenter.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NagasakiNavalTrainingCenter.jpg/570px-NagasakiNavalTrainingCenter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="852" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:NagasakiNavalTrainingCenter.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Dutch naval academy at Nagasaki.</div></div></div> <p>Perry started in 1853 with a dry-run in Okinawa (then part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="wp:Ryukyu Kingdom" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu Kingdom</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> effectively a tributary state of Japan). He parked his warships near the islands and refused to meet with anyone save the island's lead official.<sup id="cite_ref-usnav_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usnav-39">[39]</a></sup> After getting the Okinawans to cave, Perry ignored their objections and moved on to Japan itself. His fleet arrived in Tokyo Bay a month later, fired a few heavy artillery salutes, and refused to meet with anyone save the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-usnav_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usnav-39">[39]</a></sup> After two weeks of this standoff, the Japanese finally sent their emperor to meet with the aggressive new threat. Perry gave the emperor letters of friendship from President Fillmore and what was basically an advertisement for trade with the US. The Japanese only ordered him to leave. He complied but returned a year later with eight ships and many soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-perri_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perri-38">[38]</a></sup> After about a month of negotiation and threats, Perry got the Japanese to agree to the Treaty of Kanagawa, which opened Japan to trade and provided shipwrecked Americans care. </p><p>First contact with the US and the subsequently forced renegotiations for more concessions over the next five years prompted a general Japanese discussion over dealing with the new threat of an industrialized outside world. It was clear that the old Japan could not defend itself from a modern Western power. In 1855, the Japanese turned to the Dutch for help, opening Dutch military schools and purchasing outdated Dutch warships.<sup id="cite_ref-perryi_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perryi-37">[37]</a></sup> Still, Japan's ascendance was slow and more economical and trade concessions were forced upon it by other Western powers. Opposition to this rapid reform ushered in a period of political <a href="/wiki/Chaos" title="Chaos">chaos</a>. Today, the period is known as the <i>Bakumatsu</i>, literally meaning "end of the shogunate." Uncontrolled trade with the West destroyed Japan's economy, as its artisans and peasants couldn't compete with industrially-produced Western goods.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> Those parts of Japan that resisted Western influence came under attack by Western allied forces. The most significant example of this was the Shimonoseki campaign of 1863, where the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the Netherlands, and the United States teamed up to force control over the straits between Kyushu and Honshu.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Boshin_War">Boshin War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Boshin War">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:377px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Meiji_taiheiki_no_uchi_Aizuwakamatsu_sens%C5%8D_no_zu.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Meiji_taiheiki_no_uchi_Aizuwakamatsu_sens%C5%8D_no_zu.jpg/375px-Meiji_taiheiki_no_uchi_Aizuwakamatsu_sens%C5%8D_no_zu.jpg" decoding="async" width="375" height="183" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Meiji_taiheiki_no_uchi_Aizuwakamatsu_sens%C5%8D_no_zu.jpg/563px-Meiji_taiheiki_no_uchi_Aizuwakamatsu_sens%C5%8D_no_zu.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Meiji_taiheiki_no_uchi_Aizuwakamatsu_sens%C5%8D_no_zu.jpg/750px-Meiji_taiheiki_no_uchi_Aizuwakamatsu_sens%C5%8D_no_zu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="586" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Meiji_taiheiki_no_uchi_Aizuwakamatsu_sens%C5%8D_no_zu.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Battle of Aizu in northern Japan.</div></div></div> <p>The conflict became inevitable in 1868 when the young Emperor Meiji started flexing his political muscles, convinced that Japan needed to evolve to meet the times without the hampering influence of the shogunate. The emperor forced Tokugawa Yoshinobu to resign from the shogunate and then stripped him of his titles and lands.<sup id="cite_ref-boshini_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boshini-42">[42]</a></sup> Yoshinobu, who was to be the last shogun, marched to the emperor's palace at Kyoto with his personal army, ostensibly to voice his objections. By most accounts, Yoshinobu wasn't looking for a fight, but a rival clan caught him near the capital and attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-boshini_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boshini-42">[42]</a></sup> </p><p>That first battle set off a chain of events where the Tokugawa and the emperor declared war on each other. The emperor had been politically irrelevant for so long that many of the shogun's soldiers didn't recognize the imperial banner during the first few clashes.<sup id="cite_ref-boshini_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boshini-42">[42]</a></sup> The imperial forces generally won these fights due to their greater usage of modern military technology. The emperor's seeming invulnerability in battle convinced many powerful daimyō to switch sides in the conflict. The emperor's revered place in Japanese culture meant that he generally had the support of the Japanese people. </p><p>Saigo Takamori, later famed as the "Last Samurai," led imperial troops to surround the city of Edo (old Tokyo) in 1869, forcing the shogun to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-boshinii_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boshinii-43">[43]</a></sup> The shogun's navy fled north to Aizu in northern Japan, but the imperial faction managed to suppress this last defiance in one final battle. The city of Edo was later renamed Tokyo, meaning "eastern capital." </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Meiji_modernization">Meiji modernization</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Meiji modernization">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ginza_in_1880s.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ginza_in_1880s.JPG/300px-Ginza_in_1880s.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ginza_in_1880s.JPG/450px-Ginza_in_1880s.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ginza_in_1880s.JPG/600px-Ginza_in_1880s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="682" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ginza_in_1880s.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>1880s city scene in a rapidly modernizing Japan.</div></div></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>♫Imperial force defied, facing 500 samurai,<br /> <p>♫Surrounded and outnumbered, 60 to 1 the sword face the gun!<br /> </p> ♫Bushido dignified, it's the last stand of the samurai!</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabaton.net/">Sabaton</a>, "Shiroyama".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With Emperor Meiji in complete control of Japan, he launched a far-reaching series of reforms. First, he abolished the old social order, notably casting aside the samurai class and declaring them equal to other citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-meiji_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meiji-45">[45]</a></sup> He then established Western-style military academies to train a professional army. Gone were the samurai and the sword; soldiers would be conscripted, and they would use guns and cannons to win the day. Most importantly, Japan industrialized with truly shocking speed. Merchants and businessmen were elevated from the bottom of society to the top. The government assisted them in forming huge <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a> to produce iron, steel, ships, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation" title="Rail transportation">railroads</a>, and other heavy industrial goods.<sup id="cite_ref-meiji_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meiji-45">[45]</a></sup> In addition, he began aggressive efforts to assimilate the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_people" class="extiw" title="wp:Ainu people" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Ainu people">Ainu people</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, first in Hokkaido and later in southern Sakhalin (unfortunately for the Ainu, this was the only half of Sakhalin they inhabited) and the Kuril Islands; this eventually resulted in the near-total destruction of their culture and rendered their language all but dead. Despite laws formally recognizing Ainu identity and funding cultural research and revival, many Ainu face vicious discrimination in everyday life. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:227px;"><a href="/wiki/File:KumamotoSoldiers1877.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/KumamotoSoldiers1877.jpg/250px-KumamotoSoldiers1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/KumamotoSoldiers1877.jpg/500px-KumamotoSoldiers1877.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="801" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:KumamotoSoldiers1877.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army during the Satsuma Rebellion.</div></div></div> <p>This total societal upheaval didn't happen without resistance. Satsuma clan samurai Saigo Takamori, previously an instrumental player in the Boshin War for the imperials, turned against the new government when it started centralizing the country at his family's expense.<sup id="cite_ref-satsu_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satsu-46">[46]</a></sup> In 1877, he led a samurai uprising, the Satsuma Rebellion, which became the old ways' last gasp against the new modern era. The samurai fought valiantly against long odds, and in the end, most of them committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> rather than surrender. Although that event spelled the end of the samurai era, Saigo Takamori, the "Last Samurai", became a hero to the Japanese people.<sup id="cite_ref-satsu_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satsu-46">[46]</a></sup> The samurai code of honor (<i><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">bushidō</a></i>) and their refusal to surrender became integral parts of Japanese military culture. </p><p>After all of that, the emperor decided that he needed to strengthen his position in the eyes of the people. In 1889, the emperor promulgated a new constitution based on the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>'s model, which created a parliament and prime minister but still reserved effective power for the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> He then established the Office of Shinto Worship to reshape Japan into a society built around the emperor's godlike status.<sup id="cite_ref-meijirez_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meijirez-48">[48]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Red_Sun_rises">The Red Sun rises</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Red Sun rises">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Economic and cultural modernization was all well and good, but the emperor and many Japanese officials also decided that they needed to completely rethink Japan's place among other nations. To escape the fate of colonized and brutalized Asian nations, Japan would need to emulate the West by becoming its own imperial power. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="First_Sino-Japanese_War">First Sino-Japanese War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: First Sino-Japanese War">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Beheading_1894.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Japanese_Beheading_1894.jpg/350px-Japanese_Beheading_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="174" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Japanese_Beheading_1894.jpg/525px-Japanese_Beheading_1894.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Japanese_Beheading_1894.jpg/700px-Japanese_Beheading_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="650" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Beheading_1894.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Beheading Chinese POWs during the first war.</div></div></div> <p>The first test of Japanese imperialism was naturally Korea. Japan had historically been preoccupied with Korea due to its proximity to the Home Islands (as well as the historical memory of having lost the <a href="#Reunification_process">first invasion of Korea</a> in 1592-1598), and Japan spent the 1880s dueling with China for diplomatic influence in the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-imperi_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imperi-49">[49]</a></sup> The different approaches Japan and China took toward meeting the demands of a modern world soon became apparent. While Japan hastily adopted new technologies and ways of thinking, the Chinese Qing dynasty simply entrenched itself further in tradition and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-firsino_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firsino-50">[50]</a></sup> </p><p>By 1894, Japan had realized that its modern military was ready to kick the Chinese ass, and Japan's resulting imperiousness and stubbornness in dealing with the Korean dispute touched off the inevitable First Sino-Japanese War. Although Western onlookers predicted an easy victory for China's huge army, the better-equipped Japanese force quickly scored rapid victories.<sup id="cite_ref-firsino_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firsino-50">[50]</a></sup> China's military was also hampered by corruption, most notably by Empress Dowager Cixi, who had siphoned military funds to build herself a giant palace.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> China also lacked support from its own populace, as the Qing dynasty's corruption and neglect of its duties didn't do much to inspire Chinese <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> </p><p>By 1895, the Japanese had overrun Korea, made their way into Manchuria, and threatened to take Beijing itself.<sup id="cite_ref-firsino_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firsino-50">[50]</a></sup> The Chinese had no choice but to sue for peace, abandoning Korea and ceding <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> Although Japan was later threatened by other Western powers to hand back Liaodong, this marked the first great expansion of what was to become the mighty Japanese Empire. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Russo-Japanese_War">Russo-Japanese War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Russo-Japanese War">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg/330px-Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg/500px-Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg/960px-Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="894" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Japanese army attacks entrenched Russian forces in Manchuria, 1904.</div></div></div> <p>Japan's dominion over Korea still didn't go without challenge, as Russia also hoped to expand its holding southward into Asia to gain more warm-water Pacific ports. The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> also had a vested interest in keeping the Russians out of the Pacific, so the two powers signed a treaty of alliance in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-imperi_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imperi-49">[49]</a></sup> That treaty stipulated that Japan would have to fight Russia alone, but the British would intervene if Russia managed to call another European power against Japan. That agreement allowed the British to threaten Russia and still be able to focus elsewhere in Asia. </p><p>In 1904, Japan ordered Russia to withdraw its troops from Manchuria to get them away from Korea. When Russia failed to meet the demand of the upstart Asian nation, Japan attacked. Without declaring war, the main Japanese fleet assaulted the Russian Pacific fleet in its leased Chinese port on the Liaodong Peninsula (Port Arthur), inflicting heavy damage.<sup id="cite_ref-russo_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russo-54">[54]</a></sup> Launching a surprise attack on a fleet in port? Have we heard that story before? </p><p>With Russia's only Pacific naval forces either bottled up in port or sunk, the Russian land force was cut off from aid or supply. Japan's army launched a series of attacks against the Russian troops in northern Korea, pushing them back into Manchuria, where they were defeated in the decisive Battle of Mukden. That battle involved hundreds of thousands of soldiers on both sides and was one of the largest land engagements before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Russia had been forced to painstakingly redeploy its Baltic Sea fleet to the Pacific. Unfortunately for them, some of the Russian ships mistakenly fired on British fishing boats, nearly provoking the British into war and forcing most of the fleet to divert away from the Suez Canal.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> As a result, the aging Russian fleet had to take an even longer sea route to get to Asia. Once the Russian fleet arrived, the Japanese welcomed them with the Battle of Tsushima, in which the modern Japanese fleet sank almost the entire Russian force while taking no significant losses.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> That astounding Japanese victory forced the Russians to concede defeat, and they surrendered the southern half of Sakhalin island and their Chinese port to Japan. </p><p>Japan's defeat of a European imperial power confirmed its status as a force to be reckoned with. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Annexation_of_Korea">Annexation of Korea</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Annexation of Korea">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Martial_law,_Korea_1900s.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Martial_law%2C_Korea_1900s.jpg/275px-Martial_law%2C_Korea_1900s.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="187" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Martial_law%2C_Korea_1900s.jpg/413px-Martial_law%2C_Korea_1900s.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Martial_law%2C_Korea_1900s.jpg/550px-Martial_law%2C_Korea_1900s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="1431" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Martial_law,_Korea_1900s.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Execution of Korean dissidents.</div></div></div> <p>With Russia dealt with, Japan had a free hand to deal with Korea. Korea had been a target of Japanese expansionism for centuries, and after the Perry Expedition, Japan had started to emulate American-style gunboat diplomacy when dealing with it.<sup id="cite_ref-korr_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-korr-58">[58]</a></sup> In 1905, the Japanese forced Korea into protectorate status. In 1907 Japan forced Korea to consult a Japanese general in all internal affairs,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> and in 1910 this culminated in Korea's outright annexation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese treated the Koreans as second-class citizens from the annexation onwards despite theoretically granting them <a href="/wiki/Equal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal rights">equal rights</a>. Koreans could not publish their own newspapers or organize political or intellectual groups.<sup id="cite_ref-korjap_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-korjap-61">[61]</a></sup> Harsh treatment by the Japanese eventually triggered anti-Japanese uprisings in 1919, which resulted in Japan treating the Koreans a bit nicer, at least until the Second World War. Nonetheless, the initial armed struggle against the Japanese came at a high cost, as nearly 17,700 Koreans were killed by the Japanese occupiers.<sup id="cite_ref-korr_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-korr-58">[58]</a></sup> </p><p>Japan also significantly developed Korea's economy, but Koreans did not benefit from this. Virtually all industries were owned either by Japan-based corporations or Japanese corporations in Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-korjap_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-korjap-61">[61]</a></sup> Korean entrepreneurs were charged interest rates 25 percent higher than their Japanese counterparts, so it was difficult for Korean enterprises to emerge. Japanese colonists also took over farmland from Koreans, meaning that the Koreans became little more than sharecroppers. Korea's rice cultivation was redirected to Japan, meaning that per capita consumption of rice among the Koreans declined; between 1932 and 1936, per capita consumption of rice declined to half the level consumed between 1912 and 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-korjap_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-korjap-61">[61]</a></sup> </p><p>From the late 1930s until 1945, the colonial government instituted a policy of forced assimilation by attempting to require the Koreans to learn and speak Japanese, believe in the divinity of the emperor, and even take Japanese names.<sup id="cite_ref-korjap_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-korjap-61">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-korr_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-korr-58">[58]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Japan_in_World_War_I">Japan in World War I</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Japan in World War I">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsingtao_battle_lithograph_1914.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Tsingtao_battle_lithograph_1914.jpg/350px-Tsingtao_battle_lithograph_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="257" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Tsingtao_battle_lithograph_1914.jpg/525px-Tsingtao_battle_lithograph_1914.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Tsingtao_battle_lithograph_1914.jpg/700px-Tsingtao_battle_lithograph_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6063" data-file-height="4460" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsingtao_battle_lithograph_1914.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Japanese lithograph depicting their attack on Qingdao.</div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div> <p>With Japan having been the British Empire's ally since 1902, it was inevitable that Japan would be sucked into the continental shitstorm that was World War I. After the British joined the war, the Japanese sent a diplomatic offer for themselves to enter the conflict and honor the alliance. In reality, the Japanese did this for self-serving reasons, as they hoped to use the war as an opportunity to annex the Pacific island colonies of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> The British agreed that Japan should help out, and Japan declared war on Germany in August 1914. </p><p>Japan quickly focused its attacks on Germany's main outpost in China, the port of Qingdao (or "Tsing-tao", as the Germans called it, which lives on in the name of the beer). Its strategy in taking the area made the conquest quite easy. First, Japan blockaded Qingdao by land and sea, then it had its navy and artillery bombard the city, and finally, it attacked once the Germans had been sufficiently weakened.<sup id="cite_ref-japani_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japani-63">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> </p><p>While Japan bullied Germany's forces in the Far East, it couldn't help but notice that this show of military power gave it a nice opportunity to push China around. In January 1915, Japan issued China the "21 Demands", ordering the Chinese government to recognize Japan's ownership of the former German concessions and granting Japan special economic privileges in China.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> None of the Western powers could object since they were fighting alongside or against Japan, and Japanese forces were already dispersed throughout China to attack Germany's colonial outposts. China had no choice but to comply. </p><p>The Japanese navy also picked off the German island colonies in the Pacific while all of this was going on. Control of Pacific islands had long been a key objective for Japanese war planners. They had already identified the United States as their key rival for influence in the Pacific. These islands would prove to be useful naval outposts in a conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-japani_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japani-63">[63]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Turn_to_fascism">Turn to fascism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Turn to fascism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_training_courses_at_Keio_University.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Military_training_courses_at_Keio_University.jpg/330px-Military_training_courses_at_Keio_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Military_training_courses_at_Keio_University.jpg/500px-Military_training_courses_at_Keio_University.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Military_training_courses_at_Keio_University.jpg/600px-Military_training_courses_at_Keio_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_training_courses_at_Keio_University.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Military training in the shadow of Mount Fuji.</div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></div> <p>For about a decade after the First World War, Japan experienced a brief period called the "Taishō <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>", where there was a functioning two-party system.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> Problems simmered beneath the surface of this seemingly quiet time. <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">Socialist</a> ideas became influential among the country's youth, and large but orderly protests happened daily for more electoral freedom and universal suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-taisho_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taisho-67">[67]</a></sup> The old elites of Japan, though, were shocked and nervous about the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communists</a> in the Russian Civil War. </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:227px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg/225px-Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="201" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg/338px-Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg/450px-Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1589" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Emperor Shōwa inspects his armed forces, 1938.</div></div></div> <p>Although Japan was barely affected by the global <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, its economy still had problems, and its political system became increasingly unstable. The government started to suppress <a href="/wiki/Leftists" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftists">leftists</a>, causing them to become more <a href="/wiki/Radical" title="Radical">radical</a>. A series of harsh new election laws banned leftist parties, and strict enforcement pushed most leftist movements underground. In place of democracy, the Japanese elites focused on State Shintoism, exalting the emperor and championing a unique "Japanness" in the face of growing Western cultural influence.<sup id="cite_ref-shinfas_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shinfas-68">[68]</a></sup> This trend was only strengthened when Emperor Hirohito, known as Emperor Shōwa, came to the throne in 1927. </p><p>To consolidate Japan's turn to <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, the Japanese military inflicted a state of terror upon the people while attempting to distract them with promises of foreign expansionism. In 1931, the Japanese army staged a violent incident (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="extiw" title="wp:Mukden Incident" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>) that served as an excuse for Japan to occupy Manchuria.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> The military established the territory as the <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> "Manchukuo", a move the civilian government had no influence over.<sup id="cite_ref-shinfas_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shinfas-68">[68]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:227px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Unit_731_victim.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Unit_731_victim.jpg/225px-Unit_731_victim.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Unit_731_victim.jpg/338px-Unit_731_victim.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Unit_731_victim.jpg/450px-Unit_731_victim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Unit_731_victim.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a> infecting a victim.</div></div></div> <p>Emboldened by these foreign successes, the Japanese military moved to overthrow the civilian government. In 1936, a cadre of military officers went on an assassination spree against the civilians, murdering many government members, including two former prime ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a> attempt failed, the civilian government resigned and allowed many high-level military officers to replace them. Japan had become a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>, built on militarism and the promise of a great Japanese colonial empire. </p><p>Japan's new military regime aligned with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and Fascist <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, eventually joining the <a href="/wiki/Axis" title="Axis">Axis</a>. Japan clashed with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> over <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and suffered a severe defeat, causing Japan to focus its expansionist aims on southern Asia. In 1940, the 2,600<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the founding of Japan, according to tradition, the military regime called for the establishment of a "Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere."<sup id="cite_ref-shinfas_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shinfas-68">[68]</a></sup> It was superficially anti-colonialist, but in reality, it would be Japan's planned Asian order as the head of a group of client states. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Second_Sino-Japanese_War">Second Sino-Japanese War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Second Sino-Japanese War">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:177px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_to_be_beheaded_in_Nanking_Massacre.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chinese_to_be_beheaded_in_Nanking_Massacre.jpg/175px-Chinese_to_be_beheaded_in_Nanking_Massacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="238" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chinese_to_be_beheaded_in_Nanking_Massacre.jpg/263px-Chinese_to_be_beheaded_in_Nanking_Massacre.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chinese_to_be_beheaded_in_Nanking_Massacre.jpg/350px-Chinese_to_be_beheaded_in_Nanking_Massacre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="500" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_to_be_beheaded_in_Nanking_Massacre.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Beheading a Chinese prisoner in Nanjing.</div></div></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>殺し尽くし・焼き尽くし・奪い尽くす. (<i>koroshi tsukushi-yaki tsukushi-ubai tsukusu</i>, Kill all, loot all, burn all).</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Japanese scorched-earth policy in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1937, Japan staged another border clash, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="extiw" title="wp:Marco Polo Bridge Incident" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and used it as a pretext to invade China. The Chinese nationalist forces, led by <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, were quickly overwhelmed by Japan's superior technology and tactical training. Japanese forces moved quickly along the Chinese coastline, seizing China's capital of Nanjing within months.<sup id="cite_ref-ssino_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssino-72">[72]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg/250px-Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg/500px-Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="630" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>IJA troops in the ruins of Shanghai.</div></div></div> <p>The capture of Nanjing provided the first great demonstration of Japanese brutality. In the <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Nanjing" title="Rape of Nanjing">Rape of Nanjing</a>, an orgy of murder and <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> transpired that resulted in as many as 300,000 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-warcrime_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warcrime-73">[73]</a></sup> It was so bad that a local <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rabe" class="extiw" title="wp:John Rabe" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: John Rabe">John Rabe</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> was compelled to help shelter people. </p><p>Then Japan started using the weapons of <a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a>, a biowarfare team that had stockpiled bubonic <a href="/wiki/Plague" title="Plague">plague</a>, anthrax, and cholera. In 1935, it tested its weapons by dropping aerial bombs filled with sawdust and plague-infected fleas over Manchurian population centers in an attack that killed as many as 600,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-warcrime_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warcrime-73">[73]</a></sup> The unit also conducted human experimentation against civilians and POWs, vivisecting people and testing weapons like flamethrowers on live human beings. Japan also forced hundreds of thousands of civilian women from its occupied territories into sexual <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, calling them <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a>. </p><p>Beyond 1938, the war reached a virtual stalemate. China's geographical size, lack of infrastructure, and scattered pockets of resistance helped slow the Japanese advance.<sup id="cite_ref-ssino_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssino-72">[72]</a></sup> Japanese atrocities in China, though, caused the US to view them with disgust. Relations only got worse when the Japanese "accidentally" bombed the USS <i>Panay</i>, which had been evacuating US civilians from China.<sup id="cite_ref-ph_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ph-74">[74]</a></sup> The US retaliated in 1940 by loaning military aid to China and then slapping an embargo on all militarily useful materials to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-ph_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ph-74">[74]</a></sup> The immediate main effect of the embargo was to cut off Japan's access to fuel oil, particularly the type used to power ships ("bunker oil").<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> Cut off from natural resources, Japan had only bad choices. It could end the war in China, thus getting the US to lift the embargo. Or, it could attack the US and its allies to conquer resource-rich land in south Asia. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Japan_in_World_War_II">Japan in World War II</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Japan in World War II">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:177px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Japan2.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anti-Japan2.png/175px-Anti-Japan2.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="218" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anti-Japan2.png/263px-Anti-Japan2.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anti-Japan2.png/350px-Anti-Japan2.png 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="1108" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Japan2.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Angry US <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> after the Bataan Death March.</div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Opening_offensives">Opening offensives</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Opening offensives">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>In the first six to twelve months of a war with the United States and Great Britain I will run wild and win victory upon victory. But then, if the war continues after that, I have no expectation of success.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Marshal Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku's assessment of the Japanese government's war plans.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" class="extiw" title="wp:Battle of Midway" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Battle of Midway">He was proven right six months later</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>.</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As just about everyone knows, Japan decided to bomb Pearl Harbor to take the US Pacific Fleet out of action and allow it to swiftly take over Asia with no opposition. Dutch and Commonwealth forces were occupied elsewhere during the war against <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and could not put up much more than token resistance when the Japanese attacked their colonies. Japan started with an air attack and invasion of British Malaya.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> Japan then occupied <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and turned it into a puppet state, aiming to use its border with British <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> as a springboard for an invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> Japan then took <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and began its invasion of British-held <a href="/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a>. Singapore saw another horrific Japanese massacre, as Japan murdered about 70,000 prisoners and ethnic Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-chincrim_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chincrim-79">[79]</a></sup> </p><p>Japan also hit the Americans again right after Pearl Harbor, managing to catch US planes on the ground and unready in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> due to General MacArthur's inaction and incompetence.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> The Japanese conquered the Philippines despite fierce American and Filipino resistance before murdering thousands of POWs during the Bataan Death March.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Turning_point_and_island_hopping">Turning point and island hopping</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Turning point and island hopping">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiran_high_school_girls_wave_kamikaze_pilot.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Chiran_high_school_girls_wave_kamikaze_pilot.jpg/275px-Chiran_high_school_girls_wave_kamikaze_pilot.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Chiran_high_school_girls_wave_kamikaze_pilot.jpg/413px-Chiran_high_school_girls_wave_kamikaze_pilot.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Chiran_high_school_girls_wave_kamikaze_pilot.jpg/550px-Chiran_high_school_girls_wave_kamikaze_pilot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="768" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiran_high_school_girls_wave_kamikaze_pilot.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>High school girls wave goodbye to a kamikaze pilot.</div></div></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The Three Great Allies expressed their resolve to bring unrelenting pressure against their brutal enemies by sea, land, and air... The Three Great Allies are fighting this war to restrain and punish the aggression of Japan... It is their purpose that Japan shall be stripped of all the islands in the Pacific which she has seized or occupied since the beginning of the first World War in 1914, and that all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa, and The Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—The Cairo Declaration by the US, UK, and China.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_cruiser_Mikuma_burning_and_sinking_on_6_June_1942_(80-G-457861).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Japanese_cruiser_Mikuma_burning_and_sinking_on_6_June_1942_%2880-G-457861%29.jpg/250px-Japanese_cruiser_Mikuma_burning_and_sinking_on_6_June_1942_%2880-G-457861%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="204" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Japanese_cruiser_Mikuma_burning_and_sinking_on_6_June_1942_%2880-G-457861%29.jpg/375px-Japanese_cruiser_Mikuma_burning_and_sinking_on_6_June_1942_%2880-G-457861%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Japanese_cruiser_Mikuma_burning_and_sinking_on_6_June_1942_%2880-G-457861%29.jpg/500px-Japanese_cruiser_Mikuma_burning_and_sinking_on_6_June_1942_%2880-G-457861%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="490" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_cruiser_Mikuma_burning_and_sinking_on_6_June_1942_(80-G-457861).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>IJN <i>Mikuma</i> sinking during the Battle of Midway.</div></div></div> <p>By 1942, though, the Allies were starting to regroup. In revenge for Pearl Harbor, the US launched the Doolittle Raid, a bombing run against the Japanese mainland. The US troopers were forced to bail in China, where they were sheltered by the Chinese, and Japan retaliated against the Chinese with a horrific massacre of 10,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-chincrim_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chincrim-79">[79]</a></sup> Unit 731 also handed out typhoid-infected bread rolls to starving Chinese prisoners and then set them loose to spread the disease. </p><p>In the face of increasing American naval power, Japan hoped to draw in the US fleet for a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantai_Kessen" class="extiw" title="wp:Kantai Kessen" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Kantai Kessen">decisive engagement that would crush the US navy</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and open the door for a negotiated settlement on favorable terms for Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> That decisive engagement was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" class="extiw" title="wp:Battle of Midway" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, where the US destroyed most of Japan's aircraft carrier forces and decisively turned the war in its favor. That began a long, hard string of Japanese naval defeats, but the Japanese army on the ground still fought diligently whenever the Allies faced them. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:OkinawaMarineCaveDemolition.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/OkinawaMarineCaveDemolition.jpg/275px-OkinawaMarineCaveDemolition.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="232" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/OkinawaMarineCaveDemolition.jpg/413px-OkinawaMarineCaveDemolition.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/OkinawaMarineCaveDemolition.jpg/550px-OkinawaMarineCaveDemolition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2698" data-file-height="2273" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:OkinawaMarineCaveDemolition.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Destroying a Japanese cave on Okinawa.</div></div></div> <p>The Allies adopted the "island hopping" strategy, hoping to take islands closer and closer to Japan to mount an invasion of the Home Islands. This started in Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, a ferocious struggle marked by seven major naval battles, three major land battles, and almost continuous air combat.<sup id="cite_ref-islhop_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islhop-84">[84]</a></sup> General MacArthur's southern offensive continued while a separate US operation went further north to target Tarawa at the Gilbert Islands. The vital part of the strategy was that the US didn't have to take every Japanese-held island; US naval power could cut un-conquered islands off and make them basically irrelevant.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> </p><p>By 1944, most of the Pacific was under US control and at the end of that year after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea" class="extiw" title="wp:Battle of the Philippine Sea" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Battle of the Philippine Sea">several</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" class="extiw" title="wp:Battle of Leyte Gulf" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Battle of Leyte Gulf">massive</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> naval battles, the Imperial Japanese Navy was seriously crippled and caused Japan to start resorting to <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> suicide strikes, hoping to shock the Americans even if that failed to turn the war, but the Japanese army was holed up in the Home Islands with most of its strength intact. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Preparing_to_invade_Japan">Preparing to invade Japan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Preparing to invade Japan">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>The final months of the Pacific campaign were focused on preparing for an all-out invasion of the Japanese Home Islands. Japan was cut off from most of its forces and resources abroad, and US submarines sank most Japanese ships brave enough to try anything. Despite this disaster, though, the Japanese did try one last huge offensive in late 1944 in China, which inflicted huge damage on the nationalist forces.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup> However, it didn't improve the empire's war against the Western Allies. </p><p>In early 1945, the US invaded Iwo Jima in the Bonin Islands south of Japan. The month-long battle was a hell on earth for all sides, as the Japanese used the previous lessons of war to fight a well-fought but doomed battle of resistance against the overwhelming American strength. Iwo Jima was the only battle in the Pacific where the US Marines suffered more casualties than they inflicted.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> </p><p>In mid-1945, the US turned its sights to the last island on the path to Japan: Okinawa. This would be the bloodiest US battle of the Pacific War, as the Japanese launched their largest spree of suicide attacks by sea, including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ten-Go" class="extiw" title="wp:Operation Ten-Go" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Operation Ten-Go">sacrifice of the last operational ships of their navy</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, and put up a determined defense on land. Among the Americans killed was Army Lt. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr., the highest-ranking US KIA in its history.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HD.4F.003_(13406120495).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/HD.4F.003_%2813406120495%29.jpg/275px-HD.4F.003_%2813406120495%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="214" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/HD.4F.003_%2813406120495%29.jpg/413px-HD.4F.003_%2813406120495%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/HD.4F.003_%2813406120495%29.jpg/550px-HD.4F.003_%2813406120495%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2492" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:HD.4F.003_(13406120495).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Two Japanese civilians in ruined Hiroshima.</div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></div> <p>The Borneo Campaign in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) proved to be the last major Allied campaign of the war, and it was a bloody mess.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> Conventional bombing raids over Japanese cities killed countless people. One firebombing raid leveled Tokyo itself. </p><p>The Allies also started preparing the Operation Downfall plan, which was the proposed invasion of the Japanese Home Islands and could potentially have cost millions of Allied and Japanese lives.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup> That grim prospect was averted when US President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> found out about the US <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> program and ordered the atomic bombing of two Japanese cities. </p><p>The first bomb fell on Hiroshima, killing around 70,000 people instantly and doubling that death toll over time due to radioactive fallout.<sup id="cite_ref-hiro_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hiro-91">[91]</a></sup> The heat and pressure vaporized many people and destroyed most of the city; many more died due to health complications. The US targeted Hiroshima because it had thus far been spared from conventional bombing raids and was considered a significant military base.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup> </p><p>When Japan failed to respond to the first nuclear bombing, the US hit Nagasaki. Although the Hiroshima strike had been planned, Nagasaki was hastily chosen (they originally wanted to bomb Kokura, but cloud conditions that day made it impossible) and had already been bombed and partially evacuated.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup> That's why the death toll was so much smaller. </p><p>Combined with the Soviet Union's breaking of their truce with Japan and subsequent invasion of Manchuria, the endgame catastrophes forced Japan's Emperor Hirohito finally to agree to surrender to the Allies. The terms of surrender included the occupation of Japan by Allied military forces, assurances that Japan would never again go to war, restriction of Japanese sovereignty to its Home Islands, and surrender of all of Japan's colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-postwar_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postwar-94">[94]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Military_occupation_and_reconstruction">Military occupation and reconstruction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Military occupation and reconstruction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sto1001.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sto1001.jpg/350px-Sto1001.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="222" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sto1001.jpg/525px-Sto1001.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sto1001.jpg/700px-Sto1001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="1137" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sto1001.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Tokyo in 1946, still rebuilding.</div></div></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Unite your total strength, to be devoted to construction for the future. Cultivate the ways of rectitude, foster nobility of spirit, and work with resolution – so that you may enhance the innate glory of the imperial state and keep pace with the progress of the world.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Emperor Hirohito's final message to the Japanese people in his broadcast of surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>So, Japan spent about eight years committing horrific war crimes and then getting its shit pushed in. You don't come back from that without a little bit of work. Immediately after Japan's surrender, the country fell under Allied military occupation. Although theoretically an international effort, the primary burden of the occupation fell upon the United States military under the command of General Douglas MacArthur.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:IMTFE2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/IMTFE2.jpg/250px-IMTFE2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/IMTFE2.jpg/375px-IMTFE2.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/IMTFE2.jpg/500px-IMTFE2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="454" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:IMTFE2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Tokyo Trials in session.</div></div></div> <p>MacArthur immediately had all military factories torn down and set about helping the Japanese create a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>. The new constitution confirmed that Japan would be a sovereign <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> with its legislature (the National Diet) replacing the emperor as the supreme legal authority in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-occjap_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-occjap-97">[97]</a></sup> The constitution also guaranteed certain <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> like women's equality and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>. </p><p>MacArthur and the United States also held the Tokyo War Crimes Trials, Japan's version of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a>. To be clear, those Asian countries that Japan had more directly victimized got to deal with most Japanese war criminals, executing hundreds and sentencing many more to life sentences in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-toktrial_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toktrial-98">[98]</a></sup> </p><p>However, the US was in charge of occupying Japan itself and thus got the prestigious responsibility of placing Japan's highest authorities on trial. The Tokyo Trials began in 1946, and it has been heavily criticized as "victor's justice" since its relationship with established international law was admittedly shaky.<sup id="cite_ref-toktrial_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toktrial-98">[98]</a></sup> The court convicted all defenders and had many of them hanged, including many of Japan's top generals and its defeated prime minister Tojo Hideki. Notably absent from the defendant's dock? Emperor Hirohito was spared from any liability by the Americans since they didn't want to infuriate the Japanese people.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Showa_visit_to_Hiroshima_in_1947.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Emperor_Showa_visit_to_Hiroshima_in_1947.JPG/275px-Emperor_Showa_visit_to_Hiroshima_in_1947.JPG" decoding="async" width="275" height="210" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Emperor_Showa_visit_to_Hiroshima_in_1947.JPG/413px-Emperor_Showa_visit_to_Hiroshima_in_1947.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Emperor_Showa_visit_to_Hiroshima_in_1947.JPG/550px-Emperor_Showa_visit_to_Hiroshima_in_1947.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1527" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Showa_visit_to_Hiroshima_in_1947.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Hirohito in Hiroshima, 1947.</div></div></div> <p>Millions of Japanese colonists, spread out all over Asia, were compelled to return to the Home Islands. The <i>hikiagesha</i>, or "repatriates", had grown culturally distinct from their Home Islands' counterparts and faced <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yasuura_House.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yasuura_House.jpg/330px-Yasuura_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yasuura_House.jpg/500px-Yasuura_House.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yasuura_House.jpg/550px-Yasuura_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="613" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Yasuura_House.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Japanese state-run brothel for American soldiers.</div></div></div> <p>To support the many political changes in Japan, the Americans enforced many economic and even cultural adaptations. First, the Americans instituted broad land reform, redistributing land from large absentee landholders and handing it out to farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-occjap_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-occjap-97">[97]</a></sup> Because farm families became more independent economically, they could participate more freely in the new democracy. However, the Americans did not try to break up Japan's huge state-run <i>zaibatsu</i> corporations, as they figured this might have made economic recovery much more difficult. </p><p>The most successful aspect of democratization was the Americans' usage of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Media" title="Media">media</a> outlets to publish pro-democracy propaganda. Combined with educational reforms, this policy helped inspire broad public support for Japan's new direction as a country. After the American withdrawal in 1952, most of the reforms were kept despite some bickering in the Diet.<sup id="cite_ref-occjap_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-occjap-97">[97]</a></sup> </p><p>All was <i>not</i> sunshine and roses, though. <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a> and sexual violence inflicted on Japanese women by American servicemen was so common that the Japanese authorities established the "Recreation and Amusement Association" to organize state-run <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> catering to occupying soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup> Working conditions in these brothels were about as bad as you'd expect, mainly since the Americans were operating from a position of power over a defeated enemy culture. Despite ample warning, the Americans did nothing about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshio_Kodama" class="extiw" title="wp:Yoshio Kodama" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Yoshio Kodama">Yoshio Kodama</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, who had long been a hugely powerful figure in the Japanese underworld; thanks to letting him run free, the yakuza flourished to a degree even the Mafia could only dream of, and despite being a band of <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized criminals</a> they remain strangely well-integrated in mainstream Japanese society. </p> <h3><span id="Economic_"miracle""></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Economic_.22miracle.22">Economic "miracle"</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Economic "miracle"">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Donkey_Kong_arcade_machine.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Donkey_Kong_arcade_machine.jpg/330px-Donkey_Kong_arcade_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="370" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Donkey_Kong_arcade_machine.jpg/500px-Donkey_Kong_arcade_machine.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Donkey_Kong_arcade_machine.jpg/550px-Donkey_Kong_arcade_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="819" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Donkey_Kong_arcade_machine.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Donkey Kong arcade cabinet.</div></div></div> <p>Japan's first postwar leader, Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida, set Japan's strategy going into the future. The so-called Yoshida Doctrine stated that the Japanese government would abandon its pre-war imperialism to focus on economic growth and depend on its security relationship with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup> However, much of that was forced since Article 9 of the new constitution clarified that Japan could never return to its warlike ways again. Yoshida's party later became the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a>, continuously in power since 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:227px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_(9874885826).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nintendo_%289874885826%29.jpg/225px-Nintendo_%289874885826%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nintendo_%289874885826%29.jpg/338px-Nintendo_%289874885826%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nintendo_%289874885826%29.jpg/450px-Nintendo_%289874885826%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4059" data-file-height="2703" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_(9874885826).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Nintendo's king and his palace.</div></div></div> <p>Japan's economic boom era began during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. It became the primary staging area for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> coalition and thus provided many necessary supplies for the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-japecon_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japecon-104">[104]</a></sup> Farmers had benefited greatly from the American land reform, allowing them to mechanize agriculture to produce greater yields and profits and thus increase Japan's overall wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-japecon_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japecon-104">[104]</a></sup> That led to the development of a consumer economy that fueled further industrialization. Japan's rapid turnaround from the postwar ruination led to the term "economic <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracle</a>". </p><p>Between 1967 and 1971 saw Japan's most rapid period of growth by far, but its economy still managed to keep things going during the OPEC oil crisis of 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-mir_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mir-105">[105]</a></sup> A big contributor to this was Japan's powerful tech industry, most famously including Japan's enthusiastic embracement of the video games industry. Japanese video game titans like Nintendo and Sega drove the early enthusiasm for video games and helped create the electronics market as the world knows it today.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup> Japan also had multiple automobile and electronics titans like Toyota, Honda, and Mitsubishi. </p><p>Japan's economic growth got so powerful that it started causing severe tensions with the United States. The US economy, especially the manufacturing industry, stagnated in the early 1980s while Japan made a killing selling cars, semiconductors, and consumer electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup> Trade with Japan became a focus of the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> administration, which pressured Japan into limiting its automobile exports and started imposing tariffs on Japanese electronics. Japan had no choice but to accept these economic bitch-slaps since it depended on the US for defense. Things were about to change for Japan for the worse. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Stagnation_and_modern_Japan">Stagnation and modern Japan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Stagnation and modern Japan">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:227px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Tower_and_around_Skyscrapers.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tokyo_Tower_and_around_Skyscrapers.jpg/225px-Tokyo_Tower_and_around_Skyscrapers.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="191" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tokyo_Tower_and_around_Skyscrapers.jpg/338px-Tokyo_Tower_and_around_Skyscrapers.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tokyo_Tower_and_around_Skyscrapers.jpg/450px-Tokyo_Tower_and_around_Skyscrapers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1085" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Tower_and_around_Skyscrapers.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Part of the Tokyo skyline in 2008.</div></div></div> <p>Trouble started brewing in the mid-1980s, as its economy took on billions of dollars of bad corporate debt.<sup id="cite_ref-jbub_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbub-108">[108]</a></sup> It also became clear that Japan's success was at least partially based on the fact that it had an industrialization model to follow. Once it was caught up, the path forward became much less clear. The seeds of trouble Japan had sown during its climb to the top started sprouting. Many of Japan's proposed technological innovations started failing to send returns. Japan's rigid and bureaucratic workplace culture prevented it from catching up to the US' head start on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jbub_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbub-108">[108]</a></sup> Many Japanese were also encouraged to postpone having a family to get higher education. Japanese youth increasingly decided that it wasn't in their economic interest to have children.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup> As a result, Japan's population growth fell and then went negative. </p><p>These factors combined around 1991 to bring Japan's economy to a screeching halt. During the so-called "Lost Decade", Japan's economy lagged way behind the rest of the industrial world.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup> Although the Lost Decade is technically over, policymakers still are concerned about Japan's economy. <a href="/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe" title="Shinzō Abe">Shinzō Abe</a> took office on the promise to use his "Abenomics" policy to unfuck Japan's economy. His rule was a mixed economic bag, though, as unemployment went down but wages are still stagnant, and Japan's aging population still presents a severe problem in the near future.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Naruhito_coronation.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/e/eb/Emperor_Naruhito_coronation.jpeg/350px-Emperor_Naruhito_coronation.jpeg" decoding="async" width="350" height="197" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/e/eb/Emperor_Naruhito_coronation.jpeg/525px-Emperor_Naruhito_coronation.jpeg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/e/eb/Emperor_Naruhito_coronation.jpeg/700px-Emperor_Naruhito_coronation.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="438" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Naruhito_coronation.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Naruhito, the current emperor, ascends the throne in 2019.</div></div></div> <h3><span id="Yamato_monarchy_(or_how_to_win_by_doing_nothing)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Yamato_monarchy_.28or_how_to_win_by_doing_nothing.29">Yamato monarchy (or how to win by doing nothing)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Yamato monarchy (or how to win by doing nothing)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The Yamato dynasty is currently the ruling house of Japan, and it's lasted more than a millennium, making it one of the longest-lived royal families in the world. Its origin story from the very beginning was deliberately shrouded in religious myth to portray the emperor as a divine being. While many Western rulers claimed divine authority, the Japanese emperors simply portrayed themselves as a divine and integral aspect of Japanese culture.<sup id="cite_ref-yamlong_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamlong-112">[112]</a></sup> Indeed, the real secret behind the imperial dynasty's longevity was its ability to adapt to changing political circumstances. Because the dynasty claimed divine <i>nature</i> rather than divine authority, the emperors could easily fade into the background and let other people run things in their name.<sup id="cite_ref-yamlong_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamlong-112">[112]</a></sup> As a result, it was never necessary for any potential usurpers to view the imperial dynasty as a threat. It was instead far more useful to maintain them as quasi-religious symbols. Therefore, while <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a> saw dynasties rise and fall, Japan has had one dynasty on its throne basically forever. </p><p>That pattern, where emperors are revered as a figurehead rather than a leader, has persisted into the modern day. After Japan lost <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the US overhauled its imperial system and reduced the emperor to "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the People."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup> In other words, the emperor was relegated back to the same role he had fulfilled during the Fujiwara and Shogunate eras. The much-touted surrendering of the imperial divinity really didn't impact the monarchy. The emperor was considered divine in that he was related to Shinto spirits; he was not considered infallible or a literal god.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup> Thus, surrendering the emperor's authority as a god was almost redundant since he was a symbol of the nation rather than a manifest deity. </p><p>Of course, some aspects of tradition still stuck to the emperor's role. Women, for instance, may not ever ascend the Chrysanthemum Throne, and the emperor's wife must always deferentially remain a few steps behind him.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Conservative_one-party_state">Conservative one-party state</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Conservative one-party state">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Diet_of_Japan_Kokkai_2009.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Diet_of_Japan_Kokkai_2009.jpg/500px-Diet_of_Japan_Kokkai_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="236" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Diet_of_Japan_Kokkai_2009.jpg/960px-Diet_of_Japan_Kokkai_2009.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2561" data-file-height="1726" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Diet_of_Japan_Kokkai_2009.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Japan's National Diet Building, home of its parliament.</div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)</a></div> <p>It's no secret that Japanese forces conducted extensive looting of occupied territories during its imperial period. However, the historical analysis in <i>The Yamato Dynasty: The Secret History of Japan's Imperial Family</i> by Sterling and Peggy Seagrave suggests that much of this wealth, which went missing after the war, financed the Liberal Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup> </p><p>The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has dominated Japanese politics since its formation in 1955. All of Japan's prime ministers and most of its high-level government officials until 1993 came from this party.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup> The party doesn't really have a solid ideology. Instead, it simply supports whatever policies happen to be in the interest of big businesses at any given moment. Japan's latest two nationalist leaders, <a href="/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe" title="Shinzō Abe">Shinzō Abe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoshihide_Suga" title="Yoshihide Suga">Yoshihide Suga</a>, came from this party. The LDP gets away with its various shenanigans (see below) because there isn't any viable opposition party. Abe and his party routinely get disapproval ratings over 40%, but the opposition Democratic Party is basically defunct due to internal divisions and power plays.<sup id="cite_ref-dlib_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dlib-118">[118]</a></sup> </p><p>As a result of Japan's being an effectively one-party state, the LDP can be guaranteed to win elections easily despite backing controversial and dangerous policies like <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">tax</a> hikes, an end to pacifism, and raiding the pension system.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Return_to_the_old_ways">Return to the old ways</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Return to the old ways">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_visits_Russia_(2018-05-26)_06.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_visits_Russia_%282018-05-26%29_06.jpg/300px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_visits_Russia_%282018-05-26%29_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_visits_Russia_%282018-05-26%29_06.jpg/450px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_visits_Russia_%282018-05-26%29_06.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_visits_Russia_%282018-05-26%29_06.jpg/600px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_visits_Russia_%282018-05-26%29_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="602" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_visits_Russia_(2018-05-26)_06.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Shinzō Abe with Russian leader <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>.</div></div></div> <p>The Liberal Democratic Party and its most influential leader Shinzō Abe were dead set on returning Japan to its <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> and militaristic past. Abe has been described as the "<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> before Donald Trump". He ran on a platform calling to "Take Back Japan". His stint as prime minister was focused on removing Japan from its postwar limitations, rewriting history about Japan's war crimes, and standing firm on territorial disputes with Japan's neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup> In 2015, he effectively bypassed Japan's constitutional prohibition on war by radically reinterpreting it in legislation he rammed through the Diet, meaning that Japan now claims the right to declare war at will.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup> </p><p>Abe and his party also weakened Japan's democratic institutions. In 2015 and 2017, Mr. Abe ignored calls by opposition members of the Diet to convene sessions to discuss controversial legislation, which is a right Article 53 of Japan's constitution guarantees.<sup id="cite_ref-dlib_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dlib-118">[118]</a></sup> The prime minister also frequently dissolves the parliament whenever he feels like it, and he uses that power to suppress dissent and ram through bad legislation. </p><p>Shitty legislation rammed through by Abe's government included a state secrets law that authorizes the government to hide politically inconvenient truths and jail journalists<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup> and an "anti-conspiracy" law that gives the government broad surveillance powers against "suspected criminals."<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup> Press freedom? Dropped dramatically since 2012 due to Abe's tactic of marshaling market forces and online nationalist groups to hound independent journalists and harass uncooperative publications.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup> The government says these measures stop crime, but crime in Japan has hit a record low, and the last terrorist attack was more than 20 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup> </p><p>LDP members routinely tout their contempt and disgust toward democratic norms and rights. Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Taro Aso notoriously cited <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> as a good role model for revising the pacifist Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup> When Japanese citizens peacefully protested against the state secrets law, Liberal Democratic Party Secretary-General Shigeru Ishiba said they were committing "acts of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup> Mio Sugita, an LDP member of the Diet, said in 2018 that same-sex couples "don’t produce children. In other words, they lack productivity and, therefore, do not contribute to the prosperity of the nation."<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup> The LDP signaled its support for these comments by refusing to condemn her. </p><p>Most worrying of all is the authoritarian transformation of Japan's schools. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe wanted to revive the spirit of the Imperial Rescript on Education, issued in 1890, that encourages children to "offer yourselves courageously to the State".<sup id="cite_ref-jedu_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jedu-129">[129]</a></sup> Other disturbing trends are the rise of "black" clubs that subject students to harsh treatment and physical punishments, growing class sizes, suppression of individuality, and a mandate that schools instill <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a> in children.<sup id="cite_ref-jedu_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jedu-129">[129]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ultranationalism_and_the_far-right">Ultranationalism and the far-right</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ultranationalism and the far-right">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%8E%92%E5%AE%B3%E7%A4%BE%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E5%85%AC%E9%87%91%E6%94%AF%E5%87%BA%E5%85%A8%E5%BB%83%E3%82%92%E6%B1%82%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B%E3%83%87%E3%83%A2%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E6%A7%98%E5%AD%90.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%E6%8E%92%E5%AE%B3%E7%A4%BE%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E5%85%AC%E9%87%91%E6%94%AF%E5%87%BA%E5%85%A8%E5%BB%83%E3%82%92%E6%B1%82%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B%E3%83%87%E3%83%A2%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E6%A7%98%E5%AD%90.jpg/300px-%E6%8E%92%E5%AE%B3%E7%A4%BE%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E5%85%AC%E9%87%91%E6%94%AF%E5%87%BA%E5%85%A8%E5%BB%83%E3%82%92%E6%B1%82%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B%E3%83%87%E3%83%A2%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E6%A7%98%E5%AD%90.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%E6%8E%92%E5%AE%B3%E7%A4%BE%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E5%85%AC%E9%87%91%E6%94%AF%E5%87%BA%E5%85%A8%E5%BB%83%E3%82%92%E6%B1%82%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B%E3%83%87%E3%83%A2%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E6%A7%98%E5%AD%90.jpg/450px-%E6%8E%92%E5%AE%B3%E7%A4%BE%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E5%85%AC%E9%87%91%E6%94%AF%E5%87%BA%E5%85%A8%E5%BB%83%E3%82%92%E6%B1%82%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B%E3%83%87%E3%83%A2%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E6%A7%98%E5%AD%90.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%E6%8E%92%E5%AE%B3%E7%A4%BE%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E5%85%AC%E9%87%91%E6%94%AF%E5%87%BA%E5%85%A8%E5%BB%83%E3%82%92%E6%B1%82%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B%E3%83%87%E3%83%A2%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E6%A7%98%E5%AD%90.jpg/600px-%E6%8E%92%E5%AE%B3%E7%A4%BE%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E5%85%AC%E9%87%91%E6%94%AF%E5%87%BA%E5%85%A8%E5%BB%83%E3%82%92%E6%B1%82%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B%E3%83%87%E3%83%A2%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E6%A7%98%E5%AD%90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="734" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%8E%92%E5%AE%B3%E7%A4%BE%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E5%85%AC%E9%87%91%E6%94%AF%E5%87%BA%E5%85%A8%E5%BB%83%E3%82%92%E6%B1%82%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B%E3%83%87%E3%83%A2%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E6%A7%98%E5%AD%90.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Far-right rally in Japan.</div></div></div> <p>Like many other countries, Japan has seen the rise of nationalist movements in previous years. That has been driven by separate factors from the West's rightward turn. Abe encouraged a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theory</a> during his first term claiming that <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> spies had kidnapped some random couple's 13-year-old daughter and hustled her onto a submarine.<sup id="cite_ref-nknat_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nknat-130">[130]</a></sup> He used that conspiracy theory and genuinely true stories of North Korean misdeeds to stoke fears in the country and encouraged support for his tough stance towards Japan's neighbors. Japan's fear of North Korea and an increasingly aggressive <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> have fueled Abe's push to end Japanese pacifism and erode democracy. </p><p>Japan, in general, has become more nationalistic and more conservative, to the point where Western <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> figures like <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Alternative_f%C3%BCr_Deutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative für Deutschland">Alternative für Deutschland</a> member Jan Moldenhauer, and Italian neo-<a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> Simone di Stefano all openly see Japan as an example and potential ally.<sup id="cite_ref-altrig_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altrig-131">[131]</a></sup> The Japanese far-right has successfully found a home within the establishment of LDP. Prime Minister Abe was a special advisor for <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a>, a radical nationalist group that wants to return Japan to its imperial days.<sup id="cite_ref-altrig_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altrig-131">[131]</a></sup> Japan also sees attacks on the media by the LDP, harsh restrictions on immigration, and abuse directed towards racial minorities. </p><p>Nippon Kaigi, the country's largest, most powerful conservative group, openly derides Japan's constitution and hates "<a href="/wiki/Liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal">liberal</a>" values.<sup id="cite_ref-jacob_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacob-132">[132]</a></sup> The group and Japan's far-right movement have roots in the immediate postwar opposition to Japan's new democracy. Although antiwar sentiment was too strong initially, the far-right found other rallying cries like anti-<a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> in the 1990s, anti-<a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> still to this day, and an ongoing push to restore patriotism by scrubbing Japanese war crimes from textbooks.<sup id="cite_ref-jacob_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacob-132">[132]</a></sup> </p><p>At least 900 <i>uyoku dantai</i>, or far-right groups, regularly protest in front of foreign embassies and harass Korean and Chinese ethnic communities.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id=""Abenomics""></span><span class="mw-headline" id=".22Abenomics.22">"Abenomics"</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: "Abenomics"">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinzo_Abe,_Prime_Minister_of_Japan_(9092387608).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Shinzo_Abe%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Japan_%289092387608%29.jpg/330px-Shinzo_Abe%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Japan_%289092387608%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="192" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Shinzo_Abe%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Japan_%289092387608%29.jpg/500px-Shinzo_Abe%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Japan_%289092387608%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Shinzo_Abe%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Japan_%289092387608%29.jpg/960px-Shinzo_Abe%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Japan_%289092387608%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2880" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinzo_Abe,_Prime_Minister_of_Japan_(9092387608).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Abe talks economics in London.</div></div></div> <p>Of course, much of this nationalist bullshittery is designed to distract from Japan's real problem: the economy. After Abe's failed first run as prime minister back in 2006, he came back to the saddle with promises of huge "Abenomics" reforms that would return Japan's economy to the days of booming growth. That hasn't materialized. Instead, Abe waits for marginally good news, like Sony making money or inflation ticking up by a tenth of a percent. He trumpets it as his own personal success while hoping people don't notice how he's whittling away at democratic institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup> </p><p>If you look at the facts, Abenomics has proven nothing short of absolute failure. The idea was textbook <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>: deregulation combined with fiscal stimulus and monetary easing. Its positive effect on the economy was negligible, and the negative effect was huge. The economy jolted a bit and then slumped back over like an electrocuted corpse, and Japan's national debt skyrocketed to 250% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-gdp_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gdp-135">[135]</a></sup> Japan was once known for high levels of lifetime employment. Now, Abe's deregulation of the labor industry has resulted in a market where 40% of the labor force now works on temporary contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-gdp_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gdp-135">[135]</a></sup> With job security gone, things like pensions, unemployment insurance, and healthcare coverage are gone. That has had the effect you might expect on Japan's population growth. Why have a kid when you can't possibly hope to pay for it? </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Suicide">Suicide</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Suicide">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:177px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Warning_signal_for_suicides_in_Aokigahara.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Warning_signal_for_suicides_in_Aokigahara.jpg/175px-Warning_signal_for_suicides_in_Aokigahara.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="233" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Warning_signal_for_suicides_in_Aokigahara.jpg/263px-Warning_signal_for_suicides_in_Aokigahara.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Warning_signal_for_suicides_in_Aokigahara.jpg/350px-Warning_signal_for_suicides_in_Aokigahara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Warning_signal_for_suicides_in_Aokigahara.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Japanese government kindly requests that you don't kill yourself here.</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seppuku-2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Seppuku-2.jpg/165px-Seppuku-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="230" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Seppuku-2.jpg/248px-Seppuku-2.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Seppuku-2.jpg/330px-Seppuku-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1539" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Seppuku-2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Samurai prepares to commit honorable suicide.</div></div></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The fastest growing suicide demographic is young men. It is now the single biggest killer of men in Japan aged 20-44. And the evidence suggests these young people are killing themselves because they have lost hope and are incapable of seeking help. The numbers first began to rise after the Asian financial crisis in 1998. They climbed again after the 2008 worldwide financial crisis. Experts think those rises are directly linked to the increase in "precarious employment", the practice of employing young people on short-term contracts. Japan was once known as the land of lifetime employment. But while many older people still enjoy job security and generous benefits, nearly 40% of young people in Japan are unable to find stable jobs.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Rupert Wingfield-Hayes, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> News, July 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i>Aokigahara</i> forest near Mount Fuji is infamous as the "Suicide Forest" since roughly a hundred or so people attempt suicide there each year.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></sup> Suicide has been considered a severe social issue here for decades, and it's quite likely tied to the fact that Japan's economy is in the shitter and future prospects for young people are dim and getting dimmer.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup> </p><p>The problem is that Japanese culture has historically viewed suicide as a noble act. Suicide was considered a way to go out honorably, and in a culture where unemployment is considered shameful, suicide becomes an obvious course of action.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup> As unemployment and high personal debts rise, so too does the social stigma, feeling of helplessness, and the perceived need to find the best way out. Even today, suicide is considered a morally responsible action for someone who has "failed" their family and themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></sup> </p><p>Also worrying is the rising trend of online <i>Shinjū</i> pacts, where online Japanese communities would crop up revolving around suicide to encourage and enable group suicide pacts.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup> </p><p>There are signs of progress, though. 2019 marked the tenth consecutive year that suicide numbers have declined, and the Japanese government is still focusing on efforts to keep bringing that number down.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup> The fallout from the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> also brought the issue of suicide to the forefront of Japanese consciousness, as the single month of October 2020 saw more suicide deaths than Japan had COVID deaths in that entire year.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup> Despite Japan seeing a relatively light impact from the virus. By 2021, the suicide issue had gotten so bad that the recently-elected Japanese prime minister Yoshihide Suga appointed an actual "Minister of Loneliness" to address Japan's social isolation and suicide crises.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Whaling">Whaling</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Whaling">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:287px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg/285px-Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="214" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg/428px-Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg/570px-Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A Japanese whaling ship falsely claiming to be conducting "legal research". They wouldn't have been caught if they told authorities they were just asking for a friend.</div></div></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Admiral, if we were to assume these whales were ours to do with as we pleased, we would be as guilty as those who caused their extinction.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Mr. Spock, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a> IV: The Voyage Home</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Recently, whaling has been criticized within Japan, perhaps reflecting changing dietary trends — few people eat whale meat nowadays. Whaling is still supported in rural communities across Japan, though only a handful still depend on it for their livelihoods. Only a few whaling vessels are still active, under heavy subsidies due to its lack of profitability, and whaling has been declining even if the government's supposed target numbers haven't.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kujira(WhaleMeat)-Takashimaya-20101013.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kujira%28WhaleMeat%29-Takashimaya-20101013.jpg/200px-Kujira%28WhaleMeat%29-Takashimaya-20101013.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kujira%28WhaleMeat%29-Takashimaya-20101013.jpg/300px-Kujira%28WhaleMeat%29-Takashimaya-20101013.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kujira%28WhaleMeat%29-Takashimaya-20101013.jpg/400px-Kujira%28WhaleMeat%29-Takashimaya-20101013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kujira(WhaleMeat)-Takashimaya-20101013.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Whale meat in an Osaka market.</div></div></div> <p>There have been several incidents during which Japanese whaling ships have come under attack from <a href="/wiki/Hard_green" title="Hard green">hard green</a> environmental groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup> Such attacks ironically reduce the Japanese government's desire to stop whaling since it'd be a severe loss of face to appear to give in to foreign pressure. It's also hard to convince people that their culture is wrong and yours is morally superior by throwing shitty-smelling substances (butyric acid) at them.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, the general public is pretty apathetic about the whole thing. Almost all young people, especially women, don't eat whale meat. Not much of the older generations eat it regularly either. However, most Japanese of all ages believe cultures should be allowed to hunt whales if it is a traditional activity and they want to. Still, few have strong opinions about whether Japanese whaling should or shouldn't continue.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup> </p><p>The real reason it continues at the scale it does? Government bureaucracy and Japanese corporate culture.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></sup> Japanese managers have a different view of downsizing than the West; if a company cuts employees, it shows <i>managerial</i> incompetence. Combined with government ministers in general not wanting their budgets cut, absolutely no one in government wants to be the one to downsize their department. So you have the whaling division shuffled around but not eliminated, and the whales hunted to avoid embarrassment. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Xenophobia_and_racism">Xenophobia and racism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Xenophobia and racism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstration_by_zaitokukai_in_Tokyo_2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Demonstration_by_zaitokukai_in_Tokyo_2.jpg/330px-Demonstration_by_zaitokukai_in_Tokyo_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Demonstration_by_zaitokukai_in_Tokyo_2.jpg/500px-Demonstration_by_zaitokukai_in_Tokyo_2.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Demonstration_by_zaitokukai_in_Tokyo_2.jpg/960px-Demonstration_by_zaitokukai_in_Tokyo_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3896" data-file-height="2616" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstration_by_zaitokukai_in_Tokyo_2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Anti-Korean protest by the hate group <i>Zaitokukai</i>.</div></div></div> <p>Japanese culture and people are notoriously xenophobic, and this is often expressed in the discrimination inflicted upon ethnic minorities living in Japan. Ethnic minorities include Chinese and Koreans, many of whom live in Japan due to the country's imperialist history. How prevalent is racism in Japanese society? A Japanese government advisor on education, Ayako Sono, wrote an op-ed in a conservative publication saying that Japan needs to import foreign workers but keep them separate in an "<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> system."<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></sup> According to her, people of different cultures can't understand each other, so foreigners must be kept as far from the Japanese people as possible. </p><p>Sono's opinion piece addressed Japan's longstanding reluctance to import foreign workers to make up for its aging population. Although Japan has recently expanded worker visas, foreign workers report almost universal discrimination from the Japanese public, from landlords who refuse to rent to non-Japanese, commuters who refuse to sit next to a foreigner on a packed train, to signs at the entrances to bars or restaurants baldly stating "no foreigners."<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></sup> In Japan, landlords and business owners have the discretion to turn away customers for any reason, and refusing to serve or rent to someone based on their nationality is widely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></sup> It isn't just other Asians being treated like this; white Westerners reported shitty behavior as well. Black people get it, too, of course. Baye McNeil, a black American journalist based in Japan, notes that Japanese people often avoid him.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></sup> </p><p>The situation is even worse for ethnic Koreans and Chinese unfortunate enough to live in Japan. A far-right hate group called <i>Zainichi Tokken o Yurusanai Shimin no Kai</i>, better known as <i>Zaitokukai</i>, claims membership in the thousands and regularly calls for removing civil and political rights from Koreans.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></sup> Japanese citizens routinely attempt to falsely turn in their ethnic Korean neighbors for being "illegal immigrants."<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></sup> Hate speech is common, and the Japanese government blatantly doesn't give a shit. The 2020 <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> protest movement even touched a few nerves in Japan, as Japanese police notoriously treat non-Japanese with suspicion or even violence.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></sup> </p><p>Hate crimes and violent crimes against Koreans often occur in Japan. In recent years, terrible crimes have continued to fire or damage Korean homes in Japan, but conservative politicians remain silent, and only liberal newspaper <i>Asahi Shimbun</i> criticized them. Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida remained silent on this issue. However, due to the extreme conservatism of Japanese society, it is difficult for Koreans living in Japan to engage in anti-racist activities such as Black Lives Matter or Stop Asian Hate in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></sup> Anti-Korean racism in Japan is almost customary, similar to anti-Black racism in the United States, so international organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, are condemning discriminatory practices against Koreans in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Caste_discrimination">Caste discrimination</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Caste discrimination">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiromu_Nonaka_199807.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hiromu_Nonaka_199807.jpg/150px-Hiromu_Nonaka_199807.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="191" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Hiromu_Nonaka_199807.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="271" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiromu_Nonaka_199807.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Hiromu Nonaka, who had his career destroyed for being <i>buraku</i>.</div></div></div> <p>Not content with shitting on foreigners, the Japanese also turn against their own based on <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a>-era caste considerations. Similar to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit" class="extiw" title="wp:Dalit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Dalit">Dalit</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <i>Burakumin</i> (meaning "hamlet people") were and are a caste of "untouchables" who are considered unclean since they work in certain professions like sanitation or slaughterhouse work.<sup id="cite_ref-eta_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eta-161">[161]</a></sup> Discrimination against them, both through bloodline and through profession, continues today. There's even a slur for them, "<i>eta</i>," meaning "abundance of filth."<sup id="cite_ref-eta_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eta-161">[161]</a></sup> People labeled <i>eta</i> could be murdered with impunity by samurai for basically any reason during the feudal era. Today, they just get hate mail or are excluded from jobs and society. </p><p>In 2001, Hiromu Nonaka, then the second-highest figure in the Japanese government, had to resign his post due to being a <i>burakumin</i>. A closed meeting discussing Nonaka's political future saw Prime Minster Taro Aso ask, "We are not going to let someone from the Buraku become the prime minister, are we?"<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></sup> Nonaka was considered a voice of reason in the Liberal Democratic Party, and that moment effectively destroyed his political career.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, the government terminated the Law on Special Measures for Dowa Projects, which was meant to help lessen discrimination against burakumin.<sup id="cite_ref-burak_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burak-164">[164]</a></sup> The government has completely ignored their plight, and <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> culture has made it easier to harm the buraku people. Internet hate groups target burakumin online for slurs and harassment, attempt to <a href="/wiki/Dox" class="mw-redirect" title="Dox">dox</a> burakumin to find their communities, and encourage more discriminatory attitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-burak_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burak-164">[164]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yasaka_shrine.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/e/ec/Yasaka_shrine.jpeg/350px-Yasaka_shrine.jpeg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/e/ec/Yasaka_shrine.jpeg/525px-Yasaka_shrine.jpeg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/e/ec/Yasaka_shrine.jpeg/700px-Yasaka_shrine.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="653" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Yasaka_shrine.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Yasaka shrine in Kyoto.</div></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Shintoism_and_Buddhism">Shintoism and Buddhism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Shintoism and Buddhism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The Japanese are a not-particularly religious society that has appropriated a range of religions into their life. Shinto is Japan's <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">native</a> <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic</a> religion. It's compatible with <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and so the two have been intertwined in Japanese culture for over a thousand years, although they were forcibly separated during the Meiji era (1868 to 1945). </p><p>Most Japanese will happily count themselves as rational <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> yet habitually go to a major shrine at the start of the new year to refresh their demon-slaying charms at home (they make them in cute cell phone accessory form, too). And no less than one-third of Japanese pray to <a href="/wiki/Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods">gods</a> during the New Year while simultaneously not believing in any gods! For example, a survey suggests that 65% of Japanese are <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup> However, another survey from the same source indicates that between 50% and 90% of Japanese are Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup> Similarly, over 90% of people are officially Shinto and participate in Shinto rituals, but fewer than 3% identify their religion as Shinto. The confusion comes from the fact that Buddhism does not fit into a Western dichotomy of theism and atheism. The Gods in Shinto aren't omnipresent nor always beneficial. You have to clap and ring bells to get their attention to pray to them. Since in neither Shinto nor Buddhism can you rely on the deities for anything at all, the only thing you need to make sure of is to not annoy them—which usually just involves not screwing over the environment or sacred places and giving respect in Buddhist observances and festivals. </p><p>The Western division of "earthly" vs. "<a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>" doesn't apply to Japanese thought. This is less true of Buddhism in the past, as membership in a Buddhist sect was mandatory for guarding against Christianity. Buddhist funerals were mandatory, so Buddhist priests didn't have to care about making people believe since everyone belonged to their religion and paid them no matter what. Within a couple generations, Japan was a secular country. Few people care that Buddhists still perform their funerals (unless you're a practicing <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a>). </p><p>There are also smaller religions founded in Japan, like Soka Gakkai (a <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> religion that about 4-8% of Japan belongs to, which even has its own political party) and Tenrikyo (about 1%, but unusual for being <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> and the largest female-founded religion in the world). Maybe another 10% belong to other "shinshukyo" (新宗教), a diverse group of religions founded mostly within living memory. The best comparison to the West would be the New Age religions, with which they often overlap quite a bit. Most of these people will still consider themselves non-religious. One of the shinshukyo religions was the cult/terrorist group <a href="/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Christianity">Christianity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:God-jesus-toy-robot.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/e/ef/God-jesus-toy-robot.jpg/275px-God-jesus-toy-robot.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="218" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/e/ef/God-jesus-toy-robot.jpg/413px-God-jesus-toy-robot.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/e/ef/God-jesus-toy-robot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="356" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:God-jesus-toy-robot.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus bot</a> ran out of batteries for our sins! Wait, <i>that</i> can't be right...</div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> has a unique status in Japan despite its little following among the Japanese people. Although it was illegal in Japan during the Edo period (1603 to 1868), after the American occupation of Japan following World War II with the romanticism of all things American, Christianity became "popular" in a very <i>secular</i> way. Today, the Christian cross is a trendy piece of jewelry for women and girls. For example, in a TV drama, you are likely to see the main character wear a cross in at least one of the 11 episodes, while anime <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a> are often common (though only rarely religious ones). Japanese sometimes confuse how being a nun works, thinking they work like a Shinto Shrine Maiden, and so have characters who are part-time nuns going to a Catholic high school). </p><p>Weddings in Christian churches are extraordinarily popular<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup> to the point that over 90% are Christian-style<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup> (followed sometimes by a second wedding in traditional garb), and many people have adapted to saying "God bless" or "Good God" (using Kami as the term for god) as expressions of doubt, fear, and joy - while not believing in that very god. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> is a <i>huge</i> holiday there, complete with (anime-style girl) <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa</a>, Christmas trees and decorations, and yet very little knowledge about what is actually being celebrated; an appropriate comparison would be to how <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a> is treated in the Western world these days. In fact, Japanese culture treats Christmas as a lovers' holiday for romantic gift exchanges. The traditional Christmas foods are fried chicken, preferably from KFC, which has to be ordered at least a month in advance, and a Christmas sponge cake covered in white icing and strawberries. The cakes are heavily discounted on Christmas Day, which led to "Christmas cake" becoming a <i>lovely</i> slang term for an unmarried woman older than 25, as she too is considered past her prime. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_revisionism_and_denialism">Historical revisionism and denialism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Historical revisionism and denialism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&wpDestFile=Japan_280316_Kamikaze_Yasukuni_03.jpg" class="new" title="File:Japan 280316 Kamikaze Yasukuni 03.jpg">File:Japan 280316 Kamikaze Yasukuni 03.jpg</a> <div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a> pilot memorial at the Yasukuni Shrine.</div></div></div> <p>The dominance of right-wing politics in Japan has given a lot of influence to prickly <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalists</a> who want to engage in <a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">gaslighting</a> and erase historical knowledge of Japan's crimes to end criticism of their beloved country. Historical revisionism has been made into official government policy by Prime Minister Abe. His government has grown only more zealous in rewriting history to the point where even the emperor felt a need to speak out against it.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></sup> Various members of the Diet and multiple prime ministers have stirred international controversy by paying visits to the Yasukuni Shrine, which honors dozens of war criminals as "martyrs".<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup> </p><p>Japan uses its diplomatic officials abroad to pressure foreign publications and even harass independent journalists who report on the Japanese disregard for history.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></sup> The Japanese government has also tried to stop the construction of monuments honoring the victims of Japanese bloodlust abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></sup> Japan has even gone so far as to use its power as a state to harass private textbook publishers.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></sup> The prime minister also occasionally makes public statements explicitly denying the facthood of various Japanese war crimes, in one case claiming that <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a> were not forced into sexual <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></sup> </p><p>Japan's stranglehold on its historical denialism has made its way to (Japanese) <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>. You know that website that claims to take a neutral stance on everything? Good luck finding any factually accurate documentation about Japanese war crimes and the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing massacre">Nanjing massacre</a> without the pages <a href="/wiki/Blaming_the_victim" title="Blaming the victim">blaming the Chinese military for actions that only the Japanese Army has done</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></sup> Every page regarding Japan's involvement in World War II is heavily censored and closely monitored by "Admins", who ensure the flat-out denial of atrocious and inhuman crimes is presented in a "<a href="/wiki/Bullshit" title="Bullshit">neutral</a>" tone. There is also an extreme tendency to dislike Koreans, and descriptions of Korea are quite biased.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></sup> </p><p>This is all an attempt to mangle history about the Second World War. According to the revisionists, Japan selflessly launched a crusade to "liberate" fellow Asians from <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> but was victimized by the evil and unfair <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></sup> To believe that hideous lie requires dismissing the mass killings, rapes, enslavement, human experimentation, cannibalism, mutilations, tortures, thefts, arson, and other atrocious war crimes toward people all over the world (with Koreans and Chinese, both adults and children, who are Asians, bearing the brunt of the abuse). War crimes and gaslighting are apparently Japanese nationalists' ideas of helping fellow Asians toward shining "enlightened modernization". </p><p>While in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, idiotic proponents of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> tend to be the dregs of society, Japanese revisionism can count most of the current Japanese government among its following. These politicians have made themselves into a severe threat to truth in Japan. Discussion of Japanese war crimes, or even the wars period, is almost wholly scrubbed from Japanese textbooks.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></sup> Although textbook writers claim that their works are free from "<a href="/wiki/Bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Bias">bias</a>", it is clear that their intent is nothing less than full indoctrination of Japanese schoolchildren in a nationalist lie.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></sup> When paired with Japan's general turn towards <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, the government's refusal to acknowledge its bloody past is distressing and disturbing. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <center><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:66px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January_(revised).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January_%28revised%29.jpg/225px-Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January_%28revised%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="123" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January_%28revised%29.jpg/338px-Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January_%28revised%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January_%28revised%29.jpg/450px-Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January_%28revised%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="1858" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Skyline of Shinjuku, Tokyo. Mount Fuji is visible in the background. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:53px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:East_West_sushi_01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/East_West_sushi_01.jpg/225px-East_West_sushi_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/East_West_sushi_01.jpg/338px-East_West_sushi_01.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/East_West_sushi_01.jpg/450px-East_West_sushi_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6798" data-file-height="4492" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Sushi platter. Yum! </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:52.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ninnaji_Kyoto16s3s4592.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ninnaji_Kyoto16s3s4592.jpg/225px-Ninnaji_Kyoto16s3s4592.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ninnaji_Kyoto16s3s4592.jpg/338px-Ninnaji_Kyoto16s3s4592.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ninnaji_Kyoto16s3s4592.jpg/450px-Ninnaji_Kyoto16s3s4592.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Traditional Japanese garden in Kyoto. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:53px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Takashi_Tezuka,_Shigeru_Miyamoto_and_K%C5%8Dji_Kond%C5%8D.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Takashi_Tezuka%2C_Shigeru_Miyamoto_and_K%C5%8Dji_Kond%C5%8D.jpg/225px-Takashi_Tezuka%2C_Shigeru_Miyamoto_and_K%C5%8Dji_Kond%C5%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Takashi_Tezuka%2C_Shigeru_Miyamoto_and_K%C5%8Dji_Kond%C5%8D.jpg/338px-Takashi_Tezuka%2C_Shigeru_Miyamoto_and_K%C5%8Dji_Kond%C5%8D.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Takashi_Tezuka%2C_Shigeru_Miyamoto_and_K%C5%8Dji_Kond%C5%8D.jpg/450px-Takashi_Tezuka%2C_Shigeru_Miyamoto_and_K%C5%8Dji_Kond%C5%8D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2575" data-file-height="1706" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Nintendo employees Mario Mario, Takashi Tezuka, Shigeru Miyamoto, and Koji Kondo. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:52.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Itsukushima_Gate.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Itsukushima_Gate.jpg/225px-Itsukushima_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Itsukushima_Gate.jpg/338px-Itsukushima_Gate.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Itsukushima_Gate.jpg/450px-Itsukushima_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2803" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>The torii of Itsukushima Shinto Shrine near Hiroshima, one of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Views_of_Japan" class="extiw" title="wp:Three Views of Japan" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Three Views of Japan">Three Views of Japan</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:53px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kibo_completed_view1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kibo_completed_view1.jpg/225px-Kibo_completed_view1.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kibo_completed_view1.jpg/338px-Kibo_completed_view1.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kibo_completed_view1.jpg/450px-Kibo_completed_view1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Japan's module on the International Space Station. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:52.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ban%27etsu_East_Line_in_Tamura_City_05.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ban%27etsu_East_Line_in_Tamura_City_05.jpg/225px-Ban%27etsu_East_Line_in_Tamura_City_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ban%27etsu_East_Line_in_Tamura_City_05.jpg/338px-Ban%27etsu_East_Line_in_Tamura_City_05.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ban%27etsu_East_Line_in_Tamura_City_05.jpg/450px-Ban%27etsu_East_Line_in_Tamura_City_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>A passenger train rolls through the rice fields of Fukushima prefecture. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:52.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg/250px-Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg/500px-Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Sumo wrestlers at the 2014 Aki-Basho tournament. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:52.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%B1%9A%E9%AA%A8%E3%82%89%E3%83%BC%E3%82%81%E3%82%93_%E5%8D%9A%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%9E_%E3%81%84%E3%82%89%E3%81%A3%E3%81%97%E3%82%83%E3%81%84_2010_(5023366778).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E8%B1%9A%E9%AA%A8%E3%82%89%E3%83%BC%E3%82%81%E3%82%93_%E5%8D%9A%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%9E_%E3%81%84%E3%82%89%E3%81%A3%E3%81%97%E3%82%83%E3%81%84_2010_%285023366778%29.jpg/225px-%E8%B1%9A%E9%AA%A8%E3%82%89%E3%83%BC%E3%82%81%E3%82%93_%E5%8D%9A%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%9E_%E3%81%84%E3%82%89%E3%81%A3%E3%81%97%E3%82%83%E3%81%84_2010_%285023366778%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E8%B1%9A%E9%AA%A8%E3%82%89%E3%83%BC%E3%82%81%E3%82%93_%E5%8D%9A%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%9E_%E3%81%84%E3%82%89%E3%81%A3%E3%81%97%E3%82%83%E3%81%84_2010_%285023366778%29.jpg/338px-%E8%B1%9A%E9%AA%A8%E3%82%89%E3%83%BC%E3%82%81%E3%82%93_%E5%8D%9A%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%9E_%E3%81%84%E3%82%89%E3%81%A3%E3%81%97%E3%82%83%E3%81%84_2010_%285023366778%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E8%B1%9A%E9%AA%A8%E3%82%89%E3%83%BC%E3%82%81%E3%82%93_%E5%8D%9A%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%9E_%E3%81%84%E3%82%89%E3%81%A3%E3%81%97%E3%82%83%E3%81%84_2010_%285023366778%29.jpg/450px-%E8%B1%9A%E9%AA%A8%E3%82%89%E3%83%BC%E3%82%81%E3%82%93_%E5%8D%9A%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%9E_%E3%81%84%E3%82%89%E3%81%A3%E3%81%97%E3%82%83%E3%81%84_2010_%285023366778%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Customers at a Tokyo ramen counter. </p> </div> </div></li> </ul></center> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Nanjing" title="Rape of Nanjing">Rape of Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netto-uyoku" title="Netto-uyoku">Netto-uyoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshirioku" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshirioku">Joshirioku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_internment" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American internment">Japanese American internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, another country whose current ultranationalist government adamantly denies its violent past.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_war_crimes_denial" title="Category:Japanese war crimes denial">Category:Japanese war crimes denial</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtu.be/Mh5LY4Mz15o">History of Japan in 9 minutes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtu.be/IHJsoCAREsg">Japan's rising right-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diggitmagazine.com/articles/-japan-alt-right">Why is Japan the ideal country according to the Alt-Right movement</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_e_1fNH2aI">Why did Japan Attack Pearl Harbor?</a> a short video by <i>History Matters</i> on <a href="/wiki/Youtube" class="mw-redirect" title="Youtube">Youtube</a>. Also, <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxsnHaYuHoA">Why did Japan Join the Axis?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-6VRESxVT4w">Why was Japan Allowed to Keep its Emperor After World War 2?</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Daily Life in Japan: At The Time of the Samurai, 1185-1603</i> by Louis Frédéric (2010) Routledge. ISBN 0415587603.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/03/abe-nippon-kaigi-japan-far-right">Abe’s Japan Is a Racist, Patriarchal Dream</a>. <i>Jacobin.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5546/japanese-nhk-officials-world-war-ii/">Japanese Broadcast Official: We Didn't Commit War Crimes, the U.S. Just Made That Up</a>. <i>TIME.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" class="extiw" title="wp:Nippon Kaigi" rel="nofollow">Nippon Kaigi</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-myths-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-myths_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/cEY3a">Japan: Mythological Origins</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i> ( archived on 7 Jul 2013) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancient.eu/Amaterasu/">Amaterasu</a>. <i>Ancient History Encyclopedia.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jpninfo.com/34462">The Meaning and History of The Japanese Flag</a>. <i>Japan Info.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japbeg-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-japbeg_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/lO1eK">HISTORY OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF JAPAN</a>. <i>Facts and Details.</i> ( archived on 4 Nov 2023 )</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/ECGUk">Ancient Cultures</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i> ( archived on 4 Nov 2023) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/fb-5423079/WHAT-YAMATO-PERIOD.html">WHAT WAS THE YAMATO PERIOD? </a> <i>Daily Mail</i> 22 February 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S., Brownlee, John (1991). <i>Political thought in Japanese historical writing: from Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712).</i> Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 9780889209978. OCLC 243566096.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heldt, Gustav (2014). <i>The Kojiki: An Account of Ancient Matters</i>. Columbia University Press. pp. xxi–xxii. ISBN 9780231538121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kofu-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kofu_13-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kofu_13-1">13.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/ST9V">Kofun and Asuka Periods</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i> ( archived on 10 Jul 2012 )</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Delmer M.; Hall, John Whitney; Jansen, Marius B.; Shively, Donald H.; Twitchett, Denis (1988). <i>The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 1.</i> Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–149. ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Taika-era-reforms">Taika era reforms</a>. <i>Britannica.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nara-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nara_16-0">16.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nara_16-1">16.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/LpX0D">Nara and Heian Periods</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i> ( archived on 9 Nov 2023 )</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://study.com/academy/answer/why-did-the-taika-reforms-fail.html">Why did the Taika Reforms fail?</a> <i>Study.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gudako-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gudako_18-0">18.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gudako_18-1">18.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/nCpWE">The Fujiwara Regency</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i> ( archived on 9 Nov 2023 )</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.838049480250718">The shadow of the sun: A glimpse of the Fujiwara and the imperial families in Japan</a> <i>INformit</i> by Joseph M Kitagawa</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancient.eu/Fujiwara_Clan/">Fujiwara Clan</a>. <i>Ancient History Encyclopedia.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancient.eu/Genpei_War/">Genpei War</a>. <i>Ancient History Encyclopedia.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-genpei-war-in-japan-195285">The Genpei War in Japan, 1180 - 1185</a>. <i>ThoughtCo.</i> ( By Kallie Szczepanski Kallie Szczepanski Updated on February 25, 2019 )</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shug-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-shug_23-0">23.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-shug_23-1">23.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/a-brief-history-japans-daimyo-lords-195308">A Brief History of Japan's Daimyo Lords</a>. <i>ThoughtCo.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/ps6DT">Japan: Mongol Invasions</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i> ( archived on 21 Apr 2013) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancient.eu/Sengoku_Period/">Sengoku Period</a>. <i>Ancient History Encyclopedia.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sengo-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sengo_26-0">26.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sengo_26-1">26.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/LVPYB">Japan: Provincial Wars and Foreign Contacts</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i> ( archived on 7 July 2013) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warhistoryonline.com/history/sengoku-jidai-japans-century-war.html">Sengoku-Jidai – The Age Of The Country At War In Medieval Japan</a>. <i>War History Online.</i> by Jul 21, 2017 Andrew Knighton, Guest Author</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231124075953/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/198399257.pdf">Oda Nobunaga, Guns, and Early Modern Warfare in Japan</a> ( archived on November 24 2023) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/learned-nagashino-1575.htm">What We Learned From… Nagashino, 1575</a>. <i>History Net.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unif-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-unif_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/tYAx0">Japan: Reunification</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i> ( archived on November 24 2023) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tokufir-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tokufir_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/7rtHD">Japan: Rule of Shogun and Daimyo</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i> ( archived on 24 Nov 2023 ) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-christi-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-christi_32-0">32.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-christi_32-1">32.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/cnnow">Japan: Seclusion and Social Control</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i> ( archived on 13 June, 2024) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-christii-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-christii_33-0">33.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-christii_33-1">33.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-christii_33-2">33.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/24/martin-scorcese-film-silence-martyrdom-japan-hidden-christians">Martin Scorsese film recalls martyrdom of Japan's hidden Christians</a>. <i>The Guardian.</i> by Justin McCurry in Hirado Thu 24 Dec 2015 14.10 GMT</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-socordi-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-socordi_34-0">34.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-socordi_34-1">34.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/The-Tokugawa-status-system">The Tokugawa status system</a>. <i>Britannica.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duus, Peter (1998). <i>Modern Japan</i> (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0395746043. p.45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_society" class="extiw" title="wp:Edo society" rel="nofollow">Edo society</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perryi-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-perryi_37-0">37.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-perryi_37-1">37.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/japan/21.htm">Decline of the Tokugawa</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perri-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-perri_38-0">38.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-perri_38-1">38.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/perrys-expedition-japan">Perry's Expedition To Japan</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usnav-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-usnav_39-0">39.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-usnav_39-1">39.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-usnav_39-2">39.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/b/brief-summary-perry-expedition-japan-1853.html">Brief Summary of the Perry Expedition to Japan, 1853</a>. <i>Naval History and Heritage Command.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakumatsu" class="extiw" title="wp:Bakumatsu" rel="nofollow">Bakumatsu</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign" class="extiw" title="wp:Shimonoseki campaign" rel="nofollow">Shimonoseki campaign</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boshini-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-boshini_42-0">42.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-boshini_42-1">42.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-boshini_42-2">42.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warhistoryonline.com/history/last-shogun-first-shots-boshin-war.html">The Last Shogun – First Shots of the Boshin War</a>. <i>War History Online.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boshinii-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-boshinii_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-boshin-war-in-japan-195568">The Boshin War of 1868 to 1869</a>. <i>ThoughtCo.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sabaton.net/discography/the-last-stand/shiroyama/">Shiroyama - Lyrics</a>. <i>Sabaton</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meiji-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-meiji_45-0">45.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-meiji_45-1">45.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-was-the-meiji-era-195354">What Was the Meiji Era?</a> <i>ThoughtCo.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-satsu-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-satsu_46-0">46.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-satsu_46-1">46.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570">How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion</a>. <i>ThoughtCo.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" class="extiw" title="wp:Meiji Constitution" rel="nofollow">Meiji Constitution</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meijirez-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-meijirez_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/japan/22.htm">The Meiji Restoration</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imperi-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imperi_49-0">49.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imperi_49-1">49.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/japan/27.htm">Japan: Overseas Expansion</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-firsino-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-firsino_50-0">50.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-firsino_50-1">50.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-firsino_50-2">50.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/First-Sino-Japanese-War-1894-1895">First Sino-Japanese War</a>. <i>Britannica.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/first-sino-japanese-war-1894-95-195784">The First Sino-Japanese War</a>. <i>ThoughtCo.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/red-sun-rising-an-american-reporter-in-the-first-sino-japanese-war.htm">Red Sun Rising: An American Reporter in the First Sino-Japanese War</a>. <i>History Net.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a>. <i>Britannica.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russo-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-russo_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Russo-Japanese-War">Russo-Japanese War</a>. <i>Britannica.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mukden" class="extiw" title="wp:Battle of Mukden" rel="nofollow">Battle of Mukden</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogger_Bank_incident" class="extiw" title="wp:Dogger Bank incident" rel="nofollow">Dogger Bank incident</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" class="extiw" title="wp:Battle of Tsushima" rel="nofollow">Battle of Tsushima</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-korr-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-korr_58-0">58.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-korr_58-1">58.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-korr_58-2">58.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2010/08/29/editorials/the-annexation-of-korea/#.Xupg_mhKiM8">The annexation of Korea</a>. <i>Japan Times.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1907" class="extiw" title="wp:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907" rel="nofollow">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" class="extiw" title="wp:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910" rel="nofollow">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-korjap-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-korjap_61-0">61.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-korjap_61-1">61.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-korjap_61-2">61.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-korjap_61-3">61.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/7.htm">Korea Under Japanese Rule</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Neill, Robert (1993). "Churchill, Japan, and British Security in the Pacific 1904–1942". In Blake, Robert B.; Louis, William Roger (eds.). <i>Churchill</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-19-820626-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japani-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-japani_63-0">63.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-japani_63-1">63.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/warfare_1914-1918_japan">Japan</a>. <i>International Encyclopedia of the First World War.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" class="extiw" title="wp:Siege of Tsingtao" rel="nofollow">Siege of Tsingtao</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Twenty-one-Demands">Twenty-one Demands</a>. <i>Britannica.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taish%C5%8D" class="extiw" title="wp:Taishō" rel="nofollow">Taishō</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taisho-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-taisho_67-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/japan/30.htm">Two-Party System</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shinfas-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-shinfas_68-0">68.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-shinfas_68-1">68.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-shinfas_68-2">68.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/japan/32.htm">Japan: The Rise of the Militarists</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" class="extiw" title="wp:Japanese invasion of Manchuria" rel="nofollow">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_26_Incident" class="extiw" title="wp:February 26 Incident" rel="nofollow">February 26 Incident</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" class="extiw" title="wp:Three Alls Policy" rel="nofollow">Three Alls Policy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssino-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ssino_72-0">72.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ssino_72-1">72.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alphahistory.com/chineserevolution/sino-japanese-war/">Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-45)</a>. <i>Alpha History.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warcrime-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-warcrime_73-0">73.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-warcrime_73-1">73.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allthatsinteresting.com/japanese-war-crimes">Inside Japan’s World War II-Era Reign Of Terror</a>. <i>All That's Interesting.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ph-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ph_74-0">74.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ph_74-1">74.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/pearl-harbor">Japan, China, the United States and the Road to Pearl Harbor, 1937–41</a>. US State Department.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Events_leading_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" class="extiw" title="wp:Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor" rel="nofollow">Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a>. <i>Wikiquote.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peattie, Mark R (2007). <i>Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909–1941.</i> Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-664-3. p. 168–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1997). <i>A Study of Crisis</i>. University of Michigan Press. p. 407. ISBN 978-0472108060.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chincrim-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chincrim_79-0">79.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chincrim_79-1">79.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.co/8-horrifying-japanese-war-crimes-china-world-war-ii-never-learned-class">8 Horrifying Japanese War Crimes Against China in World War II You Never Learned in Class</a>. <i>History Collection.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Willmott, H.P. (2014). <i>Empires in the Balance: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies to April 1942 </i>(reprint, 1982 ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-612-51728-5. p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataan_Death_March" class="extiw" title="wp:Bataan Death March" rel="nofollow">Bataan Death March</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_Cairo_Declaration" class="extiw" title="wp:1943 Cairo Declaration" rel="nofollow">1943 Cairo Declaration</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). <i>Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway.</i> Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-923-0. p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-islhop-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-islhop_84-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/pacific-strategy-1941-1944">The Pacific Strategy, 1941-1944</a>. <i>National World War II Museum.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leapfrogging_(strategy)" class="extiw" title="wp:Leapfrogging (strategy)" rel="nofollow">Leapfrogging (strategy)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" class="extiw" title="wp:Operation Ichi-Go" rel="nofollow">Operation Ichi-Go</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.militarytimes.com/news/2018/02/17/the-battle-of-iwo-jima-a-36-day-bloody-slog-on-a-sulfuric-island/">The Battle of Iwo Jima: A 36-day bloody slog on a sulfuric island</a>. <i>Military Times.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defense.gov/Explore/Features/Story/Article/2130718/remembering-the-battle-of-okinawa/">Remembering the Battle of Okinawa</a>. US Department of Defense.<i></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_campaign_(1945)" class="extiw" title="wp:Borneo campaign (1945)" rel="nofollow">Borneo campaign (1945)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Downfall" class="extiw" title="wp:Operation Downfall" rel="nofollow">Operation Downfall</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hiro-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hiro_91-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/hiroshima-atomic-bomb-nuclear-attack-changed-history-190806100602771.html">Hiroshima atomic bomb: The US nuclear attack that changed history</a>. <i>Al Jazeera.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a6652262.shtml">Fact File : Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>. <i>BBC</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/nagasaki-the-last-bomb">Nagasaki: The Last Bomb</a>. <i>The New Yorker.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-postwar-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-postwar_94-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/japan/33.htm">World War II and the Occupation</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel_Voice_Broadcast" class="extiw" title="wp:Jewel Voice Broadcast" rel="nofollow">Jewel Voice Broadcast</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/did-us-army-occupy-japan-after-world-war-ii">Did the US Army Occupy Japan After World War II?</a> <i>National World War II Museum.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-occjap-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-occjap_97-0">97.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-occjap_97-1">97.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-occjap_97-2">97.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1900_occupation.htm">The American Occupation of Japan, 1945-1952.</a> <i>University of Colombia</i>, Asia for Educators.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toktrial-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-toktrial_98-0">98.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-toktrial_98-1">98.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/macarthur-tokyo-war-crimes-trials/">The Tokyo War Crimes Trials</a>. <i>PBS.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facinghistory.org/holocaust-and-human-behavior/chapter-10/tokyo-trials">The Tokyo Trials</a>. <i>Facing History And Ourselves.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usfca.edu/sites/default/files/arts_and_sciences/app_xiii1_06_hammond_08-26-15.pdf">The Question of Japanese-ness: Repatriation and Guilt in Postwar Japan</a>. Kilby Hammond, University of San Francisco.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreation_and_Amusement_Association" class="extiw" title="wp:Recreation and Amusement Association" rel="nofollow">Recreation and Amusement Association</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshida_Doctrine" class="extiw" title="wp:Yoshida Doctrine" rel="nofollow">Yoshida Doctrine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" class="extiw" title="wp:Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)" rel="nofollow">Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japecon-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-japecon_104-0">104.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-japecon_104-1">104.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/Economic-transformation">Japan: Economic transformation</a>. <i>Britannica.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mir-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mir_105-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-was-the-japanese-economic-miracle.html">What Was The Japanese Economic Miracle?</a>. <i>World Atlas.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/12/asia/future-japan-videogame-landmarks/index.html">How Japan changed video games forever</a>. <i>CNN.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketplace.org/2018/11/29/how-us-outgrew-1980s-anxiety-over-japan/">How the U.S. outgrew 1980s trade anxiety over Japan</a>. <i>Marketplace.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jbub-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jbub_108-0">108.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jbub_108-1">108.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/1998/01/reinterpreting-the-japanese-economic-miracle">Reinterpreting the Japanese Economic Miracle</a>. <i>Harvard Economic Review.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/Economic-transformation#ref23216">Japan: Social change</a>. <i>Britannica.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/08/japan-1990s-credit-crunch-liquidity-trap.asp">The Lost Decade: Lessons From Japan's Real Estate Crisis</a>. <i>Investopedia.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42154516">The economic lessons Japan can teach the West</a>. <i>BBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yamlong-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-yamlong_112-0">112.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-yamlong_112-1">112.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dartmouth.edu/~themalsjournal/pdf/fall_2014/woodard.pdf">The Enduring Legitimacy of Japan's Imperial Family</a>. Dartmouth University.<i></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5579401/japan-monarchy-emperor-abdication/">Five Things to Know About the Modern Japanese Monarchy</a>. <i>TIME.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/history/emperor_1.shtml">Divinity of the Emperor</a>. <i>BBC.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/articles/2019/how-the-japanese-imperial-family-the-worlds-oldest-royal-line-transcends-time/">How the Japanese Imperial Family, the World’s Oldest Royal Line, Transcends Time</a>. Boston University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/2000-09-01/yamato-dynasty-secret-history-japans-imperial-family">The Yamato Dynasty: The Secret History of Japan's Imperial Family</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/japan/122.htm">Liberal Democratic Party</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dlib-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dlib_118-0">118.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dlib_118-1">118.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/15/opinion/liberalism-japan-election.html">The Death of Liberalism in Japan</a>. <i>New York Times.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-18/japan-is-a-one-party-state-again-and-voters-are-fine-with-that">Japan Is a One-Party State Again And Voters Are Fine With That</a>. <i>Bloomberg.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jp.reuters.com/article/us-japan-election-abe/japans-shinzo-abe-comeback-kid-with-conservative-agenda-idUSBRE8BD04520121214">Japan's Shinzo Abe: comeback kid with conservative agenda</a>. <i>Reuters.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000143304.pdf">Japan’s Legislation for Peace and Security</a>. Government of Japan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/16/opinion/japans-dangerous-anachronism.html?module=inline">Japan’s Dangerous Anachronism</a>. <i>New York Times.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/un-condemns-japanese-conspiracy-law-dgqjjg3tz">https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/un-condemns-japanese-conspiracy-law-dgqjjg3tz UN condemns Japanese conspiracy law</a>. <i>The Times.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/japan">Japan</a>. <i>Reporters Without Borders.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/04/20/a-new-bill-reveals-the-japanese-governments-authoritarian-streak">A new bill reveals the Japanese government’s authoritarian streak</a>. <i>The Economist.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-126">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/08/02/national/politics-diplomacy/aso-refuses-to-resign-retire-over-nazi-gaffe/#.Xu6w02hKiM-">Aso refuses to resign, retire over Nazi gaffe</a>. <i>Japan Times.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/12/01/national/politics-diplomacy/secrecy-law-protests-act-of-terrorism-ldp-secretary-general/#.Xu6w02hKiM-">Secrecy law protests 'act of terrorism': LDP secretary-general</a>. <i>Japan Times.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/03/japanese-mp-mio-sugita-calls-lgbt-community-unproductive">Japanese MP calls LGBT community 'unproductive'</a>. <i>The Guardian.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jedu-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jedu_129-0">129.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jedu_129-1">129.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/using-education-to-make-japan-great-again/">Using Education to Make Japan Great Again?</a>. <i>The Diplomat.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nknat-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nknat_130-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26542992">Is Shinzo Abe fanning nationalist flames?</a> <i>BBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-altrig-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-altrig_131-0">131.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-altrig_131-1">131.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/why-steve-bannon-admires-japan/">Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan</a>. <i>The Diplomat.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jacob-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jacob_132-0">132.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jacob_132-1">132.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/03/abe-nippon-kaigi-japan-far-right">Abe’s Japan Is a Racist, Patriarchal Dream</a>. <i>Jacobin.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyunews.com/2019/04/15/far-right-international-japan/">The Dangerous Impact of the Far-Right in Japan</a>. <i>Washington Square News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2017/03/07/commentary/japan-commentary/abes-nationalism-hurts-japan/#.Xu64AGhKiM8">Abe's nationalism hurts Japan</a>. <i>Japan Times.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gdp-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gdp_135-0">135.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gdp_135-1">135.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/world/asia/2019/05/shinzo-abe-and-rise-japanese-nationalism">Shinzo Abe and the rise of Japanese nationalism</a>. <i>New Statesman.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-136">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-33362387">Why does Japan have such a high suicide rate?</a> <i>BBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-137">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aokigahara" class="extiw" title="wp:Aokigahara" rel="nofollow">Aokigahara</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/15/world/in-japan-mired-in-recession-suicides-soar.html">In Japan, Mired in Recession, Suicides Soar</a>. <i>New York Times.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/aug/03/japan-honourable-suicide-rate">Japan: ending the culture of the 'honourable' suicide</a>. <i>The Guardian.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ozawa-de Silva, Chikako (December 2008). "Too Lonely to Die Alone: Internet Suicide Pacts and Existential Suffering in Japan". <i>Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry.</i> 32 (4): 516–551. doi:10.1007/s11013-008-9108-0. PMID 18800195. p. 519</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-141">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/3340456/t/japans-chilling-internet-suicide-pacts/">Japan's chilling internet suicide pacts</a>. <i>NBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/03/18/national/social-issues/japan-suicides-historic-low-2019-teens-kill/#.Xu_RUmhKiM9">Suicides in Japan at historic low in 2019 but more teens kill themselves</a>. <i>Japan Times.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/28/asia/japan-suicide-women-covid-dst-intl-hnk/index.html">In Japan, more people died from suicide last month than from Covid in all of 2020. And women have been impacted most</a>. <i>CNN.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insider.com/japan-minister-of-loneliness-suicides-rise-pandemic-2021-2">Japan has appointed a 'Minister of Loneliness' after seeing suicide rates in the country increase for the first time in 11 years</a>. <i>Insider.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moviequotes.com/s-movie/star-trek-iv-the-voyage-home/">“Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home” quotes (1986)</a>. <i>Movie Quotes.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.whales.org/issues/whaling-in-japan">Whaling in Japan</a>. <i>Whale and Dolphin Conservation.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-147">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Shepherd" class="extiw" title="wp:Sea Shepherd" rel="nofollow">Sea Shepherd</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrwhale.org/gpandsea.html">ILLEGAL HARASSMENT AND TERRORISM AGAINST ICR RESEARCH</a>. Japanese Institute of Cetacean Research.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-149">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/whale-wars/about-whaling/japanese-whalers-japan-whale-meat-popular/">Whale Wars Is whale meat popular in Japan?</a> <i>Animal Planet.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-150">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35397749">Japan and the Whale</a>. <i>BBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-151">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2123539/no-chinese-why-anti-china-racism-so-big-japan">Why is racism so big in Japan?</a> <i>South China Morning Post.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-152">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3009800/japan-now-open-foreign-workers-still-just-racist">Japan: now open to foreign workers, but still just as racist?</a> <i>South China Morning Post.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-153">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.waseda-icc.jp/?p=3445">The (not so) hidden face of racism in Japan</a>. <i>Waseda University.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-154">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/09/us/what-its-like-to-be-a-black-man-in-japan.html">What It’s Like to Be a Black Man in Japan</a>. <i>New York Times.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-155">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaitokukai" class="extiw" title="wp:Zaitokukai" rel="nofollow">Zaitokukai</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-156">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/japans-xenophobia-problem/">Japan’s Xenophobia Problem</a>. <i>The Diplomat.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-157">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/japan-holds-anti-racism-rally-protesting-homegrown-police-brutality-in-solidarity-with-black-lives-matter/">Japan Holds Anti-Racism Rally, Protesting Homegrown Police Brutality in Solidarity With Black Lives Matter</a>. <i>The Diplomat.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-158">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20220110027000073">https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20220110027000073</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-159">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14519025">https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14519025</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-160">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBfyIQbxXPs&t=521s">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBfyIQbxXPs&t=521s</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eta-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eta_161-0">161.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eta_161-1">161.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34615972">Japan's hidden caste of untouchables</a>. <i>BBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-162">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/asia/japan/articles/a-look-at-the-burakumin-japans-untouchables/">Who Are the Burakumin, Japan's 'Untouchables'?</a> <i>The Culture Trip.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-163">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiromu_Nonaka" class="extiw" title="wp:Hiromu Nonaka" rel="nofollow">Hiromu Nonaka</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burak-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-burak_164-0">164.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-burak_164-1">164.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorityrights.org/minorities/burakumin-buraku-people/">Burakumin (Buraku people)</a>. <i>Minority Rights Group International.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-165">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_atheist.html">The Largest Atheist / Agnostic Populations</a> Zuckerman, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-166">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_buddhist.html">The Largest Buddhist Communities</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-167">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seiyaku.com/seiyaku/en/western-wedding.html">Western style weddings in Japan</a>. <i>Seiyaku</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-168">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6067002.stm">Faking it as a priest in Japan</a>. <i>BBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-169">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kingston, J. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2015/08/22/commentary/abes-revisionism-japans-divided-war-memories/#.XvFEH2hKiM8">Abe's revisionism and Japan's divided war memories</a>." (Aug 22, 2015) <i>Japan Times.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-170">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Yasukuni_Shrine" class="extiw" title="wp:Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine" rel="nofollow">Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-171">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2015/04/14/commentary/japan-commentary/japans-prickly-revisionists/#.XvFEHmhKiM8">Japan's prickly revisionists</a>. <i>Japan Times.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-172">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apjjf.org/2018/04/Shirana-Ando.html">“The Comfort Women were Prostitutes”: Repercussions of remarks by the Japanese Consul General in Atlanta</a> The Asia-Pacific Journal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-173">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apjjf.org/-Jeff-Kingston/4827/article.html">Testy Team Abe Pressures Media in Japan</a> The Asia-Pacific Journal</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-174">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1544471/Japanese-PM-denies-wartime-comfort-women-were-forced.html">Japanese PM denies wartime 'comfort women' were forced</a> <i>The Telegraph</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-175">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6">南京事件</a>(Nanjing Incident) - Japanese Wikipedia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-176">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AB%8C%E9%9F%93">嫌韓</a>(Anti-Korean sentiment) - Japanese Wikipedia. The page also cites much of the descriptions of Japanese racists and Western white racists who describe Koreans in a very negative and racist way, describing korean as an unmannered, angry people. In addition, in the Japanese Wikipedia, various Korean political and historical articles are described in a very negative way. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-177">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalinterest.org/feature/us-should-be-appalled-by-japans-historical-revisionism-12381">U.S. Should Be Appalled by Japan's Historical Revisionism</a>. <i>National Interest.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-178">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21226068">What Japanese history lessons leave out</a>. <i>BBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-179">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/japans-nationalist-school-books-teach-a-different-view-of-history/a-40092325">Japan's 'nationalist' school books teach a different view of history</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle.</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox" class="toccolours" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em 3.5%; text-align:center;"> <div style="margin:0.15em; padding:0.1em; background:#ccccff; font-weight:bold;"><span id="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nations</a> of the world</span> </div> <div class="hlist" style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0.15em 1.425em;"><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><b>Africa</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a 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