CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Rhodesia - RationalWiki</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":!1,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"Z-P5vjelDh1-DuGMxL1vuQAAABE","wgCSPNonce":!1,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":!1,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Rhodesia","wgTitle":"Rhodesia","wgCurRevisionId":2698714,"wgRevisionId":2698714,"wgArticleId":217643,"wgIsArticle":!0,"wgIsRedirect":!1,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using DynamicPageList parser function","Bronze-level articles","Racism","Alt-right","Apartheid","Authoritarian regimes","Crimes against humanity","Historical countries","History","Imperialism","Militia movement","White supremacy"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName": "Rhodesia","wgRelevantArticleId":217643,"wgIsProbablyEditable":!0,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":!0,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":!0,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":!0};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","mediawiki.toc.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@1hzgi",function($,jQuery,require,module){/*@nomin*/mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); });});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cmediawiki.toc.styles%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.35.6"/> <meta name="description" content="Rhodesia, previously Southern Rhodesia and later the Republic of Rhodesia, was a British colony and later an unrecognized independent state located in what is now known as Zimbabwe. It was named after its founder, Cecil John Rhodes (1853–1902), who was the leader of the British South Africa Company and an all-around white supremacist who was able to conquer much of southern Africa through military means and the acquisition of mineral rights. Rhodesia became infamous for its brutal racial policies even by the standards of the British Empire, which caused it no shortage of trouble when it unilaterally declared independence (UDI) in 1965 under a white-dominated government run by Ian Smith (1919–2007). One and a half decades of civil war later, under a significant amount of international pressure, Rhodesia allowed an election to be held with all races allowed to participate. Robert Mugabe won, creating the Zimbabwe that we all know and love today."/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit"/> <link rel="edit" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="RationalWiki (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="license" href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyrights"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="RationalWiki Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="RationalWiki"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Rhodesia"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Rhodesia, previously Southern Rhodesia and later the Republic of Rhodesia, was a British colony and later an unrecognized independent state located in what is now known as Zimbabwe. It was named after its founder, Cecil John Rhodes (1853–1902), who was the leader of the British South Africa Company and an all-around white supremacist who was able to conquer much of southern Africa through military means and the acquisition of mineral rights. Rhodesia became infamous for its brutal racial policies even by the standards of the British Empire, which caused it no shortage of trouble when it unilaterally declared independence (UDI) in 1965 under a white-dominated government run by Ian Smith (1919–2007). One and a half decades of civil war later, under a significant amount of international pressure, Rhodesia allowed an election to be held with all races allowed to participate. Robert Mugabe won, creating the Zimbabwe that we all know and love today."/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Rhodesia"/>  </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Rhodesia rootpage-Rhodesia skin-vector action-view minerva--history-page-action-enabled skin-vector-legacy"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><div id="localNotice" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div id="2025_RationalWiki_.27Oregon_Plan.27_Fundraiser"> <table role="presentation" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 60%; text-align: left;"><big><center><b><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Fundraiser" title="RationalWiki:Fundraiser">2025 RationalWiki 'Oregon Plan' Fundraiser</a></b></center></big> <p><b>There is no RationalWiki without you.</b> We are a small non-profit with no staff—we are hundreds of volunteers who document pseudoscience and crankery around the world every day. We will never allow ads because we must remain independent. We cannot rely on big donors with corresponding big agendas. We are not the largest website around, but <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Fundraiser" title="RationalWiki:Fundraiser">we believe we play an important role in defending truth and objectivity</a>. </p> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;"><big><b><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Fundraiser" title="RationalWiki:Fundraiser">Fighting pseudoscience isn't free</a>.<br />We are 100% user-supported! Help and donate $5, $10, $20 or whatever you can today with <img alt="PayPal Logo.png" src="/w/images/thumb/f/fb/PayPal_Logo.png/61px-PayPal_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="61" height="17" srcset="/w/images/thumb/f/fb/PayPal_Logo.png/92px-PayPal_Logo.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/f/fb/PayPal_Logo.png/122px-PayPal_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="244" />!</b></big><a href="https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=67BJMQC85CUFW" title="Donate via PayPal" rel="nofollow"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/1/10/DonateButton.png/100px-DonateButton.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="32" srcset="/w/images/thumb/1/10/DonateButton.png/150px-DonateButton.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/1/10/DonateButton.png/200px-DonateButton.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="241" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="progressbar" style="width: 100%; border: 2px solid black; position: relative; padding: 2px; border-radius: 18px;"> <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Fundraiser" title="RationalWiki:Fundraiser"><span style="text-shadow: -1px -1px 0 #FFFFFF, 1px -1px 0 #FFFFFF, -1px 1px 0 #FFFFFF, 1px 1px 0 #FFFFFF; color: black; font-size: 125%; position: absolute; left: 0%; margin: 0 0 0 10px"><b>Donations so far: $8765.50</b></span></a><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Fundraiser" title="RationalWiki:Fundraiser"><span style="text-shadow: -1px -1px 0 #FFFFFF, 1px -1px 0 #FFFFFF, -1px 1px 0 #FFFFFF, 1px 1px 0 #FFFFFF; color: black; font-size: 125%; position: absolute; right: 0%; margin: 0 10px 0 0"><b>Goal: $10000</b></span></a><div style="height: 28px; border-radius: 14px; background-color: hsl(70.124,100%,45%); width: 87.655%;"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content"> <div id="mw-indicator-bronze" class="mw-indicator"><a href="/wiki/Category:Bronze-level_articles" title="Category:Bronze-level articles"><img alt="Bronze-level article" src="/w/images/thumb/3/3d/Copperbrain.png/25px-Copperbrain.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" style="vertical-align: baseline" srcset="/w/images/thumb/3/3d/Copperbrain.png/38px-Copperbrain.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/3/3d/Copperbrain.png/50px-Copperbrain.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Rhodesia</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From RationalWiki</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Rhodesia_(1968%E2%80%931979).svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/165px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="83" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/248px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Rhodesia_(1968%E2%80%931979).svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The flag of Rhodesia from 1968 to 1979.</div></div></div> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #800080; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#800080"><b>The colorful <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience"><span style="color:white;">pseudoscience</span></a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Racialism" title="Racialism"><font size="4" color="#FFFFFF"><b>Race & Racialism</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFDDFF;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism"><img alt="Icon race.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/0/01/Icon_race.svg/100px-Icon_race.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/0/01/Icon_race.svg/150px-Icon_race.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/0/01/Icon_race.svg/200px-Icon_race.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#800080; text-align:center;"><b>Hating thy neighbour</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#FFDDFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_pride" title="Racial pride">Racial pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#800080; text-align:center;"><b>Divide and conquer</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#FFDDFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Ham" title="Curse of Ham">Curse of Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South" title="League of the South">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Fund" title="Pioneer Fund">Pioneer Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#800080; text-align:center;"><b>Dog-whistlers</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#FFDDFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Jesse Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parker_Yockey" title="Francis Parker Yockey">Francis Parker Yockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Cochran" title="Gregory Cochran">Gregory Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_McCarthy" title="Tara McCarthy">Tara McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Race" title="Template:Race">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Race" title="Template talk:Race">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Race&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The more we killed, the happier we were. We were fighting <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorists</a>.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Ian Smith<sup id="cite_ref-iansmith_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iansmith-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rhodesia</b>, previously <b>Southern Rhodesia</b> and later the <b>Republic of Rhodesia</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> colony and later an unrecognized independent state located in what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. It was named after its founder, <b>Cecil John Rhodes</b> (1853–1902), who was the leader of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" class="extiw" title="wp:British South Africa Company" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and an all-around <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a> who was able to conquer much of southern <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> through military means and the acquisition of mineral rights. Rhodesia became infamous for its brutal racial policies even by the standards of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, which caused it no shortage of trouble when it <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" class="extiw" title="wp:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (UDI) in 1965 under a white-dominated government run by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Smith" class="extiw" title="wp:Ian Smith" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Ian Smith">Ian Smith</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (1919–2007). One and a half decades of <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> later, under a significant amount of international pressure, Rhodesia allowed an election to be held with all races allowed to participate. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> won, creating the Zimbabwe that we all know and love today. </p><p>Despite it being long gone from the map, Rhodesia is still celebrated by the <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> and other <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalists</a> to this day, with many of them using Rhodesia as well as its successor state's failures as "proof" that whites will always be better than blacks at running countries, with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selous_Scouts" class="extiw" title="wp:Selous Scouts" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Selous Scouts">Selous Scouts</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> being especially popular among the more militant white supremacists. Of course, Rhodesia was not the <a href="/wiki/Good_old_days" title="Good old days">utopia</a> that <a href="/wiki/Racists" class="mw-redirect" title="Racists">racists</a> would have one believe, unsurprisingly for a state that was founded on <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> and was fighting a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> throughout most of its existence. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Founding"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Founding</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Colonial_rule"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Colonial rule</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Independence"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Independence</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Bush_War"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Bush War</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#The_end_of_Rhodesia"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">The end of Rhodesia</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Human_rights"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Human rights</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Common_apologist_arguments"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Common apologist arguments</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#But_it_wasn.27t_as_bad_as_Apartheid_South_Africa.21"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">But it wasn't as bad as Apartheid South Africa!</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#But_it_wasn.27t_as_bad_as_Zimbabwe_under_Mugabe.21"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">But it wasn't as bad as Zimbabwe under Mugabe!</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#But_Rhodesia_had_a_good_economy.21"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">But Rhodesia had a good economy!</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#But_Rhodesian_minority_rule_was_the_only_way_to_preserve_the_white_population.21"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">But Rhodesian minority rule was the only way to preserve the white population!</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Modern_popularity_among_white_supremacists"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Modern popularity among white supremacists</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Founding">Founding</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg/165px-Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="235" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg/248px-Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg/330px-Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3554" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The man himself.</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Rhodesia_(1909)_(14598319617).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Southern_Rhodesia_%281909%29_%2814598319617%29.jpg/165px-Southern_Rhodesia_%281909%29_%2814598319617%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="216" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Southern_Rhodesia_%281909%29_%2814598319617%29.jpg/248px-Southern_Rhodesia_%281909%29_%2814598319617%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Southern_Rhodesia_%281909%29_%2814598319617%29.jpg/330px-Southern_Rhodesia_%281909%29_%2814598319617%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="2628" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Rhodesia_(1909)_(14598319617).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The unveiling of the Cecil Rhodes memorial statue in Bulawayo, 1909.</div></div></div> <p>Moving to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> at the age of seven, Cecil Rhodes eventually made a lot of wealth there through mining, founded the company of De Beers, and soon managed to effectively monopolize the world's <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> trade. So if you're wondering why diamonds are so artificially expensive to this day, Cecil Rhodes is the man to thank.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> With his nearly-unlimited supply of wealth and large number of connections, he was able to secure a royal charter in 1889 that allowed him to exploit mineral resources further north in Africa in exchange for protecting British <a href="/wiki/Colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial">colonial</a> interests against competing <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> colonialism. Under the British South Africa Company, which was heavily modeled after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="extiw" title="wp:British East India Company" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: British East India Company">British East India Company</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> he started by securing treaties with local rulers over mineral rights and founding the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Column" class="extiw" title="wp:Pioneer Column" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Pioneer Column">Pioneer Column</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> a small military force that would help him conquer territory. With early victories against the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndebele_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="wp:Ndebele Kingdom" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Ndebele Kingdom">Ndebele Kingdom</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and competing Portuguese colonialists, Rhodes was able to quickly secure the territory in what would become Rhodesia. In particular, he is credited with introducing the machine gun to Africa, allowing him to mow down indigenous warriors and destroy any civilization in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Eventually, the conquered areas would become known as Rhodesia, though somewhat <a href="/wiki/Ironically" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironically">ironically</a>, Rhodes himself preferred to call the territory "Zambonia". In 1898, his territories would be split into "North Rhodesia" and "South Rhodesia", corresponding to the modern states of Zambia and Zimbabwe respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>Rhodes was certainly a very racist man, being a believer in the supremacy of the <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> race. He believed that Britain would eventually come to rule the entire world, and most of his life's work, including the establishment of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" class="extiw" title="wp:Rhodes Scholarship" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholarship</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> that many world leaders (including <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>) would go on to receive, was done in service to that goal.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Allegedly, he did support the rights of blacks to vote, but the government that he led did everything in its power to suppress the ability for black Africans to participate.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Even today, there are statues of him all over the UK and South Africa, and as with <a href="/wiki/Confederate" title="Confederate">Confederate</a> monuments in the U.S., there is a growing movement to get rid of them.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> In 1923, the British government formally took over Rhodesia from the British South Africa Company as the BSAC was becoming too profitable and the Crown wanted in on the profits, but it allowed Rhodesian settlers to have a degree of autonomy over their territory, similar to what was going on in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Rhodesia managed to avoid being absorbed into South Africa following the results of a 1922 referendum (in which only white people could vote, naturally).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Colonial_rule">Colonial rule</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial rule">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_(1924%E2%80%931964).svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="83" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_(1924%E2%80%931964).svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The flag of Southern Rhodesia from 1924 to 1964.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:First_government_of_rhodesia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/First_government_of_rhodesia.jpg/330px-First_government_of_rhodesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/First_government_of_rhodesia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="253" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:First_government_of_rhodesia.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The government of Rhodesia in 1924. Note the lack of a single black person.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Training_in_Rhodesia,_howitzer.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Training_in_Rhodesia%2C_howitzer.jpg/330px-Training_in_Rhodesia%2C_howitzer.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="251" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Training_in_Rhodesia%2C_howitzer.jpg/500px-Training_in_Rhodesia%2C_howitzer.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Training_in_Rhodesia%2C_howitzer.jpg/960px-Training_in_Rhodesia%2C_howitzer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1087" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Training_in_Rhodesia,_howitzer.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Rhodesian forces training during WWII.</div></div></div> <p>With the white settlers having autonomy over Rhodesia, they were able to oppress the black population in ways not previously possible. Originally a mining colony, the white settlers redistributed half of Rhodesia's land among themselves, which just so happened to be the best land for farming. This allowed Rhodesia to become massively profitable by growing crops like <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>. While it was hit hard by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, food exports during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> allowed its economy to have a resurgence and led to a life of luxury for the white settlers while the indigenous population was suffering massively.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Additionally, the British set up internment camps and refugee camps throughout Rhodesia during WWII.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Rhodesia also contributed many soldiers to the war, more per capita than any other British colony, although the army was heavily <a href="/wiki/Segregation" title="Segregation">segregated</a>, with the whites in the home front while the blacks were being sent to die in <a href="/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Unsurprisingly, the black soldiers were poorly compensated, and, to this day, the Zimbabwean government hasn't given black WWII veterans any recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> </p><p>Inspired by Southern Rhodesia's "success", the British formed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" class="extiw" title="wp:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> also known as the Central African Federation, hoping that Rhodesia's economic success would spread to the underdeveloped protectorates of Northern Rhodesia and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyasaland" class="extiw" title="wp:Nyasaland" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Nyasaland">Nyasaland</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (which is now called Malawi) and also so that the white settlers could exploit mineral resources in Northern Rhodesia and cheap labor in Nyasaland. Understandably, the black residents of these colonies were not amused by now being economically and politically dominated by an explicitly white supremacist state, so opposition to the federation was intense from the beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Starting in 1960, there would be several events that shook Rhodesia to the core. <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> was starting to decolonize Africa (<a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire#Fran.C3.A7afrique" title="French colonial empire">well, kind of</a>) and there was more international pressure for Britain to leave their colonies. In 1961, South Africa would officially leave the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a>. This is significant because South Africa's apartheid system allowed Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">to deflect from their crimes</a>, but with them gone more attention was being placed on Rhodesia and led to Britain adopting the "No Independence Before Majority African Rule" (NIMBAR) policy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> Finally, in 1963, after years of movements among the African people, the Central African Federation was officially dissolved, and while it wasn't a total wash for Rhodesia, as they kept most of the Federation's assets, with its dissolution, Zambia and Malawi became independent, and it made the white population fear that their time of dominance over Africa was coming to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, the white settlers saw the writing on the wall, and the settlers formed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesian_Front" class="extiw" title="wp:Rhodesian Front" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Rhodesian Front">Rhodesian Front</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> in order to preserve their power. It was first led by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Field" class="extiw" title="wp:Winston Field" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Winston Field">Winston Field</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> but two years later would be taken over by Ian Smith. The Rhodesian Front's founding principles included <a href="/wiki/Segregation" title="Segregation">anti-racial integration</a>, white ownership of Rhodesia's land, anti-<a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> The Rhodesian Front won the next set of elections by an overwhelming margin, and when it was clear that negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a> were going nowhere, they declared independence on 11 November 1965 to universal international condemnation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> With "Northern Rhodesia" changing its name to "Zambia", "Southern Rhodesia" took the entire Rhodesia name for itself. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Independence">Independence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Independence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_the_Kopje,_Salisbury_Rhodesia_ca1975_6970085175.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/View_from_the_Kopje%2C_Salisbury_Rhodesia_ca1975_6970085175.jpg/300px-View_from_the_Kopje%2C_Salisbury_Rhodesia_ca1975_6970085175.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/View_from_the_Kopje%2C_Salisbury_Rhodesia_ca1975_6970085175.jpg/450px-View_from_the_Kopje%2C_Salisbury_Rhodesia_ca1975_6970085175.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/View_from_the_Kopje%2C_Salisbury_Rhodesia_ca1975_6970085175.jpg/600px-View_from_the_Kopje%2C_Salisbury_Rhodesia_ca1975_6970085175.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_the_Kopje,_Salisbury_Rhodesia_ca1975_6970085175.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Harare, then known as Salisbury, in 1975.</div></div></div> <p>When Rhodesia declared independence, condemnation from the international community was swift. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> called Rhodesia an "illegal racist minority regime",<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> with not a single country, not even their fellow apartheid state South Africa, recognizing their independence.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> Because of this, the UN Security Council voted to impose sanctions on Rhodesia, the first time the UN had ever sanctioned a state, with Rhodesian <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, chromium, copper, <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, and beef being affected by the ban.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> Still, the sanctions proved difficult to enforce, as South Africa wasn't willing to give up on one of its biggest trading partners, and Portugal was willing to support Rhodesia by smuggling Rhodesian goods out of its colony of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique" class="extiw" title="wp:Mozambique" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Mozambique">Mozambique</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> with false <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_origin" class="extiw" title="wp:Certificate of origin" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Certificate of origin">certificates of origin</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> as <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Salazar" title="António Salazar">António Salazar</a> wanted to stick it to Britain for not supporting Portugal during the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Goa" class="extiw" title="wp:Invasion of Goa" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Invasion of Goa">Invasion of Goa</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> Due to Rhodesia's history of self-rule, the British could not do much about their independence, but nevertheless Rhodesia responded to the sanctions by declaring itself a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bush_War">Bush War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bush War">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jross_baughman_rhodesia_pulitzer02.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Jross_baughman_rhodesia_pulitzer02.jpg/330px-Jross_baughman_rhodesia_pulitzer02.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Jross_baughman_rhodesia_pulitzer02.jpg/500px-Jross_baughman_rhodesia_pulitzer02.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Jross_baughman_rhodesia_pulitzer02.jpg/960px-Jross_baughman_rhodesia_pulitzer02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2390" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jross_baughman_rhodesia_pulitzer02.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Rhodesian Security Forces taking a prisoner in 1979.</div></div></div> <p>Tensions had been building between the white ruling class and the indigenous Africans for years, but tensions really started increasing when the Rhodesian government cracked down on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_African_National_Congress" class="extiw" title="wp:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Southern Rhodesia African National Congress">Southern Rhodesia African National Congress</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> which had formed to protest the white minority rule.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> This led to the formation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union" class="extiw" title="wp:Zimbabwe African People's Union" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Zimbabwe African People's Union">Zimbabwe African People's Union</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (ZAPU) to protect the rights of the black majority, which was also cracked down upon. The rise of the far-right Rhodesian Front further inflamed tensions, and a schism in the ZAPU led to the rise of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union" class="extiw" title="wp:Zimbabwe African National Union" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Zimbabwe African National Union">Zimbabwe African National Union</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (ZANU) and its militant wing, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Liberation_Army" class="extiw" title="wp:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army">Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (ZANLA), led by Robert Mugabe. The competing groups were largely split among ethnic lines, with Ndebele supporting ZAPU and Shona supporting ZANU.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberholzer_murder" class="extiw" title="wp:Oberholzer murder" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Oberholzer murder">Oberholzer murder</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> when ZANU insurgents killed a white foreman, led to the Rhodesian government cracking down even more harshly on ZANU and ZAPU. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sinoia" class="extiw" title="wp:Battle of Sinoia" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Battle of Sinoia">Battle of Sinoia</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> when Rhodesian police officers killed seven ZANLA <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla fighters</a>, is widely considered the first battle of what would become known as the Bush War.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> </p><p>Despite being isolated on the international stage, Rhodesia was able to get a significant amount of military support by framing the war as a struggle against communism, as this was during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and ZAPU had support from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> while ZANU was supported by <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> About 400 Americans fought as mercenaries for the Rhodesian government.<sup id="cite_ref-fortune_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fortune-27">[27]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> was also a supporter of Rhodesia starting in 1967,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> and the aforementioned Portugal was also a supporter. Throughout the 1960s, Rhodesia was in a strong position since the rebels were disunited and Rhodesia was surrounded by friendly territory, making Zambia the only location from which the rebels could make significant inroads. In 1971, Rhodesia entered the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" class="extiw" title="wp:Alcora Exercise" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> a secret alliance between them, Portugal, and South Africa to protect their shared colonial interests in southern Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> Still, the sanctions were beginning to take a toll on Rhodesia, and the situation would only get worse in the coming years. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_end_of_Rhodesia">The end of Rhodesia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The end of Rhodesia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ian_Smith_1950s.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ian_Smith_1950s.jpg/250px-Ian_Smith_1950s.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="215" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Ian_Smith_1950s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="326" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ian_Smith_1950s.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ian Smith, the Prime Minister of Rhodesia</div></div></div> <p>By 1972, several major events would occur that would begin to turn the tide of the Bush War. First, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRELIMO" class="extiw" title="wp:FRELIMO" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: FRELIMO">FRELIMO</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> was having success against the Portuguese colonialists in Mozambique, resulting in frequent raids into Rhodesia's borders. Two years later, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" class="extiw" title="wp:Carnation Revolution" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> would oust the <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> government of Portugal that had supported Rhodesia; as a result, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola" class="extiw" title="wp:Angola" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Angola">Angola</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and Mozambique would both gain independence and support the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, realizing that the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a>'s support of an openly white supremacist government might backfire on attempts to win over the hearts of ordinary Africans in the war against communism, decided in 1976 to try to get Rhodesia to open up to majority rule.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> By this point, even Apartheid South Africa was scaling back its support of Rhodesia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> Still, Rhodesia would not give up so easily, and by that same year they had begun to escalate the war to the point of committing several <a href="/wiki/War_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="War crime">war crimes</a>. Notable among them was their use of <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Weapons of mass destruction">chemical and biological weapons</a> against the insurgents and their supporters, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/parathion" class="extiw" title="wp:parathion" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: parathion">parathion</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/thallium" class="extiw" title="wp:thallium" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: thallium">thallium</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and deliberate spreading of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cholera" class="extiw" title="wp:cholera" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: cholera">cholera</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/anthrax" class="extiw" title="wp:anthrax" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: anthrax">anthrax</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> Additionally, they used landmines on the Zambian and Mozambican borders, which is also a war crime under international law.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> </p><p>With <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eland" class="extiw" title="wp:Operation Eland" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Operation Eland">Operation Eland</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> Rhodesian forces disguised as FRELIMO soldiers crossed into Mozambique and killed over 300 guerrilla fighters; this move earned Rhodesia further international condemnation.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> Rhodesia would attack Mozambique again during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Aztec" class="extiw" title="wp:Operation Aztec" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Operation Aztec">Operation Aztec</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> which earned them a rebuke from the UN Security Council.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> Rhodesia responded by funding the insurgent group <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO" class="extiw" title="wp:RENAMO" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: RENAMO">RENAMO</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> which they hoped would take down the FRELIMO government of Mozambique that was sympathetic to the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> At the same time, the rebels were beginning to have successes of their own. ZANLA managed to hit an oil storage depot with a volley of rockets, destroying a fourth of Rhodesia's fuel supply.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> They additionally launched an attack on Umtali, Rhodesia's third-largest city, but this resulted in increased Rhodesian bombing of Mozambique.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> Rhodesia would also begin to start bombing Zambia as well.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, despite all of their desperate measures, it was becoming increasingly obvious that the war was unwinnable for Rhodesia. Their economy was tanking, the rebels were gaining support among the black population of Rhodesia at an increasing rate, and the white population was demoralized due to all of the fighting in their territory, causing many to leave the country. In 1978, a deal changed the country's name to "Zimbabwe-Rhodesia" and gave blacks more representation in government; however, since the military, <a href="/wiki/Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Police">police</a>, and judiciary would still be controlled by the white minority, the rebel groups rejected it.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> Ultimately, the British government would help negotiate the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" class="extiw" title="wp:Lancaster House Agreement" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> which ended the war and made the rebels accept the prior peace deal, in exchange for new elections in which the entirety of the country's population could participate. Furthermore, it ended the sanctions and gave control of Rhodesia to the British until a final settlement could be worked out.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> Although the war technically ended in a military stalemate, the elections would work to the advantage of the black militants. Ultimately, in the 1980 election, Mugabe would win in a landslide, marking the beginning of the modern state of Zimbabwe.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Human_rights">Human rights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></div> <p>Naturally for an apartheid regime, Rhodesia wasn't a good place to be if you weren't white. Rhodesia had numerous laws that basically allowed for <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, such as the African Labour Regulations Act, which made it a <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a> for blacks to terminate contracts of employment, and the African Lands Husbandry Act, which allowed the government to compel blacks to work in an area for three months per year; both of these were used to push forced labor on the black population. The justice system was very unfair, with black plaintiffs having no right to a jury, being given harsher sentences, and being thrown in harsher prisons.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">Free speech</a> was heavily restricted, with human rights activists frequently being deported.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> During the Bush War, Rhodesian forces were responsible for the forced relocation of 600,000 blacks and systemic <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> against rural blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-humanrights_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanrights-46">[46]</a></sup> And as mentioned before, whites that only made up 3% of the population were given the best 50% of Rhodesia's land, and the Rhodesian government used WMDs during the Bush War. In short, only a white supremacist would consider it a good place to live. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Common_apologist_arguments">Common apologist arguments</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Common apologist arguments">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Despite all this, there have been and still are people willing to defend the government of Rhodesia; this was common among <a href="/wiki/Neoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservative">neoconservatives</a> of the day but is now mostly limited to open white supremacists. Their arguments are fairly easy to refute. </p> <h3><span id="But_it_wasn't_as_bad_as_Apartheid_South_Africa!"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="But_it_wasn.27t_as_bad_as_Apartheid_South_Africa.21">But it wasn't as bad as Apartheid South Africa!</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: But it wasn't as bad as Apartheid South Africa!">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>First of all, if your best argument for defending Rhodesia is that it was <a href="/wiki/Not_as_bad_as" title="Not as bad as">not as bad as</a> frickin' <i>Apartheid South Africa</i>, you know you are defending a <a href="/wiki/Moral" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral">morally</a>-bankrupt regime. Nevertheless, there were subtle differences between the apartheid practiced by the regimes; for example, South Africa explicitly banned blacks from voting, while Rhodesia achieved the same thing with extreme voter suppression laws.<sup id="cite_ref-humanrights_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanrights-46">[46]</a></sup> Nevertheless, arguments about which is worse are pointless, as it should be clear to anyone that these were both despicable regimes, and neither is worth defending. </p> <h3><span id="But_it_wasn't_as_bad_as_Zimbabwe_under_Mugabe!"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="But_it_wasn.27t_as_bad_as_Zimbabwe_under_Mugabe.21">But it wasn't as bad as Zimbabwe under Mugabe!</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: But it wasn't as bad as Zimbabwe under Mugabe!">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>This was the line preferred by Ian Smith, who would spend the remainder of his days telling anyone who would listen how Rhodesia would be so much better if we didn't let those blacks take charge.<sup id="cite_ref-iansmith_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iansmith-1">[1]</a></sup> Even ignoring the problems with the aforementioned <a href="/wiki/Fallacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallacy">fallacy</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Not_as_bad_as" title="Not as bad as">not as bad as</a>') as well as <a href="/wiki/Hindsight_bias" title="Hindsight bias">hindsight bias</a>, we have to consider that for years, Rhodesia's white minority government did everything it could to keep power, rejecting diplomatic solutions for as long as they could, crushing peaceful attempts at reform such as the Southern Rhodesia African National Congress, and kept resorting to increasingly more brutal measures to keep the black population in line. None of this excuses Mugabe's own incompetence or brutality, but it's hard not to see how the actions of the Rhodesian government created the circumstances that allowed someone like Mugabe to rise in the first place. </p> <h3><span id="But_Rhodesia_had_a_good_economy!"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="But_Rhodesia_had_a_good_economy.21">But Rhodesia had a good economy!</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: But Rhodesia had a good economy!">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The question is, a good economy for whom? Sure, the white settlers were doing well, but they were less than three percent of the population and were only able to do through the forced labor of black Africans. For a comparable modern-day example, look at <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>. Sure, it has the highest GDP per capita, but this number excludes the migrant workers who constitute around 90% of Qatar's population and are abused by their employers, underpaid if they are paid at all, and forced into heavy debt.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> In short, just because the top percentage of the population of a country is doing well economically doesn't mean that it's a good place to live. </p> <h3><span id="But_Rhodesian_minority_rule_was_the_only_way_to_preserve_the_white_population!"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="But_Rhodesian_minority_rule_was_the_only_way_to_preserve_the_white_population.21">But Rhodesian minority rule was the only way to preserve the white population!</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: But Rhodesian minority rule was the only way to preserve the white population!">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>If you see anyone still defend Rhodesia today, this will probably be their main reason, as white supremacists like to use this as "proof" that <a href="/wiki/White_genocide" title="White genocide">white genocide</a> is a real thing. But never mind that white people only gained control of Rhodesia by killing indigenous people and stealing their resources or that the Rhodesian government took every opportunity to antagonize the black population, most whites left either to the UK or South Africa around the time that Zimbabwe gained independence, with 100,000 whites still remaining in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> In fact, the Rhodesian government noticed that this was a problem even before the end of minority rule and had to pass laws that made it difficult for whites to emigrate.<sup id="cite_ref-lostcause_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lostcause-49">[49]</a></sup> While there are certainly ethnic tensions, and Robert Mugabe has definitely antagonized the white population unfairly, most notably in his seizures of farms from white farmers,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> there is not, nor has there ever been, this mass slaughter of white people that white supremacists will insist has happened. There are around 40,000 whites still remaining in Zimbabwe today, the rest of them either having left due to Mugabe's increased antagonism or having died from old age.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> The new president, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" class="extiw" title="wp:Emmerson Mnangagwa" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> is much less hostile to the white population than Mugabe was and even started giving back some of the farms that were seized under the Mugabe government.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_popularity_among_white_supremacists">Modern popularity among white supremacists</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern popularity among white supremacists">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodesia_hats.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/f/fd/Rhodesia_hats.jpeg/300px-Rhodesia_hats.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/f/fd/Rhodesia_hats.jpeg/450px-Rhodesia_hats.jpeg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/f/fd/Rhodesia_hats.jpeg/600px-Rhodesia_hats.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="553" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodesia_hats.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Various hats bearing Rhodesian insignia being sold today.</div></div></div> <p>Despite Rhodesia no longer existing, it is seen with <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">nostalgia</a> by many apologists and defenders on the <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a>. One of them was Dylann Roof, an American white supremacist who was responsible for killing 9 people in a church in Charleston, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> There are still shops that sell Rhodesian flags and war memorabilia to appeal to these groups.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> The origins of the <a href="/wiki/Militia_movement" title="Militia movement">militia movement</a> are also quite closely tied to Rhodesia, as <i><a href="/wiki/Soldier_of_Fortune" title="Soldier of Fortune">Soldier of Fortune</a></i>, which played a pivotal role in inspiring the militia movement, was encouraging Americans to fight in Rhodesia.<sup id="cite_ref-fortune_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fortune-27">[27]</a></sup> The Selous Scouts, a highly trained anti-<a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> unit, are particularly highly regarded, and one will find many a hardcore militia site singing their praises.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, the reasons why Rhodesia is still so popular among the far-right are similar to the reasons why the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_South" title="Lost Cause of the South">Lost Cause of the South</a> is still an enduring narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-lostcause_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lostcause-49">[49]</a></sup> It provides them with a narrative of a heroic group of fighters for the white race who ultimately lost but extolled all of the virtues associated with white supremacy. It provides them a reason for why things should always be run by white people and how black people will ruin everything if given the chance. It gives them an idealized version of the past and an identity to strive for. Of course, like the Lost Cause, this narrative is completely <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">pseudohistorical</a>, but of course, that's never stopped racists from repeating it like it's a fact. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>, an even more brutal African colony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, another historical country that racists are obsessed with</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, also popular among militant white nationalists</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iansmith-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iansmith_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iansmith_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/oct/29/zimbabwe.sandrajordan">Ian Smith: 'The more we killed, the happier we were'</a>, Sandra Jordan, <i>The Guardian</i> 28 October 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theeyeofjewelry.com/de-beers/de-beers-jewelry/is-de-beers-still-a-monopoly/">Is De Beers still a monopoly?</a>, Eleonor Piccioto, <i>The Eye of Jewelry</i> 16 December 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/covilian-military-intelligence-group/the-first-stone-aged-people-to-be-mowed-down-with-a-machine-gun-68427be779b6">The First Stone Aged People To Be Mowed Down With A Machine Gun</a>, <i>Medium</i> 18 April 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/role-cecil-john-rhodes-british-south-african-company-conquest-matabeleland">The role of Cecil John Rhodes' British South African Company in the Conquest of Matabeleland</a>, <i>South African History Online</i> 7 March 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studyinternational.com/news/rhodes-scholarship-global/">Built on white imperialism, Rhodes Scholarship now open to all</a>, <i>Study International</i> 20 February 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32131829">Why is Cecil Rhodes such a controversial figure?</a>, Justin Parkinson, <i>BBC News</i> 1 April 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01321-3">University of Cape Town’s battle to tackle a racist legacy</a>, Linda Nordling, <i>Nature</i> 18 May 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/southern-rhodesia-rejects-joining-union-south-africa">Southern Rhodesia rejects joining the Union of South Africa</a>, <i>South African History Online</i> 16 March 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/rhodesia.htm">Rhodesia</a>, <i>The British Empire</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhodesianstudycircle.org.uk/world-war-2-internment-camps-southern-rhodesia/">Internment Camps</a>, <i>Rhodesian Study Circle</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/projects/World-War-Two-Armed-Forces-Rhodesia/25858">World War Two: Armed Forces - Rhodesia</a>, <i>Geni</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/sep/03/world.secondworldwar">They fought for Britain. In return they were given £10</a>, David Smith, <i>The Guardian</i> 2 September 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geography.name/central-african-federation/">Central African Federation</a>, <i>Geography</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/south-africa-withdraws-commonwealth">South Africa withdraws from the Commonwealth</a>, <i>South African History Online</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/720980?seq=1">The Break-up of the Central African Federation: Notes on the Validity of Assurances</a>, H.D. Sills, <i>African Affairs</i> Vol. 73, No. 290 (Jan., 1974), pp. 50-62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615023739/http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf">Selby thesis</a>, Angus Selby, <i>ZW News</i> 15 June 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/rhodesia-zimbabwe-1964-present/">Rhodesia/Zimbabwe (1964-present)</a>, <i>UCA</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509030234/http://www.southerntimesafrica.com/news_article.php?id=7348&title=Learning%20From%20Rhodesia&type=83">Learning From Rhodesia</a>, Tichaona Zindoga, <i>The Southern Times</i> 13 August 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sites/www.un.org.securitycouncil/files/en/sc/repertoire/64-65/Chapter%208/64-65_08-13-Situation%20in%20Southern%20Rhodesia.pdf">Situation in Southern Rhodesia</a>, <i>UN Security Council</i> 6 May 1965</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,840760,00.html">United Nations: Sanctions Against Rhodesia</a>, <i>Time</i> 23 December 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/02/archives/in-rhodesia-the-whites-have-much-to-lose-what-portugal-does-about.html">What Portugal Does About Her Colonies Will Affect All of Africa</a>, John Grimond, <i>The New York Times</i> 2 June 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/210-808-10778/al.sff.document.af000175.pdf">Rhodesia to Zimbabwe – A Chronology</a>, George M. Houser, <i>The Africa Fund</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/159125">Southern Rhodesian African Nationalists and the 1961 Constitution</a>, John Day, <i>The Journal of Modern African Studies</i> Vol. 7, No. 2 (Jul., 1969), pp. 221-247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/robert-mugabe-and-todor-zhivkov">Robert Mugabe and Todor Zhivkov</a>, Sue Onslow, <i>Wilson Center</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbpedia.org/page/Battle_of_Sinoia">Battle of Sinoia</a>, <i>DBpedia</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/524732?seq=1">International Politics and National Liberation: ZANU and the Politics of Contested Sovereignty in Zimbabwe</a>, William Cyrus Reed, <i>African Studies Review</i> Vol. 36, No. 2 (Sep., 1993), pp. 31-59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fortune-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fortune_27-0">27.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fortune_27-1">27.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2018/06/american-soldiers-rhodesia-angola-conservative-movement">Soldiers of Fortune</a>, Kyle Burke, <i>Jacobin</i> 2 June 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.972mag.com/israel-rhodesia-boycott/">When Israel supported boycotts against a white supremacist regime</a>, Eitay Mack, 10 March 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/a-military-alliance-between-portugal-and-african-states-that-few-knew-about-1.1772940">A military alliance between Portugal and African states that few knew about</a>, Peter Murtagh, <i>The Irish Times</i> 25 April 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/europe/portugal-honors-april-25-revolution-worlds-coolest-coup-n89666">Portugal Honors April 25 Revolution, the World's Coolest Coup</a>, <i>NBC News</i> 25 April 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/ian-smith-rhodesia-and-henry-kissinger-meet-pretoria">Ian Smith of Rhodesia and Henry Kissinger meet in Pretoria</a>, <i>South African History Online</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0018-229X2016000100004">"Zimbabwe is not a South African province": Historicising South Africa's Zimbabwe policy since the 1960s</a>, A.S. Mlambo, Historia vol.61 n.1 Durban May. 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2017/08/long-ignored-the-use-of-chemical-and-biological-weapons-against-insurgents/">Long Ignored: The Use Of Chemical And Biological Weapons Against Insurgents</a>, Glenn Cross, <i>War on the Rocks</i> 15 August 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.halotrust.org/latest/halo-updates/stories/zimbabwes-minefields-a-visual-explainer/">Zimbabwe's Minefields</a>, <i>The Halo Trust</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbpedia.org/page/Operation_Eland">Operation Eland</a>, <i>DBpedia</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_411">United Nations Security Council Resolution 411</a>, <i>UN Security Council</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanexponent.com/post/4981-civil-war-in-mozambique-was-created-by-the-colonizers">How Rhodesia, South Africa and the CIA Caused Civil War in Mozambique</a>, Takudzwa Hillary Chiwanza, <i>The African Exponent</i> 22 December 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063613/http://www.rmi.org/Knowledge-Center/Library/S83-08_FragileDomEnergy">The Fragility of Domestic Energy</a>, Amory Lovins, <i>Rocky Mountain Institute</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0115/011546.html">Rhodesia city skeptical as border opens</a>, Gary Thatcher, <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i> 15 January, 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/05/17/zambia-in-state-of-war-with-rhodesia/57ff6b8e-7aa0-44d5-92cc-816dd3f14708/">Zambia in 'State of War' With Rhodesia</a>, Robin Wright, <i>Washington Post</i> 17 May 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/the_rhodesia_settlement_final_with_cover_">The Rhodesia Settlement, 1979-1980</a>, Patrick Salmon, <i>Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peacemaker.un.org/zimbabwe-lancaster-house-agreement79">Lancaster House Agreement</a>, <i>UN Peacekeeper</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/25/voting-in-rhodesia-2-march-1980">Observer picture archive: Voting in Rhodesia, 2 March 1980</a>, Greg Whitmore, <i>The Guardian</i> 25 February 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/758031?seq=47">Human Rights and the Rule of Law in Southern Rhodesia</a>, Christopher H. Zimmerli, <i>The International and Comparative Law Quarterly</i> Vol. 20, No. 2 (Apr., 1971), pp. 239-300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/tireless-worker-for-human-rights-in-rhodesia-1.370681">Tireless worker for human rights in Rhodesia</a>, <i>The Irish Times</i> 23 August 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-humanrights-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-humanrights_46-0">46.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-humanrights_46-1">46.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/world/janice-mclaughlin-nun-who-exposed-human-rights-abuses-in-rhodesia-dies-at-79-9429081.html">Janice McLaughlin, the nun who exposed human rights abuses in Rhodesia, dies at 79</a>, <i>Firstpost</i> 17 March 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2019/02/reality-check-migrant-workers-rights-with-two-years-to-qatar-2022-world-cup/">Reality Check: Migrant Workers Rights With Two Years To Qatar 2022 World Cup</a>, <i>Amnesty International</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1986/1006/iben-f.html">Why 100,000 white Rhodesians never left Zimbabwe. It may be frustrating, but it's home</a>, Edward Girardet, <i>The Christain Science Monitor</i> 6 October 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lostcause-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lostcause_49-0">49.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lostcause_49-1">49.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/war-is-boring/why-white-supremacists-identify-with-rhodesia-480b37f3131f">Why White Supremacists Identify With Rhodesia</a>, Robert Beckhusen, <i>Medium</i> 19 June 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48264941">Zimbabwe's white farmers: Who will pay compensation?</a>, <i>BBC</i> 16 May 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theworld.org/stories/2009-06-04/zimbabwes-elderly-whites-return-britain">Zimbabwe's elderly whites return to Britain</a>, <i>The World</i> 4 June 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/zimbabwe-white-farmer-land-back-emmerson-mnangagwa-lesbury-robert-mugabe-zanu-pf-a8124786.html">First white farmer gets land back under Zimbabwe’s new leader</a>, Farai Mutsaka, <i>The Independent</i> 22 December 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2015/6/18/8806633/charleston-shooter-flags-dylann-roof">The racist flags on Dylann Roof's jacket, explained</a> by Zack Beauchamp (Jun 18, 2015, 1:50pm EDT) <i>Vox</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indstate.edu/cas/library/2018/11/rhodesia-nostalgia-%E2%80%98screams-out-extreme-hatred%E2%80%99-say-zimbabweans">Rhodesia nostalgia ‘screams out extreme hatred,’ say Zimbabweans</a>, <i>Indiana State University</i> 13 November 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wearethemighty.com/popular/5-reasons-you-should-know-about-the-hard-core-selous-scouts/">5 reasons you should know about the hard core Selous Scouts</a>, David Grove, <i>We Are the Mighty</i> 25 October 2021</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox" class="toccolours" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em 3.5%; text-align:center;"> <div style="margin:0.15em; padding:0.1em; background:#ccccff; font-weight:bold;"><span id="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nations</a> of the world</span> </div> <div class="hlist" style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0.15em 1.425em;"><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><b>Africa</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> — <a href="/wiki/ESwatini" title="ESwatini">eSwatini</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> — <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> <p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><b>Asia</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> — <a href="/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> — <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> — <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> — <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> — <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> — <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> — <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> — <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> — <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> — <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><b>Europe</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> — <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia">Czechia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> — <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> — <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> — <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> — <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> — <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> — <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> — <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> — <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> — <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> — <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><b>North America</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> — <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> — <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>) <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><b>Oceania</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> — <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><b>South America</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> — <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands"><small>Malvinas</small></a>)— <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><b>Separatist or disputed</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> —<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Micronation" title="Micronation">Micronation</a> — <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand">Sealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> — <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> </p> <span style="float:left;"><big><b>Historical</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> — <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="Kingdom of Hawaiʻi">Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> — <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhodesia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> — <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></div> </div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&oldid=2698714">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&oldid=2698714</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bronze-level_articles" title="Category:Bronze-level articles">Bronze-level articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Racism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alt-right" title="Category:Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apartheid" title="Category:Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Authoritarian_regimes" title="Category:Authoritarian regimes">Authoritarian regimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crimes_against_humanity" title="Category:Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_countries" title="Category:Historical countries">Historical countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History" title="Category:History">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Imperialism" title="Category:Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Militia_movement" title="Category:Militia movement">Militia movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:White_supremacy" title="Category:White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_DynamicPageList_parser_function" title="Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function">Pages using DynamicPageList parser function</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head">  <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label"> <span>Personal tools</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-anonuserpage">Not logged in</li><li id="pt-anontalk"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li><li id="pt-anoncontribs"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rhodesia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rhodesia" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="left-navigation">  <nav id="p-namespaces" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-namespaces-label"> <span>Namespaces</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Page</a></li><li id="ca-talk"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Rhodesia" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-variants" class="vector-menu-empty emptyPortlet vector-menu vector-menu-dropdown vectorMenu" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" role="navigation" > <input type="checkbox" class="vector-menu-checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" /> <h3 id="p-variants-label"> <span>Variants</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation">  <nav id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-views-label"> <span>Views</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-view" class="collapsible selected"><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">Fossil record</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu-empty emptyPortlet vector-menu vector-menu-dropdown vectorMenu" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" role="navigation" > <input type="checkbox" class="vector-menu-checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" /> <h3 id="p-cactions-label"> <span>More</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="p-search" role="search"> <h3 > <label for="searchInput">Search</label> </h3> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform"> <div id="simpleSearch"> <input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search RationalWiki" title="Search RationalWiki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"/> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search the pages for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton"/> <input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"> <a title="Visit the main page" class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Main_Page"></a> </div>  <nav id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal portal-first" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-navigation-label"> <span>Navigation</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-randompage"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random mainspace article [x]" accesskey="x">Random page</a></li><li id="n-New-pages"><a href="/wiki/Special:NewPages">New pages</a></li><li id="n-All-logs"><a href="/wiki/Special:Log">All logs</a></li><li id="n-help"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="RTFM">Help</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-support" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-support-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-support-label"> <span>Support</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Donate"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Site_support">Donate</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-community" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-community-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-community-label"> <span>Community</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Saloon-bar"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Saloon_bar">Saloon bar</a></li><li id="n-To-do-list"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:To_do_list">To do list</a></li><li id="n-What-is-going-on.3F"><a href="/wiki/WIGO">What is going on?</a></li><li id="n-Best-of-RationalWiki"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Contents">Best of RationalWiki</a></li><li id="n-About-RationalWiki"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki">About RationalWiki</a></li><li id="n-Technical-support"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Technical_support">Technical support</a></li><li id="n-Mod-noticeboard"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki_talk:All_things_in_moderation">Mod noticeboard</a></li><li id="n-RMF-noticeboard"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki_talk:RationalMedia_Foundation">RMF noticeboard</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-Social media" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Social media-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-Social media-label"> <span>Social media</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/RationalWiki" rel="nofollow">Twitter</a></li><li id="n-Mastodon"><a href="https://mstdn.social/@rationalwiki" rel="nofollow">Mastodon</a></li><li id="n-Facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Rationalwiki/226614404019306" rel="nofollow">Facebook</a></li><li id="n-Discord"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Discord">Discord</a></li><li id="n-Reddit"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Reddit">Reddit</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-tb" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-tb-label"> <span>Tools</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Rhodesia" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Rhodesia" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-print"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li><li id="t-permalink"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&oldid=2698714" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesia&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li></ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" role="contentinfo" > <ul id="footer-info" > <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 December 2024, at 15:25.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Unless explicitly noted otherwise, all content licensed as indicated by <a name="Copyright" href="//rationalwiki.org/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyrights">RationalWiki:Copyrights</a>. <br> For concerns on copyright infringement please see: <a name="Copyright infringement" href="//rationalwiki.org/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyright_violations">RationalWiki:Copyright violations</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" > <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Privacy_policy" title="RationalWiki:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:About" class="mw-redirect" title="RationalWiki:About">About RationalWiki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:General_disclaimer" title="RationalWiki:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"><img src="/w/88x31.png" alt="CC-BY-SA 3.0, or any later version" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> </ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </footer> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.365","walltime":"4.468","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2230,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":25590,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7382,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":40},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":100},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":25715,"limit":5000000},"timingprofile":["100.00% 103.326 1 -total"," 34.91% 36.069 1 Template:Race"," 32.93% 34.022 1 Template:Navsidebar"," 28.87% 29.834 2 Template:Navsidebar2"," 27.39% 28.300 2 Template:Randomarticles"," 14.26% 14.739 1 Template:Reflist"," 7.22% 7.463 34 Template:Wpl"," 5.36% 5.542 1 Template:Bronze"," 5.04% 5.210 1 Template:Nationbox"," 4.72% 4.879 1 Template:Main"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"apache5","timestamp":"20250326121137","ttl":86400,"transientcontent":false}}});mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":60,"wgHostname":"apache5"});});</script></body></html>