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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Comparative statistics of current candidates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_statistics_of_current_candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Former candidates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Former_candidates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Former candidates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Former_candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> 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links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="قوة عظمى مرتقبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوة عظمى مرتقبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpotencies_emerxentes" title="Superpotencies emerxentes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Superpotencies emerxentes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="সম্ভাব্য পরাশক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সম্ভাব্য পরাশক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Потенциална свръхсила – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Потенциална свръхсила" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencijalna_supersila" title="Potencijalna supersila – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Potencijalna supersila" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potenci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_supervelmoc" title="Potenciální supervelmoc – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Potenciální supervelmoc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B4%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Πιθανή υπερδύναμη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πιθανή υπερδύναμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpuissance_%C3%A9mergente" title="Superpuissance émergente – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Superpuissance émergente" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_adikuasa_potensial" title="Negara adikuasa potensial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara adikuasa potensial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_kuasa_besar_berpotensi" title="Negara kuasa besar berpotensi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negara kuasa besar berpotensi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpot%C3%AAncia_emergente" title="Superpotência emergente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Superpotência emergente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superputeri_emergente" title="Superputeri emergente – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Superputeri emergente" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="திறனுள்ள வல்லரசுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திறனுள்ள வல்லரசுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potansiyel_s%C3%BCper_g%C3%BC%C3%A7ler" title="Potansiyel süper güçler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Potansiyel süper güçler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Потенційні наддержави – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Потенційні наддержави" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%AAu_c%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_ti%E1%BB%81m_n%C4%83ng" title="Siêu cường tiềm năng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Siêu 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Superpower.svg/450px-Superpower.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Superpower.svg/600px-Superpower.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption> <b>Extant superpower</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div> <b>Potential superpowers</b>—supported in varying degrees by academics <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000080; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ff00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff6600; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div> </figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>potential superpower</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> that is speculated to be or have the potential to become a <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a>; a sovereign state or <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational union</a> that holds a dominant position characterized by the ability to <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">exert influence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">project power</a> on a global scale through economic, military, technological, political, or cultural means.<sup id="cite_ref-Munro1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munro1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mark1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is currently considered the world's <a href="/wiki/Foremost_power" title="Foremost power">foremost</a> superpower,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it is the only country whose status as a superpower finds broad consensus,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some accounts calling it the only one.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> have been discussed as potential superpowers of the 21st century; <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> was a former candidate in the 1980s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China">China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potential_superpower&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese Century</a> and <a href="/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" title="China's peaceful rise">China's peaceful rise</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> has arguably received the most consistent coverage in the popular press of its potential superpower status,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN_naval_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_naval-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been identified as a rising or emerging economic and military superpower by academics and other experts.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One source argued that "China certainly presents the most promising all-round profile" of a potential superpower, having high economic growth and a large population.<sup id="cite_ref-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to former <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a>, China represents the "biggest geopolitical test of the 21st century" to the United States, as it is "the only country with enough <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">power</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_world_order_(politics)" title="New world order (politics)">jeopardize</a> the current <a href="/wiki/Global_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Global order">global order</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Great focus has been placed on China's growing economic activity on the global stage, in particular where it has been in competition with the United States. Examples of this have included the establishing and large-scale expansion in countries joining the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a> in contrast to traditional western institutions, along with the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> and China's role in the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_MAX_groundings" title="Boeing 737 MAX groundings">worldwide groundings of the Boeing 737 MAX</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foreign_Policy-April-1-2015_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Policy-April-1-2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boeing’s_Crisis_Strengthens_Beijing’s_Hand-March-20-2019_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boeing’s_Crisis_Strengthens_Beijing’s_Hand-March-20-2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been argued that the future is likely to be of growing competition between two highly dominant countries in the form of the United States and China while others begin to lag behind economically.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_University_Press-February-2018_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia_University_Press-February-2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Predictions have also been made of it overtaking the United States as the world's largest economy in the 2020s.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_industry_in_China" title="Artificial intelligence industry in China">the country's rapidly developing AI industry</a>, China has also been referred to as an "<a href="/wiki/AI_superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="AI superpower">AI superpower</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to this however there have been some who question how long this pace of economic growth could continue, with emphasis placed on China's very large but <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_China" title="Aging of China">ageing and shrinking population</a> of over 1.4 billion, and long-term effects of pollution within the country that have accumulated during its fast pace of industrialisation, and also that while it continues to grow it has yet to prove attractive to skilled immigration from outside the country in the same way other countries like the United States have.<sup id="cite_ref-articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chua,_A_2007_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chua,_A_2007-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A supposed lack of <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> is another aspect of contention to China's status as a potential superpower.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been significant discussion around the ability for China to project power militarily. There has been argument that its ties with Russia and Central Asia could see the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a> become the "<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> of the East".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been argued that American absence from the Indo-Pacific region during the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a> has allowed Chinese to actively challenge the United States as the pre-eminent power in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have argued however that China still remains surrounded by potentially hostile nations and still lacks few friends or allies necessary for it to truly compete with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Union">European Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potential_superpower&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) has been called an emerging superpower or having already achieved that status, primarily to do with its economic power and political influence on the world stage. Factors highlighted have included its large population, the size and global reach of its combined economy, and the comparative unpopularity of US foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_European_Superpower_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_European_Superpower-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite lacking a cohesive military of its own, with military capabilities still the matter of individual member states, it has been argued that this is irrelevant in the 21st century and accordingly so when considering the status of the EU as a potential superpower.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others however have questioned this interpretation, instead arguing that its lack of a unified military structure compared to the United States undermines the case that the EU is a potential superpower.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The EU's lack of political integration has also come under conflicting views regarding its effect on superpower status. Some have argued that its more "low profile" diplomacy and emphasis on the rule of law represent a new kind of geopolitical influence that fulfills the political requirements for consideration of being a superpower rather than simply failing to meet them.<sup id="cite_ref-The_European_Superpower_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_European_Superpower-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others however argue that its lack of a centralised foreign or defence policy leaves its effectiveness uncertain when compared to that of a more politically integrated union of states such as the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has even been argued that the EU remains as little more than an extension of a Europe reliant or dominated by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European Union has been called a "regulatory superpower" due to the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_effect" title="Brussels effect">Brussels effect</a>, which suggests that <a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">regulations</a> and <a href="/wiki/EU_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="EU standard">standards applicable in the EU</a> will also be adopted by numerous countries outside the EU over time.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India">India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potential_superpower&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Century" title="Indian Century">Indian Century</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a> has seen considerable coverage of its potential of becoming a superpower economically. Multiple opinions have pointed towards India's rapid economic development as a reason for it to be considered a potential superpower, in particular during the 2010s when it was predicted to outpace China's growth into the future.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IBM_India_Century_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_India_Century-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rising_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rising-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economists and researchers at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> have projected India's 7% projected annual growth rate through 2024 would continue to put it ahead of China, making India the fastest growing economy in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over and above, India also has the advantage of having a very large and growing young population with a median age of 28, compared to China's median age of 39.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While India's economic growth has continued, others have noted that inequality remains high in the country and that its potential for trading appears more limited compared to regional rivals such as China, and that despite India briefly becoming the world's fastest-growing economy in 2015 its growth declined below China's since 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1257/jel.47.3.771_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1257/jel.47.3.771-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has also been argued that India's government and bureaucracy is also geared against emerging as a superpower, with it being argued that it "does very little collective thinking about its long-term foreign policy goals, since most of the strategic planning that takes place within the government happens on an individual level".<sup id="cite_ref-FA_Miller_14_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FA_Miller_14-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russia">Russia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potential_superpower&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russia_as_an_energy_superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia as an energy superpower">Russia as an energy superpower</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="History of the Russian Federation">History of the Russian Federation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, since <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">its imperial times</a>, has been considered both a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a>. Throughout most of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a>-era, the Soviet Union was one of the world's two <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a>. However, after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, the Russian Federation as its successor state lost its superpower status. In the early 21st century, Russia has been suggested as a potential candidate for resuming superpower status,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others have made the assertion that it is already a superpower.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 2005 publication entitled <i>Russia in the 21st Century: The Prodigal Superpower</i>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Rosefielde" title="Steven Rosefielde">Steven Rosefielde</a>, a professor of economics at <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>, predicted that Russia would emerge as a superpower before 2010 and augur another arms race. However, Rosefielde noted that such an end would come with tremendous sacrifice to global security and the Russian people's freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinzer" title="Stephen Kinzer">Stephen Kinzer</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i> compared Russia's actions with its own neighbouring territories, to those of "any other superpower", taking <a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Crimea</a> as examples.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others however have put forward more pessimistic views towards Russia's ability to regain its superpower status. A mixed opinion has been offered by Matthew Fleischer of the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>,</i> contending that severe climate change would be necessary for much of Russia's inherent natural resources to become viable.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several analysts commented on the fact that Russia showed signs of an aging and shrinking population. <a href="/wiki/Fred_Weir" title="Fred Weir">Fred Weir</a> said that this severely constricts and limits Russia's potential to re-emerge as a central world power.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, British historian and professor <a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a> also highlighted the negative effects of Russia's declining population, and suggested that Russia is on its way to "global irrelevance".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia has, however, shown a slight population growth since the late 2000s, partly due to immigration, quickly rising birth rates, slowly declining death rates.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia's ability to project hard power was also questioned following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> in 2022, with the Russian military's poor performance prompting economist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a> to suggest Russia was little more than a "<a href="/wiki/Potemkin_village" title="Potemkin village">Potemkin</a> Superpower".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_statistics_of_current_candidates">Comparative statistics of current candidates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potential_superpower&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparative statistics of current candidates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Country/Union </th> <th rowspan="2">Population<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2">Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2">Military<br />expenditures<br />(Int$ billion)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">HDI</a><sup id="cite_ref-Technical_notes_2020_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technical_notes_2020-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">UN Security Council veto power</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>(USD million) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">Per capita</a> ($) </th> <th>(Int$ million) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">Per capita</a> (Int$) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>346,238,081 </td> <td>9,525,067 </td> <td>25,035,164 </td> <td>68,309 </td> <td>29,167,779 </td> <td>75,180 </td> <td>877 </td> <td>0.926 (very high) </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>1,411,778,724 </td> <td>9,596,961 </td> <td>18,321,197 </td> <td>11,819 </td> <td>37,072,086 </td> <td>21,291 </td> <td>292 </td> <td>0.761 (high) </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></span> </td> <td>449,206,209 </td> <td>4,233,262 </td> <td>17,127,535 </td> <td>38,256 </td> <td>28,044,742 </td> <td>53,960 </td> <td>279<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>0.911 (very high) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>1,456,604,163 </td> <td>3,287,263 </td> <td>3,468,566 </td> <td>3,057 </td> <td>16,019,000 </td> <td>10,475 </td> <td>81.4 </td> <td>0.645 (medium) </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>144,458,123 </td> <td>17,125,191 </td> <td>2,133,092 </td> <td>11,654 </td> <td>6,909,381 </td> <td>31,967 </td> <td>86.4 </td> <td>0.824 (very high) </td> <td>Yes </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_candidates">Former candidates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potential_superpower&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Former candidates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potential_superpower&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s, some political and economic analysts predicted that <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> would eventually accede to superpower status, due to its large population, growing <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">military</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry of Japan">industrial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="Science and technology in Japan">technological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">cultural</a> influence, large <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">high economic growth at that time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Japan_From_Superrich_To_Superpower_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japan_From_Superrich_To_Superpower-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan's economy was expected to eventually surpass <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">that of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zakaria,_F_2008_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zakaria,_F_2008-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Land_of_the_setting_sun_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land_of_the_setting_sun-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Japan_From_Superrich_To_Superpower_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japan_From_Superrich_To_Superpower-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this prediction failed to materialise following <a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">a stock market crash</a> and the resulting "<a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">Lost Decades</a>", where Japan has suffered a flat to negative economic outlook,<sup id="cite_ref-Leika_Kihara_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leika_Kihara-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_Japan" title="Aging of Japan">its population has been aging since the late 1980s</a> before suffering real decline in total population starting in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potential_superpower&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Century" title="Asian Century">Asian Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRIC" title="BRIC">BRIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">Energy superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_in_Europe_by_military_expenditures" title="List of countries in Europe by military expenditures">List of countries in Europe by military expenditures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Superpower collapse">Superpower collapse</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potential_superpower&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Munro1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Munro1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMunro" class="citation web cs1">Munro, André. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/superpower">"superpower"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=superpower&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fsuperpower&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mark1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mark1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2005" class="citation news cs1">Leonard, Mark (18 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327034443/http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/leonard_irish_times_18feb05.html">"Europe: the new superpower"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Times">Irish Times</a></i>. 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McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. 17 January 2005. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2836-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2836-9"><bdi>978-0-7735-2836-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116145100/https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKBdY5HBeUC&q=Canada%2520Among%2520Nations%252C%25202004%253A%2520Setting%2520Priorities+Straight">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Does a superpower collision loom?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 1 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>Seen from this perspective, such trends clearly that show that China already is a true economic superpower with growing resources and a steadily improving technology base. Its military structure is evolving to the point where China can compare or compete with the U.S. — at least in Asia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.atitle=China+and+the+United+States%3A+Cooperation%2C+Competition%2C+and%2For+Conflict&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft.au=Cordesman%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fanalysis%2Fchina-and-united-states-cooperation-competition-andor-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver,_LauraDevlin,_KatHuang,_Christine2019" class="citation web cs1">Silver, Laura; Devlin, Kat; Huang, Christine (5 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/12/05/chinas-economic-growth-mostly-welcomed-in-emerging-markets-but-neighbors-wary-of-its-influence/">"China's Economic Growth Mostly Welcomed in Emerging Markets, but Neighbors Wary of Its Influence"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>China has emerged as a global economic superpower in recent decades. It is not only the world's second largest economy and the largest exporter by value, but it has also been investing in overseas infrastructure and development at a rapid clip</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=China%27s+Economic+Growth+Mostly+Welcomed+in+Emerging+Markets%2C+but+Neighbors+Wary+of+Its+Influence&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft.au=Silver%2C+Laura&rft.au=Devlin%2C+Kat&rft.au=Huang%2C+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fglobal%2F2019%2F12%2F05%2Fchinas-economic-growth-mostly-welcomed-in-emerging-markets-but-neighbors-wary-of-its-influence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN_naval-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_naval_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLendon,_Brad2021" class="citation news cs1">Lendon, Brad (5 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/05/china/china-world-biggest-navy-intl-hnk-ml-dst/index.html">"China has built the world's largest navy. 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Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-3375-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7456-3375-7"><bdi>0-7456-3375-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+Great+Powers&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7456-3375-7&rft.aulast=Buzan&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-poses-biggest-geopolitical-test-u-s-says-secretary-state-n1259489">"China poses "biggest geopolitical test" for the U.S., Blinken says"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 2021-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Will+China+Become+a+Global+Superpower%3F&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2011-06-10&rft.au=Thair+Shaikh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.cnn.com%2F2011-06-10%2Fworld%2Fchina.military.superpower_1_superpower-military-spending-military-dominance%2F2%3F_s%3DPM%3AWORLD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2018" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Kai-Fu (September 25, 2018). <i><a href="/wiki/AI_Superpowers:_China,_Silicon_Valley,_and_the_New_World_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order">AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AI+Superpowers%3A+China%2C+Silicon+Valley%2C+and+the+New+World+Order&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2018-09-25&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Kai-Fu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesterheide" class="citation web cs1">Westerheide, Fabian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/cognitiveworld/2020/01/14/china-artificial-intelligence-superpower/">"China – The First Artificial Intelligence Superpower"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/timothy-beardson/china-pollution_b_3331929.html">the original</a> on February 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Action+Needed+on+the+Environment&rft.date=2013-05-24&rft.au=Timothy+Beardson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Ftimothy-beardson%2Fchina-pollution_b_3331929.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Shirk2008" class="citation book cs1">Susan Shirk (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinafragilesupe00shir"><i>China: Fragile Superpower</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537319-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537319-6"><bdi>978-0-19-537319-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+Fragile+Superpower&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537319-6&rft.au=Susan+Shirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinafragilesupe00shir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chua,_A_2007-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chua,_A_2007_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy_Chua2007" class="citation book cs1">Amy Chua (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dayofempirehowhy00chua_0"><i>Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance – and Why They Fall</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51284-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51284-8"><bdi>978-0-385-51284-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Day+of+Empire%3A+How+Hyperpowers+Rise+to+Global+Dominance+%E2%80%93+and+Why+They+Fall&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-385-51284-8&rft.au=Amy+Chua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdayofempirehowhy00chua_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain2021" class="citation web cs1">Swain, Ashok (2021-01-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/opinion/chinas-can-overtake-us-but-it-still-wont-become-global-superpower/588718/">"China's economy and military can overtake US, but it still won't become global superpower"</a>. <i>ThePrint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Waving+Goodbye+to+Hegemony&rft.date=2008-01-27&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=Parag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F01%2F27%2Fmagazine%2F27world-t.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley_Townshend,_Brendan_Thomas-Noone,_Matilda_Steward2019" class="citation report cs1">Ashley Townshend, Brendan Thomas-Noone, Matilda Steward (19 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ussc.edu.au/analysis/averting-crisis-american-strategy-military-spending-and-collective-defence-in-the-indo-pacific">Averting Crisis: American strategy, military spending and collective defence in the Indo-Pacific</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Studies_Centre" title="United States Studies Centre">United States Studies Centre</a></i> (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Averting+Crisis%3A+American+strategy%2C+military+spending+and+collective+defence+in+the+Indo-Pacific&rft.date=2019-08-19&rft.au=Ashley+Townshend%2C+Brendan+Thomas-Noone%2C+Matilda+Steward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ussc.edu.au%2Fanalysis%2Faverting-crisis-american-strategy-military-spending-and-collective-defence-in-the-indo-pacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">cite report</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinxin_Pei2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Minxin Pei (20 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505071234/https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/03/20/the-loneliest-superpower/">"The Loneliest Superpower"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/03/20/the-loneliest-superpower/">the original</a> on May 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Loneliest+Superpower&rft.date=2012-03-20&rft.au=Minxin+Pei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2012%2F03%2F20%2Fthe-loneliest-superpower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cer.org.uk/in-the-press/europe-new-superpower">"Europe: the new superpower"</a>. CER. 18 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+the+new+superpower&rft.pub=CER&rft.date=2005-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cer.org.uk%2Fin-the-press%2Feurope-new-superpower&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_European_Superpower-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_European_Superpower_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_European_Superpower_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_McCormick2006" class="citation book cs1">John McCormick (14 November 2006). <i>The European Superpower</i>. Macmillan Education UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9846-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9846-0"><bdi>978-1-4039-9846-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Superpower&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+UK&rft.date=2006-11-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-9846-0&rft.au=John+McCormick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeinnewcentu00robe"><i>Europe in the New Century: Visions of an Emerging Superpower</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Rienner_Publishers" title="Lynne Rienner Publishers">Lynne Rienner Publishers</a>. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555878528" title="Special:BookSources/9781555878528"><bdi>9781555878528</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2012</span>. <q>Europe emerging superpower.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+in+the+New+Century%3A+Visions+of+an+Emerging+Superpower&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781555878528&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropeinnewcentu00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Williams2008" class="citation web cs1">Trevor Williams (29 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalatlanta.com/danish-envoy-economic-strength-makes-eu-a-rising-superpower/">"Danish Envoy: Economic Strength Makes EU a 'Rising Superpower'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Globalatlanta</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Globalatlanta&rft.atitle=Danish+Envoy%3A+Economic+Strength+Makes+EU+a+%27Rising+Superpower%27&rft.date=2008-10-29&rft.au=Trevor+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalatlanta.com%2Fdanish-envoy-economic-strength-makes-eu-a-rising-superpower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Lane_Greene2003" class="citation web cs1">Robert Lane Greene (18 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/173-sovereign/30500.html">"EU Constitution: A 'Superpower Europe' It Won't Be"</a>. Globalpolicy.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+Constitution%3A+A+%27Superpower+Europe%27+It+Won%27t+Be&rft.pub=Globalpolicy.org&rft.date=2003-07-18&rft.au=Robert+Lane+Greene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpolicy.org%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F173-sovereign%2F30500.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin S. Gray, "Document No. 1: The Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR), 2006, and the Perils of the Twenty-First Century," <i>Comparative Strategy</i>, 25/2, (2006): p 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_Hyde-Price2004" class="citation web cs1">Adrian Hyde-Price (23 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326212441/http://www.arena.uio.no/cidel/WorkshopOsloSecurity/Hyde-Price.pdf">"The EU, Power and Coercion: From 'Civilian' to 'Civilising' Power"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ARENA Centre for European Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arena.uio.no/cidel/WorkshopOsloSecurity/Hyde-Price.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+EU%2C+Power+and+Coercion%3A+From+%27Civilian%27+to+%27Civilising%27+Power&rft.pub=ARENA+Centre+for+European+Studies&rft.date=2004-10-23&rft.au=Adrian+Hyde-Price&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arena.uio.no%2Fcidel%2FWorkshopOsloSecurity%2FHyde-Price.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2005/02/10/europe-vs-america/">"Europe vs. America by Tony Judt"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i>. 10 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Europe+vs.+America+by+Tony+Judt&rft.date=2005-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2005%2F02%2F10%2Feurope-vs-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zbigniew Brzezinski, <i>Strategic Vision: America and the Crisis of Global Power</i>, (New York: Basic Books, 2012), p 22, 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdmalloy2023" class="citation web cs1">dmalloy (2023-06-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/the-worlds-regulatory-superpower-is-taking-on-a-regulatory-nightmare-artificial-intelligence/">"The world's regulatory superpower is taking on a regulatory nightmare: artificial intelligence"</a>. <i>Atlantic Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+regulatory+superpower+is+taking+on+a+regulatory+nightmare%3A+artificial+intelligence&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft.au=dmalloy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fnew-atlanticist%2Fthe-worlds-regulatory-superpower-is-taking-on-a-regulatory-nightmare-artificial-intelligence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFkdaponte2023" class="citation web cs1">kdaponte (2023-05-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cssh.northeastern.edu/meta-fine-shows-eu-is-regulatory-superpower-northeastern-expert-says/">"Meta fine shows EU is 'regulatory superpower,' Northeastern expert says"</a>. <i>College of Social Sciences and Humanities</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Japan+was+the+future+but+it%27s+stuck+in+the+past&rft.date=2023-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-63830490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotential+superpower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potential_superpower&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crp.polis.cam.ac.uk/">Centre for Rising Powers, University of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552652">China on the World Stage</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article3913602.ece">Blast off: India hopes Mars rocket will enhance its superpower status</a> by The Times</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2007/12/china-india-the-power-of-two/ar/1">China and India: The Power of Two</a> by Harvard Business Review</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/the-end-of-pax-americana-how-western-decline-became-inevitable/256388/?single_page=true">The End of Pax Americana: How Western Decline Became Inevitable</a> by The Atlantic</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/11/24/why-the-u-s-remains-the-worlds-unchallenged-superpower/">Why The U.S. Remains The World's Unchallenged Superpower</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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power">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_power" title="Food power">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_power" title="Maritime power">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_power" title="National power">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_politics" title="Power politics">Politics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_power" title="Sharp power">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_power" title="Smart power">Smart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great</a> (<a href="/wiki/Least_of_the_Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Least of the Great Powers">Least Great</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Super</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Potential</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="African Century">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pax_Americana" title="Pax Americana">Pax</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Century" title="Asian Century">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Century" title="Indian Century">Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Century" title="Pacific Century">Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">List of ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">List of medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">List of modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Western_era" title="Post-Western era">Post-Western era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" title="Hegemonic stability theory">Hegemonic stability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Philosophy of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)" title="Polarity (international relations)">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_transition_theory" title="Power transition theory">Power transition theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Superpower">Second Superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Superpower collapse">Superpower collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_disengagement" class="mw-redirect" title="Superpower disengagement">Superpower disengagement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_Index_of_National_Capability" title="Composite Index of National Capability">Composite Index of National Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_National_Power" title="Comprehensive National Power">Comprehensive National Power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations_and_groups_by_region68" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Organizations and groups</a> by region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States (ACS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System (SICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Interaction_and_Confidence-Building_Measures_in_Asia" title="Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia">Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Cooperation_Secretariat" title="Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat">Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union (EU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group (V4)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">North America–Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–Asia–Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Oceania–Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.25em;">Non–regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Speaking_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries">Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E9_(countries)" title="E9 (countries)">E9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">G24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">Uniting for Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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