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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Full-spectrum"_dimension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Full-spectrum"_dimension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>"Full-spectrum" dimension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Full-spectrum"_dimension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>World Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_the_Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Aftermath of the Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emerging_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emerging_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Emerging powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emerging_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Great power</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groot_moondheid" title="Groot moondheid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Groot moondheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fmacht" title="Großmacht – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Großmacht" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قوة عالمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوة عالمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet%C3%A3_mbaretete" title="Tetã mbaretete – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tetã mbaretete" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_g%C3%BCc" title="Böyük güc – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük güc" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="মহা শক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহা শক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Вялікія дзяржавы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікія дзяржавы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Велика сила – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Велика сила" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot%C3%A8ncia_mundial" title="Potència mundial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Potència mundial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velmoc" title="Velmoc – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velmoc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormagt" title="Stormagt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stormagt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fmacht" title="Großmacht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Großmacht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurriik" title="Suurriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suurriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Μεγάλες Δυνάμεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγάλες Δυνάμεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencia_mundial" title="Potencia mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Potencia mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondpotenco" title="Mondpotenco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mondpotenco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="قدرت بزرگ جهانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قدرت بزرگ جهانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_puissance" title="Grande puissance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande puissance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencia_mundial" title="Potencia mundial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Potencia mundial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EB%8C%80%EA%B5%AD" title="강대국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="강대국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մեծ տերություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեծ տերություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="महाशक्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महाशक्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velesila" title="Velesila – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Velesila" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekuatan_besar" title="Kekuatan besar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekuatan besar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3rveldi" title="Stórveldi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stórveldi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_potenza" title="Grande potenza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande potenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%94" title="מעצמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעצמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ұлы державалар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлы державалар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_potestas" title="Magna potestas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Magna potestas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielvalsts" title="Lielvalsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielvalsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Did%C5%BEioji_valstyb%C4%97" title="Didžioji valstybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didžioji valstybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagyhatalom" title="Nagyhatalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagyhatalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Велесила – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Велесила" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuasa_dunia" title="Kuasa dunia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuasa dunia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_mogendheid" title="Grote mogendheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grote mogendheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="ठूला शक्ति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ठूला शक्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%BC%B7" title="列強 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="列強" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormakt" title="Stormakt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stormakt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormakt" title="Stormakt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stormakt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyuk_kuchlar" title="Buyuk kuchlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buyuk kuchlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4" title="ਮਹਾਨ ਤਾਕਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹਾਨ ਤਾਕਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DA%81%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ستر ځواک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ستر ځواک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85" title="មហាអំណាច – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មហាអំណាច" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grootmacht" title="Grootmacht – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Grootmacht" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocarstwo" title="Mocarstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mocarstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_pot%C3%AAncia" title="Grande potência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande potência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_putere" title="Mare putere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mare putere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Великая держава – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великая держава" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_pouer" title="Great pouer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Great pouer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuqi_e_madhe_(politik%C3%AB)" title="Fuqi e madhe (politikë) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fuqi e madhe (politikë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F" title="ලෝක මහා බලවතා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලෝක මහා බලවතා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Great power" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEmoc" title="Veľmoc – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veľmoc" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%84%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B2" title="زلھێز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زلھێز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Велика сила – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велика сила" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_sila" title="Velika sila – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Velika sila" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurvalta" title="Suurvalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suurvalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormakt" title="Stormakt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stormakt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansang_makapangyarihan" title="Bansang makapangyarihan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bansang makapangyarihan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="உலக வல்லமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலக வல்லமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88" title="มหาอำนาจ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาอำนาจ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_g%C3%BC%C3%A7" title="Büyük güç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyük güç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Велика держава – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Велика держава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_potensa" title="Granda potensa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Granda potensa" 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href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg/250px-United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg/375px-United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg/500px-United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>Great powers are recognized in several international structures, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encartab_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encartab-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging power</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>great power</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> influence, which may cause <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">small powers</a> to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own. <a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">International relations theorists</a> have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some nations are widely considered to be great powers, there is considerable debate on the exact criteria of great power status. Historically, the status of great powers has been formally recognized in organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> of 1814–1815<sup id="cite_ref-Encartab_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encartab-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_history1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_history1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stakes1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stakes1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, of which permanent members are: <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encartab_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encartab-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_world_we_wantb_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_world_we_wantb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balance1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balance1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Nations Security Council, <a href="/wiki/NATO_Quint" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Quint">NATO Quint</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Contact_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact Group">Contact Group</a> have all been described as great power concerts.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaskarth_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaskarth-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">Europe</a> during the post-<a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic</a> era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "<a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a>" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-British_Diplomacy_1813–1815_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Diplomacy_1813–1815-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formalization of the division between <a href="/wiki/Small_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Small powers">small powers</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and great powers came about with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Treaty of Chaumont</a> in 1814. Since then, the international <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance of power</a> has shifted numerous times, most dramatically during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In literature, alternative terms for great power are often <b>world power</b><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>major power</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_power&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no set or defined characteristics of a great power. These characteristics have often been treated as empirical, self-evident to the assessor.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this approach has the disadvantage of subjectivity. As a result, there have been attempts to derive some common criteria and to treat these as essential elements of great power status. Danilovic (2002) highlights three central characteristics, which she terms as "power, spatial, and status dimensions," that distinguish major powers from other states. The following section ("Characteristics") is extracted from her discussion of these three dimensions, including all of the citations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realist</a> criterion, as expressed by the historian <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a> when he noted that "the test of a great power is the test of strength for war."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and political capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(international_relations)" title="Neorealism (international relations)">neorealist</a> theory of international relations, uses a set of six criteria to determine great power: population and territory, resource endowment, military strength, economic capability, political stability and competence.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">John Mearsheimer</a> defines great powers as those that "have sufficient military assets to put up a serious fight in an all-out conventional war against the most powerful state in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_dimensions">Power dimensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_power&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Power dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As noted above, for many, power capabilities were the sole criterion. However, even under the more expansive tests, power retains a vital place. </p><p>This aspect has received mixed treatment, with some confusion as to the degree of power required. Writers have approached the concept of great power with differing conceptualizations of the world situation, from multi-polarity to overwhelming <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a>. In his essay, 'French Diplomacy in the Postwar Period', the French historian <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Duroselle" title="Jean-Baptiste Duroselle">Jean-Baptiste Duroselle</a> spoke of the concept of multi-polarity: "A Great power is one which is capable of preserving its own independence against any other single power."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This differed from earlier writers, notably from <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Leopold von Ranke</a>, who clearly had a different idea of the world situation. In his essay 'The Great Powers', written in 1833, von Ranke wrote: "If one could establish as a definition of a Great power that it must be able to maintain itself against all others, even when they are united, then <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick</a> has raised Prussia to that position."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These positions have been the subject of criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-When_the_Stakes27_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-When_the_Stakes27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the US had 10 major strengths according to Chinese scholar Peng Yuan, the director of the Institute of American Studies of the China Institutes for Contemporary International Studies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>1. Population, geographic position, and natural resources.</dd> <dd>2. Military muscle.</dd> <dd>3. High technology and education.</dd> <dd>4. Cultural/soft power.</dd> <dd>5. Cyber power.</dd> <dd>6. Allies, the United States having more than any other state.</dd> <dd>7. Geopolitical strength, as embodied in global projection forces.</dd> <dd>8. Intelligence capabilities, as demonstrated by the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">killing of Osama bin Laden</a>.</dd> <dd>9. Intellectual power, fed by a plethora of US think tanks and the “revolving door” between research institutions and government.</dd> <dd>10. Strategic power, the United States being the world’s only country with a truly global strategy.</dd></dl> <p>However he also noted where the US had recently slipped: </p> <dl><dd>1. Political power, as manifested by the breakdown of bipartisanship.</dd> <dd>2. Economic power, as illustrated by the post-2007 slowdown.</dd> <dd>3. Financial power, given intractable deficits and rising debt.</dd> <dd>4. Social power, as weakened by societal polarization.</dd> <dd>5. Institutional power, since the United States can no longer dominate global institutions</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spatial_dimension">Spatial dimension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_power&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spatial dimension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition, the scope of a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a> is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system. <a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a>, for example, observes that "Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates. The Great powers of 1914 were 'world-powers' because Western society had recently become 'world-wide'."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other suggestions have been made that a great power should have the capacity to engage in extra-regional affairs and that a great power ought to be possessed of extra-regional interests, two propositions which are often closely connected.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_dimension">Status dimension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_power&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Status dimension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formal or informal acknowledgment of a nation's great power status has also been a criterion for being a great power. As political scientist <a href="/wiki/George_Modelski" title="George Modelski">George Modelski</a> notes, "The status of Great power is sometimes confused with the condition of being powerful. The office, as it is known, did in fact evolve from the role played by the great military states in earlier periods... But the Great power system institutionalizes the position of the powerful state in a web of rights and obligations."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This approach restricts analysis to the epoch following the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> at which great powers were first formally recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-When_the_Stakes27_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-When_the_Stakes27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the absence of such a formal act of recognition it has been suggested that great power status can arise by implication by judging the nature of a state's relations with other great powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Power_in_World_Politics_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power_in_World_Politics-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A further option is to examine a state's willingness to act as a great power.<sup id="cite_ref-Power_in_World_Politics_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power_in_World_Politics-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a nation will seldom declare that it is acting as such, this usually entails a retrospective examination of state conduct. As a result, this is of limited use in establishing the nature of contemporary powers, at least not without the exercise of subjective observation. </p><p>Other important criteria throughout history are that great powers should have enough influence to be included in discussions of contemporary political and diplomatic questions, and exercise influence on the outcome and resolution. Historically, when major political questions were addressed, several great powers met to discuss them. Before the era of groups like the United Nations, participants of such meetings were not officially named but rather were decided based on their great power status. These were conferences that settled important questions based on major historical events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Full-spectrum"_dimension"><span id=".22Full-spectrum.22_dimension"></span>"Full-spectrum" dimension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_power&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: "Full-spectrum" dimension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Phillips_P._O%27Brien" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillips P. O'Brien">Phillips P. O'Brien</a>, Head of the School of International Relations and Professor of Strategic Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St. Andrews</a>, criticizes the concept of a great power, arguing that it is dated, vaguely defined, and inconsistently applied.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He states that the term is used to "describe everything from true superpowers such as the United States and China, which wield the full spectrum of economic, technological, and military might, to better-than-average military powers such as Russia, which have nuclear weapons but little else that would be considered indicators of great power. "<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Brien advocates for the concept of a "full-spectrum power", which takes into account "all the fundamentals on which superior military power is built", including economic resources, domestic politics and political systems (which can restrain or expand dimensions of power), technological capabilities, and social and cultural factors (such as a society's willingness to go to war or invest in military development).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_power&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">List of ancient great powers</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">List of medieval great powers</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">List of modern great powers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congress_of_Vienna.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Congress_of_Vienna.PNG/220px-Congress_of_Vienna.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Congress_of_Vienna.PNG/330px-Congress_of_Vienna.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Congress_of_Vienna.PNG/440px-Congress_of_Vienna.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><i>The Congress of Vienna</i>, an 1819 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Isabey" title="Jean-Baptiste Isabey">Jean-Baptiste Isabey</a> depicting the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Various sets of great, or significant, powers have existed throughout history. An early reference to great powers is from the third century, when the Persian prophet <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> described <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persia</a> as the four greatest kingdoms of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Napoleonic wars in Europe, American diplomat <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> observed that, "The respect which one power has for another is in exact proportion of the means which they respectively have of injuring each other."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "great power" first appears at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-When_the_Stakes27_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-When_the_Stakes27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_history,_1815-1920b_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_history,_1815-1920b-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Congress established the <a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a> as an attempt to preserve peace after the years of <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Lord Castlereagh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">British foreign secretary</a>, first used the term in its diplomatic context, writing on 13 February 1814: "there is every prospect of the Congress terminating with a general accord and Guarantee between the Great powers of Europe, with a determination to support the arrangement agreed upon, and to turn the general influence and if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace."<sup id="cite_ref-British_Diplomacy_1813–1815_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Diplomacy_1813–1815-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Congress of Vienna consisted of five main powers: the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a>. These five primary participants constituted the original great powers as we know the term today.<sup id="cite_ref-When_the_Stakes27_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-When_the_Stakes27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other powers, such as Spain, Portugal, and Sweden, which were great powers during the 17th century and the earlier 18th century, were consulted on certain specific issues, but they were not full participants. </p><p>After the Congress of Vienna, Great Britain emerged as the pre-eminent global hegemon, due to it being the first nation to <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialize</a>, possessing the largest navy, and the extent of its <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">overseas empire</a>, which ushered in a century of <i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a>.</i> The <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance of power</a> between the Great Powers became a major influence in European politics, prompting <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> to say "All politics reduces itself to this formula: try to be one of three, as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers."<sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett1996_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett1996-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, the relative power of these five nations fluctuated, which by the dawn of the 20th century had served to create an entirely different balance of power. Great Britain and the new <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (from 1871), experienced continued economic growth and political power.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as Russia and Austria-Hungary, stagnated.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, other states were emerging and expanding in power, largely through the process of industrialization. These countries seeking to attain great power status were: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Risorgimento era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a>, and the United States after <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">its civil war</a>. By 1900, the balance of world power had changed substantially since the Congress of Vienna. The <a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> was an alliance of eight nations created in response to the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> in China. It formed in 1900 and consisted of the five Congress powers plus Italy, Japan, and the United States, representing the great powers at the beginning of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Rise_of_Russia1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rise_of_Russia1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Wars">World Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_power&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_four.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Big_four.jpg/220px-Big_four.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Big_four.jpg/330px-Big_four.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Big_four.jpg/440px-Big_four.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Four_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Big Four (World War I)">The "Big Four"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference of 1919</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando" title="Vittorio Emanuele Orlando">Vittorio Emanuele Orlando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yalta_Conference_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Yalta_Conference_cropped.jpg/220px-Yalta_Conference_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Yalta_Conference_cropped.jpg/330px-Yalta_Conference_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Yalta_Conference_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">The "Big Three" of Europe</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three men, Chiang Kai-shek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, sitting together elbow to elbow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cairo_conference.jpg/220px-Cairo_conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cairo_conference.jpg/330px-Cairo_conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cairo_conference.jpg/440px-Cairo_conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2005" data-file-height="1551" /></a><figcaption>The Allied leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Asian and Pacific Theatre</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill at the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Conference (1943)">Cairo Conference</a> in 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>Shifts of international power have most notably occurred through major conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conclusion of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the resulting treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Versailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">St-Germain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Neuilly">Neuilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Trianon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Sèvres</a> made Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States the chief arbiters of the new world order.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> was defeated, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> was divided into new, less powerful states and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> fell to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">revolution</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919)">Paris Peace Conference</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/The_Big_Four_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Big Four (World War I)">Big Four</a>" – Great Britain, France, Italy, and the United States – controlled the proceedings and outcome of the treaties more than Japan. The Big Four were the architects of the Treaty of Versailles which was signed by Germany; the Treaty of St. Germain, with Austria; the Treaty of Neuilly, with Bulgaria; the Treaty of Trianon, with Hungary; and the Treaty of Sèvres, with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. During the decision-making of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, Italy pulled out of the conference because a part of its demands were not met and temporarily left the other three countries as the sole major architects of that treaty, referred to as the "Big Three".<sup id="cite_ref-MacMillan1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacMillan1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The status of the victorious great powers were recognised by permanent seats at the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> Council, where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League. However, the council began with only four permanent members – Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan – because the United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, never joined the League. Germany later joined after the <a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno Treaties</a>, which made it a member of the League of Nations, and later left (and withdrew from the League in <a href="/wiki/1933_German_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1933 German referendum">1933</a>); Japan left, and the Soviet Union joined. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> began in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances: the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> (initially the United Kingdom and France, and Poland, followed in 1941 by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, China, and the United States) and the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, Italy, and Japan).<sup id="cite_ref-Economics1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economics1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During World War II, the US, UK, USSR, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful"<sup id="cite_ref-Justus_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justus-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were recognized as the Allied "<a href="/wiki/Big_Four_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Four in World War II">Big Four</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These four countries were referred as the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Policemen" title="Four Policemen">Four Policemen</a>" of the Allies and considered as the primary victors of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importance of France was acknowledged by their inclusion, along with the other four, in the group of countries allotted permanent seats in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. </p><p>Since the end of the World Wars, the term "great power" has been joined by a number of other power classifications. Foremost among these is the concept of the superpower, used to describe those nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world. It was first coined in 1944 by <a href="/wiki/William_T._R._Fox" title="William T. R. Fox">William T. R. Fox</a><sup id="cite_ref-The_Superpowers1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Superpowers1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and according to him, there were three superpowers: Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. But after World War II Britain lost its superpower status.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> has emerged for those nations which exercise a degree of global influence but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs. <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional powers</a> are those whose influence is generally confined to their region of the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_power&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, which began following World War II. The term "<a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">cold</a>" is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a>, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a>. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">alliance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">victory</a> against Nazi Germany in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Cold War, Japan, France, the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> rebuilt their economies. France and the United Kingdom maintained technologically advanced armed forces with <a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">power projection</a> capabilities and maintain large defense budgets to this day. Yet, as the Cold War continued, authorities began to question if France and the United Kingdom could retain their long-held status as great powers.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China, with the world's largest population, has slowly risen to great power status, with large growth in economic and military power in the post-war period. After 1949, the Republic of China began to lose its recognition as the sole legitimate government of China by the other great powers, in favour of the People's Republic of China. Subsequently, in 1971, it lost its permanent seat at the UN Security Council to the People's Republic of China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_of_the_Cold_War">Aftermath of the Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_power&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath of the Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to "their political and economic dominance of the global arena".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These five nations are the only states to have <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">permanent seats</a> with <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">veto power</a> on the UN Security Council. They are also the only state entities to have met the conditions to be considered "<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">Nuclear Weapons States</a>" under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a>, and maintain <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">military expenditures</a> which are among the largest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-SIPRI_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to the current status of these powers or what precisely defines a great power. For example, following the Cold War and the two decades after it, some sources referred to China,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France,<sup id="cite_ref-European_Security_After_9/11_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_Security_After_9/11-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the United Kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-European_Security_After_9/11_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_Security_After_9/11-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as middle powers. Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, its UN Security Council permanent seat was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> in 1991, as its largest <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a>. The newly formed Russian Federation emerged on the level of a great power, leaving the United States as the only remaining global superpower<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although some support a <a href="/wiki/Polarity_in_international_relations#Multipolarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarity in international relations">multipolar world view</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> are widely considered great powers as well, due in large part to their highly advanced economies (as the two possess the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">third and fourth largest economies by nominal GDP</a> respectively) rather than their strategic and <a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">hard power</a> capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach).<sup id="cite_ref-PaulWirtz2004_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaulWirtz2004-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members in the <a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">P5+1</a> grouping of world powers. Like China, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan have also been referred to as middle powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Sperling_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sperling-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Otte2000_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otte2000-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Er_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Er-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gratius_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gratius-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 2014 publication <i>Great Power Peace and American Primacy</i>, Joshua Baron considers China, France, Russia, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States as the current great powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Joshua1_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joshua1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> has been referred to as a great power by a number of academics and commentators throughout the post-WWII era.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada_Among_Nationsb_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada_Among_Nationsb-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Milena_Steriob_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milena_Steriob-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Theo_Farrellb_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theo_Farrellb-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HCSS2014b_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCSS2014b-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American international legal scholar Milena Sterio writes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Milena_Steriob_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milena_Steriob-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Sterio also cites Italy's status in the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">Group of Seven</a> (G7) and the nation's influence in regional and international organizations for its status as a great power.<sup id="cite_ref-Milena_Steriob_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milena_Steriob-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members plus Germany in the International Support Group for <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (ISG)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> grouping of world powers. Some analysts assert that Italy is an "intermittent" or the "<a href="/wiki/Least_of_the_Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Least of the Great Powers">Least of the Great Powers</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some others believe Italy is a middle or regional power.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>International relations academics Gabriele Abbondanza and Thomas Wilkins have classified Italy as an "awkward" great power on account of its top-tier economic, military, political, and socio-cultural capabilities and credentials - including its <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO_Quint" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Quint">NATO Quint</a> membership - which are moderated by its lack of national nuclear weapons and permanent membership to the UN Security Council.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to these contemporary great powers mentioned above, <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a><sup id="cite_ref-Brzezinskiquote_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brzezinskiquote-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considers <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to be a great power. However, there is no collective agreement among observers as to the status of India, for example, a number of academics believe that India is emerging as a great power,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some believe that India remains a middle power.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Nations Security Council, <a href="/wiki/NATO_Quint" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Quint">NATO Quint</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Contact_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact Group">Contact Group</a> have all been described as great power concerts.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaskarth_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaskarth-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge2010_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge2010-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kirton_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirton-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Risto_Penttilä_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risto_Penttilä-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sciencepo_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencepo-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 study by the Hague Centre for Strategic Studies qualified China, Europe, India, Japan, Russia and the United States as the current great powers.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emerging_powers">Emerging powers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_power&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Emerging powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging power</a></div> <p>With continuing <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right,<sup id="cite_ref-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with representation at the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a> and at <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> and <a href="/wiki/G-20_major_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="G-20 major economies">G-20</a> summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional conception of Europe's world role as a global "civilian power", exercising collective influence in the functional spheres of trade and diplomacy, as an alternative to military dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Union is a <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational union</a> and not a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> and does not have its own foreign affairs or defence policies; these remain largely with the <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the European Union">member states</a>, which include France, Germany and, before <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, the United Kingdom (referred to collectively as the "<a href="/wiki/EU_three" title="EU three">EU three</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-Brzezinskiquote_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brzezinskiquote-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and India are widely regarded as emerging powers with the potential to be great powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Encartab_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encartab-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_P._Cohen" title="Stephen P. Cohen">Stephen P. Cohen</a> asserts that India is an emerging power, but highlights that some strategists consider India to be already a great power.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some academics such as Zbigniew Brzezinski and David A. Robinson already regard India as a major or great power.<sup id="cite_ref-Brzezinskiquote_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brzezinskiquote-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former British Ambassador to Brazil, Peter Collecott identifies that Brazil's recognition as a potential great and superpower largely stems from its own national identity and ambition.<sup id="cite_ref-Collecott_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collecott-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Kwang Ho Chun feels that Brazil will emerge as a great power with an important position in some spheres of influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Kwang_Ho_Chun_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwang_Ho_Chun-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others suggest India and Brazil may even have the potential to <a href="/wiki/Potential_superpowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential superpowers">emerge as a superpower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-elephantdragon_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elephantdragon-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kwang_Ho_Chun_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwang_Ho_Chun-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Permanent membership of the UN Security Council is widely regarded as being a central tenet of great power status in the modern world; Brazil, Germany, India and Japan form the <a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4 nations</a> which support one another (and have varying degrees of support from the existing permanent members) in becoming permanent members.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The G4 is opposed by the Italian-led <a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">Uniting for Consensus</a> group. There are however few signs that <a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">reform of the Security Council</a> will happen in the near future.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_power&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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of French foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">History of Japanese foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_German_foreign_policy" title="History of German foreign policy">History of German foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Foreign policy of the Russian Empire">Foreign policy of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">Historiography of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_power&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Even though the book <i>The Economics of World War II</i> lists seven great powers at the start of 1939 (Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States), it focuses only on six of them, because France surrendered shortly after the war began.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> and the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> left the United States as the only remaining superpower in the 1990s.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_power&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Encartab-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encartab_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encartab_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encartab_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encartab_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Howard2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Peter Howard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091031190936/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html">"Great Powers"</a>. <i>Encarta</i>. MSN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html">the original</a> on 31 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Great+Powers&rft.btitle=Encarta&rft.pub=MSN&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Peter+Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761590309%2FGreat_Powers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iver B. Neumann, "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007." <i>Journal of International Relations and Development</i> 11.2 (2008): 128–151. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/jird.2008.7">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_history1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World_history1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFueter1922" class="citation book cs1">Fueter, Eduard (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldhistory01fuetgoog"><i>World history, 1815–1930</i></a>. United States: Harcourt, Brace and Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldhistory01fuetgoog/page/n43">25</a>–28, <span class="nowrap">36–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58477-077-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58477-077-5"><bdi>1-58477-077-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+history%2C+1815%E2%80%931930&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=25-28%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+and+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.isbn=1-58477-077-5&rft.aulast=Fueter&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldhistory01fuetgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stakes1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stakes1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High – Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), pp 27, 225–228 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailLookInside.do?id=16953">(PDF chapter downloads)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060830054642/http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailLookInside.do?id=16953">Archived</a> 30 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472112872-appb.pdf">(PDF copy)</a> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_world_we_wantb-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_world_we_wantb_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouden2007" class="citation book cs1">Louden, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WuKmrwgrL9IC&pg=PA187"><i>The world we want</i></a>. United States of America: Oxford University Press US. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195321371" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195321371"><bdi>978-0195321371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+we+want&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0195321371&rft.aulast=Louden&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWuKmrwgrL9IC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balance1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balance1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._V._PaulJames_J._WirtzMichel_Fortmann2005" class="citation book cs1">T. V. Paul; James J. Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&dq=">"Great+power"&pg=PA59 <i>Balance of Power</i></a>. United States: State University of New York Press, 2005. pp. 59, 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791464016" title="Special:BookSources/0791464016"><bdi>0791464016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balance+of+Power&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=59%2C+282&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press%2C+2005&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0791464016&rft.au=T.+V.+Paul&rft.au=James+J.+Wirtz&rft.au=Michel+Fortmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9jy28vBqscQC%26dq%3D%22Great%2Bpower%22%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia and the United States</i> p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaskarth-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaskarth_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaskarth_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaskarth2015" class="citation book cs1">Gaskarth, Jamie (11 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CkqhBgAAQBAJ"><i>Rising Powers, Global Governance and Global Ethics</i></a>. Routledge. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317575115" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317575115"><bdi>978-1317575115</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+Powers%2C+Global+Governance+and+Global+Ethics&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-02-11&rft.isbn=978-1317575115&rft.aulast=Gaskarth&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCkqhBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_GowanBruce_D._JonesShepard_Forman2010" class="citation book cs1">Richard Gowan; Bruce D. Jones; Shepard Forman, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkwU0OjZBtcC"><i>Cooperating for peace and security: evolving institutions and arrangements in a context of changing U.S. security policy</i></a> (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge [U.K.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521889476" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521889476"><bdi>978-0521889476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooperating+for+peace+and+security%3A+evolving+institutions+and+arrangements+in+a+context+of+changing+U.S.+security+policy&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BU.K.%5D&rft.pages=236&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0521889476&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtkwU0OjZBtcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-British_Diplomacy_1813–1815-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-British_Diplomacy_1813–1815_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-British_Diplomacy_1813–1815_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Webster, (ed), <i>British Diplomacy 1813–1815: Selected Documents Dealing with the Reconciliation of Europe,</i> (1931), p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toje, A. (2010). The European Union as a small power: After the post-Cold War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/world%20power?s=t">"World power Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+power+Definition+%26+Meaning+%26%23124%3B+Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fworld%2520power%3Fs%3Dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/major+power?s=t">"Dictionary – Major power"</a>. <i>reference.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reference.com&rft.atitle=Dictionary+%E2%80%93+Major+power&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmajor%2Bpower%3Fs%3Dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltz1979" class="citation book cs1">Waltz, Kenneth N (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoryofinternat00walt"><i>Theory of International Politics</i></a></span>. McGraw-Hill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoryofinternat00walt/page/131">131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-08349-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-08349-3"><bdi>0-201-08349-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+International+Politics&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-201-08349-3&rft.aulast=Waltz&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheoryofinternat00walt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanilovic2002" class="citation book cs1">Danilovic, Vesna (2002). <i>When the Stakes Are High – Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers</i>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11287-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11287-6"><bdi>978-0-472-11287-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Stakes+Are+High+%E2%80%93+Deterrence+and+Conflict+among+Major+Powers&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-472-11287-6&rft.aulast=Danilovic&rft.aufirst=Vesna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.press.umich.edu/16953/when_the_stakes_are_high">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1954" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Alan JP (1954). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/struggleformaste00ajpt"><i>The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918</i></a></span>. Oxford: Clarendon. p. xxiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-881270-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-881270-1"><bdi>0-19-881270-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Mastery+in+Europe+1848%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=xxiv&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=0-19-881270-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan+JP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstruggleformaste00ajpt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Organski, AFK – World Politics, Knopf (1958)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltz1993" class="citation journal cs1">Waltz, Kenneth N. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093311/http://www.ir.rochelleterman.com/sites/default/files/Waltz%201993.pdf">"The Emerging Structure of International Politics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Security</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2539097">10.2307/2539097</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539097">2539097</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154473957">154473957</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ir.rochelleterman.com/sites/default/files/Waltz%201993.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2017</span> – via International Relations Exam Database.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=The+Emerging+Structure+of+International+Politics&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154473957%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2539097%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2539097&rft.aulast=Waltz&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ir.rochelleterman.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FWaltz%25201993.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMearsheimer2001" class="citation book cs1">Mearsheimer, John (2001). <i>The Tragedy of Great Power Politics</i>. W. W. Norton. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+Great+Power+Politics&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Mearsheimer&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">contained on page 204 in: Kertesz and Fitsomons (eds) – <i>Diplomacy in a Changing World</i>, University of Notre Dame Press (1960)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iggers and von Moltke "In the Theory and Practice of History", Bobbs-Merrill (1973)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-When_the_Stakes27-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-When_the_Stakes27_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-When_the_Stakes27_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-When_the_Stakes27_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-When_the_Stakes27_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High – Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), pp 27, 225–230 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472112872-appb.pdf">[2]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Josef Joffe, <i>The Myth of America's Decline: Politics, Economics, and a Half Century of False Prophecies</i> (2014) ch. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToynbee1926" class="citation book cs1">Toynbee, Arnold J (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheWorldAfterThePeaceConference"><i>The World After the Peace Conference</i></a>. Humphrey Milford and Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheWorldAfterThePeaceConference/page/n8">4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+After+the+Peace+Conference&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Humphrey+Milford+and+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=Arnold+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheWorldAfterThePeaceConference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stoll, Richard J – State Power, World Views, and the Major Powers, Contained in: Stoll and Ward (eds) – Power in World Politics, Lynne Rienner (1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModelski1972" class="citation book cs1">Modelski, George (1972). <i>Principles of World Politics</i>. Free Press. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-921440-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-921440-4"><bdi>978-0-02-921440-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+World+Politics&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-02-921440-4&rft.aulast=Modelski&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Power_in_World_Politics-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Power_in_World_Politics_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power_in_World_Politics_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Domke, William K – Power, Political Capacity, and Security in the Global System, Contained in: Stoll and Ward (eds) – Power in World Politics, Lynn Rienner (1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Brien2023" class="citation news cs1">O’Brien, Phillips P. (29 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/theres-no-such-thing-great-power">"There's No Such Thing as a Great Power"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=There%27s+No+Such+Thing+as+a+Great+Power&rft.date=2023-06-29&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Brien&rft.aufirst=Phillips+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Fukraine%2Ftheres-no-such-thing-great-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4376627.stm">"Obelisk points to ancient Ethiopian glory"</a>. 11 April 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obelisk+points+to+ancient+Ethiopian+glory&rft.date=2005-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F4376627.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim McGrath, <i>James Monroe: A Life</i> (2020) p 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_history,_1815-1920b-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World_history,_1815-1920b_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFueter1922" class="citation book cs1">Fueter, Eduard (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XeKyv9l-3QEC&q=%22Great+Powers%22+%22Congress+of+Vienna%22&pg=PA25"><i>World history, 1815–1920</i></a>. United States of America: Harcourt, Brace and Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>28, <span class="nowrap">36–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1584770775" title="Special:BookSources/1584770775"><bdi>1584770775</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+history%2C+1815%E2%80%931920&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E28%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+and+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.isbn=1584770775&rft.aulast=Fueter&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXeKyv9l-3QEC%26q%3D%2522Great%2BPowers%2522%2B%2522Congress%2Bof%2BVienna%2522%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartlett1996-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bartlett1996_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett1996" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, C. J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVPQWWqHbi8C&pg=PA106"><i>Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312161385" title="Special:BookSources/9780312161385"><bdi>9780312161385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace%2C+War+and+the+European+Powers%2C+1814%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780312161385&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVPQWWqHbi8C%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616093235/http://www.courses.rochester.edu/stone/PSC272/lectures/05-Pro%20Waltz.ppt">"Multi-polarity vs Bipolarity, Subsidiary hypotheses, Balance of Power"</a>. University of Rochester. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courses.rochester.edu/stone/PSC272/lectures/05-Pro%20Waltz.ppt">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PPT)</span> on 16 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multi-polarity+vs+Bipolarity%2C+Subsidiary+hypotheses%2C+Balance+of+Power&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courses.rochester.edu%2Fstone%2FPSC272%2Flectures%2F05-Pro%2520Waltz.ppt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonge" class="citation web cs1">Tonge, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/aus-hun.htm">"European History <i>Austria-Hungary 1870–1914</i>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+History+Austria-Hungary+1870%E2%80%931914&rft.aulast=Tonge&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Feurope%2Faus-hun.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rise_of_Russia1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rise_of_Russia1_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallin2006" class="citation book cs1">Dallin, David (30 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5nIUd_mlEcC&pg=PA62"><i>The Rise of Russia in Asia</i></a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-2919-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-2919-1"><bdi>978-1-4067-2919-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Russia+in+Asia&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2006-11-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-2919-1&rft.aulast=Dallin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5nIUd_mlEcC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/1/87">Power Transitions as the cause of war</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalautonomy.ca/global1/glossary_entry.jsp?id=EV.0003">Globalization and Autonomy</a> by Julie Sunday, McMaster University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215144723/http://www.globalautonomy.ca/global1/glossary_entry.jsp?id=EV.0003">Archived</a> 15 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacMillan1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacMillan1_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacMillan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_MacMillan" title="Margaret MacMillan">MacMillan, Margaret</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Peacemakers:_The_Paris_Peace_Conference_of_1919_and_Its_Attempt_to_End_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War"><i>Paris 1919</i></a>. Random House Trade. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parissixmonthsth00macm_414/page/n87">36</a>, 306, 431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-76052-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-76052-0"><bdi>0-375-76052-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+1919&rft.pages=36%2C+306%2C+431&rft.pub=Random+House+Trade&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-375-76052-0&rft.aulast=MacMillan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economics1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Economics1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison, M (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgFu2p5uogwC&q=great+powers">M1 The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison</a>, Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Justus-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Justus_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoeneckeStoler2005" class="citation book cs1">Doenecke, Justus D.; Stoler, Mark A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62"><i>Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-9416-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-9416-X"><bdi>0-8476-9416-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt%27s+foreign+policies%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8476-9416-X&rft.aulast=Doenecke&rft.aufirst=Justus+D.&rft.au=Stoler%2C+Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxdMF9rX6mX8C%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoopes, Townsend, and Douglas Brinkley. <i>FDR and the Creation of the U.N.</i> New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06930-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06930-3">978-0-300-06930-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSainsbury1986" class="citation book cs1">Sainsbury, Keith (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turningpoint00keit"><i>The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek, 1943: The Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-215858-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-215858-1"><bdi>978-0-19-215858-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turning+Point%3A+Roosevelt%2C+Stalin%2C+Churchill%2C+and+Chiang+Kai-Shek%2C+1943%3A+The+Moscow%2C+Cairo%2C+and+Teheran+Conferences&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-215858-1&rft.aulast=Sainsbury&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturningpoint00keit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Superpowers1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Superpowers1_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Superpowers: The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union – Their Responsibility for Peace</i> (1944), written by <a href="/wiki/William_Thornton_Rickert_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thornton Rickert Fox">William T.R. Fox</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peden, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSempa2017" class="citation book cs1">Sempa, Francis (12 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Px4uDwAAQBAJ"><i>Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-51768-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-51768-3"><bdi>978-1-351-51768-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geopolitics%3A+From+the+Cold+War+to+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft.isbn=978-1-351-51768-3&rft.aulast=Sempa&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPx4uDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes" class="citation web cs1">Holmes, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303131625/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005274">"Middle Power"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005274">the original</a> on 3 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+Power&rft.pub=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.com%2Findex.cfm%3FPgNm%3DTCE%26Params%3DA1ARTA0005274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world', <i>Asia Times</i> (20 September 2011): 'Though there are still debates on which countries belong to which category, there is a common understanding that the GP [great power] countries are the United States, China, United Kingdom, France, and Russia. Besides their political and economic dominance of the global arena, these countries have a special status in the United Nations Security Council with their permanent seats and veto rights.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIPRI-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130415232842/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=458">"The 15 countries with the highest military expenditure in 2012 (table)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=458#">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+15+countries+with+the+highest+military+expenditure+in+2012+%28table%29&rft.pub=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.sipri.org%2Fproduct_info%3Fc_product_id%3D458%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Segal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/55401/gerald-segal/does-china-matter">Does China Matter?</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i> (September/October 1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-European_Security_After_9/11-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-European_Security_After_9/11_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-European_Security_After_9/11_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Shearman, M. Sussex, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T55xTVQq4IIC">European Security After 9/11</a></i> (Ashgate, 2004) – According to Shearman and Sussex, both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumann2008" class="citation journal cs1">Neumann, Iver B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fjird.2008.7">"Russia as a great power, 1815–2007"</a>. <i>Journal of International Relations and Development</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 128–151 [p. 128]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fjird.2008.7">10.1057/jird.2008.7</a></span>. <q>As long as Russia's rationality of government deviates from present-day hegemonic neo-liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance, the West will not recognize Russia as a fully-fledged great power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Relations+and+Development&rft.atitle=Russia+as+a+great+power%2C+1815%E2%80%932007&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=128-151+p.+128&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fjird.2008.7&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=Iver+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fjird.2008.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnett1995" class="citation news cs1">Garnett, Sherman (6 November 1995). "Russia ponders its nuclear options". <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Times">Washington Times</a></i>. p. 2. <q>Russia must deal with the rise of other middle powers in Eurasia at a time when it is more of a middle power itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+ponders+its+nuclear+options&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1995-11-06&rft.aulast=Garnett&rft.aufirst=Sherman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitney2000" class="citation news cs1">Kitney, Geoff (25 March 2000). "Putin It To The People". <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. p. 41. <q>The Council for Foreign and Defence Policy, which includes senior figures believed to be close to Putin, will soon publish a report saying Russia's superpower days are finished and that the country should settle for being a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> with a matching defence structure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Putin+It+To+The+People&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2000-03-25&rft.aulast=Kitney&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PaulWirtz2004-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PaulWirtz2004_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.V._PaulJames_WirtzMichel_Fortmann2004" class="citation book cs1">T.V. Paul; James Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (8 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&pg=PA59"><i>Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st century</i></a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 59–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5017-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-5017-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balance+of+Power%3A+Theory+and+Practice+in+the+21st+century&rft.pages=59-&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-08&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5017-2&rft.au=T.V.+Paul&rft.au=James+Wirtz&rft.au=Michel+Fortmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9jy28vBqscQC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorldcrunch.com2011" class="citation web cs1">Worldcrunch.com (28 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229150611/http://www.worldcrunch.com/europes-superpower-germany-new-indispensable-and-resented-nation/4176">"Europe's Superpower: Germany Is The New Indispensable (And Resented) Nation"</a>. Worldcrunch.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcrunch.com/europes-superpower-germany-new-indispensable-and-resented-nation/4176">the original</a> on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Superpower%3A+Germany+Is+The+New+Indispensable+%28And+Resented%29+Nation&rft.pub=Worldcrunch.com&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft.au=Worldcrunch.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcrunch.com%2Feuropes-superpower-germany-new-indispensable-and-resented-nation%2F4176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinder2011" class="citation news cs1">Winder, Simon (19 November 2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8898945/Germany-The-reluctant-superpower.html">"Germany: The reluctant superpower"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8898945/Germany-The-reluctant-superpower.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Germany%3A+The+reluctant+superpower&rft.date=2011-11-19&rft.aulast=Winder&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fgermany%2F8898945%2FGermany-The-reluctant-superpower.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sperling-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sperling_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperling,_James2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sperling, James (2001). "Neither Hegemony nor Dominance: Reconsidering German Power in Post Cold-War Europe". <i>British Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>31</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">389–</span>425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123401000151">10.1017/S0007123401000151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Neither+Hegemony+nor+Dominance%3A+Reconsidering+German+Power+in+Post+Cold-War+Europe&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E425&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007123401000151&rft.au=Sperling%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Otte2000-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Otte2000_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax_OtteJürgen_Greve2000" class="citation book cs1">Max Otte; Jürgen Greve (2000). <i>A Rising Middle Power?: German Foreign Policy in Transformation, 1989–1999</i>. Germany. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22653-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-22653-5"><bdi>0-312-22653-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Rising+Middle+Power%3F%3A+German+Foreign+Policy+in+Transformation%2C+1989%E2%80%931999&rft.place=Germany&rft.pages=324&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-312-22653-5&rft.au=Max+Otte&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+Greve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Er-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Er_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Er LP (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/contemporary_southeast_asia_a_journal_of_international_and_strategic_affairs/v028/28.1er.html">Japan's Human Security Rolein Southeast Asia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Merkel as a world star - Germany's place in the world", <i>The Economist</i> (18 November 2006), p. 27: "Germany, says Volker Perthes, director of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, is now pretty much where it belongs: squarely at the centre. Whether it wants to be or not, the country is a <i>Mittelmacht</i>, or middle power."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susanna Vogt, "Germany and the G20", in Wilhelm Hofmeister, Susanna Vogt, <i>G20: Perceptions and Perspectives for Global Governance</i> (Singapore: 19 October 2011), p. 76, citing Thomas Fues and Julia Leininger (2008): "Germany and the Heiligendamm Process", in Andrew Cooper and Agata Antkiewicz (eds.): <i>Emerging Powers in Global Governance: Lessons from the Heiligendamm Process</i>, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, p. 246: "Germany's motivation for the initiative had been '... driven by a combination of leadership qualities and national interests of a middle power with civilian characteristics'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Change of Great Powers", in <i>Global Encyclopaedia of Political Geography</i>, by M.A. Chaudhary and Guatam Chaudhary (New Delhi, 2009.), p. 101: "Germany is considered by experts to be an economic power. It is considered as a middle power in Europe by Chancellor Angela Merkel, former President Johannes Rau and leading media of the country."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gratius-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gratius_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susanne Gratius, <i>Is Germany still a EU-ropean power?</i>, FRIDE Policy Brief, No. 115 (February 2012), pp. 1–2: "Being the world's fourth largest economic power and the second largest in terms of exports has not led to any greater effort to correct Germany's low profile in foreign policy ... For historic reasons and because of its size, Germany has played a middle-power role in Europe for over 50 years."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joshua1-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joshua1_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaron2014" class="citation book cs1">Baron, Joshua (22 January 2014). <i>Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New International Order</i>. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137299482" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137299482"><bdi>978-1137299482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Power+Peace+and+American+Primacy%3A+The+Origins+and+Future+of+a+New+International+Order&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014-01-22&rft.isbn=978-1137299482&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canada_Among_Nationsb-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canada_Among_Nationsb_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKBdY5HBeUC"><i>Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. 17 January 2005. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0773528369" title="Special:BookSources/0773528369"><bdi>0773528369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+Among+Nations%2C+2004%3A+Setting+Priorities+Straight&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=2005-01-17&rft.isbn=0773528369&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnTKBdY5HBeUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span> ("<i>The United States is the sole world's superpower. France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom are great powers</i>")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milena_Steriob-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milena_Steriob_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milena_Steriob_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milena_Steriob_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterio2013" class="citation book cs1">Sterio, Milena (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-QuI6n_OVMYC"><i>The right to self-determination under international law: "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers</i></a>. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. xii (preface). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415668187" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415668187"><bdi>978-0415668187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+right+to+self-determination+under+international+law%3A+%22selfistans%22%2C+secession+and+the+rule+of+the+great+powers&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=xii+%28preface%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0415668187&rft.aulast=Sterio&rft.aufirst=Milena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-QuI6n_OVMYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span> ("<i>The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.</i>")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theo_Farrellb-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Theo_Farrellb_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=canqAAAAQBAJ"><i>Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. 2013. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107471498" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107471498"><bdi>978-1107471498</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transforming+Military+Power+since+the+Cold+War%3A+Britain%2C+France%2C+and+the+United+States%2C+1991%E2%80%932012&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1107471498&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcanqAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span> (During the Kosovo War (1998) "<i>...Contact Group consisting of six great powers (the United states, Russia, France, Britain, Germany and Italy).</i>")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HCSS2014b-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HCSS2014b_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011200310/http://www.hcss.nl/reports/download/150/2483/"><i>Why are Pivot States so Pivotal? The Role of Pivot States in Regional and Global Security</i></a>. Netherlands: The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. 2014. p. Table on page 10 (Great Power criteria). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcss.nl/reports/download/150/2483/">the original</a> on 11 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+are+Pivot+States+so+Pivotal%3F+The+Role+of+Pivot+States+in+Regional+and+Global+Security&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.pages=Table+on+page+10+%28Great+Power+criteria%29&rft.pub=The+Hague+Centre+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcss.nl%2Freports%2Fdownload%2F150%2F2483%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper" class="citation news cs1">Kuper, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211210044814/https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers">"<i>Clarifying the nation's role strengthens the impact of a National Security Strategy 2019</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers">the original</a> on 10 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2020</span>. <q><i>Traditionally, great powers have been defined by their global reach and ability to direct the flow of international affairs. There are a number of recognised great powers within the context of contemporary international relations – with Great Britain, France, India and Russia recognised as nuclear-capable great powers, while Germany, Italy and Japan are identified as conventional great powers</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Clarifying+the+nation%27s+role+strengthens+the+impact+of+a+National+Security+Strategy+2019&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenceconnect.com.au%2Fkey-enablers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/lebanon/events/article/lebanon-ministerial-meeting-of-the-international-support-group-paris-08-12-17">"Lebanon – Ministerial meeting of the International Support Group (Paris, 08.12.17)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lebanon+%E2%80%93+Ministerial+meeting+of+the+International+Support+Group+%28Paris%2C+08.12.17%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.gouv.fr%2Fen%2Fcountry-files%2Flebanon%2Fevents%2Farticle%2Flebanon-ministerial-meeting-of-the-international-support-group-paris-08-12-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-election/big-power-grouping-urges-lebanon-to-uphold-policy-on-steering-clear-of-war-idUSKBN1IB2V4">"Big power grouping urges Lebanon to uphold policy on steering clear of war"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 10 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Big+power+grouping+urges+Lebanon+to+uphold+policy+on+steering+clear+of+war&rft.date=2018-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-lebanon-election%2Fbig-power-grouping-urges-lebanon-to-uphold-policy-on-steering-clear-of-war-idUSKBN1IB2V4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unscol.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/isg-pm-designate_saad_hariri_11_07_18.pdf">"Members of the International Support Group for Lebanon Meet with Prime Minister Designate Saad Hariri"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release). unmisssions.org. 11 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members+of+the+International+Support+Group+for+Lebanon+Meet+with+Prime+Minister+Designate+Saad+Hariri&rft.pub=unmisssions.org&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funscol.unmissions.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fisg-pm-designate_saad_hariri_11_07_18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitris_BourantonisMarios_Evriviades1997" class="citation book cs1">Dimitris Bourantonis; Marios Evriviades, eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.it/search?tbm=bks&hl=it&q=A+United+Nations+for+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+Peace%2C+Security%2C+and+Development"><i>A United Nations for the twenty-first century: peace, security, and development</i></a>. Boston: Kluwer Law International. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9041103120" title="Special:BookSources/9041103120"><bdi>9041103120</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+United+Nations+for+the+twenty-first+century%3A+peace%2C+security%2C+and+development&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9041103120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.it%2Fsearch%3Ftbm%3Dbks%26hl%3Dit%26q%3DA%2BUnited%2BNations%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BTwenty-First%2BCentury%253A%2BPeace%252C%2BSecurity%252C%2Band%2BDevelopment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413191614/http://www.eurasia-rivista.org/italia-150-anos-de-uma-pequena-grande-potencia/7478/">Italy: 150 years of a small great power</a>, eurasia-rivista.org, 21 December 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerbeekGiacomello2011" class="citation book cs1">Verbeek, Bertjan; Giacomello, Giampiero (2011). <i>Italy's foreign policy in the twenty-first century: the new assertiveness of an aspiring middle power</i>. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4868-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4868-6"><bdi>978-0-7391-4868-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy%27s+foreign+policy+in+the+twenty-first+century%3A+the+new+assertiveness+of+an+aspiring+middle+power&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-4868-6&rft.aulast=Verbeek&rft.aufirst=Bertjan&rft.au=Giacomello%2C+Giampiero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Alba" title="Operation Alba">Operation Alba</a> may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See Federiga Bindi, <i>Italy and the European Union</i> (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See <i>Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook</i>, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriele_AbbondanzaThomas_Wilkins2022" class="citation book cs1">Gabriele Abbondanza; Thomas Wilkins, eds. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-16-0370-9"><i>Awkward Powers: Escaping Traditional Great and Middle Power Theory</i></a>. Global Political Transitions. London: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-16-0370-9">10.1007/978-981-16-0370-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-16-0369-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-16-0369-3"><bdi>978-981-16-0369-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Awkward+Powers%3A+Escaping+Traditional+Great+and+Middle+Power+Theory&rft.place=London&rft.series=Global+Political+Transitions&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-16-0370-9&rft.isbn=978-981-16-0369-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-981-16-0370-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brzezinskiquote-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brzezinskiquote_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brzezinskiquote_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brzezinskiquote_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strategicvisiona0000brze">Strategic Vision: America & the Crisis of Global Power</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>, pp. 43–45. Published 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewster2012" class="citation book cs1">Brewster, David (2012). <i>India as an Asia Pacific Power</i>. United States: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136620089" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136620089"><bdi>978-1136620089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+as+an+Asia+Pacific+Power&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1136620089&rft.aulast=Brewster&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charalampos Efstathopoulosa, 'Reinterpreting India's Rise through the Middle Power Prism', <i>Asian Journal of Political Science</i>, Vol. 19, Issue 1 (2011), p. 75: 'India's role in the contemporary world order can be optimally asserted by the middle power concept. The concept allows for distinguishing both strengths and weakness of India's globalist agency, shifting the analytical focus beyond material-statistical calculations to theorise behavioural, normative and ideational parameters.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert W. Bradnock, <i>India's Foreign Policy since 1971</i> (The Royal Institute for International Affairs, London: Pinter Publishers, 1990), quoted in Leonard Stone, 'India and the Central Eurasian Space', <i>Journal of Third World Studies</i>, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2007, p. 183: "The U.S. is a superpower whereas India is a middle power. A superpower could accommodate another superpower because the alternative would be equally devastating to both. But the relationship between a superpower and a middle power is of a different kind. The former does not need to accommodate the latter while the latter cannot allow itself to be a satellite of the former."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Cartwright, 'India's Regional and International Support for Democracy: Rhetoric or Reality?', <i>Asian Survey</i>, Vol. 49, No. 3 (May/June 2009), p. 424: 'India's democratic rhetoric has also helped it further establish its claim as being a rising "middle power." (A "middle power" is a term that is used in the field of international relations to describe a state that is not a superpower but still wields substantial influence globally. In addition to India, other "middle powers" include, for example, Australia and Canada.)'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge2010-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge2010_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=swfHBQAAQBAJ"><i>The Routledge Handbook of Transatlantic Security</i></a>. Routledge. 2 July 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136936074" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136936074"><bdi>978-1136936074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Transatlantic+Security&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-07-02&rft.isbn=978-1136936074&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DswfHBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span> (<i>see section on</i> 'The G6/G7: great power governance')</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirton-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kirton_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/kirton198901/kcon1.htm">Contemporary Concert Diplomacy: The Seven-Power Summit as an International Concert</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191006151509/http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/kirton198901/kcon1.htm">Archived</a> 6 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Professor John Kirton</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Risto_Penttilä-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Risto_Penttilä_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenttilä2013" class="citation book cs1">Penttilä, Risto (17 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qaLncAQ1OKIC"><i>The Role of the G8 in International Peace and Security</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136053528" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136053528"><bdi>978-1136053528</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+the+G8+in+International+Peace+and+Security&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-06-17&rft.isbn=978-1136053528&rft.aulast=Penttil%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=Risto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqaLncAQ1OKIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span> (<i>The G8 as a Concert of Great Powers</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciencepo-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sciencepo_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tables of <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a> and Documentation Francaise: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://07d0eb30-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/munsummit/herramientas/referencias/mapas-y-graficas/russia-y-las-grandes-potencias-g8-y-china/17_1_g8etchine_gauche.jpg?attachauth=ANoY7cpJpyCUv6rF4H4LtX7iqDUo3K0wf4U4eg_avHPZBPEBMw60hYqFCA6VClilGg7LOf0AIcVuJu8odeqiyMEHQcaq6wzFXVIVV6ExURMlSLuEssICme77DQb0Z-xjCWiFPBtTUgbL_viUy5gRdAMz98ihtqC6iEdsPVKma9E6-zPDzyPvqZMkBWobG5SaQQb3BSVMlRcrlSz63a1urcQI5qFji5Zc_hxcXHhIjISbKzQ57-onqlPhGN1e0J-20TJzIg_5F1wG5PDJnOu_INDxALfaqHhyqzeUNkm4F3kL5iXpQCwISpaPw0xJAkoe_mrKT9iJ1WJZ2tUjLnEqid7_Vc6dwz1OYw%3D%3D&attredirects=0">Russia y las grandes potencias</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028215613/https://07d0eb30-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/munsummit/herramientas/referencias/mapas-y-graficas/russia-y-las-grandes-potencias-g8-y-china/17_1_g8etchine_gauche.jpg?attachauth=ANoY7cpJpyCUv6rF4H4LtX7iqDUo3K0wf4U4eg_avHPZBPEBMw60hYqFCA6VClilGg7LOf0AIcVuJu8odeqiyMEHQcaq6wzFXVIVV6ExURMlSLuEssICme77DQb0Z-xjCWiFPBtTUgbL_viUy5gRdAMz98ihtqC6iEdsPVKma9E6-zPDzyPvqZMkBWobG5SaQQb3BSVMlRcrlSz63a1urcQI5qFji5Zc_hxcXHhIjISbKzQ57-onqlPhGN1e0J-20TJzIg_5F1wG5PDJnOu_INDxALfaqHhyqzeUNkm4F3kL5iXpQCwISpaPw0xJAkoe_mrKT9iJ1WJZ2tUjLnEqid7_Vc6dwz1OYw==&attredirects=0">Archived</a> 28 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartographie.sciences-po.fr/sites/default/files/17_2_g8etchine_droite.jpg">G8 et Chine</a> (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweijsDe_Spiegeleirede_JongOosterveld2017" class="citation book cs1">Sweijs, T.; De Spiegeleire, S.; de Jong, S.; Oosterveld, W.; Roos, H.; Bekkers, F.; Usanov, A.; de Rave, R.; Jans, K. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1EonDwAAQBAJ"><i>Volatility and friction in the age of disintermediation</i></a>. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-92102-46-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-92102-46-1"><bdi>978-94-92102-46-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2022</span>. <q>We qualify the following states as great powers: China, Europe, India, Japan, Russia and the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volatility+and+friction+in+the+age+of+disintermediation&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=The+Hague+Centre+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-94-92102-46-1&rft.aulast=Sweijs&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=De+Spiegeleire%2C+S.&rft.au=de+Jong%2C+S.&rft.au=Oosterveld%2C+W.&rft.au=Roos%2C+H.&rft.au=Bekkers%2C+F.&rft.au=Usanov%2C+A.&rft.au=de+Rave%2C+R.&rft.au=Jans%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1EonDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzan2004" class="citation book cs1">Buzan, Barry (2004). <i>The United States and the Great Powers</i>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-3375-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7456-3375-7"><bdi>0-7456-3375-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+Great+Powers&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7456-3375-7&rft.aulast=Buzan&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Veit Bachmann and James D Sidaway, "Zivilmacht Europa: A Critical Geopolitics of the European Union as a Global Power", <i>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</i>, New Series, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Jan. 2009), pp. 94–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"India: Emerging Power", by Stephen P. Cohen, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131127053340/http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publications/associate-papers/137-indias-rise-as-a-great-power-part-one-regional-and-global-implications.html">"India's Rise as a Great Power, Part One: Regional and Global Implications"</a>. Futuredirections.org.au. 7 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publications/associate-papers/137-indias-rise-as-a-great-power-part-one-regional-and-global-implications.html">the original</a> on 27 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%27s+Rise+as+a+Great+Power%2C+Part+One%3A+Regional+and+Global+Implications&rft.pub=Futuredirections.org.au&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.futuredirections.org.au%2Fpublications%2Fassociate-papers%2F137-indias-rise-as-a-great-power-part-one-regional-and-global-implications.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collecott-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collecott_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Collecott2011" class="citation web cs1">Peter Collecott (29 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/">"Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status"</a>. The Diplomatic Courier<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil%27s+Quest+for+Superpower+Status&rft.pub=The+Diplomatic+Courier&rft.date=2011-10-29&rft.au=Peter+Collecott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomaticourier.com%2F2011%2F10%2F29%2Fbrazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kwang_Ho_Chun-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kwang_Ho_Chun_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kwang_Ho_Chun_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwang_Ho_Chun2013" class="citation book cs1">Kwang Ho Chun (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LgDJNAEACAAJ"><i>The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security Policy Analysis</i></a>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6869-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6869-1"><bdi>978-1-4094-6869-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+BRICs+Superpower+Challenge%3A+Foreign+and+Security+Policy+Analysis&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-6869-1&rft.au=Kwang+Ho+Chun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLgDJNAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elephantdragon-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elephantdragon_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobyn_Meredith2007" class="citation book cs1">Robyn Meredith (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elephantdragonri00mere"><i>The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us</i></a>. W.W Norton and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33193-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33193-6"><bdi>978-0-393-33193-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elephant+and+the+Dragon%3A+The+Rise+of+India+and+China+and+What+it+Means+for+All+of+Us&rft.pub=W.W+Norton+and+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-33193-6&rft.au=Robyn+Meredith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felephantdragonri00mere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2015" class="citation web cs1">Sharma, Rajeev (27 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstpost.com/world/india-pushes-the-envelope-at-g4-summit-pm-modi-tells-unsc-to-make-space-for-largest-democracies-2446526.html">"India pushes the envelope at G4 Summit: PM Modi tells UNSC to make space for largest democracies"</a>. <i>First Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Post&rft.atitle=India+pushes+the+envelope+at+G4+Summit%3A+PM+Modi+tells+UNSC+to+make+space+for+largest+democracies&rft.date=2015-09-27&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Rajeev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fworld%2Findia-pushes-the-envelope-at-g4-summit-pm-modi-tells-unsc-to-make-space-for-largest-democracies-2446526.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_power&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Abbenhuis, Maartje. <i>An Age of Neutrals Great Power Politics, 1815–1914</i> (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Age-Neutrals-Great-Politics-1815-1914/dp/1107037603/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Allison, Graham. "The New Spheres of Influence: Sharing the Globe with Other Great Powers." <i>Foreign Affairs</i> 99 (2020): 30+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-02-10/new-spheres-influence">online</a></li> <li>Bridge, Roy, and Roger Bullen, eds. <i> The Great Powers and the European States System 1814–1914</i> (2nd ed. 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Powers-European-States-System-1814-1914/dp/0582784581">excerpt</a></li> <li>Brooks, Stephen G., and William C. Wohlforth. "The rise and fall of the great powers in the twenty-first century: China's rise and the fate of America's global position." <i>International Security</i> 40.3 (2016): 7–53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/ISEC_a_00225">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste (2004). <i>France and the Nazi Threat: The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932–1939</i>. Enigma Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929631-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-929631-15-4"><bdi>1-929631-15-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+and+the+Nazi+Threat%3A+The+Collapse+of+French+Diplomacy+1932%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-929631-15-4&rft.aulast=Duroselle&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Edelstein, David M. <i>Over the Horizon: Time, Uncertainty, and the Rise of Great Powers</i> (Cornell UP, 2017). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Eloranta, Jari, Eric Golson, Peter Hedberg, and Maria Cristina Moreira, eds. <i>Small and Medium Powers in Global History: Trade, Conflicts, and Neutrality from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries</i> (Routledge, 2018) 240 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eh.net/book_reviews/small-and-medium-powers-in-global-history-trade-conflicts-and-neutrality-from-the-eighteenth-to-the-twentieth-centuries/">online review</a></li> <li>Joffe, Josef. <i>The Myth of America's Decline: Politics, Economics, and a Half Century of False Prophecies</i> (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythofamericasde0000joff">online</a></li> <li>Joffe, Josef. <i>The Future of the great powers</i> (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatpowers00joff">online</a></li> <li>Kassab, Hanna Samir. <i>Grand strategies of weak states and great powers</i> (Springer, 2017). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Kennedy, Paul. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Great_Powers" title="The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers">The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers</a></i> (1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofgreatp00kenn">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Mckay, Derek; H.M. Scott (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OaiQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR7"><i>The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815</i></a>. Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317872849" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317872849"><bdi>978-1317872849</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Great+Powers+1648%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-1317872849&rft.au=Mckay%2C+Derek&rft.au=H.M.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOaiQBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>MacDonald, Paul K.; Parent, Joseph M. (2021). "The Status of Status in World Politics". <i>World Politics</i>. 73 (2): 358–391.</li> <li>Maass, Matthias. <i>Small states in world politics: The story of small state survival, 1648–2016</i> (2017). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Michaelis, Meir. "World Power Status or World Dominion? A Survey of the Literature on Hitler's 'Plan of World Dominion' (1937–1970)." <i>Historical Journal</i> 15#2 (1972): 331–60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638127">online</a>.</li> <li>Ogden, Chris. <i>China and India: Asia's emergent great powers</i> (John Wiley & Sons, 2017). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Newmann, I.B. ed. <i>Regional Great Powers in International Politics</i> (1992) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Schulz, Matthias. "A Balancing Act: Domestic Pressures and International Systemic Constraints in the Foreign Policies of the Great Powers, 1848–1851." <i>German History</i> 21.3 (2003): 319–346.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Mearsheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="John J. Mearsheimer">Mearsheimer, John J.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tragedyofgreatpo00mear"><i>The Tragedy of Great Power Politics</i></a>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393020258" title="Special:BookSources/0393020258"><bdi>0393020258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+Great+Power+Politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0393020258&rft.aulast=Mearsheimer&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftragedyofgreatpo00mear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Neumann, Iver B. "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007." <i>Journal of International Relations and Development</i> 11.2 (2008): 128–151. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/jird.2008.7">online</a></li> <li>O'Brian, Patrick K. <i>Atlas of World History</i> (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlas-of-world-history/page/n2">Online </a></li> <li>Peden, G. C. "Suez and Britain's Decline as a World Power." <i>Historical Journal</i> 55#4 (2012), pp. 1073–1096. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23352191">online</a></li> <li>Pella, John & Erik Ringmar, (2019) <i>History of international relations</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irhistory.info/%20History%20of%20International%20Relations">Online </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190816033245/http://www.irhistory.info/%20History%20of%20International%20Relations">Archived</a> 16 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Shifrinson, Joshua R. Itzkowitz. <i>Rising titans, falling giants: how great powers exploit power shifts</i> (Cornell UP, 2018).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Waltz, Kenneth N.</a> (1979). <i>Theory of International Politics</i>. Reading: Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0201083493" title="Special:BookSources/0201083493"><bdi>0201083493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+International+Politics&rft.place=Reading&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0201083493&rft.aulast=Waltz&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ward, Steven. <i>Status and the Challenge of Rising Powers</i> (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Status-Challenge-Rising-Powers-Steven/dp/1316633543/">excerpt from book</a>; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://risingpowersproject.com/quarterly/status-and-the-challenge-of-rising-powers-by-steven-ward-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-2017-isbn-978-1107182363-pp-x-282-hardback-75-00/">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Witkopf, Eugene R. (1981). <i>World Politics: Trend and Transformation</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312892462" title="Special:BookSources/0312892462"><bdi>0312892462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Politics%3A+Trend+and+Transformation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0312892462&rft.aulast=Witkopf&rft.aufirst=Eugene+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+power" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Xuetong, Yan. <i>Leadership and the rise of great powers</i> (Princeton UP, 2019).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_power&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Great+power&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243609">Great power</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://risingpowersproject.com/">Rising Powers Project</a> publishes <i>Rising Powers Quarterly</i> (2016– )</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Power_in_international_relations68" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_power" title="Template:International power"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_power" title="Template talk:International power"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_power" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International power"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Power_in_international_relations68" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power in international relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_power" title="Economic power">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_power" title="Food power">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_power" title="Maritime power">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_power" title="National power">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_politics" title="Power politics">Politics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_power" title="Sharp power">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_power" title="Smart power">Smart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great</a> (<a href="/wiki/Least_of_the_Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Least of the Great Powers">Least Great</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Super</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower" title="Potential superpower">Potential</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="African Century">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pax_Americana" title="Pax Americana">Pax</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Century" title="Asian Century">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Century" title="Indian Century">Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Century" title="Pacific Century">Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">List of ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">List of medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">List of modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Western_era" title="Post-Western era">Post-Western era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" title="Hegemonic stability theory">Hegemonic stability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Philosophy of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)" title="Polarity (international relations)">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_transition_theory" title="Power transition theory">Power transition theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Superpower">Second Superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Superpower collapse">Superpower collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_disengagement" class="mw-redirect" title="Superpower disengagement">Superpower disengagement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_Index_of_National_Capability" title="Composite Index of National Capability">Composite Index of National Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_National_Power" title="Comprehensive National Power">Comprehensive National Power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations_and_groups_by_region68" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Organizations and groups</a> by region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States (ACS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System (SICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Interaction_and_Confidence-Building_Measures_in_Asia" title="Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia">Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Cooperation_Secretariat" title="Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat">Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union (EU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group (V4)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">North America–Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–Asia–Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Oceania–Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.25em;">Non–regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Speaking_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries">Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E9_(countries)" title="E9 (countries)">E9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">G24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">Uniting for Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations_(1814–1919)105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template talk:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations_(1814–1919)105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_question" title="Eastern question">Eastern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Spread of nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" title="Ottoman public debt">Sovereign debt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Lever" title="Egyptian Lever">Egyptian Lever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">In Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_China" title="Scramble for China">Scramble for China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Great Rapprochement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1871)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1871)">Treaty of Versailles (1871)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)" title="Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)">Treaty of Frankfurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" title="Treaty of Björkö">Treaty of Björkö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martens_Clause" title="Martens Clause">Martens Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Franco-Russian_agreement" title="1917 Franco-Russian agreement">1917 Franco-Russian agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Formation of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt%E2%80%93Toulon_naval_visits" title="Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits">Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltpolitik" title="Weltpolitik">Weltpolitik</a></i></li> <li>Naval arms races <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Naval_Laws" title="German Naval Laws">German Naval Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Italian_ironclad_arms_race" title="Austro-Italian ironclad arms race">Austro-Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Annexation of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuela Naval Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second</a></li> <li>Albanian Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Third</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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