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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Export_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Export era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Export_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Import_dependence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Import_dependence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Import dependence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Import_dependence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Domestic production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestic_production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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href="#Energy_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Energy security</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Energy_security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Energy security subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Energy_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Strategic Petroleum Reserve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of the petroleum industry in China</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Oil_Production.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/China_Oil_Production.png/350px-China_Oil_Production.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/China_Oil_Production.png/525px-China_Oil_Production.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/China_Oil_Production.png/700px-China_Oil_Production.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Chinese oil production 1960–2015</figcaption></figure> <p>The impact of the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum industry</a> has been increasing globally as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> ranks seventh for <a href="/wiki/Oil_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil production">oil production</a> and second in <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> consumption in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_May_2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_May_2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_oct_2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_oct_2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China became the world's largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_imports" title="List of countries by oil imports">oil importer</a> in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_oct_2013_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_oct_2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The late <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> banned mining because of the traditional cosmological beliefs which regarded the land as a sacred legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> This ban was lifted during the modernization effort of the <a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a> as the Qing dynasty sought to develop a modern navy and modern industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> In 1875, the court designated <a href="/wiki/Ci_County" title="Ci County">Cizhou</a> (in what is now <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei province</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> as testing grounds for oil extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> Qing attempts at oil exploration were hampered by corruption, low efficiency, and lack of sufficient domestic investment capacity for oil extraction and transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> The Qing court was also concerned about foreign investment and the perceived risk of selling the country to foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalist_Era">Nationalist Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nationalist Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1930s, gasoline replaced kerosene as China's most important petroleum product.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> China relied on imports through the global oil companies <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Petroleum_Company" title="Asiatic Petroleum Company">Asiatic Petroleum Company</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> Imports were stored at China's <a href="/wiki/Treaty_ports" title="Treaty ports">treaty ports</a> and delivered elsewhere by ship, mainly via the <a href="/wiki/Yangzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangzi">Yangzi</a> river.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1949, the <a href="/wiki/Yumen_City" title="Yumen City">Yumen</a> Oil Field was the only domestic oil field able to support industrial production and it fell far short of China's oil needs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 13">: 13 </span></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalists</a>' defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, the oil field was transferred by the Republic of China's <a href="/wiki/National_Resources_Commission" title="National Resources Commission">National Resources Commission</a> (NRC) to the newly founded <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 13–14">: 13–14 </span></sup> Most of the NRC's geologists and engineers remained in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> and worked for the PRC.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_PRC">Early PRC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early PRC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ensuring adequate energy supply to sustain economic growth has been a core concern of the Chinese government since 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_Policy_2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_Policy_2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China's <a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(China)" title="First five-year plan (China)">first five-year plan</a> emphasized industrial development, including nationwide geological prospecting and surveys to support that development.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">: 19 </span></sup> These prospecting efforts were led by the Ministry of Geology and the Ministry of the Petroleum Industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">: 19 </span></sup> On August 1, 1952, a division of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> (PLA) was turned into China's first petroleum army and its eight thousand soldiers became the core workforce for petroleum exploration, construction, and drilling.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 21">: 21 </span></sup> </p><p>Using primarily resources from the Yumen Oil Field and <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a>, the Beijing Oil Institute was founded on October 1, 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 21">: 21 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1956 a rail link was built to <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a>; until then, the oil was transported out by truck. A pipeline was constructed in 1957. The Yumen refinery was enlarged and modernized, and by the late 1960s it was reported that production from that area was "about two million tons".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, large reserves were discovered in Songhua Jiang-Liao basin in northeast <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and later several other giant oilfields were found.<sup id="cite_ref-Hööketal2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hööketal2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important is the <a href="/wiki/Daqing_Oil_Field" title="Daqing Oil Field">Daqing oil field</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> that has been the backbone of Chinese oil production for many decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Tangetal2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tangetal2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shengli_Oil_Field" title="Shengli Oil Field">Shengli Oil Field</a> began production in 1968 and became the second largest oil field after Daqing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 105">: 105 </span></sup> Many of China's other major oil deposits were also discovered during the 1950s and 1960s, and these early PRC prospecting efforts led to an independent oil industry by the time the 1960s ended.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p><p>The first two years of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> disrupted oil production and led to a major oil shortage in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 159">: 159 </span></sup> Daqing was one of the first places to have order restored by the military, when in March 1967, the PLA restored order there in March 1967 so that production could proceed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 159">: 159 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Export_era">Export era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Export era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1960s and the early 1970s, oil prospecting increased throughout the country and new fields were discovered in central China and northern China.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 168">: 168 </span></sup> Beginning in 1968 and continuing through 1978, China's crude oil production rose sharply at an annual growth rate of 20% and China became a net oil exporter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 168">: 168 </span></sup> </p><p>Following the outbreak of the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Arab-Israeli_War_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Israeli War 1973">Arab-Israeli War</a>, oil prices rose dramatically globally.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 172">: 172 </span></sup> Among the industrialized country, <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="China–Japan relations">Japan</a> was hit hardest by the resulting <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">oil crisis</a> because its petroleum needs were filled completely by imports.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 172">: 172 </span></sup> It bought large amounts of Chinese oil.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 172">: 172 </span></sup> China had also obtained commodity-backed loans from Japan to develop the Daqing oil field, and China repaid the loans with oil.<sup id="cite_ref-:Chen_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Chen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 98">: 98 </span></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1979 (and running through 1997), the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Bank_for_International_Cooperation" title="Japan Bank for International Cooperation">Japan Bank for International Cooperation</a> provided China with resource loans for several oil and coal development projects.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 62">: 62 </span></sup> These loans totaled $140 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 62">: 62 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Import_dependence">Import dependence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Import dependence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1993, internal demand for oil exceeded domestic production, and China became a net oil importer.<sup id="cite_ref-King_2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China became dependent on imported oil for the first time in its history in 1993 due to demand rising faster than domestic production.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_Policy_2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_Policy_2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, it imported 145 million tons of crude oil, accounting for 47% of its total oil consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_2011_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forbes_2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes_2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 the pace of China's economic growth exceeded the domestic oil capacity and floods damaged the nation's oil fields in the middle of the year. Consequently, China imported oil to compensate for the supply reduction and surpassed the US in September 2013 to become the world's largest importer of oil.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_oct_2013_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_oct_2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, it became the largest importer of US oil.<sup id="cite_ref-:622_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:622-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 275">: 275 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_production">Domestic production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Domestic production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Global_strategic_petroleum_reserves#China" title="Global strategic petroleum reserves">Global strategic petroleum reserves § China</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China-Today_oil_reserves_and_demand-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/China-Today_oil_reserves_and_demand-en.svg/350px-China-Today_oil_reserves_and_demand-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/China-Today_oil_reserves_and_demand-en.svg/525px-China-Today_oil_reserves_and_demand-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/China-Today_oil_reserves_and_demand-en.svg/700px-China-Today_oil_reserves_and_demand-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1093" /></a><figcaption>Chinese oil reserves as of 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>China's land-based oil resources are mostly concentrated in the country's north.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 39">: 39 </span></sup> Large oil fields include <a href="/wiki/Daqing_Oil_Field" title="Daqing Oil Field">Daqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shengli_Oil_Field" title="Shengli Oil Field">Shengli</a>, Laiohe, <a href="/wiki/Karamay_oil_field" title="Karamay oil field">Karamay</a>, and Dagang.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 39">: 39 </span></sup> </p><p>China's proven oil reserves per capita are low.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 408">: 408 </span></sup> </p><p>Province started producing in 1960, and by 1963 was producing nearly 2.3 million tons of oil. Production from Daqing declined, but in 1965, <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil fields</a> in Shengli, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, Dagang, and <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> yielded enough oil to nearly eliminate the need of importing <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a>. In 2002, annual crude petroleum production was 1,298,000,000 barrels, and annual crude petroleum consumption was 1,670,000,000 barrels.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_2011_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_well_in_Tsaidam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Oil_well_in_Tsaidam.jpg/300px-Oil_well_in_Tsaidam.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Oil_well_in_Tsaidam.jpg/450px-Oil_well_in_Tsaidam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Oil_well_in_Tsaidam.jpg/600px-Oil_well_in_Tsaidam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Oil well in <a href="/wiki/Qaidam_Basin" title="Qaidam Basin">Qaidam Basin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinghai Province">Qinghai Province</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_drilling_platforms">Oil drilling platforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oil drilling platforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiyang_Shiyou_981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Haiyang_Shiyou_981.jpg/250px-Haiyang_Shiyou_981.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Haiyang_Shiyou_981.jpg/375px-Haiyang_Shiyou_981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Haiyang_Shiyou_981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Haiyang Shiyou 981 in contested waters</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest oil field in the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, the Liuhua 11-1 field – located 210 km southeast of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Mouth_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River Mouth Basin">Pearl River Mouth Basin</a> offshore south China, was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Amoco" title="Amoco">Amoco</a> (now <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>) in January 1987 in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_alley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Typhoon alley (page does not exist)">typhoon alley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carbonate_reservoirs_2004_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carbonate_reservoirs_2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 151">: 151 </span></sup> Water depth, the presence of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil" title="Heavy crude oil">heavy oil</a> and a "very strong bottom-water drive" were among the technical challenges that had to be resolved before the oil could be extracted.<sup id="cite_ref-carbonate_reservoirs_2004_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carbonate_reservoirs_2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amoco and Nanhai East engineering teams experimented with offshore drilling techniques, floating production, storage and off-loading system (<a href="/wiki/FPSO" class="mw-redirect" title="FPSO">FPSO</a>) that would have drilling and production support.<sup id="cite_ref-Offshore_Technology_2008_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Offshore_Technology_2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2008, the FPSO had equipment capable of handling 65,000 bbl of oil and 300,000 bbl of total fluids per day and it would be loaded and shipped by shuttle tankers.<sup id="cite_ref-Offshore_Technology_2008_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Offshore_Technology_2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, oil blocks in <a href="/wiki/Wushi_oil_field" title="Wushi oil field">Wushi oil field</a> (off <a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang" title="Zhanjiang">Zhanjiang</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>) began to be auctioned to foreign companies, with CNOOC having the option to increase its stake to 51% whenever required.<sup id="cite_ref-cnooc2010_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnooc2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China's $1 billion oil drilling rig, the <i><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Oil_981" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean Oil 981">Haiyang Shiyou 981</a></i> – owned and operated by the <a href="/wiki/China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corporation" title="China National Offshore Oil Corporation">China National Offshore Oil Corporation</a> – in the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Oil_981" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean Oil 981">Ocean Oil 981</a></i> – began its first drilling operations in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Economist_2014_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It led to <a href="/wiki/2014_Vietnam_anti-China_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Vietnam anti-China protest">protests</a> and hence had to be shifted back.<sup id="cite_ref-FMPRC_2014_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FMPRC_2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_production">Foreign production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foreign production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This shift to dependence on foreign oil has changed the exploration and acquisition policies of China. China's oil need overwhelmed its internal capabilities. </p><p><a href="/wiki/China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corp" class="mw-redirect" title="China National Offshore Oil Corp">China National Offshore Oil Corp</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corp" class="mw-redirect" title="China National Petroleum Corp">China National Petroleum Corp</a>, and Sinopec have largely invested in exploration and development in countries that had oil fields but do not have funds or technology to develop them. In 2004 CNOOC signed a deal to extract a million barrels of oil a day in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> as well as other projects with Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Times_2004_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times_2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oil prices eased on 15 July 2024, due to weak demand in China, with Brent crude at $84.85 and WTI at $81.91. Despite supportive U.S. economic news and OPEC+ supply restraint, concerns over China's slower economic growth and refinery output weighed on prices. Middle East tensions and potential Fed rate cuts also influenced the market.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_acquisitions">Foreign acquisitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign acquisitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 2008, China owned less than 1 percent of the oil company <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>, worth about $1.97 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_2004_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_encouragement">Trade encouragement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trade encouragement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Assembly of Pakistan has passed the Trade Dispute Resolution Bill, 2022 to help enhance the trust of foreign buyers in the country and provide a mechanism for exporters to file claims and complaints against their foreign clients. The bill aims to improve contract enforcement and Pakistan's ranking on the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index by establishing a comprehensive system for resolving disputes related to exports and imports, including e-commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_security">Energy security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Energy security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve">Strategic Petroleum Reserve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Strategic Petroleum Reserve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Petroleum Reserve (China)">Strategic Petroleum Reserve (China)</a></div> <p>China has one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Global_strategic_petroleum_reserves" title="Global strategic petroleum reserves">global strategic petroleum reserves</a> (GSPR), which is held for <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> during an <a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis" title="Energy crisis">energy crisis</a>. </p><p>By 2004, China was investing in its first national oil reserve base to avoid foreign dependence. There are three different provinces in which they are focusing. The first <a href="/wiki/Zhoushan" title="Zhoushan">Zhoushan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> Province, was built by Sinopec, China's largest oil refining company. The storage space is 5.2 million cubic meters says the <a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development and Reform Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-united_press_2007_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-united_press_2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhejiang was originally a commercial oil transfer base. Its coastal position makes it convenient for movement purposes, although it is at the same time vulnerable to offshore violence. The next reserve of interest In Huangdao or <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> Province and the final <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> Province. All of these reserves are coastal and with their creation comes vulnerability to possible coastal attacks. In 2007, United Press International journalist questioned <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a>, as all three of the stock oil bases were within range of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwanese</a> cruise missile attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-united_press_2007_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-united_press_2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2007 article by state-owned <a href="/wiki/China_News_Service" title="China News Service">China News Service</a>, at that time China's expanded reserve would include both mandated commercial reserves and a state-controlled reserves and would be implemented in three stages to be completed by 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-chinanews_2007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinanews_2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state-controlled reserves phase one consisted of a 101,900,000 barrels (16,200,000 m<sup>3</sup>) reserve to be completed by the end of 2008. The second phase of the government-controlled reserves with an additional 170,000,000 barrels (27,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>) was to be completed by 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009 <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guobao" title="Zhang Guobao">Zhang Guobao</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Energy Administration">National Energy Administration</a>, announced the third phase that would expand reserves by 204,000,000 barrels (32,400,000 m<sup>3</sup>) with the goal of increasing China's SPR to 90 days of supply by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-chinasourcingblog_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinasourcingblog-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The planned state reserves of 475,900,000 barrels (75,660,000 m<sup>3</sup>) together with the planned enterprise reserves of 209,440,000 barrels (33,298,000 m<sup>3</sup>) will provide around 90 days of consumption or a total of 684,340,000 barrels (108,801,000 m<sup>3</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with an emphasis on defensive oil stocks, there is a significant push to create an offensive oil acquisition program. In March 2018, as part of a bid to establish its position as an economic superpower, China introduced a new oil <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">benchmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, China had to import 100 million tons of crude oil to supply its energy demand, more than half of which came from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. China is attempting to secure its future oil share and establish deals with other countries. <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party general secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> has proposed to build a pipeline from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> oil fields to support China's markets as well as other billion-dollar arrangements with Russia, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, and diversify its energy sector by seeking imports from other regions of the world and by starting alternative energy programs such as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_2004_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009 China completed its first critical oil pipeline, the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93China_oil_pipeline" title="Kazakhstan–China oil pipeline">Atyrau-Alashankou oil pipeline</a> (Kazakhstan–China oil pipeline) in Central Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-USCC_Mar_18_2015_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCC_Mar_18_2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2–3">: 2–3 </span></sup> as part of a larger overall trade expansion with the Central Asian region which represented a trade volume of over US$50 billion by 2013, up from $1 billion in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-USCC_Mar_18_2015_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCC_Mar_18_2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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China">Climate change in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_China" title="Natural gas in China">Natural gas in China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energyatlas.iea.org/">"IEA Atlas of Energy"</a>. International Energy Agency. May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110012305/http://energyatlas.iea.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEA+Atlas+of+Energy&rft.pub=International+Energy+Agency&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.energyatlas.iea.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_oct_2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_oct_2013_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_oct_2013_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_oct_2013_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24475934">"China overtakes US as the biggest importer of oil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 10 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131010171123/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24475934">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy&rft.atitle=Forecast+of+oil+reserves+and+production+in+Daqing+oilfield+of+China&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=3097-3102&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.energy.2010.03.043&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Ene....35.3097T&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Xu&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Baosheng&rft.au=H%C3%B6%C3%B6k%2C+Mikael&rft.au=Feng%2C+Lianyong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuu.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A317938%2FFULLTEXT02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Chen-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Chen_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2024" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Muyang (2024). <i>The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationmaster.com&rft.atitle=Countries+Compared+by+Energy+%3E+Oil+%3E+Consumption.+International+Statistics+at+NationMaster.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmaster.com%2Fgraph%2Fene_oil_con-energy-oil-consumption&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannYellinek2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mann, Yossi; Yellinek, Roie (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mepo.12532">"The New Chinese Oil Benchmark: Implications for the Middle East"</a>. <i>Middle East Policy</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 143–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmepo.12532">10.1111/mepo.12532</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-4967">1475-4967</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234536503">234536503</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240917042442/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mepo.12532">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Policy&rft.atitle=The+New+Chinese+Oil+Benchmark%3A+Implications+for+the+Middle+East&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=143-156&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234536503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1475-4967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fmepo.12532&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Yossi&rft.au=Yellinek%2C+Roie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fmepo.12532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCC_Mar_18_2015-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCC_Mar_18_2015_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCC_Mar_18_2015_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooley,_Alexander2015" class="citation web cs1">Cooley, Alexander (18 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Cooley%20Testimony_3.18.15.pdf">"China's Changing Role in Central Asia and Implications for US Policy: From Trading Partner to Collective Goods Provider"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905003741/http://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Cooley%20Testimony_3.18.15.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Changing+Role+in+Central+Asia+and+Implications+for+US+Policy%3A+From+Trading+Partner+to+Collective+Goods+Provider&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=U.S.-China+Economic+and+Security+Review+Commission&rft.date=2015-03-18&rft.au=Cooley%2C+Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscc.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FCooley%2520Testimony_3.18.15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Weller, J. Marvin. <i>Caravan Across China: An American Geologist Explores the Northwest 1937–1938</i>. (1984). March Hare Publishing, San Francisco. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918295-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-918295-00-9">0-918295-00-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Oil_and_gas_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_China" title="Natural gas in China">gas</a> in China</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy in China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oil and gas majors<br />(<a href="/wiki/Upstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Upstream (petroleum industry)">Upstream</a>/<a href="/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">Downstream</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Big 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">CNPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Petrochemical_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="China Petrochemical Corporation">Sinopec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corporation" title="China National Offshore Oil Corporation">CNOOC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major listed arms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PetroChina" title="PetroChina">PetroChina</a> (CNPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Energy" title="Kunlun Energy">Kunlun Energy</a> (CNPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopec" title="Sinopec">China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation</a> (Sinopec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNOOC_Limited" title="CNOOC Limited">CNOOC Limited</a> (CNOOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oil<br />(Upstream)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CITIC_Resources" title="CITIC Resources">CITIC Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo-Jade_Petroleum" title="Geo-Jade Petroleum">Geo-Jade Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi_Yanchang_Petroleum" title="Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum">Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_Energy" title="Shandong Energy">Shandong Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Energy" title="Emerald Energy">Emerald Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinochem_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinochem Group">Sinochem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Energy_Group" title="United Energy Group">United Energy Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenhua_Oil" title="Zhenhua Oil">Zhenhua Oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upstream</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GCL-Poly" title="GCL-Poly">GCL-Poly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc#China" title="Shell plc">Shell China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coalbed_methane" title="Coalbed methane">Coalbed methane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_United_Coalbed_Methane" title="China United Coalbed Methane">China United Coalbed Methane</a> (CNOOC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PetroChina_Coalbed_Methane" class="mw-redirect" title="PetroChina Coalbed Methane">PetroChina Coalbed Methane</a> (CNPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanxi_Blue_Flame_Coalbed_Methane_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanxi Blue Flame Coalbed Methane Group">Shanxi Blue Flame Coalbed Methane Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Downstream</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Natural_Gas" title="China Natural Gas">China Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENN_Group" title="ENN Group">ENN Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenergy_Group" title="Shenergy Group">Shenergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towngas_China" title="Towngas China">Towngas China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drilling services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rig operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Oilfield_Services" title="China Oilfield Services">China Oilfield Services</a> (CNOOC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_Drilling_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Wall Drilling Company">Great Wall Drilling Company</a> (CNPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZPEB" title="ZPEB">ZPEB</a> (Sinopec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZPEC" class="mw-redirect" title="ZPEC">ZPEC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drilling equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jereh_Group" title="Jereh Group">Jereh Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerui_Petroleum" title="Kerui Petroleum">Kerui Petroleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">EPC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Petroleum_Pipeline_Engineering" title="China Petroleum Pipeline Engineering">China Petroleum Pipeline Engineering</a> (CNPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Huanqiu_Contracting_%26_Engineering_Corporation" title="China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Corporation">China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Corporation</a> (CNPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Petroleum_Engineering_and_Construction_Corporation" title="China Petroleum Engineering and Construction Corporation">China Petroleum Engineering and Construction Corporation</a> (CNPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerui_Petroleum" title="Kerui Petroleum">Kerui Petroleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Refineries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChemChina" title="ChemChina">ChemChina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fushun_Petrochemical_Company" title="Fushun Petrochemical Company">Fushun Petrochemical Company</a> (CNPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Petrochemical" title="Shanghai Petrochemical">Shanghai Petrochemical</a> (Sinopec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinochem" title="Sinochem">Sinochem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_of_China" title="Category:Companies of China">Companies of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_China" title="Template:Energy in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_in_China" title="Template talk:Energy in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_national_carbon_trading_scheme" title="Chinese national carbon trading scheme">Carbon trading scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Beijing_Environmental_Exchange" title="China Beijing Environmental Exchange">China Beijing Environmental Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_China" title="Electricity sector in China">Electricity sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_security_of_China" title="Energy security of China">Energy security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_China" title="List of power stations in China">List of power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Atomic_Energy_Authority" title="China Atomic Energy Authority">China Atomic Energy Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Safety_Administration" title="National Nuclear Safety Administration">National Nuclear Safety Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission_of_the_State_Council" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council">SASAC of the State Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Electricity_Regulatory_Commission" title="State Electricity Regulatory Commission">State Electricity Regulatory Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_in_China" title="Bioenergy in China">Bioenergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_China" title="Geothermal power in China">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_China" title="Hydroelectricity in China">Hydroelectricity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectric_power_stations_in_China" title="Category:Hydroelectric power stations in China">Hydroelectric <span class="wrap">power stations</span></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_China" title="Natural gas in China">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China" title="Nuclear power in China">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_China" title="Oil shale in China">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_gas_in_China" title="Shale gas in China">Shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_China" title="Solar power in China">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_China" title="Wind power in China">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electricity generation<br />and transmission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_Gezhouba%E2%80%93Shanghai" title="HVDC Gezhouba–Shanghai">HVDC Gezhouba–Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_Three_Gorges_%E2%80%93_Changzhou" title="HVDC Three Gorges – Changzhou">HVDC Three Gorges – Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_Three_Gorges_%E2%80%93_Guangdong" title="HVDC Three Gorges – Guangdong">HVDC Three Gorges – Guangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_Tian%E2%80%93Guang" title="HVDC Tian–Guang">HVDC Tian–Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_Zhoushan" title="HVDC Zhoushan">HVDC Zhoushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-voltage_electricity_transmission_in_China" title="Ultra-high-voltage electricity transmission in China">Ultra-high-voltage transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guangdong_HVDC" title="Yunnan–Guangdong HVDC">Yunnan–Guangdong HVDC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-owned energy<br />companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Nuclear_International_Uranium_Corporation" title="China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation">China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Nuclear_Corporation" title="China National Nuclear Corporation">China National Nuclear Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_companies_of_China" title="Category:Electric power companies of China">Electric power companies of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_China" title="Category:Energy in China">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Petroleum_industry_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Petroleum_industry_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Petroleum industry in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan" title="Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Kuwait" title="Petroleum industry in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Petroleum industry in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Syria" title="Petroleum industry in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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