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It draws on the historical roots of the belief that male literature is qualitatively better than female literature and analyzes the various ways in which this view is reproduced by the canon and canon formation itself. The argument is based on a statistical survey of several lists trying to present the “best novel” or “works of fiction” that were published around the turn of the millennium, both those prepared by readers as well as by critics and authors, and it takes note of the tendency of people from the literary establishment to neglect female authorship. A survey of how male and female authors are categorized on the Wikipedia is also included. The article then focuses on such problematic issues as dismissing works written by women as popular and the role the publishing industry plays in this practice.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Vicious Circle: How Canon Continues to Reinforce Sex Segregation in Literature in the 21st century","attachmentId":39145503,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16719743/A_Vicious_Circle_How_Canon_Continues_to_Reinforce_Sex_Segregation_in_Literature_in_the_21st_century","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16719743/A_Vicious_Circle_How_Canon_Continues_to_Reinforce_Sex_Segregation_in_Literature_in_the_21st_century"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="6300902" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6300902/Canonized_Women_and_Women_Canonizers_Gender_Dynamics_in_The_Norton_Anthology_of_English_Literatures_Eight_Editions">Canonized Women and Women Canonizers: Gender Dynamics in The Norton Anthology of English Literature's Eight Editions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9772877" href="https://vanderbilt.academia.edu/GillianGualtieri">Gillian Gualtieri</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Gender Issues, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Canonized Women and Women Canonizers: Gender Dynamics in The Norton Anthology of English Literature's Eight Editions","attachmentId":33142761,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6300902/Canonized_Women_and_Women_Canonizers_Gender_Dynamics_in_The_Norton_Anthology_of_English_Literatures_Eight_Editions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6300902/Canonized_Women_and_Women_Canonizers_Gender_Dynamics_in_The_Norton_Anthology_of_English_Literatures_Eight_Editions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="76748952" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76748952/Women_Words_Progress_Female_Authors_and_Social_Change">Women,Words,Progress: Female Authors and Social Change</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27821756" href="https://cayuga-cc.academia.edu/JudithHill">Judith E Hill</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper was submitted as part of an independent study on British Women Writers at SUNY/Empire State College in 2013, and touches on women whose works were published in an era where many women were uneducated unless they chose to take vows and become nuns, or were members of the aristocracy. Fewer still wrote works that exist in the modern day.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Women,Words,Progress: Female Authors and Social Change","attachmentId":84348386,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76748952/Women_Words_Progress_Female_Authors_and_Social_Change","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76748952/Women_Words_Progress_Female_Authors_and_Social_Change"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="27539566" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27539566/Women_in_Literature_A_Critical_Study">Women in Literature: A Critical Study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="895716" href="https://jagannath.academia.edu/MdMominUddin">Professor Dr. Md. Momin Uddin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Both men and women constitute the species of human beings but men have dominated over women since time immemorial and have neglected and seem to have denied their rights altogether in many situations. Women very often have been deprived of human rights and society seems to have played with them as if they were cards or puppets to serve the purpose their superior 'others' have liked. This reductionist position of women has been reflected in literature, firstly, by male writers and then by female writers. Unfortunately the portrayal of women in the hands of many male writers appears to have been either more reductionist than what it is/was in reality or more exaggerated while most of the female writers appear emotional and over sentimental in their portrayal of women characters. This paper attempts to briefly study the condition of women as reflected in literature in relation to the actual condition of women of different times. Women did not have much scope for institutional education and very few had the opportunity of reading at home because of conservative society in the past. The male dominated conservative society did not think that women were human beings and they needed education. Society understood by human beings only men who would earn and dominate the others serving them. As women were kept confined to homes and hearths and did not earn, they had the status like that of servants. To make and keep women subordinate and subservient to men, men had concocted different texts and associated them with religion. The uneducated women, brought up under the shade of religion, believed those texts without questioning their authenticity and the more they believed the more they became subservient. Any deviation on the part of a woman was treated with physical cruelty, and women tolerated in silence even being bitten by their</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Women in Literature: A Critical Study","attachmentId":47793115,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27539566/Women_in_Literature_A_Critical_Study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27539566/Women_in_Literature_A_Critical_Study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="33466346" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33466346/GENRE_GENDER_AND_CANONICITY_DOROTHY_OSBORNES_LETTERS_TO_SIR_WILLIAM_TEMPLE_in_Expanding_the_Canon_of_Early_Modern_Womens_Writing_ed_Paul_Salzman_CSP_2010_pp_49_64">'GENRE, GENDER AND CANONICITY: DOROTHY OSBORNE'S LETTERS TO SIR WILLIAM TEMPLE' in Expanding the Canon of Early Modern Women's Writing, ed. Paul Salzman (CSP, 2010), pp. 49-64.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10351358" href="https://une-au.academia.edu/DianaBarnes">Diana Barnes</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"'GENRE, GENDER AND CANONICITY: DOROTHY OSBORNE'S LETTERS TO SIR WILLIAM TEMPLE' in Expanding the Canon of Early Modern Women's Writing, ed. Paul Salzman (CSP, 2010), pp. 49-64.","attachmentId":53511468,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33466346/GENRE_GENDER_AND_CANONICITY_DOROTHY_OSBORNES_LETTERS_TO_SIR_WILLIAM_TEMPLE_in_Expanding_the_Canon_of_Early_Modern_Womens_Writing_ed_Paul_Salzman_CSP_2010_pp_49_64","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33466346/GENRE_GENDER_AND_CANONICITY_DOROTHY_OSBORNES_LETTERS_TO_SIR_WILLIAM_TEMPLE_in_Expanding_the_Canon_of_Early_Modern_Womens_Writing_ed_Paul_Salzman_CSP_2010_pp_49_64"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":37273918,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":37273918,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_37273918" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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