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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Water resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topography_and_natural_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography_and_natural_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Topography and natural regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Topography_and_natural_regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Topography and natural regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Topography_and_natural_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hejaz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hejaz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hejaz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hejaz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tihamah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tihamah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tihamah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tihamah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Najd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Najd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Najd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Najd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Northern Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Eastern Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_deserts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_deserts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Great deserts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_deserts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Caves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Environmental concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Saudi Arabia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جغرافيا السعودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جغرافيا السعودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeograf%C3%ADa_d%27Arabia_Saudita" title="Xeografía d'Arabia Saudita – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xeografía d'Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99udiyy%C9%99_%C6%8Fr%C9%99bistan%C4%B1_co%C4%9Frafiyas%C4%B1" title="Səudiyyə Ərəbistanı coğrafiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səudiyyə Ərəbistanı coğrafiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="সৌদি আরবের ভূগোল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সৌদি আরবের ভূগোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%96" title="Геаграфія Саудаўскай Аравіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геаграфія Саудаўскай Аравіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="География на Саудитска Арабия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="География на Саудитска Арабия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Γεωγραφία της Σαουδικής Αραβίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωγραφία της Σαουδικής Αραβίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%C3%ADa_de_Arabia_Saudita" title="Geografía de Arabia Saudita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geografía de Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="جغرافیای عربستان سعودی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جغرافیای عربستان سعودی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_de_l%27Arabie_saoudite" title="Géographie de l'Arabie saoudite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géographie de l'Arabie saoudite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սաուդյան Արաբիայի աշխարհագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սաուդյան Արաբիայի աշխարհագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljopis_Saudijske_Arabije" title="Zemljopis Saudijske Arabije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zemljopis Saudijske Arabije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi_Arab_Saudi" title="Geografi Arab Saudi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geografi Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_dell%27Arabia_Saudita" title="Geografia dell'Arabia Saudita – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Geografia dell'Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גאוגרפיה של ערב הסעודית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאוגרפיה של ערב הסעודית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Географија на Саудиска Арабија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Географија на Саудиска Арабија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi_Arab_Saudi" title="Geografi Arab Saudi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Geografi Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie_van_Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB" title="Geografie van Saoedi-Arabië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geografie van Saoedi-Arabië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudiarabisk_geografi" title="Saudiarabisk geografi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Saudiarabisk geografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_Arabii_Saudyjskiej" title="Geografia Arabii Saudyjskiej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geografia Arabii Saudyjskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_da_Ar%C3%A1bia_Saudita" title="Geografia da Arábia Saudita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geografia da Arábia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="География Саудовской Аравии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="География Саудовской Аравии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeografia_e_Arabis%C3%AB_Saudite" title="Gjeografia e Arabisë Saudite – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjeografia e Arabisë Saudite" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="جوگرافیای عەرەبستانی سعوودی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جوگرافیای عەرەبستانی سعوودی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabian_maantiede" title="Saudi-Arabian maantiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saudi-Arabian maantiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title">Geography of Saudi Arabia</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabian_Peninsula_dust_SeaWiFS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Arabian_Peninsula_dust_SeaWiFS.jpg/200px-Arabian_Peninsula_dust_SeaWiFS.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Arabian_Peninsula_dust_SeaWiFS.jpg/300px-Arabian_Peninsula_dust_SeaWiFS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Arabian_Peninsula_dust_SeaWiFS.jpg/400px-Arabian_Peninsula_dust_SeaWiFS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="2286" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Continent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia&params=25_00_N_45_00_E_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">45°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.000°N 45.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.000; 45.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">Ranked 12th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">2,149,690 km<sup>2</sup> (830,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">100%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coastline</th><td class="infobox-data">2,640 km (1,640 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders</th><td class="infobox-data">Total: 4,415 km (2,743 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Sawda" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Sawda">Jabal Sawda</a>,<br /> 3,015 m (9,892 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a><br /> 0 m (0 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longest river</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Rummah" title="Wadi al-Rummah">Wadi al-Rummah</a> <br /> 600 km (373 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest lake</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Asfar_Lake" title="Al-Asfar Lake">Al-Asfar Lake</a> <br /> 20,000 ha (49,421 acres)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Climate</th><td class="infobox-data">Most of Saudi Arabia follows a desert climate, with exceptions</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Terrain</th><td class="infobox-data">Mostly <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">desert covered</a>, some <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of mountains in Saudi Arabia">mountainous areas</a> and plains</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural resources</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil in Saudi Arabia">Petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas in Saudi Arabia">natural gas</a>, fish, minerals, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Agriculture in Saudi Arabia">farming</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural hazards</th><td class="infobox-data">Haze, dust storms</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Environmental issues</th><td class="infobox-data">Desertification; depletion of ground water; lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; coastal pollution from oil spills</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Exclusive economic zone</th><td class="infobox-data">228,633 km<sup>2</sup> (88,276 sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_2003_CIA_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saudi_Arabia_2003_CIA_map.jpg/290px-Saudi_Arabia_2003_CIA_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saudi_Arabia_2003_CIA_map.jpg/435px-Saudi_Arabia_2003_CIA_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saudi_Arabia_2003_CIA_map.jpg/580px-Saudi_Arabia_2003_CIA_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1827" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Detailed map of Saudi Arabia and its <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Saudi Arabia">regions</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationSaudiArabia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/LocationSaudiArabia.svg/220px-LocationSaudiArabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/LocationSaudiArabia.svg/330px-LocationSaudiArabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/LocationSaudiArabia.svg/440px-LocationSaudiArabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Location of Saudi Arabia</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> is a country situated in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, the largest country on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, bordering the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. Its extensive coastlines provide great leverage on shipping (especially <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a>) through the Persian Gulf and the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> (UAE), <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Yemen">Republic of Yemen</a> are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 7% of the total area is suitable for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Agriculture in Saudi Arabia">cultivation</a>, and in the early 1960s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudia_Arabia_topographic_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Saudia_Arabia_topographic_map.jpg/220px-Saudia_Arabia_topographic_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Saudia_Arabia_topographic_map.jpg/330px-Saudia_Arabia_topographic_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Saudia_Arabia_topographic_map.jpg/440px-Saudia_Arabia_topographic_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Topography of Saudi Arabia and surrounding countries</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordan_frontiers-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jordan_frontiers-en.svg/220px-Jordan_frontiers-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jordan_frontiers-en.svg/330px-Jordan_frontiers-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jordan_frontiers-en.svg/440px-Jordan_frontiers-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption>Image showing the approximate land exchanged between Jordan (gaining green) and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (gaining red)</figcaption></figure> <p>Saudi Arabia is bounded by seven countries and three bodies of water. To the west, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> form a coastal border of almost 1,800 km (1,100 mi) that extends to the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and follows a mountain ridge for approximately 320 km (200 mi) to the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a>. This section of the border with Yemen was demarcated in 1934 and is one of the few clearly defined borders with a neighbouring country. The Saudi border running southeast from Najran, however, is undetermined. The undemarcated border became an issue in the early 1990s, when oil was discovered in the area and Saudi Arabia objected to the commercial exploration by foreign companies on behalf of Yemen. In the summer of 1992, representatives of Saudi Arabia and Yemen met in Geneva to discuss settlement of the border issue. </p><p>To the north, Saudi Arabia is bounded by <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. The northern boundary extends almost 1,400 km (870 mi) from the Gulf of Aqaba on the west to <a href="/wiki/Khafji" title="Khafji">Ras al Khafji</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. In 1965, Saudi Arabia and Jordan agreed to boundary demarcations involving an exchange of areas of territory. Jordan gained 19 km (12 mi) of land on the Gulf of Aqaba and 6,000 square kilometers of territory in the interior, and 7,000 square kilometers of Jordanian-administered, landlocked territory was ceded to Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1922, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a> and British officials representing Iraqi interests signed the Treaty of Mohammara which established the boundary between Iraq and the future Saudi Arabia. Later that year, the <a href="/wiki/Uqair_Protocol_of_1922" title="Uqair Protocol of 1922">Uqair Protocol</a> signed by the two parties agreed to the creation of a diamond-shaped <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93Iraqi_neutral_zone" title="Saudi Arabian–Iraqi neutral zone">Saudi Arabian–Iraqi neutral zone</a> of approximately 7,000 square kilometers, adjacent to the western tip of Kuwait, within which neither Iraq nor Saudi Arabia would build permanent dwellings or installations. The agreement was designed to safeguard <a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">water rights</a> in the zone for <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> of both countries. In May 1938, Iraq and Saudi Arabia signed an additional agreement regarding the administration of the zone. Forty-three years later, Saudi Arabia and Iraq signed an agreement that defined the border between the two countries and provided for the division of the neutral zone between them. The agreement effectively dissolved this neutral zone. </p><p>The boundary between Ibn Saud's territories of Najd and the Eastern Province and the British protectorate of Kuwait was first regulated by the Al Uqair Convention in 1922. In an effort to avoid territorial disputes, another diamond-shaped <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93Kuwaiti_neutral_zone" title="Saudi Arabian–Kuwaiti neutral zone">Saudi–Kuwaiti neutral zone</a> of 5,790 square kilometers directly south of Kuwait was established. In 1938 oil was discovered in Kuwait's southern <a href="/wiki/Burgan_field" title="Burgan field">Burqan fields</a>, and both countries contracted with foreign oil companies to perform exploration work in the Divided Zone. After years of discussions, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait reached an agreement in 1965 that divided the zone geographically, with each country administering its half of the zone. The agreement guaranteed that the rights of both parties to the natural resources in the whole zone would continue to be respected after each country had annexed its half of the zone in 1966. </p><p>Saudi Arabia's eastern boundary follows the Persian Gulf from Ras 'al Khafji to the peninsula of Qatar, whose border with Saudi Arabia was determined in 1965. The border with Oman on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula runs through the <a href="/wiki/Empty_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Empty Quarter">Empty Quarter</a> (Rub 'al-Khali). The border demarcation was defined by a 1990 agreement that included provisions for shared <a href="/wiki/Grazing_rights" title="Grazing rights">grazing rights</a> and water rights. The border through 'Al Buraymi Oasis, located near the conjunction of the frontiers of Oman, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a> (one of the emirates of the UAE) and Saudi Arabia, has triggered extensive dispute among the three states since the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jeddah_(1927)" title="Treaty of Jeddah (1927)">Treaty of Jeddah</a> in 1927. In a 1975 agreement with Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi accepted sovereignty over six villages in the 'Al Buraymi Oasis and the sharing of the rich Zararah oil field. In return, Saudi Arabia obtained an outlet to the Persian Gulf through Abu Dhabi. </p><p>Saudi Arabia's maritime claims include a twelve-nautical-mile (22 km) territorial limit along its coasts. The country also claims many small islands as well as some seabeds and <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoils</a> beyond the twelve-nautical-mile (22 km) limit. </p><p><b>Land boundaries:</b> <br /><i>total:</i> 4,415 km <br /><i>border countries:</i> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> 814 km, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> 728 km, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 222 km, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> 676 km, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> 60 km, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a> 457 km, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> 1,458 km </p><p><b>Coastline:</b> 2,640 km </p><p><b>Maritime claims:</b> <br /><i>contiguous zone:</i> 18 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nmi</a> (33.3 km; 20.7 mi) <br /><i>continental shelf:</i> not specified <br /><i>territorial sea:</i> 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a>:</i> 228,633 km<sup>2</sup> (88,276 sq mi) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_resources">Water resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Water resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Irrigation in Saudi Arabia">Irrigation in Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia">Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zamzam_Well" title="Zamzam Well">Zamzam Well</a></div> <p>Until the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> had lakes at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Layla_Aflaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Layla Aflaj (page does not exist)">Layla Aflaj</a> and deep waterholes at '<a href="/wiki/Al-Kharj" title="Al-Kharj">Al-Kharj</a>, fed by huge underground <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a> formed in prehistoric times and non-renewable. 'Al Kharj was a valuable source of drinking water in a barren terrain. In recent years, these aquifers have been drawn upon heavily, both for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Agriculture in Saudi Arabia">agricultural</a> and domestic purposes, and no fresh water remains in the lakes or pits. </p><p>In the absence of permanent rivers or bodies of water, streams and groundwater, <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalinated</a> seawater and very scarce surface water must supply the country's needs. In eastern Arabia and in the <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Tuwayq" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Tuwayq">Jabal Tuwayq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artesian_well" title="Artesian well">artesian wells</a> and springs are plentiful. In <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">al-Ahsa</a> numerous large, deep pools are constantly replenished by artesian springs as a result of underground water from the eastern watershed of the Jabal Tuwayq. Such springs and wells permit extensive irrigation in local oases. In the <a href="/wiki/Hijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">Hijaz</a>, wells are abundant, and springs are common in the <a href="/wiki/Qetn_Mountains" title="Qetn Mountains">mountainous areas</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> and the great deserts, watering places are comparatively fewer and scattered over a wide area. Water must be hoisted or pumped to the surface, and even where water is plentiful its quality may be poor. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/220px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/330px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/440px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Saudi Arabia is the third most water stressed country in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern technology has located and increased the availability of much of the underground water. Saudi Arabian Oil Company (<a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a>) technicians have determined that very deep aquifers lie in many areas of northern and eastern Arabia and that the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wasia (page does not exist)">Wasia</a>, the largest aquifer in Saudi Arabia, contains more water than the Persian Gulf. The Saudi government, Saudi Aramco, and the United Nations (UN) <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> have made separate and joint efforts to exploit underground water resources. In the past, improperly drilled wells have reduced or destroyed any good they might have served by leaching the lands they were drilled to irrigate. Successive agricultural projects, many of which were designed primarily to encourage Bedouin settlement, have increased water resource exploitation. In the early 1990s, large-scale agricultural projects have relied primarily on such underground aquifers, which provided more than 80% of the water for agricultural requirements. In fiscal year (FY) 1987, about 90% of the total water demand in the kingdom was consumed by agriculture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topography_and_natural_regions">Topography and natural regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Topography and natural regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saudi_Arabia_Topography.png/220px-Saudi_Arabia_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saudi_Arabia_Topography.png/330px-Saudi_Arabia_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saudi_Arabia_Topography.png/440px-Saudi_Arabia_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>Topography of Saudi Arabia (Altitude color coded)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabia_Saudi_physical.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Arabia_Saudi_physical.jpg/220px-Arabia_Saudi_physical.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Arabia_Saudi_physical.jpg/330px-Arabia_Saudi_physical.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Arabia_Saudi_physical.jpg/440px-Arabia_Saudi_physical.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>Saudi Arabia physical features</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_SAU_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Köppen–Geiger climate classification map at 1-km resolution for Saudi Arabia (1991–2020)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_SAU_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_SAU_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_SAU_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_SAU_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_SAU_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_SAU_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1358" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Köppen–Geiger climate classification map at 1-km resolution for Saudi Arabia (1991–2020)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massif</a> composed of stable crystalline rock whose geologic structure developed concurrently with the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. Geologic movements caused the entire mass to tilt eastward and the western and southern edges to tilt upward. In the valley created by the fault, called the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift</a>, the Red Sea was formed. The Great Rift runs from the Mediterranean along both sides of the Red Sea south through <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and the lake country of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, gradually disappearing in the area of <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. Scientists analyzing photographs taken by United States astronauts on the joint United States-Soviet space mission in July 1975 detected a vast fan-shaped complex of cracks and fault lines extending north and east from the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>. These fault lines are believed to be the northern and final portion of the Great Rift and are presumed to be the result of the slow rotation of the Arabian Peninsula counterclockwise in a way that will, in approximately ten million years, close off the Persian Gulf and make it a lake. </p><p>On the peninsula, the eastern line of the Great Rift fault is visible in the steep and, in places, high <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a> that parallels the Red Sea between the Gulf of Aqaba and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>. The eastern slope of this escarpment is relatively gentle, dropping to the exposed shield of the ancient landmass that existed before the faulting occurred. A second lower escarpment, the Jabal Tuwayq, runs north to south through the area of <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>. </p><p>In the south, a coastal plain, the <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a>, rises gradually from the sea to the mountains. <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> extends southward to the borders of mountainous <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. The central plateau, <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>, extends east to the Jabal Tuwayq and slightly beyond. A long, narrow strip of desert known as Ad Dahna separates Najd from eastern Arabia, which slopes eastward to the sandy coast along the Persian Gulf. North of Najd a larger desert, An Nafud, isolates the heart of the peninsula from the steppes of northern Arabia. South of Najd lies one of the largest sand deserts in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Rub_al_Khali" class="mw-redirect" title="Rub al Khali">Rub al Khali</a>. </p><p>A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 706km² of <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">tidal flats</a> in Saudi Arabia, making it the 37th ranked country in terms of tidal flat area.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hejaz">Hejaz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hejaz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi-desert.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Saudi-desert.gif/220px-Saudi-desert.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Saudi-desert.gif/330px-Saudi-desert.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Saudi-desert.gif/440px-Saudi-desert.gif 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>A view of the <a href="/wiki/Tuwaiq" title="Tuwaiq">Tuwaiq</a> escarpment from the west.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harrat_Al_Birk,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Harrat_Al_Birk%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/220px-Harrat_Al_Birk%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Harrat_Al_Birk%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/330px-Harrat_Al_Birk%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Harrat_Al_Birk%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/440px-Harrat_Al_Birk%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harrat_al_Birk" title="Harrat al Birk">Harrat al Birk</a> volcanic field.</figcaption></figure> <p>The western coastal escarpment can be considered two mountain ranges separated by a gap in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> in Tihamah. The northern range in the Hejaz seldom exceeds 2,100 meters, and the elevation gradually decreases toward the south to about 600 meters. The rugged mountain wall drops abruptly to the sea with only a few intermittent coastal plains. There are virtually no natural harbors along the Red Sea. The western slopes have been stripped of soil by the erosion of infrequent, but turbulent rainfalls that have fertilized the plains to the west. The eastern slopes are less steep and are marked by dry river beds (<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadis</a>) that trace the courses of ancient rivers and continue to lead the rare rainfalls down to the plains. </p><p>Scattered oases, drawing water from springs and wells in the vicinity of the wadis, permit some agriculture. Of these oases, the largest and most important is <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>. South of Hejaz, the mountains exceed 2,400 meters in several places with some peaks nearing 3,000 meters. The eastern slope of the mountain range in Asir is gentle, melding into a plateau region that drops gradually into the Rub al Khali. Although rainfall is infrequent in this area, several fertile wadis, of which the most important are the Wadi Bishah and the Wadi Tathlith, make oasis agriculture possible on a relatively large scale. </p><p>Extensive lava fields (harrat) scar the surfaces of the plateaus east of the mountain ranges in the Hijaz and give evidence of fairly recent volcanic activity. The largest of these beds is Khaybar, north of Medina; another is <a href="/wiki/Al_Harrah,_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Harrah, Saudi Arabia">Al Harrah</a>, part of the large volcanic field <a href="/wiki/Harrat_Ash_Shamah" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrat Ash Shamah">Harrat Ash Shamah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamawi,_Mu'jam_Al-Buldan_p._219_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamawi,_Mu'jam_Al-Buldan_p._219-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tihamah">Tihamah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tihamah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rugged western face of the escarpment drops steeply to the coastal plain, the <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a> lowlands, whose width averages 65 kilometers. Along the seacoast is a salty tidal plain of limited agricultural value, backed by potentially rich alluvial plains. The relatively well-watered and fertile upper slopes and the <a href="/wiki/Dhorm_Mountain" title="Dhorm Mountain">mountains</a> behind are extensively <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">terraced</a> to allow maximum land use. This coastal plain is part of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_coastal_fog_desert" title="Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert">Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>. Both Mecca and Jeddah lie within the northern part of Tihamah.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamawi,_Mu'jam_Al-Buldan_p._219_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamawi,_Mu'jam_Al-Buldan_p._219-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Najd">Najd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Najd"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>East of the Hejaz and Asir lies the great plateau area of <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>. This region is mainly rocky plateau interspersed by small, sandy deserts and isolated mountain clumps. The best known of the mountain groups is the <a href="/wiki/Shammar_Mountains" title="Shammar Mountains">Jabal Shammar</a>, northwest of <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> and just south of the <a href="/wiki/Nafud_desert" title="Nafud desert">An Nafud</a>. This area is the home of the pastoral <a href="/wiki/Shammar" title="Shammar">Shammar</a> tribes, which under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidi_dynasty" title="Rashidi dynasty">Al Rashid</a> were the most implacable foes of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Al Saud</a> in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Their capital was the large oasis of <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4a%CA%BCil" title="Ḥaʼil">Ha'il</a>, now a flourishing urban center. </p><p>Across the peninsula as a whole, the plateau slopes toward the east from an elevation of 1,360 meters in the west to 750 meters at its easternmost limit. Wadis cross the region in an eastward direction from the Red Sea escarpment toward the Persian Gulf. There is little pattern to these remains of ancient riverbeds; the most important of them are <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Hanifa" title="Wadi Hanifa">Wadi Hanifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadi_ar_Rummah" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi ar Rummah">Wadi ar Rummah</a>, Wadi as Surr, and <a href="/wiki/Wadi_ad-Dawasir" title="Wadi ad-Dawasir">Wadi ad-Dawasir</a>. </p><p>The heart of Najd is the area of the Jabal Tuwayq, an arc-shaped ridge with a steep west face that rises between 100 and 250 meters above the plateau. Many oases exist in this area, the most important of which are <a href="/wiki/Buraydah" class="mw-redirect" title="Buraydah">Buraydah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unayzah" class="mw-redirect" title="Unayzah">Unayzah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al_Kharj" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Kharj">Al Kharj</a>. Outside the oasis areas, Najd is sparsely populated. Large salt marshes (<a href="/wiki/Sabkha" title="Sabkha">sabkah</a>) are scattered throughout the area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Arabia">Northern Arabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Northern Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buraida_desertification_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Buraida_desertification_02.jpg/220px-Buraida_desertification_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Buraida_desertification_02.jpg/330px-Buraida_desertification_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Buraida_desertification_02.jpg/440px-Buraida_desertification_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>arean with shallow lakes in the Qasim region</figcaption></figure> <p>The area north of the An Nafud is geographically part of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>. It is an upland plateau scored by numerous wadis, most tending northeastward toward Iraq. This area, known as Badiyat ash Sham and covered with grass and scrub vegetation, is extensively used for pasture by nomadic and seminomadic herders. The most significant feature of the area is the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Sirhan" title="Wadi Sirhan">Wadi as Sirhan</a>, a large basin as much as 300 meters below the surrounding plateau, which is the vestige of an ancient inland sea. For thousands of years, some of the heavily traveled caravan routes between the Mediterranean and the central and southern peninsula have passed through the Wadi as Sirhan. The most important oases in the area are Al Jawf and <a href="/wiki/Sakakah" title="Sakakah">Sakakah</a>, just north of the An Nafud. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Arabia">Eastern Arabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eastern Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>East of the Ad Dahna lies the As Summen Plateau, about 120 kilometers wide and dropping in elevation from about 400 meters in the west to about 240 meters in the east. The area is generally barren, with a highly eroded surface of ancient river gorges and isolated buttes. </p><p>Farther east the terrain changes abruptly to the flat lowlands of the coastal plain. This area, about sixty kilometers wide, is generally featureless and covered with gravel or sand. In the north is the Ad Dibdibah graveled plain and in the south the 'Al Jafurah sand desert, which reaches the gulf near Dhahran and merges with the Rub al Khali at its southern end. The coast is extremely irregular, merging sandy plains, marshes, and salt flats almost imperceptibly with the sea. As a result, the land surface is unstable; in places water rises almost to the surface, and the sea is shallow, with shoals and reefs extending far offshore. Only the construction of long <a href="/wiki/Mole_(architecture)" title="Mole (architecture)">moles</a> at Ras Tanura has opened the Saudi coast on the gulf to seagoing tankers. </p><p>Eastern Arabia is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">'Al-Hasa</a> or 'Al Ahsa after the great oasis, one of the more fertile areas of the country. 'Al-Hasa, the largest oasis in the country, actually comprises two neighbouring oases, including the town of Al-<a href="/wiki/Hofuf" title="Hofuf">Hofuf</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_deserts">Great deserts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Great deserts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JUBBAH_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/JUBBAH_16.jpg/220px-JUBBAH_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/JUBBAH_16.jpg/330px-JUBBAH_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/JUBBAH_16.jpg/440px-JUBBAH_16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption>Highway crossing the Nafud desert</figcaption></figure> <p>Three great deserts isolate the great plateau area Najd of Saudi Arabia from the north, east, and south, as the Red Sea escarpment does from the west. In the north, the <a href="/wiki/An_Nafud" class="mw-redirect" title="An Nafud">An Nafud</a>—sometimes called the Great Nafud because An Nafud is the term for desert—covers about 55,000 square kilometers at an elevation of about 1,000 meters. Longitudinal dunes—scores of kilometers in length and as much as 90 meters high and separated by valleys as much as 16 kilometers wide—characterize the An Nafud. Iron oxide gives the sand a red tint, particularly when the sun is low. Within the area are several watering places, and winter rains bring up short-lived succulent grasses that permit nomadic herding during the winter and spring. </p><p>Stretching more than 125 kilometers south from the An Nafud in a narrow arc is the <a href="/wiki/Ad-Dahna_Desert" title="Ad-Dahna Desert">Ad-Dahna Desert</a>, a narrow band of sand mountains also called the river of sand. Like the An Nafud, its sand tends to be reddish, particularly in the north, where it shares with the An Nafud the longitudinal structure of sand dunes. The Ad Dahna furnishes the Bedouin with winter and spring pasture, although water is scarcer than in the An Nafud. </p><p>The southern portion of the Ad Dahna curves westward following the arc of the Jabal Tuwayq. At its southern end, it merges with the <a href="/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali" title="Rub' al Khali">Rub' al Khali</a>, one of the truly forbidding sand deserts in the world and, until the 1950s, one of the least explored. The topography of this huge area, covering more than 550,000 square kilometers, is varied. In the west, the elevation is about 600 meters, and the sand is fine and soft; in the east, the elevation drops to about 180 meters, and much of the surface is covered by relatively stable sand sheets and salt flats. In places, particularly in the east, longitudinal sand dunes prevail; elsewhere sand mountains as much as 300 meters in height form complex patterns. Most of the area is totally waterless and uninhabited except for the few wandering Bedouin tribes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caves">Caves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Caves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beneath the harsh deserts of Saudi Arabia lie dark chambers and complex mazes filled with crystalline structures, <a href="/wiki/Stalactite" title="Stalactite">stalactites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalagmite" title="Stalagmite">stalagmites</a>. The limestone floor of the Summan plateau, a <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> area to the east of the Dahna sands, is riddled with such caves, known locally as <i>dahls</i>. Some have tiny entrances which open into caves, others lead into a maze of passages which can be several kilometers long. Local Bedouin have long known of these caves, and some were used as water supplies. They were first systematically studied in 1981, and later explored and reported by the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Geological_Survey" title="Saudi Geological Survey">Saudi Geological Survey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_concerns">Environmental concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Environmental concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Persian <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> of 1991 brought serious environmental damage to the region. The world's largest oil spill, estimated at as much as 8,000,000 barrels (1,300,000 m<sup>3</sup>), fouled gulf waters and the coastal areas of Kuwait, Iran, and much of Saudi Arabia's Persian Gulf shoreline. In some of the sections of the Saudi coast that sustained the worst damage, sediments were found to contain 7% oil. The shallow areas affected normally provide feeding grounds for birds, and feeding and nursery areas for fish and shrimp. Because the plants and animals of the sea floor are the basis of the food chain, damage to the shoreline has consequences for the whole shallow-water ecosystem, including the multimillion-dollar Saudi fisheries industry. </p><p>The spill had a severe impact on the coastal area surrounding Madinat 'al-Jubayl as Sinaiyah, the major industrial and population center newly planned and built by the Saudi government. The spill threatened industrial facilities in <a href="/wiki/Jubail" title="Jubail">'Al Jubayl</a> because of the seawater cooling system for primary industries and threatened the supply of potable water produced by seawater-fed desalination plants. The 'Al Jubayl community harbor and Abu Ali Island, which juts into the gulf immediately north of 'Al Jubayl, experienced the greatest pollution, with the main effect of the spill concentrated in mangrove areas and shrimp grounds. Large numbers of marine birds, such as cormorants, grebes, and auks, were killed when their plumage was coated with oil. In addition, beaches along the entire 'Al Jubayl coastline were covered with oil and tar balls. </p><p>The exploding and burning of approximately 700 oil wells in Kuwait also created staggering levels of atmospheric pollution, spewed oily soot into the surrounding areas, and produced lakes of oil in the Kuwaiti desert equal in volume to 20 times the amount of oil that poured into the gulf, or about 150,000,000 barrels (24,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>). The soot from the Kuwaiti fires was found in the snows of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> and in rainfall over the southern members of the Community of Independent States, Iran, Oman, and Turkey. Residents of Riyadh reported that cars and outdoor furniture were covered daily with a coating of oily soot. Samples of soil and vegetation in Ras al Khafji in northern Saudi Arabia revealed high levels of particles of oily soot incorporated into the desert ecology. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> warned that eating livestock that grazed within an area of 7,000 square kilometers of the fires, or 1,100 kilometers from the center of the fires, an area that included northern Saudi Arabia, posed a danger to human health. </p><p>To these two major sources of environmental damage must be added large quantities of refuse, toxic materials, and between 173 million and 207 million liters of untreated sewage in sand pits left behind by coalition forces. </p><p><b>Natural hazards:</b> frequent sand and dust storms </p><p><b>Environment - current issues:</b> <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>; depletion of ground water resources; the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies has prompted the development of extensive seawater desalination facilities; coastal pollution from oil spills </p><p><b>Environment - international agreements:</b> <br /><i>party to:</i> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">Climate Change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species">Endangered Species</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_Wastes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazardous Wastes">Hazardous Wastes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozone_Layer_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozone Layer Protection">Ozone Layer Protection</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Area:</b> </p><p>2,250,000 km² (international borders of Saudi Arabia are not finalized. Saudi government claim large tracts of land inside the neighboring countries of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.A.E." class="mw-redirect" title="U.A.E.">U.A.E.</a> in addition to others. The present figure for the size of that states includes all those territories that are outside Saudi control) <br /><i>Land:</i> 2,250,000 km² <br /><i>Water:</i> 0 km² </p><p><b>Land use:</b> <br /><i>Arable land:</i> 1.8% <br /><i>Permanent crops:</i> 0% <br /><i>Permanent pastures:</i> 56% <br /><i>Forests and Woodland:</i> 0% <br /><i>Other:</i> 42% </p><p><b>Irrigated land:</b> 4,350 km² </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_%E2%80%93_United_Arab_Emirates_border_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabia – United Arab Emirates border dispute">Saudi Arabia – United Arab Emirates border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Kuwaiti_neutral_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Kuwaiti neutral zone">Saudi–Kuwaiti neutral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Iraqi_neutral_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Iraqi neutral zone">Saudi–Iraqi neutral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountains in the Arabian Peninsula">Mountains in the Arabian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of mountains in Saudi Arabia">List of mountains in Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarawat_Mountains" title="Sarawat Mountains">Sarat Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asir_Mountains" title="Asir Mountains">Asir Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijaz_Mountains" title="Hijaz Mountains">Hijaz Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midian_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Midian Mountains">Midian Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shammar_Mountains" title="Shammar Mountains">Shammar Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of volcanoes in Saudi Arabia">List of volcanoes in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wadis_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of wadis of Saudi Arabia">List of wadis of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston%27s_Hiccup" class="mw-redirect" title="Winston's Hiccup">Winston's Hiccup</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fall.law.fsu.edu/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS060.pdf">"International Boundary Study, No. 60 – December 30, 1965, Jordan – Saudi Arabia Boundary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US Department of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Boundary+Study%2C+No.+60+%E2%80%93+December+30%2C+1965%2C+Jordan+%E2%80%93+Saudi+Arabia+Boundary&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffall.law.fsu.edu%2Fcollection%2FLimitsinSeas%2FIBS060.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. 2023. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/cc8166en/cc8166en.pdf">World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023</a></i>. Rome. p. 41–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayPhinnDeWittFerrari2019" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, N.J.; Phinn, S.R.; DeWitt, M.; Ferrari, R.; Johnston, R.; Lyons, M.B.; Clinton, N.; Thau, D.; Fuller, R.A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8">"The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>565</b> (7738): 222–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0805-8">10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30568300">30568300</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56481043">56481043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+global+distribution+and+trajectory+of+tidal+flats&rft.volume=565&rft.issue=7738&rft.pages=222-225&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56481043%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30568300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0805-8&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=N.J.&rft.au=Phinn%2C+S.R.&rft.au=DeWitt%2C+M.&rft.au=Ferrari%2C+R.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+R.&rft.au=Lyons%2C+M.B.&rft.au=Clinton%2C+N.&rft.au=Thau%2C+D.&rft.au=Fuller%2C+R.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-018-0805-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamawi,_Mu'jam_Al-Buldan_p._219-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamawi,_Mu'jam_Al-Buldan_p._219_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamawi,_Mu'jam_Al-Buldan_p._219_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu'jam Al-Buldan, vol. 2, p. 219</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.sa"><i>Saudi Arabia: A Country Study</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.loc.gov%2Floc.gdc%2Fcntrystd.sa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyright-and-contributors/">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/"><i>The World Factbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Saudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/SAUDI+ARABIA+-+The+Geology.-a079121626">Saudi Arabia - The Geology</a></li> <li>Andrew Thompson, <i>Origins of Arabia</i>, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900988-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-900988-04-6">1-900988-04-6</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828190650/http://www.stratigraphy.org/ga_charts.htm">Geological Charts</a> at Arabian Plate Sequence Stratigraphy, 2004.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saudi_Arabia_topics" title="Template:Saudi Arabia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saudi_Arabia_topics" title="Template talk:Saudi Arabia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi_Arabia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi Arabia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saudi_Arabia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Saudi Arabia–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad in Medina">Early Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">Emirate of Nejd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Modern history of Saudi Arabia">Modern history</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Emblem of Saudi Arabia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of earthquakes in Saudi Arabia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governorates_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of governorates of Saudi Arabia">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of mountains in Saudi Arabia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Provinces of Saudi Arabia">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wadis_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of wadis of Saudi Arabia">Wadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Wildlife of Saudi Arabia">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance_Council" title="Allegiance Council">Allegiance Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia">Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia">Crown Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabahith" title="Mabahith">Mabahith (secret police)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="National Security Council (Saudi Arabia)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia">Nuclear program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.95em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Legal system of Saudi Arabia">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Elections in Saudi Arabia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rape in Saudi Arabia">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Women's rights in Saudi Arabia">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Judiciary of Saudi Arabia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)">Mutaween (religious police)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_passport" title="Saudi passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Visa policy of Saudi Arabia">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Saudi Arabia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Army" title="Saudi Arabian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Navy" title="Royal Saudi Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force" title="Royal Saudi Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Saudi Air Defense">Air Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Strategic_Missile_Force" title="Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force">Strategic Missile Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_National_Guard" title="Saudi Arabian National Guard">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_General_Staff" title="Chairman of the General Staff">Chairman of the General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_Presidency" title="General Staff Presidency">General Staff Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Presidency" title="General Intelligence Presidency">General Intelligence Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_military_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian military ranks">Military ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Agriculture in Saudi Arabia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of companies of Saudi Arabia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Market_Authority_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Capital Market Authority (Saudi Arabia)">Capital Market Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_and_Development_Affairs_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Council of Economic and Development Affairs (Saudi Arabia)">Council of Economic and Development Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Energy in Saudi Arabia">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Oil reserves in Saudi Arabia">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia">History of the oil industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia">Foreign workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Irrigation in Saudi Arabia">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_riyal" title="Saudi riyal">Riyal (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Central_Bank" title="Saudi Central Bank">Saudi Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Economic_Council_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Supreme Economic Council of Saudi Arabia">Supreme Economic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadawul" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadawul">Tadawul (stock exchange)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Telecommunications in Saudi Arabia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tourism in Saudi Arabia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Transport in Saudi Arabia">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rail transport in Saudi Arabia">rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Society of Saudi Arabia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abortion in Saudi Arabia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Censorship in Saudi Arabia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crime in Saudi Arabia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Demographics of Saudi Arabia">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Youth in Saudi Arabia">youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_racial_discrimination_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Social and racial discrimination in Saudi Arabia">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Libraries in Saudi Arabia">libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of universities and colleges in Saudi Arabia">universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Health care in Saudi Arabia">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human trafficking in Saudi Arabia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Obesity in Saudi Arabia">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Polygamy in Saudi Arabia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prostitution in Saudi Arabia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Response_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Response of Saudi Arabia to ISIL">response to ISIL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Culture of Saudi Arabia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_art" title="Saudi Arabian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Visual arts in Saudi Arabia">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cinema of Saudi Arabia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Saudi Arabia">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Television in Saudi Arabia">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Public holidays in Saudi Arabia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Sport in Saudi Arabia">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Football in Saudi Arabia">football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Saudi Arabia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Heritage in Saudi Arabia">Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="National symbols of Saudi Arabia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of Saudi Arabia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardah" title="Ardah">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Emblem of Saudi Arabia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Flag of Saudi Arabia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Motto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Outline of Saudi Arabia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Saudi Arabia–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Saudi Arabia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia" title="Portal:Saudi Arabia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Asia" title="Template:Geography of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Geography of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Asia" title="Geography of Asia">Geography of Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bahrain" title="Geography of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bhutan" title="Geography of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brunei" title="Geography of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cambodia" title="Geography of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cyprus" title="Geography of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_East_Timor" title="Geography of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia" title="Geography of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Israel" title="Geography of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jordan" title="Geography of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geography of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Korea" title="Geography of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Korea" title="Geography of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kuwait" title="Geography of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Geography of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Laos" title="Geography of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lebanon" title="Geography of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malaysia" title="Geography of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Maldives" title="Geography of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mongolia" title="Geography of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Myanmar" title="Geography of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal" title="Geography of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Oman" title="Geography of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Qatar" title="Geography of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Singapore" title="Geography of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tajikistan" title="Geography of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Thailand" title="Geography of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkmenistan" title="Geography of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Geography of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uzbekistan" title="Geography of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vietnam" title="Geography of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Yemen" title="Geography of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Abkhazia" title="Geography of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Geography of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Geography of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hong_Kong" title="Geography of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Macau" title="Geography of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Asia" title="Climate of Asia">Climate of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Armenia" title="Climate of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Azerbaijan" title="Climate of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_China" title="Climate of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cyprus" title="Climate of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt" title="Climate of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Indonesia" title="Climate of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Japan" title="Climate of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a 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