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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Islamic history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ridda_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ridda_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Ridda wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ridda_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–Ridda_wars,_until_the_10th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–Ridda_wars,_until_the_10th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Post–Ridda wars, until the 10th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–Ridda_wars,_until_the_10th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_and_ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Social and ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Hadith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Hadith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>In the <i>Hadith</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Hadith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Najd</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="نجد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نجد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9yed" title="Néyed – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Néyed" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%99cd" title="Nəcd – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nəcd" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="نجد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نجد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A6" title="নাজদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাজদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B4" title="Нәджд – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нәджд" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B4" title="Наджд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Наджд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned%C5%BEd" title="Nedžd – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nedžd" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nad%C5%BEd" title="Nadžd – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nadžd" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadschd" title="Nadschd – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nadschd" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Νατζντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νατζντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9yed" title="Néyed – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Néyed" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C4%9Ddo" title="Naĝdo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naĝdo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="نجد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نجد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejd" title="Nejd – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nejd" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AAzjd" title="Nêzjd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nêzjd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%A7%80%EB%93%9C" title="나지드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나지드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%A4" title="Նաջդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նաջդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6" title="नज्द – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नज्द" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned%C5%BEd" title="Nedžd – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nedžd" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%93" title="נג'ד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נג'ד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D" title="ನೆಜ್ದ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೆಜ್ದ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%AF%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ნეჯდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეჯდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Недж – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Недж" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadium" title="Nadium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nadium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned%C5%BEdas" title="Nedždas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nedždas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedzsd" title="Nedzsd – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nedzsd" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D" title="നജ്ദ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നജ്ദ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="نجد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نجد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejd" title="Nejd – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nejd" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadjd" title="Nadjd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nadjd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%89" title="ナジュド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナジュド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="نجد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نجد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nad%C5%BCd" title="Nadżd – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nadżd" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gede" title="Négede – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Négede" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B4" title="Неджд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неджд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexhdi" title="Nexhdi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nexhdi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="نجد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نجد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nad%C5%BEd" title="Nadžd – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nadžd" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="نەجد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەجد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%9F%D0%B4" title="Наџд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Наџд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nad%C5%BEd" title="Nadžd – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nadžd" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="நஜது – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நஜது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necid" title="Necid – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Necid" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B4" title="Неджд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Неджд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="نجد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نجد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd" title="Najd – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Najd" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%BF%97" title="内志 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="内志" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%BF%97" title="內志 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="內志" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nec%C4%B1d" title="Necıd – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Necıd" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%BF%97" title="内志 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="内志" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%99%C4%8Dd" title="Nəčd – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Nəčd" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Najd&params=25_N_44_E_type:city_region:SA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°N</span> <span class="longitude">44°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25°N 44°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25; 44</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in central Saudi Arabia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Najd_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Najd (disambiguation)">Najd (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region of Arabia in Saudi Arabia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Najd</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ar"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نَجْدٌ</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">Historical region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:At-Turaif_District_of_Diriyah,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/At-Turaif_District_of_Diriyah%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/330px-At-Turaif_District_of_Diriyah%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/At-Turaif_District_of_Diriyah%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/500px-At-Turaif_District_of_Diriyah%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/At-Turaif_District_of_Diriyah%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/960px-At-Turaif_District_of_Diriyah%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2555" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/At-Turaif_District" title="At-Turaif District">At-Turaif District</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Saudi Arabia">World Heritage Site</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuwaiq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tuwaiq.jpg/143px-Tuwaiq.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tuwaiq.jpg/215px-Tuwaiq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tuwaiq.jpg/286px-Tuwaiq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5112" data-file-height="3126" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Tuwaiq" title="Tuwaiq">Tuwaiq</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg/131px-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg/197px-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg/262px-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Shammar_Mountains" title="Shammar Mountains">Shammar Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ha%27il" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha'il">Ha'il</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riyadh_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Riyadh_Skyline.jpg/250px-Riyadh_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Riyadh_Skyline.jpg/330px-Riyadh_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4109" data-file-height="2311" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Skyline of <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masmak_Fort_(12753717253).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg/250px-Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg/330px-Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Al_Masmak_Palace" title="Al Masmak Palace">Al Masmak Palace</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_regions_of_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Najd region in the middle region of the Arabian Peninsula"><img alt="Map of the Najd region in the middle region of the Arabian Peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_of_the_regions_of_Arabia.svg/250px-Map_of_the_regions_of_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_of_the_regions_of_Arabia.svg/375px-Map_of_the_regions_of_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_of_the_regions_of_Arabia.svg/500px-Map_of_the_regions_of_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="1226" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of the Najd region in the middle region of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Najd&params=25_N_44_E_type:city_region:SA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°N</span> <span class="longitude">44°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25°N 44°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25; 44</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Saudi Arabia">Provinces</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Province" title="Riyadh Province">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qassim_Province" title="Al-Qassim Province">Al-Qassim</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4a%27il_Province" title="Ḥa'il Province">Ha'il</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,627,701 (2,022 census)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Najd</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نَجْدٌ</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[nad͡ʒd]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/20\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Najd.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Najd.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Najd.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Najd.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Najd.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Najd.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Najd.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>), or <b>Nejd</b>, is the central region of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. Its boundaries cannot be precisely determined due to varying geographical and political limits throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing197790_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing197790-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Nafud_desert" title="Nafud desert">Nafud desert</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Jawf_Province" title="Al-Jawf Province">al-Jawf</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Ad-Dahna_Desert" title="Ad-Dahna Desert">ad-Dahna Desert</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Governorate" title="Al-Ahsa Governorate">al-Ahsa</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali" title="Rub' al Khali">Rub' al-Khali</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing197790_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing197790-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlOboudi2015284_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlOboudi2015284-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Administratively, Najd is divided into three main <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Provinces of Saudi Arabia">regions</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Province" title="Riyadh Province">Riyadh</a> region which features <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Hanifa" title="Wadi Hanifa">Wadi Hanifa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tuwaiq" title="Tuwaiq">Tuwaiq</a> escarpment, which houses easterly <a href="/wiki/Al-Yamama" title="Al-Yamama">Yamama</a> with the Saudi capital, <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> since <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">1824</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Sudair" title="Sudair">Sudairi</a> region, which has its capital in <a href="/wiki/Al_Majma%27ah" title="Al Majma'ah">Majmaah</a>. The second region, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qassim_Province" title="Al-Qassim Province">Al-Qassim</a>, houses the fertile oases and <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a> orchards spread out in the region's highlands along <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Rummah" title="Wadi al-Rummah">Wadi Rummah</a> in central Najd with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Buraidah" title="Buraidah">Buraidah</a>, the second largest Najdi city, with the region historically contested by the <a href="/wiki/Rashidi_dynasty" title="Rashidi dynasty">House of Rashid</a> to its north and the House of Saud to its east and south. The third administrative unit is northerly <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4a%27il_Province" title="Ḥa'il Province">Ḥa'il</a>, which features the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Shammar_Mountains" title="Shammar Mountains">Jabal Shammar</a> housing the <a href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Tayy</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4a%CA%BCil" title="Ḥaʼil">Ḥa'il</a>. </p><p>The Najd region is where about a third of Saudi Arabia's modern population resides. It is the home of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a>, from which it pursued its <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">unification with Hejaz</a> since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Najd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نجد</span>) literally translates to "highland" in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlOboudi2015283_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlOboudi2015283-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:History of Saudi Arabia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">History of <span class="nowrap">Saudi Arabia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ikhwan_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="ARABIA"><img alt="ARABIA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ikhwan_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Ikhwan_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ikhwan_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Ikhwan_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ikhwan_%28cropped%29.jpg/480px-Ikhwan_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="1278" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Riyadh" title="Timeline of Riyadh">Timeline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">States</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Ancient Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad in Medina">Early Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia#Umayyad_and_Abbasid_periods" title="History of Saudi Arabia">Umayyad and Abbasid periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifate of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Arabia" title="Ottoman Arabia">Ottoman rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabrids" title="Jabrids">Jabrids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Khalid_Emirate" title="Bani Khalid Emirate">Bani Khalid Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ammarid_Imamate" title="Mu'ammarid Imamate">Mu'ammarid Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">Emirate of Nejd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Emirate of Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Riyadh" title="Emirate of Riyadh">Emirate of Riyadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd_and_Hasa" title="Emirate of Nejd and Hasa">Emirate of Nejd and Hasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Idrisid Emirate of Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Sheikdom of Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Nejd" title="Sultanate of Nejd">Sultanate of Nejd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz_and_Nejd" title="Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd">Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Modern history of Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Events</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia">Declaration of unification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia" title="Portal:Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template:History of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template talk:History of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pergamon-Museum_-_Min%C3%A4ische_Schrifttafel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pergamon-Museum_-_Min%C3%A4ische_Schrifttafel.jpg/250px-Pergamon-Museum_-_Min%C3%A4ische_Schrifttafel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pergamon-Museum_-_Min%C3%A4ische_Schrifttafel.jpg/330px-Pergamon-Museum_-_Min%C3%A4ische_Schrifttafel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pergamon-Museum_-_Min%C3%A4ische_Schrifttafel.jpg/500px-Pergamon-Museum_-_Min%C3%A4ische_Schrifttafel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Plaque with a <a href="/wiki/Minaean_language" title="Minaean language">Ma'inic</a> inscription and two ibexes (1st century BC – 1st century AD), <a href="/wiki/Qaryat_al-Faw" title="Qaryat al-Faw">Qaryat al-Faw</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Najd region is home to <a href="/wiki/Al-Magar" title="Al-Magar">Al-Magar</a>, which was an advanced prehistoric culture of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> whose center lay in modern-day southwestern Najd. Al-Magar is possibly one of the first cultures in the world where widespread agriculture and the domestication of animals occurred, particularly that of the horse, during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, before climate changes in the region resulted in <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> of several objects discovered at Al-Magar indicate an age of about 9,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2017 hunting scenes showing images of what appear to be domesticated dogs resembling the <a href="/wiki/Canaan_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaan dog">Canaan dog</a> and wearing leashes were discovered in Shuwaymis, an area about 370 km southwest of the city of Ha'il. Dated at 8,000 years before the present, these are thought of as the earliest known depictions of dogs in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1.jpg/250px-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1.jpg/330px-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1.jpg/500px-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1997" /></a><figcaption>A large ancient stone carving, dating back to 8100 BC, of an <a href="/wiki/Equid" class="mw-redirect" title="Equid">equid</a>—an animal belonging to the horse family, found at <a href="/wiki/Al-Magar" title="Al-Magar">Al-Magar</a>. The piece itself, measuring 86 cms long by 18 cms thick and weighing more than 135kg., is a large sculptural fragment that appears to show the head, muzzle, shoulder and withers of a horse.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 5th century AD, the tribes of North Arabia became a major threat to the trade line between <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Ḥimyarites</a> of Sheba decided to establish a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> that controlled Central and North Arabia. The Kindites, mentioned in Greek sources as the <a href="/wiki/Kinaidokolpitai" title="Kinaidokolpitai">Chinedakolpitai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Χινεδακολπιται</span>), gained strength and numbers to play that role and in AD 425 the Ḥimyarite king Ḥasan ibn 'Amr ibn Tubba’ made Ḥujr 'Akīl al-Murār ibn 'Amr the first King (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hujr (page does not exist)">Ḥujr</a>) of Kindah. They established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kinda" title="Kingdom of Kinda">Kingdom of Kinda</a> in Najd in central Arabia unlike the organized states of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>; its kings exercised an influence over a number of associated tribes more by personal prestige than by coercive settled authority. Their first capital was Qaryat Dhāt Kāhil, today known as <a href="/wiki/Qaryat_al-F%C4%81w" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaryat al-Fāw">Qaryat al-Fāw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassānids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakhmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhmids">Lakhmids</a> and Kindites were all <a href="/wiki/Kahlani" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahlani">Kahlānī</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qahtanite" title="Qahtanite">Qaḥṭānī</a> kingdoms which thrived in Najd. In the 5th and 6th centuries AD, the Kindites made the first real concerted effort to unite all the tribes of Central Arabia through alliances, and focused on wars with the <a href="/wiki/Lakhmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhmids">Lakhmids</a>. Al-Ḥārith ibn 'Amr, the most famous of their kings, finally succeeded in capturing the Lakhmid capital of <a href="/wiki/Al-%E1%B8%A4irah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ḥirah">al-Ḥirah</a> in southern modern-day Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later however in about 529, al-Mundhir recaptured the city and put King Ḥārith and about fifty members of his family to death. </p><p>In 525, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksumites</a> invaded Ḥimyar, and this had a knock-on effect with the Kindites, who lost the support of the Ḥimyarites. Within three years the Kindite kingdom had split into four groups: Asad, Taghlib, Qays and Kinānah, each led by a prince of Kindah. These small principalities were then overthrown in the 530s and 540s in a series of uprisings of the <a href="/wiki/Adnani" class="mw-redirect" title="Adnani">Adnani</a> tribes of Najd and <a href="/wiki/Hijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">Hijaz</a>. In 540, the <a href="/wiki/Lakhmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhmids">Lakhmids</a> destroyed all the Kindite settlements in <a href="/wiki/Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Nejd">Nejd</a>, forcing the majority of them to move to <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. The Kindites and most of the Arab tribes switched their alliances to the <a href="/wiki/Lakhmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhmids">Lakhmids</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_history">Islamic history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Islamic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles of Muhammad">List of battles of Muhammad</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> carried out military expeditions in the area. The first was the <a href="/wiki/Nejd_Caravan_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nejd Caravan Raid">Nejd Caravan Raid</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>, which took place in 624. The Meccans led by <a href="/wiki/Safwan_ibn_Umayya" title="Safwan ibn Umayya">Safwan ibn Umayyah</a>, who lived on trade, left in summer for Syria for their seasonal trade business. After Muhammad received intelligence about the Caravan's route, he ordered <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Haritha" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Haritha">Zayd ibn Haritha</a> to go after the Caravan, and they successfully raided it and captured 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Dirhams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirhams">dirhams</a> worth of booty.<sup id="cite_ref-stoat_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoat-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hawarey_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawarey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Nejd">Invasion of Nejd</a> happened in <a href="/wiki/Rabi%27_al-Thani" title="Rabi' al-Thani">Rabi‘ Ath-Thani</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jumada_al-Awwal" title="Jumada al-Awwal">Jumada al-Awwal</a>, 4 AH (October, 625 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-hawarey_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawarey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad led his fighters to Nejd to scare off some tribes whose intentions were suspicious.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars say the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Dhat_al-Riqa" title="Expedition of Dhat al-Riqa">expedition of Dhat al-Riqa</a> took place in Nejd as part of this invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most authentic opinion according to "<a href="/wiki/Safiur_Rahman_Mubarakpuri" title="Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri">Saifur Rahman al Mubararakpuri</a>", however, is that the Dhat Ar-Riqa' campaign took place after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">fall of Khaibar</a> (and not as part of the invasion of Nejd). This is supported by the fact that <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hurairah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hurairah">Abu Hurairah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu Musa al-Ash'ari">Abu Musa Al-Ash'ari</a> witnessed the battle. Abu Hurairah embraced Islam only some days before Khaibar, and Abu Musa Al-Ash'ari came back from Abyssinia (modern day <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>), and joined Muhammad at <a href="/wiki/Khaybar" title="Khaybar">Khaibar</a>. The rules relating to the prayer of fear, which Muhammad observed at the Dhat Ar-Riqa' campaign, were revealed at the Asfan invasion and, these scholars say, took place after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Al-Khandaq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Qatan" title="Expedition of Qatan">Expedition of Qatan</a> also took place in Nejd. The Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah tribe (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Asad" title="Banu Asad">Banu Asad</a> tribe) was a powerful tribe connected with the Quraysh. They resided near the hill of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katan,_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katan, Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Katan</a>, in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Fayd" title="Fayd">Fayd</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Nejd">Nejd</a>. Muhammad received intelligence reports that they were planning a raid on Medina, so he dispatched a force of 150 men under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Salama_%27Abd_Allah_ibn_%27Abd_al-Asad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Salama 'Abd Allah ibn 'Abd al-Asad">Abu Salama 'Abd Allah ibn 'Abd al-Asad</a> to make a sudden attack on this tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-Mubarakpuri_p._349_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mubarakpuri_p._349-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ibn_Sa’d,_vol.ii,_p._150_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Sa’d,_vol.ii,_p._150-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ridda_wars">Ridda wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ridda wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Najd" title="Special:EditPage/Najd">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Najd%22">"Najd"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Najd%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Najd%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Najd%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Najd%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Najd%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ridda_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridda wars">Ridda wars</a></div> <p>After Prophet Muhammad's death, previously dormant tensions between the Meccan <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigrants</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a>, and the Medinan converts, the <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a>, threatened to split the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a>. Other Arabian tribes also wished to revert from Islam to local leadership and split from Medina's control; in some places, people such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Aswad_Al-Ansi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aswad Al-Ansi">Al-Aswad Al-Ansi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musaylima" title="Musaylima">Musaylima</a> claimed <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophethood</a> and started to establish leaderships in opposition to Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-Donner_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donner-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a>, the leaders of the tribes of Medina, met in a hall or house called <a href="/wiki/Saqifah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqifah">saqifah</a>, to discuss whom they would support as their new leader. When Abu Bakr was informed of the meeting, he, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_ibn_al-Jarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah">Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah</a> and a few others rushed to prevent the Ansar from making a premature decision. During the meeting Umar declared that Abu Bakr should be the new leader, and declared his allegiance to Abu Bakr, followed by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, and thus Abu Bakr became the first <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>. </p><p>Apostasy and rebellion in central Arabia were led by <a href="/wiki/Musaylima" title="Musaylima">Musaylima</a> in the fertile region of <a href="/wiki/Yamamah" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamamah">Yamamah</a>. He was mainly supported by the powerful tribe of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hanifa" title="Banu Hanifa">Banu Hanifa</a>. At Buzakha in north central Arabia, another claimed prophet, <a href="/wiki/Tulayha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulayha">Tulayha</a>, a tribal chief of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Asad" title="Banu Asad">Banu Asad</a>, led the rebellion against Medina, aided by the allied tribes of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ghatafan" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Ghatafan">Banu Ghatafan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hawazin" title="Hawazin">Hawazin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Tayy</a>. At Najd, <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Nuweira" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik ibn Nuweira">Malik ibn Nuweira</a> led the tribes of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Tamim" title="Banu Tamim">Banu Tamim</a> against the authority of Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG/220px-Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG/330px-Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG/440px-Mohammad_adil_rais-conquest_of_Arabia.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid's conquest of Arabia</figcaption></figure> <p>On receiving intelligence of the Muslims' preparations, Tulayha too prepared for a battle, and was further reinforced by the contingents of the allied tribes. Before launching <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid ibn Al-Walid</a> against Tulayha, Abu Bakr sought ways and means of reducing the latter's strength, so that the battle could be fought with the maximum prospects of victory. Nothing could be done about the tribes of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Asad" title="Banu Asad">Banu Asad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ghatafan" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Ghatafan">Banu Ghatafan</a>, which stood solidly behind Tulayha, but the <a href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Tayy</a> were not so staunch in their support of Tulayha, and their chief, <a href="/wiki/Adi_ibn_Hatim" title="Adi ibn Hatim">Adi ibn Hatim</a>, was a devout Muslim. Adi was appointed by Abu Bakr to negotiate with the tribal elders to withdraw their contingent from Tulayha's army. The negotiations were a success, and Adi brought with him 500 horsemen of his tribe to reinforce Khalid's army. </p><p>Khalid next marched against another apostate tribe, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jadila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jadila (page does not exist)">Jadila</a>. Here again, <a href="/wiki/Adi_ibn_Hatim" title="Adi ibn Hatim">Adi ibn Hatim</a> offered his services to persuade the tribe to submit without bloodshed. Bani Jadila submitted, and their 1000 warriors joined Khalid's army. Khalid, now much stronger than when he had left Zhu Qissa, marched for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buzakha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buzakha (page does not exist)">Buzakha</a>. There, in mid-September 632, he defeated Tulayha in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buzakha" title="Battle of Buzakha">Battle of Buzakha</a>. The remaining army of Tulayha retreated to <a href="/wiki/Ghamra" title="Ghamra">Ghamra</a>, 20 miles from Buzakha, and was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghamra" title="Battle of Ghamra">Battle of Ghamra</a> in the third week of September.<sup id="cite_ref-A.I._Akram,_1970_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.I._Akram,_1970-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several tribes submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Caliph</a> after Khalid's decisive victories. Moving south from Buzakha, Khalid reached <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naqra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naqra (page does not exist)">Naqra</a> in October, with an army now 6000 strong, and defeated the rebel tribe of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Saleem" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Saleem">Banu Saleem</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naqra" title="Battle of Naqra">Battle of Naqra</a>. In the third week of October, Khalid defeated a tribal chieftess, Salma, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zafar" title="Battle of Zafar">battle of Zafar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A.I._Akram,_1970_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.I._Akram,_1970-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afterwards, he moved to Najd against the rebel tribe of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Tamim" title="Banu Tamim">Banu Tamim</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Nuwayrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik ibn Nuwayrah">Malik ibn Nuwayrah</a>. At Najd, getting the news of Khalid's decisive victories against <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostates</a> in Buzakha, many clans of Banu Tamim hastened to visit <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid</a>, but the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banu_Yarbu%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banu Yarbu' (page does not exist)">Banu Yarbu'</a>, a branch of Banu Tamim, under their chief, <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Nuwayrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik ibn Nuwayrah">Malik ibn Nuwayrah</a>, hung back. Malik was a chief of some distinction: a warrior, noted for his generosity, and a famous poet. Bravery, generosity, and poetry were the three qualities most admired among the Arabs. At the time of Muhammad, he had been appointed as a tax collector for the tribe of Banu Tamim. As soon as Malik heard of the death of Muhammad he gave back all the tax to his tribespeople, saying "Now you are the owner of your wealth."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Moreover, he was to be charged because he signed a pact with the anti-Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Sajjah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sajjah">Sajjah</a>. This agreement stated that first, they would deal with local enemy tribes together, and then they would confront the state of <a href="/wiki/Madinah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madinah">Madinah</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>His riders were stopped by Khalid's army at the town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buttah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buttah (page does not exist)">Buttah</a>. Khalid asked them about the signing of pact with <a href="/wiki/Sajah" title="Sajah">Sajjah</a>; they said it was just because they wanted revenge against their terrible enemies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When Khalid reached Najd he found no opposing army. He sent his <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> to nearby villages and ordered them to call the <a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">Athaan</a> to each party they meet. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dhiraar_ibn_al-Azwar" title="Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar">Zirrar bin Azwar</a>, a squadron leader, arrested the family of Malik, claiming they did not answer the call to prayer. Malik avoided direct contact with Khalid's army and ordered his followers to scatter, and he and his family apparently moved away across the desert.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He refused to give <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>, hence differentiating between prayer and zakat. Nevertheless, Malik was accused of rebellion against the state of Medina. He was also to be charged for his entering in an anti-Caliphate alliance with the anti-Islamic prophetess Sajjah.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Malik was arrested along with his clansmen.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Malik was asked by Khalid about his crimes. Malik's response was "your master said this, your master said that", referring to Abu Bakr. Khalid declared Malik a rebel apostate and ordered his execution.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Khalid_bin_Walid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid bin Walid">Khalid bin Walid</a> killed <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Nuwayra" title="Malik ibn Nuwayra">Malik ibn Nuwayra</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ikrimah_ibn_Abi-Jahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl">Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl</a>, one of the corps commanders, was instructed to make contact with Musaylima at <a href="/wiki/Al-Yamama" title="Al-Yamama">Yamamah</a>, but not to engage in fighting until Khalid joined him. Abu Bakr's intention in giving Ikrimah this mission was to tie Musaylima down at Yamamah. With Ikrimah on the horizon, Musaylima would remain in expectation of a Muslim attack, and thus not be able to leave his base. With Musaylima so committed, Khalid would be free to deal with the apostate tribes of north-central Arabia without interference from Yamamah. Meanwhile, Abu Bakr sent <a href="/wiki/Shurahbil_ibn_Hasana" title="Shurahbil ibn Hasana">Shurhabil</a>'s corps to reinforce Ikrama at Yamamah. </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Ikrimah" title="Ikrimah">Ikrimah</a> attacked Musaylima's forces in early September 632 and was defeated. He wrote the details of his actions to Abu Bakr, who, both pained and angered by the rashness of Ikrimah and his disobedience, ordered him to proceed with his force to <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> to assist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudaifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hudaifa (page does not exist)">Hudaifa</a>; once Hudaifa had completed his task, to march to <a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a> to help <a href="/wiki/Arfaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Arfaja">Arfaja</a>, and thereafter go to <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> to help Muhajir.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Glubb_1963,_p._112_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Glubb_1963,_p._112-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> sent orders to Khalid to march against Musaylima. Shurhabil's corps, that was stationed at Yamamah, was to reinforce Khalid's corps. In addition to this Abu Bakr assembled a fresh army of <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhajireen" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhajireen">Muhajireen</a> in Medina that joined Khalid's corps at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Butah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butah (page does not exist)">Butah</a>. From Butah Khalid marched to Yamamah to join with Shurhabil's corps. Though Abu Bakr had instructed Shurhabil not to engage Musaylima's forces until the arrival of Khalid, shortly before the arrival of Khalid, Shurhabil engaged Musaylima's forces and was defeated too. </p><p>Khalid joined with the corps of Shurhabil early in December 632. The combined force of Muslims, now 13,000 strong, defeated Musaylima's army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamama" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yamama">Battle of Yamamah</a>, which was fought in the third week of December. The fortified city of Yamamah surrendered peacefully later that week.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Glubb_1963,_p._112_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Glubb_1963,_p._112-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khalid established his headquarters at Yamamah, from where he despatched columns to all over the plain of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqraba_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqraba (region) (page does not exist)">Aqraba</a> to subdue the region around Yamamah and to kill or capture all who resisted. Thereafter all of central Arabia submitted to Medina. What remained of the <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> in the less vital areas of Arabia was rooted out by the Muslims in a series of well-planned campaigns within five months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post–Ridda_wars,_until_the_10th_century"><span id="Post.E2.80.93Ridda_wars.2C_until_the_10th_century"></span>Post–Ridda wars, until the 10th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post–Ridda wars, until the 10th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muhammad's followers rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">conquering huge swathes of territory</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in the west to modern day <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> in the east in a matter of decades. The bulk of the tribes that helped the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Caliphate</a>'s expansion into Persia and the Levant were composed of Najdi tribes such as <a href="/wiki/Banu_Tamim" title="Banu Tamim">Banu Tamim</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Caliphate</a>'s use of these once-rebellious tribes allowed <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> to quickly deploy battle hardened men and experienced generals such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27qa%27_ibn_Amr_al-Tamimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi">Al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi</a> into the front-lines against the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>. </p><p>Najd soon became a politically peripheral region of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> as the focus shifted to the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">outside of the peninsula</a>. Many of members of the conquering tribes of Najd soon shifted into the Levant, Persia and North Africa, playing a role in future conflicts in the caliphate, becoming governors and even birthing emirates such as the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Migrations continued throughout the centuries back and forth from Nejd to Iraq and the Levant, with many Najdi tribes reaching Khorosan and the Maghreb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> added the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coast (the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27Asir_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="'Asir Province">Asir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">tried to add al-Ahsa</a>) to the Empire and claimed <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> over the interior. It was an attempt to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_naval_expeditions_in_the_Indian_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean">thwart the Portuguese</a> from attacking the Red Sea (hence the Hejaz)<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Saudi_State.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/First_Saudi_State.svg/250px-First_Saudi_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/First_Saudi_State.svg/375px-First_Saudi_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/First_Saudi_State.svg/500px-First_Saudi_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption>Expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a> from 1804 to 1814</figcaption></figure> <p>Ottoman control over these lands varied over the next four centuries with the fluctuating strength or weakness of the Empire's central authority.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emergence of what was to become the Saudi royal family, known as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Al Saud</a>, began in <a href="/wiki/Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Nejd">Najd</a> in central Arabia in 1744, when <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Saud">Muhammad bin Saud</a>, founder of the dynasty, joined forces with the religious leader <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founder of the Wahhabi movement, a strict puritanical form of Sunni Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This alliance formed in the 18th century provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion and remains the basis of Saudi Arabian dynastic rule today.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first "Saudi state" established in 1744 in the area around <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> rapidly expanded and briefly controlled most of the present-day territory of Saudi Arabia, but was destroyed by 1818 by the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Egypt">viceroy of Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Mohammed Ali Pasha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A much smaller second "Saudi state", located mainly in Nejd, was established in 1824 by <a href="/wiki/Turki_bin_Abdallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Turki bin Abdallah">Turki bn Abdullah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the rest of the 19th century, the Al Saud contested control of the interior of what was to become Saudi Arabia with another Arabian ruling family, the <a href="/wiki/Rashidi_dynasty" title="Rashidi dynasty">Al Rashid</a>. By 1891, the Al Rashid were victorious and the Al Saud were driven into exile in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_history_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> continued to control or have suzerainty over most of the peninsula. Subject to this suzerainty, Arabia was ruled by a patchwork of tribal rulers,<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Sharif_of_Mecca" title="Sharif of Mecca">Sharif of Mecca</a> having pre-eminence and ruling the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1902, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_bin_Faisal_Al_Saud_(1850%E2%80%931928)" title="Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud (1850–1928)">Abdul Rahman</a>'s son, AbdulAziz—later to be known to the west as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a>—recaptured control of Riyadh, bringing the Al Saud back to Najd.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_history_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Saud gained the support of the <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a>, a tribal army inspired by Wahhabism, and which had grown quickly after its foundation in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the aid of the Ikhwan, Ibn Saud captured <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">al-Ahsa</a> from the Ottomans in 1913. </p><p>In 1916, with the encouragement and support of Britain (which was fighting the Ottomans in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>), the Sharif of Mecca, <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca">Hussein bin Ali</a>, led a <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">pan-Arab revolt</a> against the Ottoman Empire to create a united Arab state.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this revolt failed in its objective, <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">the Allied</a> victory in World War I resulted in the end of Ottoman suzerainty and control in Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Saud avoided involvement in the Arab Revolt and instead continued his struggle with the Al Rashid. Following the latter's final defeat, he took the title <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Nejd" title="Sultanate of Nejd">Sultan of Najd</a> in 1921. With the help of the Ikhwan, the Hejaz was conquered in 1924–25 and on 10 January 1926, Ibn Saud declared himself King of the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, he added the title of King of Nejd. For the next five years, he administered the two parts of his dual kingdom as separate units.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_history_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the conquest of the Hejaz, the Ikhwan leadership turned to expansion of the Wahhabist realm into the British protectorates of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a>, Iraq and Kuwait, and began raiding those territories. This met with Ibn Saud's opposition, as he recognized the danger of a direct conflict with the British. At the same time, the Ikhwan became disenchanted with Ibn Saud's domestic policies, which appeared to favor modernization and the increase in the number of non-Muslim foreigners in the country. As a result, they turned against Ibn Saud and, after a two-year struggle, were defeated in 1930 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabilla" title="Battle of Sabilla">Battle of Sabilla</a>, where their leaders were massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932 the two kingdoms of the Hejaz and Nejd were united as the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_history_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Najd" title="Special:EditPage/Najd">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Najd%22">"Najd"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Najd%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Najd%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Najd%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Najd%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Najd%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact boundaries of Najd cannot be precisely determined due to varying geographical and political limits throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing197790_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing197790-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is roughly bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region in the west, the <a href="/wiki/Nafud_desert" title="Nafud desert">Nafud desert</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Jawf_Province" title="Al-Jawf Province">al-Jawf</a> to the North, <a href="/wiki/Ad-Dahna_Desert" title="Ad-Dahna Desert">ad-Dahna Desert</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Governorate" title="Al-Ahsa Governorate">al-Ahsa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a> to the east, and the <a href="/wiki/Empty_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Empty Quarter">Empty Quarter</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing197790_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing197790-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlOboudi2015284_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlOboudi2015284-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medieval Muslim geographers spent a great amount of time debating the exact boundaries between Hejaz and Najd in particular, but generally set the western boundaries of Najd to be wherever the western mountain ranges and <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> beds began to slope eastwards, and set the eastern boundaries of Najd at the narrow strip of red sand dunes known as the <a href="/wiki/Ad-Dahna_Desert" title="Ad-Dahna Desert">Ad-Dahna Desert</a>, some 100 km (62 mi) east of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>. The southern border of Najd has always been set at the large sea of sand <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dunes</a> known today as <a href="/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali" title="Rub' al Khali">Rub' al Khali</a> (the Empty Quarter), while the southwestern boundaries are marked by the valleys of Wadi Ranyah, Wadi Bisha, and Wadi Tathlith. </p><p>The northern boundaries of Najd have fluctuated greatly over time and received far less attention from the medieval geographers. In the early Islamic centuries, Najd was considered to extend as far north as the River <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, or more specifically, the "Walls of <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau II">Khosrau</a>", constructed by the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> as a barrier between Arabia and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> immediately prior to the advent of Islam. The modern usage of the term encompasses the region of <a href="/wiki/Al-Yamama" title="Al-Yamama">Al-Yamama</a>, which was not always considered part of Najd historically, and became incorporated into the larger definition of Najd in the past centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_at_Wadi_Hanifah_(5218227168).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lake_at_Wadi_Hanifah_%285218227168%29.jpg/250px-Lake_at_Wadi_Hanifah_%285218227168%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lake_at_Wadi_Hanifah_%285218227168%29.jpg/330px-Lake_at_Wadi_Hanifah_%285218227168%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lake_at_Wadi_Hanifah_%285218227168%29.jpg/500px-Lake_at_Wadi_Hanifah_%285218227168%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Lake at the 120 km long <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Hanifa" title="Wadi Hanifa">Wadi Hanifa</a> valley that cuts through Riyadh</figcaption></figure> <p>Najd is a <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> ranging from 762 to 1,525 m (2,500 to 5,003 ft) in height and sloping downwards from west to east. The eastern sections (historically better known as Al-Yamama) are marked by oasis settlements with much farming and trading activities, while the rest has traditionally been sparsely occupied by <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> Bedouins. The main topographical features include the twin mountains of Aja and <a href="/wiki/Salma_Mountains" title="Salma Mountains">Salma</a> in the north near Ha'il, the high land of Jabal Shammar and the <a href="/wiki/Tuwaiq" title="Tuwaiq">Tuwaiq</a> mountain range running through its center from north to south. Also important are the various dry river-beds (<i><a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadis</a></i>) such as <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Hanifa" title="Wadi Hanifa">Wadi Hanifa</a> near Riyadh, Wadi Na'am in the south, Wadi Al-Rumah in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Qassim_Province" title="Al-Qassim Province">Al-Qassim Province</a> in the north, and <a href="/wiki/Wadi_ad-Dawasir" title="Wadi ad-Dawasir">Wadi ad-Dawasir</a> at the southernmost tip of Najd on the border with Najran. Most Najdi villages and settlements are located along these wadis, due to ability of these wadis to preserve precious rainwater in the arid desert climate, while others are located near <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi-desert.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Saudi-desert.gif/220px-Saudi-desert.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Saudi-desert.gif/330px-Saudi-desert.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Saudi-desert.gif/440px-Saudi-desert.gif 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/An_Nafud" class="mw-redirect" title="An Nafud">An Nafud</a> desert in the outskirts of Riyadh with the Jabal <a href="/wiki/Tuwaiq" title="Tuwaiq">Tuwaiq</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, Najd itself has been divided into small provinces made up of constellations of small towns, villages and settlements, with each one usually centered on one "capital". These subdivisions are still recognized by Najdis today, as each province retains its own variation of the Najdi dialect and Najdi customs. The most prominent among these provinces are Al-'Aridh, which includes Riyadh and the historical Saudi capital of <a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a>; Al-Qassim, with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Buraidah" title="Buraidah">Buraidah</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sudair" title="Sudair">Sudair</a>, centered on <a href="/wiki/Al_Majma%27ah" title="Al Majma'ah">Al Majma'ah</a>; Al-Washm, centered on <a href="/wiki/Shaqra_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Shaqra (Saudi Arabia)">Shaqra</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Shammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel Shammar">Jebel Shammar</a>, with its capital, Ha'il. Under modern-day <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, however, Najd is divided into three administrative regions: <a href="/wiki/Ha%27il_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha'il Province">Ha'il</a>, Al-Qassim, and <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Province" title="Riyadh Province">Riyadh</a>, comprising a combined area of 554,000 km<sup>2</sup> (214,000 sq mi). </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Najdi_architecture" title="Najdi architecture">Najdi architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riyadh,_Saudi_Arabia._Qa%E1%B9%A3r_al-Badi%27ah,_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia._Qa%E1%B9%A3r_al-Badi%27ah%2C_interior.jpg/250px-Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia._Qa%E1%B9%A3r_al-Badi%27ah%2C_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia._Qa%E1%B9%A3r_al-Badi%27ah%2C_interior.jpg/330px-Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia._Qa%E1%B9%A3r_al-Badi%27ah%2C_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia._Qa%E1%B9%A3r_al-Badi%27ah%2C_interior.jpg/500px-Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia._Qa%E1%B9%A3r_al-Badi%27ah%2C_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="2422" /></a><figcaption>Battlements (<i>shurfat)</i> on the railings of <a href="/wiki/Qa%E1%B9%A3r_al-Badi%27a" title="Qaṣr al-Badi'a">Qaṣr al-Badi'a</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The architecture of Najd is a type <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style flourished roughly between 13th and 18th centuries and is known for its desert adaptive urban patterns with low-contour earth-structured <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a> buildings<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that are characterized by elements such as triangular or rectangular openings (<i>furjat</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">battlements</a> (<i>shurfat</i>) as well as peepholes projecting outward from the main <a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a> (<i>tarma</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of a central <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">courtyard</a> and open spaces also forms a distinct part of the architectural style.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of Najdi style can be felt in neighboring regions, such as <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kuwait" title="Architecture of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> and inland <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Qatar" title="Architecture of Qatar">Qatar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_ethnic_groups">Social and ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Social and ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a>, Najd is remote and stayed outside of the realm of important Islamic empires such as the <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. This historical separation largely shaped its current dissimilarity to Hejaz.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region is traditionally known as a <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> stronghold, and after the 18th century became known for its strict interpretation of Islam and is generally considered a bastion of religious conservatism. The founder of the interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>, was born in <a href="/wiki/%27Uyayna" class="mw-redirect" title="'Uyayna">'Uyayna</a>, a village in the Najd.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of people in the region consider themselves as Salafi Muslims. The name derives from advocating a return to the traditions of the "ancestors" (salaf), the first three generations of Muslims said to know the "purest" form of Islam. Those generations include the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions (the Sahabah), their successors (the Tabi‘un), and the successors of the successors (the Taba al-Tabi‘in). Practically, Salafis maintain that Muslims ought to rely on the Qur'an, the Sunnah and the 'Ijma (consensus) of the salaf, giving them precedence over later Islamic hermeneutic teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_Hadith">In the <i>Hadith</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In the Hadith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_Najd" title="Hadith of Najd">Hadith of Najd</a></div> <p>According to two narrations in <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih Bukhari">Sahih Bukhari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Prophet Muhammad</a> asks <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> to bless the areas of <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Bilad al-Sham</a> (Syria) and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. When his companions said "Our Najd as well," he replied: <b>There will appear earthquakes and afflictions, and from there will come out the side of the head (i.e. horns) of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>.</b><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar narration, Muhammad again asked Allah to bless the areas <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, Sham, and Yemen and, when asked specifically to bless Najd, repeated similar comments about there being earthquakes, trials, tribulations, and the horns of Satan.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"O Allaah bestow your blessings on our Shaam. O Allaah bestow your blessings on our Yemen." The people said, "O Messenger of Allaah, and our Najd." I think the third time the Prophet, sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam, said, "There (in Najd) will occur earthquakes, trials and tribulations, and from there appears the Horn of Satan."</p></blockquote> <p>The according to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic scholar">Islamic scholar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_mufti" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand mufti">Grand mufti</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a>, the hadith is <i>Sahih</i> (correct).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Najd" title="Special:EditPage/Najd">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The people of Najd have spoken <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, in one form or another, for practically all of recorded history. As in other regions of the peninsula, there is a divergence between the dialect of the nomadic Bedouins and the dialect of the sedentary townspeople. The variation, however, is far less pronounced in Najd than it is elsewhere in the country, and the Najdi sedentary dialect may be either a descended from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic dialects">Bedouin dialect</a>, or due to similar conditions of isolation from foreign influence, they share similar isolated features being related dialects. The <a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi dialect</a> is seen by some to be the least foreign-influenced of all modern Arabic dialects, due to the isolated location and harsh climate of the Najdi plateau, as well as the apparent absence of any substratum from a previous language. Indeed, not even the ancient <a href="/wiki/Old_South_Arabian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old South Arabian">South Arabian</a> language appears to have been widely spoken in Najd in ancient times, unlike southern Saudi Arabia, for example. </p><p>Within Najd itself, the different regions and towns have their own distinctive accents and sub-dialects. However, these have largely merged in recent times and have become heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Arabic dialects</a> from other regions and countries. This is particularly the case in Riyadh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dates_Palms_in_Buraidah_resort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dates_Palms_in_Buraidah_resort.jpg/130px-Dates_Palms_in_Buraidah_resort.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dates_Palms_in_Buraidah_resort.jpg/195px-Dates_Palms_in_Buraidah_resort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dates_Palms_in_Buraidah_resort.jpg/260px-Dates_Palms_in_Buraidah_resort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Dates Palms in <a href="/wiki/Buraidah" title="Buraidah">Buraidah</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 20th century, Najd produced coarse <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> cloth, <a href="/wiki/Dates_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dates (fruit)">dates</a> and a wide range of other agricultural products.<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero99_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero99-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A contest held in the Middle East brought light to a new character in famed <a href="/wiki/SNK_Playmore" class="mw-redirect" title="SNK Playmore">SNK Playmore</a> video game, <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Fighters_XIV" title="The King of Fighters XIV">The King of Fighters XIV</a></i>. This character goes under the name Najd.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hijaz_and_Najd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hijaz and Najd">Kingdom of Hijaz and Najd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Najd_(1817%E2%80%931818)" title="Expedition to Najd (1817–1818)">Expedition to Najd (1817–1818)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dukhul_and_Hummel_Mountains" title="Al-Dukhul and Hummel Mountains">Al-Dukhul and Hummel Mountains</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing197790-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing197790_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing197790_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing197790_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing197790_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1977">King 1977</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlOboudi2015284-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlOboudi2015284_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlOboudi2015284_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlOboudi2015">AlOboudi 2015</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Magar+Civilization+Domestication+of+Horses+in+Saudi+Arabia%3F&rft.pub=New+Public+Scientific+Portal+for%3A+Paleolithic+%26+Neolithic+Rock+Art+Cave+Paintings+%26+Rock+Engravings+-+Thomas+Kummert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaleolithic-neolithic.com%2Foverview%2Fal-magar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/these-may-be-world-s-first-images-dogs-and-they-re-wearing-leashes">"These may be the world's first images of dogs—and they're wearing leashes"</a>. Science Magazine - David Grimm<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=These+may+be+the+world%27s+first+images+of+dogs%E2%80%94and+they%27re+wearing+leashes&rft.pub=Science+Magazine+-+David+Grimm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fthese-may-be-world-s-first-images-dogs-and-they-re-wearing-leashes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/middle_east/saudi_arabia_rock_art/al_magar.php">"The rock art of Saudi Arabia"</a>. Bradshaw Foundation - Dr. Majeed Khan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+rock+art+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Bradshaw+Foundation+-+Dr.+Majeed+Khan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bradshawfoundation.com%2Fmiddle_east%2Fsaudi_arabia_rock_art%2Fal_magar.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45976/Kindah#ref484269">History of Arabia – Kindah</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Retrieved 11 February 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/318035/Kindah">"Kindah (people)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kindah+%28people%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F318035%2FKindah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stoat-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stoat_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hawarey-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hawarey_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hawarey_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHawarey2010" class="citation book cs1">Hawarey, Mosab (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322002711/http://www.islamic-book.net/ar/Rihlat-Alnobowwah.htm"><i>The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and War</i></a>. Islamic Book Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-book.net/ar/Rihlat-Alnobowwah.htm">the original</a> on March 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journey+of+Prophecy%3B+Days+of+Peace+and+War&rft.pub=Islamic+Book+Trust&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hawarey&rft.aufirst=Mosab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-book.net%2Far%2FRihlat-Alnobowwah.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span> Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic; an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726142128/http://military.hawarey.org/military_english.htm">English translation</a> is available.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRahman_al-Mubarakpuri2005" class="citation book cs1">Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, Saifur (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA192"><i>The Sealed Nectar</i></a>. Darussalam. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798694145923" title="Special:BookSources/9798694145923"><bdi>9798694145923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sealed+Nectar&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Darussalam&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9798694145923&rft.aulast=Rahman+al-Mubarakpuri&rft.aufirst=Saifur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ppPqzawIrIC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mubarakpuri_p._349-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mubarakpuri_p._349_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mubarakpuri, <i>The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet</i>, p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibn_Sa’d,_vol.ii,_p._150-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Sa’d,_vol.ii,_p._150_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Sa’d, vol.ii, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donner-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donner_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred M. Donner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBzRj7OajmEC&pg=PP1"><i>Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam</i></a>, Harvard University Press, 2010; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05097-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05097-6">978-0-674-05097-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. New Edition. Vol. 1, p. 110. Peter Hellyer, Ibrahim Al-Abed, Ibrahim Al Abed, "The United Arab Emirates, A New Perspective", London: Trident Press, 2001, pp. 81–84; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900724-47-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-900724-47-2">1-900724-47-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A.I._Akram,_1970-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A.I._Akram,_1970_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A.I._Akram,_1970_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. I. Akram (1970), <i>The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns</i>, Rawalpindi: National Publishing. House; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7101-0104-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7101-0104-X">0-7101-0104-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAl-Tabari915">Al-Tabari 915</a>, pp. 501–502<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAl-Tabari915 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAl-Tabari915">Al-Tabari 915</a>, p. 496<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAl-Tabari915 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAl-Tabari915">Al-Tabari 915</a>, p. 502<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAl-Tabari915 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tabari: Vol. 2, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Glubb_1963,_p._112-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_Glubb_1963,_p._112_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Glubb_1963,_p._112_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Glubb (1963), <i>The Great Arab Conquests</i>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_E._Lindsay2005" class="citation book cs1">James E. Lindsay (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/33"><i>Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World</i></a>. Greenwood Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/33">33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32270-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32270-8"><bdi>0-313-32270-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-313-32270-8&rft.au=James+E.+Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinmedie00lind%2Fpage%2F33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernstein-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William J. Bernstein (2008). <i>A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World</i>. Grove Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ePiReZWp0NwC&pg=PA191">pp. 191 ff.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowen">Bowen</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNikshoy_C._Chatterji1973" class="citation book cs1">Nikshoy C. Chatterji (1973). <i>Muddle of the Middle East, Volume 2</i>. Abhinav Publications. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-00304-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-00304-6"><bdi>0-391-00304-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muddle+of+the+Middle+East%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-391-00304-6&rft.au=Nikshoy+C.+Chatterji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowen">Bowen</a>, pp. 69–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIan_HarrisStuart_MewsPaul_MorrisJohn_Shepherd1992" class="citation book cs1">Ian Harris; Stuart Mews; Paul Morris; John Shepherd (1992). <i>Contemporary Religions: A World Guide</i>. Longman. p. 369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-08695-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-08695-1"><bdi>978-0-582-08695-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Religions%3A+A+World+Guide&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-582-08695-1&rft.au=Ian+Harris&rft.au=Stuart+Mews&rft.au=Paul+Morris&rft.au=John+Shepherd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahmud_A._Faksh1997" class="citation book cs1">Mahmud A. Faksh (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofislaminm0000faks/page/89"><i>The Future of Islam in the Middle East</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofislaminm0000faks/page/89">89–90</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95128-3"><bdi>978-0-275-95128-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Islam+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95128-3&rft.au=Mahmud+A.+Faksh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutureofislaminm0000faks%2Fpage%2F89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm">"The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam"</a>. Library of Congress Country Studies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(1992) Nineteenth Century Arabia. In <a href="/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz" title="Helen Chapin Metz">Helen Chapin Metz</a>, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/8.htm">http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/8.htm</a> <i>Saudi Arabia: A Country Study</i>]. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_history-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_history_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_history_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_history_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_history_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia">"History of Arabia"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Arabia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F31568%2Fhistory-of-Arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Murphy2008" class="citation book cs1">David Murphy (2008). <i>The Arab Revolt 1916–18: Lawrence Sets Arabia Ablaze</i>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-339-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-339-1"><bdi>978-1-84603-339-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Revolt+1916%E2%80%9318%3A+Lawrence+Sets+Arabia+Ablaze&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-339-1&rft.au=David+Murphy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadawi_Al_Rasheed1997" class="citation book cs1">Madawi Al Rasheed (1997). <i>Politics in an Arabian Oasis: The Rashidis of Saudi Arabia</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-193-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-193-8"><bdi>1-86064-193-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+an+Arabian+Oasis%3A+The+Rashidis+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-86064-193-8&rft.au=Madawi+Al+Rasheed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEwan_W._AndersonWilliam_Bayne_Fisher2000" class="citation book cs1">Ewan W. Anderson; William Bayne Fisher (2000). <i>The Middle East: Geography and Geopolitics</i>. Routledge. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07667-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07667-8"><bdi>978-0-415-07667-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East%3A+Geography+and+Geopolitics&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07667-8&rft.au=Ewan+W.+Anderson&rft.au=William+Bayne+Fisher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFR._Hrair_Dekmejian1994" class="citation book cs1">R. 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Syracuse University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminrevolutio00dekm/page/131">131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2635-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2635-0"><bdi>978-0-8156-2635-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Revolution%3A+Fundamentalism+in+the+Arab+World&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2635-0&rft.au=R.+Hrair+Dekmejian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislaminrevolutio00dekm%2Fpage%2F131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_TuckerPriscilla_Mary_Roberts205" class="citation book cs1">Spencer Tucker; Priscilla Mary Roberts (205). <i>The Encyclopedia of World War I</i>. p. 565. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-420-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-420-2"><bdi>978-1-85109-420-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+War+I&rft.pages=565&rft.date=205&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-420-2&rft.au=Spencer+Tucker&rft.au=Priscilla+Mary+Roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_Hourani2005" class="citation book cs1">Albert Hourani (2005). <i>A History of the Arab Peoples</i>. Faber & Faber. pp. <span class="nowrap">315–</span>319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22664-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22664-1"><bdi>978-0-571-22664-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Arab+Peoples&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E319&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-571-22664-1&rft.au=Albert+Hourani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_WynbrandtFawaz_A._Gerges2010" class="citation book cs1">James Wynbrandt; Fawaz A. Gerges (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofsa0000wynb/page/182"><i>A Brief History of Saudi Arabia</i></a>. Infobase. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofsa0000wynb/page/182">182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7876-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7876-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-7876-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7876-9&rft.au=James+Wynbrandt&rft.au=Fawaz+A.+Gerges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofsa0000wynb%2Fpage%2F182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Lacey2009" class="citation book cs1">Robert Lacey (2009). <i>Inside the Kingdom</i>. Arrow. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-953905-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-953905-6"><bdi>978-0-09-953905-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Kingdom&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Arrow&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-09-953905-6&rft.au=Robert+Lacey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHernandez2022" class="citation book cs1">Hernandez, S. (13 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQCMEAAAQBAJ&dq=najdi+architectural+style+najd&pg=PA29"><i>Islamic Heritage Architecture IV</i></a>. WIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78466-475-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78466-475-6"><bdi>978-1-78466-475-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Heritage+Architecture+IV&rft.pub=WIT+Press&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-78466-475-6&rft.aulast=Hernandez&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQCMEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnajdi%2Barchitectural%2Bstyle%2Bnajd%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VOBtAAAAMAAJ&q=najdi+architectural+style+najd"><i>Arabian Studies</i></a>. C. Hurst. 1982. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905906-31-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905906-31-7"><bdi>978-0-905906-31-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabian+Studies&rft.pub=C.+Hurst&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-905906-31-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVOBtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dnajdi%2Barchitectural%2Bstyle%2Bnajd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInstitute1991" class="citation book cs1">Institute, The Getty Conservation (28 February 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rq9OAgAAQBAJ&dq=najdi+architectural+style+najd&pg=PA154"><i>6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture: Adobe 90 Preprints</i></a>. Getty Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-181-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-181-6"><bdi>978-0-89236-181-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=6th+International+Conference+on+the+Conservation+of+Earthen+Architecture%3A+Adobe+90+Preprints&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=1991-02-28&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-181-6&rft.aulast=Institute&rft.aufirst=The+Getty+Conservation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drq9OAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnajdi%2Barchitectural%2Bstyle%2Bnajd%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaidah2022" class="citation book cs1">Jaidah, Ibrahim Mohamed (25 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OORmEAAAQBAJ&dq=najdi+architectural+style+najd&pg=PT8"><i>Qatari Style: Unexpected Interiors</i></a>. Hirmer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-4006-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-4006-4"><bdi>978-3-7774-4006-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qatari+Style%3A+Unexpected+Interiors&rft.pub=Hirmer+Verlag&rft.date=2022-03-25&rft.isbn=978-3-7774-4006-4&rft.aulast=Jaidah&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim+Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOORmEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnajdi%2Barchitectural%2Bstyle%2Bnajd%26pg%3DPT8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPacettiPasseriniBrebbiaLatini2012" class="citation book cs1">Pacetti, M.; Passerini, G.; Brebbia, C. A.; Latini, G. (7 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmk3mCrMDTQC&dq=low+contour+riyadh&pg=PA296"><i>The Sustainable City VII: Urban Regeneration and Sustainability</i></a>. WIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84564-578-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84564-578-6"><bdi>978-1-84564-578-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sustainable+City+VII%3A+Urban+Regeneration+and+Sustainability&rft.pub=WIT+Press&rft.date=2012-05-07&rft.isbn=978-1-84564-578-6&rft.aulast=Pacetti&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Passerini%2C+G.&rft.au=Brebbia%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Latini%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwmk3mCrMDTQC%26dq%3Dlow%2Bcontour%2Briyadh%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnishchenkova2020" class="citation book cs1">Anishchenkova, Valerie (1 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DkrEEAAAQBAJ&dq=najdi+architectural+style&pg=PA257"><i>Modern Saudi Arabia</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5705-8"><bdi>978-1-4408-5705-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-5705-8&rft.aulast=Anishchenkova&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkrEEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnajdi%2Barchitectural%2Bstyle%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AsFUAAAAMAAJ&q=najdi+architectural+style"><i>Architecture + Design</i></a>. Media Transasia. 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+%2B+Design&rft.pub=Media+Transasia&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAsFUAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dnajdi%2Barchitectural%2Bstyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLong2005" class="citation book cs1">Long, David E. (30 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CuLEEAAAQBAJ&dq=najdi+architectural+style+najd&pg=PA105"><i>Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-06279-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-06279-7"><bdi>978-0-313-06279-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2005-07-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-06279-7&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCuLEEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnajdi%2Barchitectural%2Bstyle%2Bnajd%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alriyadh.com/1998681">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"فلسفة المثلث" في العمارة الطينية"</a>. <i>www.alriyadh.com</i>. 21 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alriyadh.com&rft.atitle=%22%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AB%22+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.date=2023-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alriyadh.com%2F1998681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMostyn1983" class="citation book cs1">Mostyn, Trevor (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O8JtAAAAMAAJ&q=najdi+architecture+courtyards"><i>Saudi Arabia</i></a>. Middle East Economic Digest. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946510-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-946510-00-9"><bdi>978-0-946510-00-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Middle+East+Economic+Digest&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-946510-00-9&rft.aulast=Mostyn&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO8JtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dnajdi%2Barchitecture%2Bcourtyards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatalaniNourVersaciHawkes2018" class="citation book cs1">Catalani, Anna; Nour, Zeinab; Versaci, Antonella; Hawkes, Dean; Bougdah, Hocine; Sotoca, Adolf; Ghoneem, Mahmoud; Trapani, Ferdinando (1 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3z9ZDwAAQBAJ&dq=najdi+architectural+style+najd&pg=PA2261"><i>Cities' Identity Through Architecture and Arts: Proceedings of the International Conference on Cities' Identity through Architecture and Arts (CITAA 2017), May 11-13, 2017, Cairo, Egypt</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-68032-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-68032-5"><bdi>978-1-351-68032-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities%27+Identity+Through+Architecture+and+Arts%3A+Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference+on+Cities%27+Identity+through+Architecture+and+Arts+%28CITAA+2017%29%2C+May+11-13%2C+2017%2C+Cairo%2C+Egypt&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-351-68032-5&rft.aulast=Catalani&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Nour%2C+Zeinab&rft.au=Versaci%2C+Antonella&rft.au=Hawkes%2C+Dean&rft.au=Bougdah%2C+Hocine&rft.au=Sotoca%2C+Adolf&rft.au=Ghoneem%2C+Mahmoud&rft.au=Trapani%2C+Ferdinando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3z9ZDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnajdi%2Barchitectural%2Bstyle%2Bnajd%26pg%3DPA2261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFعلي2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">علي, ثويني ، معمار (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=auhFAQAAIAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA"><i>العمارة الإسلامية: سجالات في الحداثة</i></a> (in Arabic). الدار العربية للعلوم - ناشرون،. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9953-87-742-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9953-87-742-6"><bdi>978-9953-87-742-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9%3A+%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9&rft.pub=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85+-+%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%8C&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9953-87-742-6&rft.aulast=%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A&rft.aufirst=%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A+%D8%8C+%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DauhFAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25AC%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2B%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2583%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D8%25AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiedel2011" class="citation journal cs1">Riedel, Bruce (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115051640/http://www.relooney.info/SI_Milken-Arabia/0-Important_14.pdf">"Brezhnev in the Hejaz"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The National Interest</i>. <b>115</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.relooney.info/SI_Milken-Arabia/0-Important_14.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft.atitle=Brezhnev+in+the+Hejaz&rft.volume=115&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.relooney.info%2FSI_Milken-Arabia%2F0-Important_14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-40633687">"Saudi Arabia investigates video of woman in miniskirt"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 17 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+investigates+video+of+woman+in+miniskirt&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-40633687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bin Ali Mohamed (2015). <i>The Roots of Religious Extremism: Understanding the Salafi Doctrine of Al-wala‘ Wal Bara‘</i>. Bara World Scientific. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783263943" title="Special:BookSources/9781783263943">9781783263943</a>. p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari:1037">Sahih Bukhari, Hadith no. 1037</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari:7094">Sahih Bukhari, Hadith no. 7094</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"O Allah bestow your blessings on our Medina, and bestow your blessings on our <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, and bestow your blessings on our Sham, and bestow your blessings on our Yemen, and bestow your blessings in our measuring (fee saa`inaa wa muddinaa)." A person said, "O Messenger of Allah and in our Najd" and so he turned away from him and said, "there will occur earthquakes, trials and tribulations and there will appear the horn of Satan." From <a href="/wiki/Shu%27ayb_al-Arna%27ut" title="Shu'ayb al-Arna'ut">Shu'ayb al-Arna'ut</a>: Sharh as-Sunnah' (14/206-207 fn. 2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O Allah bestow your blessings on our Medina, O Allah bestow your blessings in our measuring, O Allah bestow your blessings in our Sham and our Yemen." A person said, "And Najd O Messenger of Allah?" He said, "from there arises the horn of Satan and the trials and tribulations would come like mounting waves." From al-Awsat by at-Tabaraanee from Hadith of <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab">Ibn Umar</a> and authenticated by <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abu_Bakr_al-Haythami" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami">Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami</a> in <i>Mujma az-Zawaa`id</i> (3/305)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://binbaz.org.sa/fatwas/2936/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A7#:~:text=%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7%20%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%8C%20%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%20%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AD%20%D8%A7,%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%8C%20%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84:%20%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D9%84.">"الحكم على حديث: «اللهم بارك لنا في شامنا ويمننا»"</a>. <i>binbaz.org.sa</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=binbaz.org.sa&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%3A+%C2%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D9%85+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83+%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7+%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A7%C2%BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbinbaz.org.sa%2Ffatwas%2F2936%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D9%2583%25D9%2585-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2589-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25AB-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D9%2587%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583-%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A-%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7-%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%25D9%2587%25D8%25B0%25D8%25A7%2520%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AD%25D9%258A%25D8%25AD%25D8%258C%2520%25D8%25AD%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25AB%2520%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AD%25D9%258A%25D8%25AD%2520%25D8%25A7%2C%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AC%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1%25D8%258C%2520%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%3A%2520%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero99-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prothero99_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProthero1920" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, G. W. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/99/"><i>Arabia</i></a>. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11767%2Fview%2F1%2F99%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSato2018" class="citation web cs1">Sato (22 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.siliconera.com/king-fighters-xiv-trailer-reveals-fan-created-dlc-character-najd/">"The King of Fighters XIV Trailer Reveals Fan-Created DLC Character Najd"</a>. <i>Siliconera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Siliconera&rft.atitle=The+King+of+Fighters+XIV+Trailer+Reveals+Fan-Created+DLC+Character+Najd&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft.au=Sato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.siliconera.com%2Fking-fighters-xiv-trailer-reveals-fan-created-dlc-character-najd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaballero2018" class="citation web cs1">Caballero, David (23 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamereactor.eu/saudi-fighter-najd-is-kof-xivs-57th-playable-character/">"Saudi fighter Najd is KOF XIV's 57th playable character"</a>. <i>Gamereactor UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamereactor+UK&rft.atitle=Saudi+fighter+Najd+is+KOF+XIV%27s+57th+playable+character&rft.date=2018-03-23&rft.aulast=Caballero&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamereactor.eu%2Fsaudi-fighter-najd-is-kof-xivs-57th-playable-character%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKing1977" class="citation journal cs1">King, Geoffrey (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223304">"Traditional Architecture in Najd, Saudi Arabia"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies</i>. <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">90–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-8421">0308-8421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seminar+for+Arabian+Studies&rft.atitle=Traditional+Architecture+in+Najd%2C+Saudi+Arabia&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0308-8421&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41223304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlOboudi2015" class="citation journal cs1">AlOboudi, Sharifah M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/arabstudquar.37.3.0282">"Najd, the Heart of Arabia"</a>. <i>Arab Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>37</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">282–</span>299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Farabstudquar.37.3.0282">10.13169/arabstudquar.37.3.0282</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0271-3519">0271-3519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Najd%2C+the+Heart+of+Arabia&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E282-%3C%2Fspan%3E299&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13169%2Farabstudquar.37.3.0282&rft.issn=0271-3519&rft.aulast=AlOboudi&rft.aufirst=Sharifah+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.13169%2Farabstudquar.37.3.0282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najd&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Najd</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Najd" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Najd">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nejd" class="extiw" title="voy:Nejd">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208154" class="extiw" title="d:Q208154">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Najd</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Najd">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Najd&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWahab1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wahab, Robert Alexander (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nejd"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nejd">"Nejd" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">351–</span>352.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nejd&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E351-%3C%2Fspan%3E352&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Wahab&rft.aufirst=Robert+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajd" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic region">Geographic regions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_(region)" title="Yemen (region)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahra_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahra (region) (page does not exist)">Mahra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oman (region) (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Najd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a></li> <li>Southern <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></li> <li>Southern <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Southeastern31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subregion#Asia" title="Subregion">Other regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Himalayan27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Rim" title="Himalayan Rim">Himalayan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Himalayan_Region" title="Indian Himalayan Region">Indian region</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern Am.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern USA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle Am.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caribbean" title="Greater Caribbean">Greater Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central Am.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australasia15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">Supercontinents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Americas12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic Rim">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By direction: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/235546202">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4210617-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Najd (Saúdská Arábie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge415087&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007558129105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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