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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Childhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Succession and administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wisdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wisdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Wisdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wisdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Wealth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Construction projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wives_and_concubines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wives_and_concubines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Wives and concubines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wives_and_concubines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Queen_of_Sheba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Queen_of_Sheba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Relationship with Queen of Sheba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Queen_of_Sheba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sins_and_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sins_and_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Sins and punishment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sins_and_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enemies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enemies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Enemies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enemies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death,_succession_of_Rehoboam,_and_kingdom_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death,_succession_of_Rehoboam,_and_kingdom_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 Death, succession of Rehoboam, and kingdom division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death,_succession_of_Rehoboam,_and_kingdom_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apocryphal_or_deuterocanonical_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apocryphal_or_deuterocanonical_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Apocryphal or deuterocanonical texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apocryphal_or_deuterocanonical_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Historicity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historicity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arguments_against_biblical_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_against_biblical_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Arguments against biblical description </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_against_biblical_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments_in_favour_of_biblical_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_in_favour_of_biblical_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Arguments in favour of biblical description </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_in_favour_of_biblical_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_way" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_way"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Middle way </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_way-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Archaeology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 General observations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_Mount_in_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_Mount_in_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Temple Mount in Jerusalem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_Mount_in_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precious_metals_from_Tarshish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precious_metals_from_Tarshish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Precious metals from Tarshish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precious_metals_from_Tarshish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.4 Cabul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_criticism:_Solomon's_religiosity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_criticism:_Solomon's_religiosity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Biblical criticism: Solomon's religiosity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_criticism:_Solomon's_religiosity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Religious views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religious views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Baháʼí Faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legends </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legends subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_Thousand_and_One_Nights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 One Thousand and One Nights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_Thousand_and_One_Nights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angels_and_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angels_and_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Angels and magic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angels_and_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seal_of_Solomon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seal_of_Solomon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Seal of Solomon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seal_of_Solomon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solomon_and_Asmodeus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solomon_and_Asmodeus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Solomon and Asmodeus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solomon_and_Asmodeus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Artifacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Angels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Kabbalah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Kabbalah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 In the Kabbalah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Kabbalah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_palace_without_entrance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_palace_without_entrance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6 The palace without entrance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_palace_without_entrance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Throne </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freemasonry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freemasonry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Freemasonry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freemasonry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Places </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature,_art,_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature,_art,_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In literature, art, and music </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_literature,_art,_and_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In literature, art, and music subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_literature,_art,_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Solomon</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 106 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" > 106 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabi_Sulaiman" title="Nabi Sulaiman – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Nabi Sulaiman" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomo" title="Salomo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Salomo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%88%88%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%95" title="ሰለሞን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሰለሞን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سليمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سليمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n" title="Salomón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Salomón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Solomon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلیمان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سلیمان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8" title="সলোমন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সলোমন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3%CD%98-l%C3%B4-b%C3%BBn" title="Só͘-lô-bûn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Só͘-lô-bûn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Сөләймән – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сөләймән" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Саламон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саламон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Саламон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Саламон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Соломон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Соломон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon" title="Salomon – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Salomon" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཤ་ལོ་མོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཤ་ལོ་མོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Solomon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_(roue_Israel)" title="Salomon (roue Israel) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Salomon (roue Israel)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3_d%27Israel" title="Salomó d'Israel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Salomó d'Israel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0alomoun" title="Šalomoun – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šalomoun" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soromoni" title="Soromoni – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Soromoni" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomoni_(R%C3%A8_d%27Israel)" title="Salomoni (Rè d'Israel) – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Salomoni (Rè d'Israel)" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Solomon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon" title="Salomon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Salomon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomo" title="Salomo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Salomo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saalomon" title="Saalomon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saalomon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Σολομών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σολομών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n" title="Salomón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Salomón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomono" title="Salomono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Salomono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon" title="Salomon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Salomon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلیمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلیمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1lomon" title="Sálomon – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sálomon" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_(roi_d%27Isra%C3%ABl)" title="Salomon (roi d'Israël) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Salomon (roi d'Israël)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomo" title="Salomo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Salomo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon" title="Salomon – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Salomon" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solamh" title="Solamh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Solamh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%B3n" title="Salomón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Salomón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8" title="સોલોમન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સોલોમન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3-l%C3%B2-m%C3%B9n-v%C3%B2ng" title="Só-lò-mùn-vòng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Só-lò-mùn-vòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%94%EB%A1%9C%EB%AA%AC" title="솔로몬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="솔로몬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%BB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սողոմոն Իմաստուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սողոմոն Իմաստուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सुलैमान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुलैमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon" title="Salomon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Salomon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomo" title="Salomo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Salomo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon" title="Salomon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Salomon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal%C3%B3mon_konungur" title="Salómon konungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Salómon konungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomone" title="Salomone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Salomone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94" title="שלמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94" title="სოლომონ მეფე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოლომონ მეფე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8F%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سُلیمان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سُلیمان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сүлеймен пайғамбар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сүлеймен пайғамбар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomoni" title="Solomoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Solomoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sil%C3%AAman_(p%C3%AAxember)" title="Silêman (pêxember) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Silêman (pêxember)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelomo_Ameleh" title="Shelomo Ameleh – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Shelomo Ameleh" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81" title="Сулайман идавс – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Сулайман идавс" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_(rex)" title="Salomon (rex) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Salomon (rex)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%81lamans" title="Zālamans – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zālamans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliamonas" title="Saliamonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saliamonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamon_zsid%C3%B3_kir%C3%A1ly" title="Salamon zsidó király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Salamon zsidó király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Соломон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Соломон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4l%C3%B4m%C3%B4na" title="Sôlômôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sôlômôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="സോളമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോളമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سليمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سليمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="سلیمون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سلیمون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%AB-l%C3%B2%CC%A4-mu%C3%B2ng_U%C3%B2ng" title="Sū-lò̤-muòng Uòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sū-lò̤-muòng Uòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Соломон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Соломон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဆော်လမွန်ဘုရင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆော်လမွန်ဘုရင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomo" title="Salomo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Salomo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3" title="ソロモン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソロモン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сулайман – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сулайман" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomo" title="Salomo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Salomo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomo" title="Salomo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Salomo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymon" title="Sulaymon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sulaymon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸੁਲੇਮਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੁਲੇਮਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81)" title="سلیمان (بادشاہ) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلیمان (بادشاہ)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سليمان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سليمان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_(kr%C3%B3l_Izraela)" title="Salomon (król Izraela) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Salomon (król Izraela)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A3o" title="Salomão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Salomão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Solomon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Соломон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Соломон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Solomon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomoni" title="Solomoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Solomoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Solomon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0alam%C3%BAn_(biblick%C3%A1_postava)" title="Šalamún (biblická postava) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šalamún (biblická postava)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon" title="Salomon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Salomon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabi_Suleymaan_C.S." title="Nabi Suleymaan C.S. – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nabi Suleymaan C.S." data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سولەیمان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سولەیمان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Соломон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Соломон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Solomon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomo" title="Salomo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Salomo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomo" title="Salomo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Salomo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Solomon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சாலமோன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாலமோன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%80" title="Сөләйман пәйгамбәр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сөләйман пәйгамбәр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ซาโลมอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซาโลมอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman" title="Süleyman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Süleyman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCle%C3%BDman_pygamber" title="Süleýman pygamber – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Süleýman pygamber" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Соломон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соломон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81)" title="سلیمان (بادشاہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلیمان (بادشاہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D9%8A%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سۇلايمان ئەلەيھىسسالام – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سۇلايمان ئەلەيھىسسالام" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon" title="Salomon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Salomon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Solomon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%80%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8" title="所罗门 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="所罗门" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A" title="שלמה המלך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שלמה המלך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%80%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80%E7%8E%8B" title="所羅門王 – Cantonese" lang="yue" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Solomon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Solomon (disambiguation)">Solomon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"King Solomon" redirects here. For the Ghanaian football team, see <a href="/wiki/King_Solomon_F.C." title="King Solomon F.C.">King Solomon F.C.</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Solomon <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>שְׁלֹמֹה‎</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Simeon_Solomon,_King_Solomon,_1872_or_1874,_NGA_76152_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Simeon_Solomon%2C_King_Solomon%2C_1872_or_1874%2C_NGA_76152_%28cropped%29.jpg/230px-Simeon_Solomon%2C_King_Solomon%2C_1872_or_1874%2C_NGA_76152_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Simeon_Solomon%2C_King_Solomon%2C_1872_or_1874%2C_NGA_76152_%28cropped%29.jpg/345px-Simeon_Solomon%2C_King_Solomon%2C_1872_or_1874%2C_NGA_76152_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Simeon_Solomon%2C_King_Solomon%2C_1872_or_1874%2C_NGA_76152_%28cropped%29.jpg/460px-Simeon_Solomon%2C_King_Solomon%2C_1872_or_1874%2C_NGA_76152_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="2055" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">King Solomon (1872) by <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Solomon" title="Simeon Solomon">Simeon Solomon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">King of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 970–931 BCE (hypothesised)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">11th–10th century BCE <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_and_Judah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Israel and Judah">Kingdom of Israel and Judah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight: normal; background: inherit; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"><div>700 wives of royal birth and 300 concubines, including:<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Naamah_(wife_of_Solomon)" title="Naamah (wife of Solomon)">Naamah</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(wife_of_Solomon)" title="Pharaoh's daughter (wife of Solomon)">Pharaoh's daughter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight: normal; background: inherit; font-style: italic; text-align: left;"><div>3 (recorded):</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Rehoboam </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Hebrew_Bible_figures,_L%E2%80%93Z#Taphath" title="List of minor Hebrew Bible figures, L–Z">Taphath</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Hebrew_Bible_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Basemath" title="List of minor Hebrew Bible figures, A–K">Basemath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">David</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba" title="Bathsheba">Bathsheba</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Solomon (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsɒləmən/</a>),<a href="#cite_note-solomon-names-4">[a]</a> also called Jedidiah,<a href="#cite_note-jedidiah-names-5">[b]</a> was the fourth monarch of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel and Judah</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-JewEnc-7">[5]</a> The successor of his father <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, he is described as having been the penultimate ruler of all <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a> under an amalgamated <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel and Judah</a>. The hypothesized dates of Solomon's reign are from 970 to 931 BCE. According to the biblical narrative, after Solomon's death, his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a> adopted harsh policies towards the northern <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, who then rejected the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a> and sought <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam</a> as their king. In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam%27s_Revolt" title="Jeroboam's Revolt">Jeroboam's Revolt</a>, the Israelites were split between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a> in the north (<a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> in the south (<a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>); the Bible depicts Rehoboam and the rest of Solomon's <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality#In_the_Bible" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal descendants</a> ruling over independent Judah alone.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Judaism" title="Prophets in Judaism">Jewish prophet</a>, Solomon is portrayed as wealthy, wise, powerful, and a dedicated follower of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> (<a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a>),<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> as attested by the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> which was the first <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JewEnc-7">[5]</a> He is also the subject of many later references and legends, most notably in the <a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Solomon" title="Testament of Solomon">Testament of Solomon</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">biblical apocrypha</a> from the 1st century CE. The historicity of Solomon is widely debated. Current scholarly consensus allows for a historical Solomon, but regards his reign as king over Israel and Judah in the 10th century BCE as uncertain and the biblical description of his apparent empire's lavishness as most probably a <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">massive anachronistic exaggeration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grabbe22-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-De2021-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200620-13">[11]</a> Solomon is also revered in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, he is portrayed as a teacher of wisdom, though excelled by <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus of Nazareth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> and as arrayed in glory, but excelled by "the <a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_the_Air" title="The Birds of the Air">lilies of the field</a>".<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, he is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">major Islamic prophet</a>. In mostly non-biblical circles, Solomon also came to be known as a magician and an exorcist, with numerous amulets and medallion seals dating from the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> invoking his name.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_account">Biblical account</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biblical account">edit</a>]</div> The life of Solomon is primarily described in 2 <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Samuel">Samuel</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a> and 2 <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a>. His two names are traditionally taken to mean "<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0-L-M" title="Š-L-M">peaceful</a>" and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:ידיד">friend of God</a>", both considered "predictive of the character of his reign".<a href="#cite_note-JE-17">[15]</a> A 2023 textbook described three possibilities for the <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of Solomon’s name: “compensation or a substitute,” “the ruler of peace,” or based on the deified evening star <a href="/wiki/Shalim" title="Shalim">Shalim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronology">Chronology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chronology">edit</a>]</div> The conventional dates of Solomon's reign are derived from <a href="/wiki/Biblical_chronology" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical chronology">biblical chronology</a> and are set from about 970 to 931 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Regarding the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic dynasty</a>, to which King Solomon belongs, its chronology can be checked against datable Babylonian and Assyrian records at a few points, and these correspondences have allowed <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologists</a> to date its kings in a modern framework.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Solomon#No_such_widely_accepted_sources." title="Talk:Solomon">discuss</a>] According to the most widely used chronology, based on that by the Old Testament professor <a href="/wiki/Edwin_R._Thiele" title="Edwin R. Thiele">Edwin R. Thiele</a>, the death of Solomon and the division of his kingdom would have occurred in the fall of 931 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiele198378-21">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Childhood">edit</a>]</div> Solomon was born in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> the second-born child of David and his wife <a href="/wiki/Bathsheba" title="Bathsheba">Bathsheba</a> (widow of <a href="/wiki/Uriah_the_Hittite" title="Uriah the Hittite">Uriah the Hittite</a>). The first child (unnamed in that account), a son conceived adulterously during Uriah's lifetime, had died seven days after birth. It is suggested in Scripture that this was a judgment from God. Solomon had three named full brothers born to Bathsheba: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_(son_of_David)" title="Nathan (son of David)">Nathan</a>, Shammua, and Shobab,<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> besides six known older half-brothers born of as many mothers.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> The biblical narrative shows that Solomon served as a peace offering between God and David, due to David's adulterous relationship with Bathsheba. In an effort to hide this sin, David sent Bathsheba's husband, <a href="/wiki/Uriah_the_Hittite" title="Uriah the Hittite">Uriah the Hittite</a>, to battle, and specifically to the front line wherein David ordered the commanding officer <a href="/wiki/Joab" title="Joab">Joab</a> to withdraw support for Uriah in order to have him killed in battle by the enemy. After he died, David was finally able to marry Bathsheba. As punishment, the first child, who was conceived during the adulterous relationship, died.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Solomon was born after David was forgiven. It is this reason why his name, which means peace, was chosen. Some historians cited that <a href="/wiki/Nathan_(prophet)" title="Nathan (prophet)">Nathan the Prophet</a> brought up Solomon as his father was busy governing the realm.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> This could also be attributed to the notion that the prophet held great influence over David because he knew of his <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>, which was considered a grievous offense under the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Mosaic Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession_and_administration">Succession and administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Succession and administration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Vos_-_The_Anointing_of_Solomon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cornelis_de_Vos_-_The_Anointing_of_Solomon.jpg/220px-Cornelis_de_Vos_-_The_Anointing_of_Solomon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cornelis_de_Vos_-_The_Anointing_of_Solomon.jpg/330px-Cornelis_de_Vos_-_The_Anointing_of_Solomon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cornelis_de_Vos_-_The_Anointing_of_Solomon.jpg/440px-Cornelis_de_Vos_-_The_Anointing_of_Solomon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption>The Anointing of Solomon by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Vos" title="Cornelis de Vos">Cornelis de Vos</a> (c. 1630). According to 1 <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a> 1:39, Solomon was <a href="/wiki/Anointing" title="Anointing">anointed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Zadok" title="Zadok">Zadok</a>.</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/First_Book_of_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="First Book of Kings">First Book of Kings</a>, when David was old, "he could not get warm".<a href="#cite_note-1_Kings_1_ESV-28">[26]</a> "So they sought a beautiful young woman throughout all the territory of Israel, and found <a href="/wiki/Abishag" title="Abishag">Abishag</a> the <a href="/wiki/Shunamitism" title="Shunamitism">Shunamite</a>, and brought her to the king. The young woman was very beautiful, and she was of service to the king and attended to him, but the king knew her not."<a href="#cite_note-1_Kings_1_ESV-28">[26]</a> While David was in this state, court factions were maneuvering for power. <a href="/wiki/Adonijah" title="Adonijah">Adonijah</a>, David's <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a>, acted to have himself declared king, but was outmaneuvered by Bathsheba and the biblical prophet Nathan, who convinced David to proclaim Solomon king according to his earlier promise (not recorded elsewhere in the biblical narrative),<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> despite Solomon's being younger than his brothers. Solomon, as instructed by David, began his reign with an extensive purge, including his father's chief general, <a href="/wiki/Joab" title="Joab">Joab</a>, among others, and further consolidated his position by appointing friends throughout the administration, including in religious positions as well as in civic and military posts.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> It is said that Solomon ascended to the throne when he was only about fifteen.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> Solomon greatly expanded his military strength, especially the cavalry and chariot arms. He founded numerous colonies, some of which doubled as trading posts and military outposts. Trade relationships were a focus of his administration. In particular he continued his father's very profitable relationship with the Phoenician king <a href="/wiki/Hiram_I" title="Hiram I">Hiram I</a> of Tyre (see 'wealth' below); they sent out joint expeditions to the lands of <a href="/wiki/Tarshish" title="Tarshish">Tarshish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ophir" title="Ophir">Ophir</a> to engage in the trade of luxury products, importing gold, silver, sandalwood, pearls, ivory, apes, and peacocks. Solomon is considered the most wealthy of the Israelite kings named in the Bible. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wisdom">Wisdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wisdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luca_Giordano_-_Dream_of_Solomon_-_WGA09004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Luca_Giordano_-_Dream_of_Solomon_-_WGA09004.jpg/220px-Luca_Giordano_-_Dream_of_Solomon_-_WGA09004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Luca_Giordano_-_Dream_of_Solomon_-_WGA09004.jpg/330px-Luca_Giordano_-_Dream_of_Solomon_-_WGA09004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Luca_Giordano_-_Dream_of_Solomon_-_WGA09004.jpg/440px-Luca_Giordano_-_Dream_of_Solomon_-_WGA09004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="883" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luca_Giordano" title="Luca Giordano">Luca Giordano</a>: The Dream of Solomon: God promises Solomon wisdom</figcaption></figure> Solomon was the biblical king most famous for his wisdom. In 1 Kings he sacrificed to God, and God later appeared to him in a dream,<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> asking what Solomon wanted from God. Solomon asked for wisdom in order to better rule and guide his people. Pleased, God personally answered Solomon's prayer, promising him great wisdom because he did not ask for self-serving rewards like long life or the death of his enemies. Perhaps the best known story of his wisdom is the <a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_Solomon" title="Judgement of Solomon">Judgement of Solomon</a>; two women each lay claim to being the mother of the same child. Solomon easily resolved the dispute by commanding the child to be cut in half and shared between the two. One woman promptly renounced her claim, proving that she would rather give the child up than see it killed. Solomon declared the woman who showed compassion to be the true mother, entitled to the whole child.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> Solomon has traditionally been considered the author of several biblical books, including <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>. He is traditionally ascribed authorship of the <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom of solomon">Wisdom of Solomon</a> which is included in the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Scriptures</a> of the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Church, but is considered apocryphal in Protestant traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoogan2009375-34">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wealth">Wealth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wealth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solomon_reciving_envoys_of_the_tributary_nations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Solomon_reciving_envoys_of_the_tributary_nations.jpg/220px-Solomon_reciving_envoys_of_the_tributary_nations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Solomon_reciving_envoys_of_the_tributary_nations.jpg/330px-Solomon_reciving_envoys_of_the_tributary_nations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Solomon_reciving_envoys_of_the_tributary_nations.jpg/440px-Solomon_reciving_envoys_of_the_tributary_nations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="2110" /></a><figcaption>Solomon receiving envoys of the tributary nations</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a></div> According to the Hebrew Bible, the <a href="/wiki/United_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="United Monarchy">ancient Kingdom of Israel</a> gained its highest splendour and wealth during Solomon's reign of 40 years. In a single year, according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a10.htm#14">1 Kings 10:14</a>, Solomon collected <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> amounting to 666 <a href="/wiki/Talent_(weight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talent (weight)">talents</a> (18,125 kilograms) of gold. Solomon is described as surrounding himself with all the luxuries and the grandeur of an Eastern monarch, and his government prospered. He entered into an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Hiram_I" title="Hiram I">Hiram I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Tyre_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre (Lebanon)">Tyre</a>, who in many ways greatly assisted him in his numerous undertakings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_projects">Construction projects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Construction projects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solomon_and_the_Plan_for_the_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Solomon plans the building of the temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Solomon_and_the_Plan_for_the_Temple.jpg/170px-Solomon_and_the_Plan_for_the_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Solomon_and_the_Plan_for_the_Temple.jpg/255px-Solomon_and_the_Plan_for_the_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Solomon_and_the_Plan_for_the_Temple.jpg/340px-Solomon_and_the_Plan_for_the_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>Solomon and the plan for the <a href="/wiki/First_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple">First Temple</a>. Illustration from a <a href="/wiki/Bible_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible card">Bible card</a></figcaption></figure> For some years before his death, David was engaged in collecting materials for building a temple in Jerusalem as a permanent home for <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a>. Solomon is described as undertaking the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">temple</a>, with the help of an architect, also named <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Abiff" title="Hiram Abiff">Hiram</a>, and other materials, sent from King Hiram of Tyre. After the completion of the temple, Solomon is described in the biblical narrative as erecting many other buildings of importance in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. For 13 years, he was engaged in the building of a royal palace on <a href="/wiki/Ophel" title="Ophel">Ophel</a> (a hilly promontory in central Jerusalem). This complex included buildings referred to as: <dl><dd>The House (or Hall) of the Forest of Lebanon<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a></dd> <dd>The Hall or Porch of Pillars</dd> <dd>The Hall of the Throne or the Hall of Justice as well as his own residence and a residence for his wife, <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(wife_of_Solomon)" title="Pharaoh's daughter (wife of Solomon)">Pharaoh's daughter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SolomonsTemple.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SolomonsTemple.png/250px-SolomonsTemple.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SolomonsTemple.png/375px-SolomonsTemple.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SolomonsTemple.png/500px-SolomonsTemple.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>A sketch of <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a>, based on descriptions in the Scriptures.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon's Throne">Solomon's throne</a> is said to have been spectacularly opulent and possessed moving parts, making it one of the earliest mechanical devices in history. It is said that "Nothing like it (the throne) had ever been made for any other kingdom."<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Solomon also constructed great water works for the city, and the <a href="/wiki/Millo" title="Millo">Millo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, Acra) for the defense of the city. However, excavations of Jerusalem have discovered no monumental architecture from the era, and no remains of either the Temple or Solomon's palace have been found. Solomon is also described as rebuilding cities elsewhere in Israel, creating the port of <a href="/wiki/Ezion-Geber" title="Ezion-Geber">Ezion-Geber</a>, and constructing <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> in the wilderness as a commercial depot and military outpost. Although the location of the port of Ezion-Geber is known, no remains have ever been found. More archaeological success has been achieved with the major cities Solomon is said to have strengthened or rebuilt, for example, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> These all have substantial ancient remains, including impressive six-chambered gates, and <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> palaces; however it is no longer the scholarly consensus that these structures date to the time, according to the Bible, when Solomon ruled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001186–195-39">[37]</a> According to the Bible, during Solomon's reign, Israel enjoyed great commercial prosperity, with extensive traffic being carried on by land with <a href="/wiki/Tyre_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre (Lebanon)">Tyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, and by sea with <a href="/wiki/Tarshish" title="Tarshish">Tarshish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ophir" title="Ophir">Ophir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wives_and_concubines">Wives and concubines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wives and concubines">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Venanzi_di_Pesaro_K%C3%B6nig_Salomons_G%C3%B6tzendienst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Giovanni_Venanzi_di_Pesaro_K%C3%B6nig_Salomons_G%C3%B6tzendienst.jpg/250px-Giovanni_Venanzi_di_Pesaro_K%C3%B6nig_Salomons_G%C3%B6tzendienst.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Giovanni_Venanzi_di_Pesaro_K%C3%B6nig_Salomons_G%C3%B6tzendienst.jpg/375px-Giovanni_Venanzi_di_Pesaro_K%C3%B6nig_Salomons_G%C3%B6tzendienst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Giovanni_Venanzi_di_Pesaro_K%C3%B6nig_Salomons_G%C3%B6tzendienst.jpg/500px-Giovanni_Venanzi_di_Pesaro_K%C3%B6nig_Salomons_G%C3%B6tzendienst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5016" data-file-height="3719" /></a><figcaption>King Solomon with his wives. Illustrated in 1668 by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Venanzi" title="Giovanni Battista Venanzi">Giovanni Battista Venanzi</a>.</figcaption></figure> According to the biblical account, Solomon had 700 wives and 300 <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> The wives were described as foreign princesses, including <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(wife_of_Solomon)" title="Pharaoh's daughter (wife of Solomon)">Pharaoh's daughter</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> and women of <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>. His marriage to Pharaoh's daughter appears to have cemented a political alliance with Egypt, whereas he clung to his other wives and concubines "in love".<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> The only wife mentioned by name is <a href="/wiki/Naamah_(wife_of_Solomon)" title="Naamah (wife of Solomon)">Naamah</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ammonites_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonites (people)">Ammonite</a>, mother of Solomon's successor, <a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a>. The biblical narrative notes with disapproval that Solomon permitted his foreign wives to import their national deities, building temples to <a href="/wiki/Ashtoreth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtoreth">Ashtoreth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milcom" title="Milcom">Milcom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> In the branch of literary analysis that examines the Bible, called <a href="/wiki/Higher_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher criticism">higher criticism</a>, the story of Solomon falling into idolatry by the influence of <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(wife_of_Solomon)" title="Pharaoh's daughter (wife of Solomon)">Pharaoh's daughter</a> and his other foreign wives is "customarily seen as the handiwork of the <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">'deuteronomistic historian(s)'</a>", who are held to have written, compiled, or edited texts to legitimize the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>'s great-grandson, King <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> who reigned from about 641 to 609 BCE (over 280 years after Solomon's death according to Bible scholars).<a href="#cite_note-HC-46">[44]</a> Scholarly consensus in this field holds that "Solomon's wives/women were introduced in the 'Josianic' (customarily Dtr) edition of Kings as a theological construct to blame the <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> [between Judah and the Northern Kingdom of Israel] on his misdeeds".<a href="#cite_note-HC-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Queen_of_Sheba">Relationship with Queen of Sheba</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relationship with Queen of Sheba">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kebra_Nagast" title="Kebra Nagast">Kebra Nagast</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27The_Visit_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba_to_King_Solomon%27,_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Edward_Poynter,_1890,_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%27The_Visit_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba_to_King_Solomon%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Edward_Poynter%2C_1890%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/220px-%27The_Visit_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba_to_King_Solomon%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Edward_Poynter%2C_1890%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%27The_Visit_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba_to_King_Solomon%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Edward_Poynter%2C_1890%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/330px-%27The_Visit_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba_to_King_Solomon%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Edward_Poynter%2C_1890%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%27The_Visit_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba_to_King_Solomon%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Edward_Poynter%2C_1890%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/440px-%27The_Visit_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba_to_King_Solomon%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Edward_Poynter%2C_1890%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption>The Visit of the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon. Oil on canvas painting by Edward Poynter, 1890.</figcaption></figure> In a brief, unelaborated, and enigmatic passage, the Hebrew Bible describes how the fame of Solomon's wisdom and wealth reached even the far-off <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a>. The queen is described as visiting with gifts including gold, spices and precious stones. When Solomon gave her "all her desire, whatsoever she asked", she left satisfied (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Kings+10%3A10&version=NIV">1 Kings 10:13</a>). Whether the passage is simply to provide a brief foreign witness of Solomon's wealth and wisdom, or whether the visit is meant to have more significance, is unknown; nevertheless the Queen of Sheba has become the subject of numerous stories. <a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a> is typically identified as <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Saba</a>, a nation once spanning the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> on the coasts of what are now <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Felix" title="Arabia Felix">Arabia Felix</a>; although other sources place it in the area of what is now northern Ethiopia and Eritrea.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> In a Rabbinical account (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Colloquy_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba" class="extiw" title="s:Translation:Colloquy of the Queen of Sheba">Colloquy of the Queen of Sheba</a>), Solomon was accustomed to ordering animals to dance before him (a power granted by God), and upon summoning the mountain-cock or <a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a> (Aramaic name: nagar tura), the bird told him it had discovered a land in the east, rich in gold, silver, and plants, whose capital was called Kitor and whose ruler was the Queen of Sheba. Solomon then sent the bird to request the queen's visit. An Ethiopian account from the 14th century (<a href="/wiki/Kebra_Nagast" title="Kebra Nagast">Kebra Nagast</a>) maintains that the Queen of Sheba had sexual relations with King Solomon and gave birth beside the Mai Bella stream in the province of <a href="/wiki/Hamasien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamasien">Hamasien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>. The Ethiopian tradition has a <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Ethiopian" title="Queen of Sheba">detailed account of the affair</a>. The child was a son who became <a href="/wiki/Menelik_I" title="Menelik I">Menelik I</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Axum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Axum">Axum</a>, and founded a <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">dynasty</a> that would reign as the Jewish, then Christian, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Ethiopia">Empire of Ethiopia</a> which lasted 2900 years until <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> was overthrown in 1974. Menelik was said to be a practicing Jew who was given a replica of the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> by King Solomon; and, moreover, that the original Ark was switched and went to <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a> with him and his mother, and is still there, guarded by a single dedicated priest. The claim of such a lineage and of possession of the Ark was an important source of legitimacy and prestige for the Ethiopian monarchy through the centuries, and had important and lasting effects on <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ethiopia" title="Culture of Ethiopia">Ethiopian culture</a>. The Ethiopian government and church deny all requests to view the alleged ark.<a href="#cite_note-49">[c]</a> Some classical-era Rabbis, attacking Solomon's moral character, have claimed instead that the child was an ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>, who destroyed Solomon's temple some 300 years later.<a href="#cite_note-JE-17">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sins_and_punishment">Sins and punishment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sins and punishment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaak_Asknaziy_02.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Isaak_Asknaziy_02.jpeg/220px-Isaak_Asknaziy_02.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Isaak_Asknaziy_02.jpeg/330px-Isaak_Asknaziy_02.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Isaak_Asknaziy_02.jpeg/440px-Isaak_Asknaziy_02.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Vanity of vanities; all is vanity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Isaak_Asknaziy" title="Isaak Asknaziy">Isaak Asknaziy</a> illustrates an old and meditative King Solomon.</figcaption></figure> Jewish scribes say that Solomon's teacher was <a href="/wiki/Shimei_ben_Gera" title="Shimei ben Gera">Shimei ben Gera</a>, and while he lived, he prevented Solomon from marrying foreign wives. The Talmud says at Ber. 8a: "For as long as Shimei the son of Gera was alive Solomon did not marry the daughter of Pharaoh" (see also <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Tehillim" title="Midrash Tehillim">Midrash Tehillim</a> to Ps. 3:1). Solomon's execution of Shimei was his first descent into sin.<a href="#cite_note-JE-17">[15]</a> According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a11.htm#4">1 Kings 11:4</a> Solomon's "wives turned his heart after other gods", their own national deities, to whom Solomon built temples, thus incurring divine anger and retribution in the form of the division of the kingdom after Solomon's death (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a11.htm#9">1 Kings 11:9–13</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a11.htm#1">1 Kings 11</a> describes Solomon's descent into idolatry, particularly his turning after <a href="/wiki/Ashtoreth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtoreth">Ashtoreth</a>, the goddess of the <a href="/wiki/Sidonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidonians">Sidonians</a>, and after <a href="/wiki/Milcom" title="Milcom">Milcom</a>, the god of the <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammonites</a>. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0517.htm#16">Deuteronomy 17:16–17</a>, a king is commanded not to multiply horses or wives, neither greatly multiply to himself gold or silver. Solomon sinned in all three of these areas. In addition to his wives, he collected <a href="/wiki/666_(number)" title="666 (number)">666</a> <a href="/wiki/Talent_(measurement)" title="Talent (measurement)">talents</a> of gold each year (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a10.htm#14">1 Kings 10:14</a>), a huge amount for a small nation like Israel. He gathered multitudes of horses and <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a> from as far as Egypt, and as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0517.htm#1">Deuteronomy 17</a> warns, took Israel back to Egypt in spirit. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_afgoderij_van_koning_Salomo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-757.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/De_afgoderij_van_koning_Salomo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-757.jpeg/220px-De_afgoderij_van_koning_Salomo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-757.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/De_afgoderij_van_koning_Salomo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-757.jpeg/330px-De_afgoderij_van_koning_Salomo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-757.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/De_afgoderij_van_koning_Salomo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-757.jpeg/440px-De_afgoderij_van_koning_Salomo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-757.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1930" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Solomon was said to have sinned by acquiring many foreign wives. Solomon's descent into idolatry, <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Poorter" title="Willem de Poorter">Willem de Poorter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>.</figcaption></figure> According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a11.htm#30">1 Kings 11:30–34</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a11.htm#9">1 Kings 11:9–13</a>, it was because of these sins that the Lord punished Solomon by removing most of the tribes of Israel from rule by Solomon's house.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">And the Lord was angry with Solomon, because his heart had turned away from the Lord, the God of Israel, who had appeared to him twice and had commanded him concerning this thing, that he should not go after other gods. But he did not keep what the Lord commanded. Therefore the Lord said to Solomon, "Since this has been your practice and you have not kept my covenant and my statutes that I have commanded you, I will surely tear the kingdom from you and will give it to your servant. Yet for the sake of David your father I will not do it in your days, but I will tear it out of the hand of your son. However, I will not tear away all the kingdom, but I will give one tribe to your son, for the sake of David my servant and for the sake of Jerusalem that I have chosen.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enemies">Enemies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Enemies">edit</a>]</div> Near the end of his life, Solomon was beset by several enemies, including <a href="/wiki/Hadad_the_Edomite" title="Hadad the Edomite">Hadad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rezon_the_Syrian" title="Rezon the Syrian">Rezon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a>, and his own official <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim" title="Tribe of Ephraim">tribe of Ephraim</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death,_succession_of_Rehoboam,_and_kingdom_division">Death, succession of Rehoboam, and kingdom division</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death, succession of Rehoboam, and kingdom division">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg/220px-Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg/330px-Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg/440px-Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/United_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="United Monarchy">United Monarchy</a> breaks up—Jeroboam rules <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a> (blue) and <a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a> rules <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a></figcaption></figure> King Solomon is a central biblical figure, who, according to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, was the builder of the <a href="/wiki/First_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple">First Temple</a> in Jerusalem and the last ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">united Kingdom of Israel</a>. After a reign of forty years (1 Kings 11:42), he died of natural causes,<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> at around 55 years of age. Upon Solomon's death, his son, <a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a>, succeeded him, but ten of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Tribes of Israel</a> refused him as king, splitting the monarchy into the northern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a> under <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam</a>, while Rehoboam continued to reign over the smaller southern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>. Henceforth the two kingdoms were never again united. Solomon is associated with the peak "golden age" of the independent Kingdom of Israel and is a legendary source of judicial and religious wisdom. According to Jewish tradition, King Solomon wrote three <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Bible">books of the Bible</a>: <ul><li>Mishlei (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Book of Proverbs</a>), a collection of fables and wisdom of life.</li> <li>Kohelet (<a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a>), a book of contemplation and self-reflection.</li> <li>Shir ha-Shirim (<a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>), a collection of erotic verse. The verse has been interpreted both literally (describing a romantic and sexual relationship between a man and a woman) and metaphorically (describing a relationship between God and his people).</li></ul> The Hebrew word לשלמה appears in the title of two hymns (72 and 127) in the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>. This Hebrew word means "to Solomon", but it can also be translated as "by Solomon", thus suggesting to some that Solomon wrote the two psalms.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apocryphal_or_deuterocanonical_texts">Apocryphal or deuterocanonical texts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Apocryphal or deuterocanonical texts">edit</a>]</div> Rabbinical tradition attributes the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of Wisdom</a> (included within the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>) to Solomon, although this book was probably written in the 2nd century BCE. In this work, Solomon is portrayed as an <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">where?</a>] Other books of <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_poetry" title="Wisdom poetry">wisdom poetry</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Odes_of_Solomon" title="Odes of Solomon">Odes of Solomon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a> also bear his name. The Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Eupolemus" title="Eupolemus">Eupolemus</a>, who wrote about 157 BCE, included copies of <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal">apocryphal</a> letters exchanged between Solomon and the kings of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyre_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre (Lebanon)">Tyre</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Adam" title="Apocalypse of Adam">Apocalypse of Adam</a>, which may date to the 1st or 2nd century, refers to a legend in which Solomon sends out an army of <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> to seek a virgin who had fled from him, perhaps the earliest surviving mention of the later common tale that Solomon controlled demons and made them his slaves. This tradition of Solomon's control over demons appears fully elaborated in the early <a href="/wiki/Pseudoepigraphical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoepigraphical">pseudoepigraphical</a> work called the <a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Solomon" title="Testament of Solomon">Testament of Solomon</a> with its elaborate and grotesque <a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">demonology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Historicity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/David#Historicity" title="David">David: Historicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)#Archaeological_record" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United Monarchy: Historicity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam%27s_Revolt#Historicity" title="Jeroboam's Revolt">Jeroboam's Revolt: Historicity</a></div> As with most biblical personages in the middle era of Israelite society, the historicity of Solomon is hotly debated. Current consensus states that regardless of whether or not a man named Solomon truly reigned as king over the Judean hills in the tenth century BCE, the biblical description of his apparent empire's lavishness is almost surely an anachronistic exaggeration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200620-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grabbe22-11">[9]</a> As for Solomon himself, scholars on both the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_maximalism" title="Biblical maximalism">maximalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_minimalism" title="Biblical minimalism">minimalist</a> sides of the spectrum of biblical <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archeology</a> generally agree that he probably existed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200620-13">[11]</a> However, a historically accurate picture of the Davidic king is difficult to construct. According to some archaeologists, Solomon could have only been the monarch or <a href="/wiki/Chieftain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftain">chieftain</a> of Judah, and that the northern kingdom was a separate development. Such positions have been criticized by other archaeologists and scholars, who argue that a united monarchy did exist in the 10th century BCE, while agreeing that the biblical account contains exaggerations.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-lipschits-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuhrtp438-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-De2021-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arguments_against_biblical_description">Arguments against biblical description</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Arguments against biblical description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judgement_of_Solomon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Judgement_of_Solomon.jpg/220px-Judgement_of_Solomon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Judgement_of_Solomon.jpg/330px-Judgement_of_Solomon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Judgement_of_Solomon.jpg/440px-Judgement_of_Solomon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="991" /></a><figcaption>Judgement of Solomon. Engraving by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>, 19th century.</figcaption></figure> Historical evidence of King Solomon other than the biblical accounts has been so minimal that some scholars have understood the period of his reign as a 'Dark Age' (Muhly 1998). The first-century <a href="/wiki/Roman_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Jews">Romano-Jewish</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Against_Apion" title="Against Apion">Against Apion</a>, citing <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyrian</a> court records and <a href="/wiki/Menander_of_Ephesus" title="Menander of Ephesus">Menander</a>, gives a specific year during which <a href="/wiki/King_Hiram_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King Hiram I">King Hiram I</a> of Tyre sent materials to Solomon for the construction of the Temple.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> However, no material evidence indisputably of Solomon's reign has been found. <a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a>'s excavations at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beit_Shean" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Shean">Beit Shean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a> uncovered structures that he and others have argued date from Solomon's reign,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever200143-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201826-62">[59]</a> but others, such as <a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Israel Finkelstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Silberman" class="mw-redirect" title="Neil Silberman">Neil Silberman</a>, argue that they should be dated to the <a href="/wiki/Omrides" title="Omrides">Omride</a> period, more than a century after Solomon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001186–195-39">[37]</a> According to Finkelstein and Silberman, authors of <a href="/wiki/The_Bible_Unearthed" title="The Bible Unearthed">The Bible Unearthed</a>: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001133-63">[60]</a> at the time of the kingdoms of David and Solomon, Jerusalem was populated by only a few hundred residents or less, which is insufficient for an empire stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> to <a href="/wiki/Eilath#Biblical_references" class="mw-redirect" title="Eilath">Eilath</a>. According to The Bible Unearthed, archaeological evidence suggests that the kingdom of Israel at the time of Solomon was little more than a small city state, and so it is implausible that Solomon received tribute as large as 666 <a href="/wiki/Talent_(weight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talent (weight)">talents</a> of gold per year. Although both Finkelstein and Silberman accept that David and Solomon were real inhabitants of Judah about the 10th century BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200620-13">[11]</a> they claim that the earliest independent reference to the Kingdom of Israel is about 890 BCE, and for Judah about 750 BCE. They suggest that because of religious prejudice, the authors of the Bible suppressed the achievements of the <a href="/wiki/Omrides" title="Omrides">Omrides</a> (whom the Hebrew Bible describes as being <a href="/wiki/Polytheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheist">polytheist</a>), and instead pushed them back to a supposed golden age of Judaism and monotheists, and devotees of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Biblical_minimalism" title="Biblical minimalism">Biblical minimalists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Thompson" title="Thomas L. Thompson">Thomas L. Thompson</a> go further, arguing that Jerusalem became a city and capable of being a state capital only in the mid-7th century.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> Likewise, Finkelstein and others consider the claimed size of Solomon's temple implausible. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arguments_in_favour_of_biblical_description">Arguments in favour of biblical description</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Arguments in favour of biblical description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solomon%27s_Wealth_and_Wisdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Solomon%27s_Wealth_and_Wisdom.jpg/220px-Solomon%27s_Wealth_and_Wisdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Solomon%27s_Wealth_and_Wisdom.jpg/330px-Solomon%27s_Wealth_and_Wisdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Solomon%27s_Wealth_and_Wisdom.jpg/440px-Solomon%27s_Wealth_and_Wisdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Solomon's Wealth and Wisdom, as in 1 Kings 3:12–13. Illustration from a 1896 <a href="/wiki/Bible_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible card">Bible card</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lemaire" title="André Lemaire">André Lemaire</a> states in Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple that the principal points of the biblical tradition of Solomon are generally trustworthy,<a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Israel_p113-65">[62]</a> although elsewhere he writes that he could find no substantiating archaeological evidence that supports the Queen of Sheba's visit to king Solomon, saying that the earliest records of trans-Arabian caravan voyages from Tayma and Sheba unto the Middle-Euphrates etc. occurred in the mid-8th century BCE,<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> placing a possible visit from the Queen of Sheba to Jerusalem around this time—some 250 years later than the timeframe traditionally given for king Solomon's reign.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> Seventeen years later, traces of cinnamon were found in <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> clay flasks from three small sites in the Israeli coastal plain dating from the 10th century BCE. The authors suggested that trade routes with South Asia existed much earlier than previously thought.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen">Kenneth Kitchen</a> argues that Solomon ruled over a comparatively wealthy "mini-empire", rather than a small city-state, and considers 666 gold talents a modest amount of money. Kitchen calculates that over 30 years, such a kingdom might have accumulated up to 500 tons of gold, which is small compared to other examples, such as the 1,180 tons of gold that <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> took from Susa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2003135-69">[66]</a> Similarly, Kitchen<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2003123-70">[67]</a> and others consider the temple of Solomon a reasonable and typically sized structure for the region at the time. Dever states "that we now have direct Bronze and Iron Age parallels for every feature of the 'Solomonic temple' as described in the Hebrew Bible".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever2001145-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_way">Middle way</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Middle way">edit</a>]</div> Some scholars have charted a middle path between minimalist scholars like Finkelstein, Silberman, and Philip Davies<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> (who believes that "Solomon is a totally invented character")<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> and maximalist scholars like Lemaire and Kitchen. For instance, the archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Faust" title="Avraham Faust">Avraham Faust</a> has argued that biblical depictions of Solomon date to later periods and do overstate his wealth, buildings, and kingdom, but that Solomon did have an <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a> and ruled over a polity larger than Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> In particular, his archaeological research in regions near Jerusalem, like Sharon, finds commerce too great not to be supported by a polity and such regions probably were ruled loosely by Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> Scholars like <a href="/wiki/Lester_Grabbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester Grabbe">Lester Grabbe</a> also believe that there must have been a ruler in Jerusalem during this period and that he likely built a temple, although the town was quite small.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">William G. Dever</a> argues that Solomon only reigned over Israel and did build a temple, but that descriptions of his lavishness and the other conquests are strongly exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Archaeology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_observations">General observations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: General observations">edit</a>]</div> The archaeological remains that are considered to date from the time of Solomon are notable for the fact that <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a> material culture appears to have continued unabated; there is a distinct lack of magnificent empire, or cultural development. Indeed, comparing pottery from areas traditionally assigned to Israel with that of the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a> points to the latter having been significantly more sophisticated.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Iron Age I and early II sites associated with Philistia lack written language, except for a single inscription with 7 letters. It's a little dubious to argue without evidence that Canaanite cultural development exceeded that of Israel, since Israel was itself a Canaanite culture. If the time of Solomon is taken as approximately 1,000 BCE, then this is very near the earliest supported date of divergence of the Israelites into a distinct identity. It would be reasonable to assume that, in the time of Solomon, Israel was more of a subgroup within the Canaanite culture than a separate culture. However, if we hypothetically push that date back and decide that Israel was already a separate polity by the time the Merneptah Stele was inscribed, a comparison to Philistia would be the worst example, since the Philistines appear to have been one of the least advanced Canaanite groups of the time. The lack of written language found in major archaeological sites suggests that they did not routinely use writing for administration, which suggests a lower ceiling on the complexity of their organization and the power of their "state". Many other civilizations in the Near East already had administrative record-keeping with advanced alphabetic or cursive script, including south Canaanite sites that have been (controversially) identified with the proto-Israelite culture, e.g. Khirbet Qeiyafa. In any case, a better example would be Ugarit, a north Canaanite site that had administrative written language 200-400 years before Qeiyafa. (November 2020)">citation needed</a>] However, there is a lack of physical evidence of its existence, despite some archaeological work in the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001186–195-39">[37]</a> This is not unexpected because the area was devastated by the <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a>, then rebuilt and destroyed several times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2003123-70">[67]</a> In 2014, professor of anthropology Jimmy Hardin and his team discovered six official clay <a href="/wiki/Bulla_(seal)" title="Bulla (seal)">bullae</a> seals at a site east of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> called Khirbet Summeily. He states that these bullae are associated with an Iron Age IIA political entity typified by elite activities dated to the 10th century BCE. The bullae appear to be the only known examples that date to this period. In his view, this lends general support to the historical veracity of <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> and Solomon as recorded in the Hebrew biblical texts.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temple_Mount_in_Jerusalem">Temple Mount in Jerusalem</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Temple Mount in Jerusalem">edit</a>]</div> Little archaeological excavation has been done around the area known as the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>, in what is thought to be the foundation of Solomon's Temple, because attempts to do so are met with protests by Muslim authorities of the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Waqf" title="Jerusalem Waqf">Jerusalem Waqf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Precious_metals_from_Tarshish">Precious metals from Tarshish</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Precious metals from Tarshish">edit</a>]</div> The biblical passages that understand <a href="/wiki/Tarshish" title="Tarshish">Tarshish</a> as a source of King Solomon's great wealth in metals—especially silver, but also gold, tin and iron (Ezekiel 27)—were linked to archaeological evidence from silver-hoards found in Phoenicia in 2013. The metals from Tarshish were reportedly obtained by Solomon in partnership with King Hiram of Phoenician Tyre (Isaiah 23) and the fleets of Tarshish and ships that sailed in their service. The silver hoards provide the first recognized material evidence that agrees with the ancient texts concerning Solomon's kingdom and his wealth (see 'Wealth' above). Possible evidence for the described wealth of Solomon and his kingdom was discovered in ancient silver <a href="/wiki/Hoard" title="Hoard">hoards</a>, which were found in Israel and Phoenicia and recognized for their importance in 2003. The evidence from the hoards shows that the Levant was a center of wealth in precious metals during the reigns of Solomon and Hiram, and matches the texts that say the trade extended from Asia to the Atlantic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cabul">Cabul</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cabul">edit</a>]</div> The distribution of fortified cities between Phoenicia and <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> in Iron Age IIA (10th-9th century BCE) provides context on Solomon's sale of territory to Hiram, which he derided as Cabul (i.e. "good for nothing").<a href="#cite_note-1K9:13-83">[80]</a> Kyle H. Keimer argues that they reflected Solomon's apathy to the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Asher" title="Tribe of Asher">tribe of Asher</a>, who lived in Phoenicia, or his strategic thinking, where these cities served as defense barriers against foreign invasions. When it came to national defense, Near Eastern states did not rely on walls. Instead, they guarded resources, which they prioritized over the people. In addition, it revealed Solomon's political upper hand over Hiram. These events were subsequently preserved in sources, which a <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomistic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomistic history">Deuteronomistic historian</a> relied on when writing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%209:11–14&version=nrsv">1 Kings 9:11–14</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_criticism:_Solomon's_religiosity">Biblical criticism: Solomon's religiosity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Biblical criticism: Solomon's religiosity">edit</a>]</div> From a critical point of view, Solomon's building of a temple for Yahweh should not be considered an act of particular devotion to Yahweh because Solomon is also described as building places of worship for a number of other deities.<a href="#cite_note-JE-17">[15]</a> Some scholars and historians argue that the passages, such as his dedication prayer (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a08.htm#14">1 Kings 8:14–66</a>), that describe Solomon's apparent initial devotion to Yahweh were written much later, after Jerusalem had become the religious centre of the kingdom, replacing locations such as <a href="/wiki/Shiloh_(Biblical_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiloh (Biblical city)">Shiloh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a>. Earlier historians maintain that there is evidence that these passages in Kings are derived from official court records at the time of Solomon and from other writings of that time that were incorporated into the canonical books of Kings.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiele1983193–204-87">[84]</a> More recent scholars believe that passages such as these in the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Books of Kings</a> were not written by the same authors who wrote the rest of the text, instead probably by the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever2001145-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religious views">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a>]</div> King Solomon sinned by acquiring many foreign wives and horses because he thought he knew the reason for the biblical prohibition and thought it did not apply to him. When King Solomon married <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(wife_of_Solomon)" title="Pharaoh's daughter (wife of Solomon)">Pharaoh's daughter</a>, a sandbank formed which eventually formed the "great nation of Rome"—the nation that destroyed <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's Temple">Herod's Temple</a>. Solomon gradually lost more and more prestige until he became like a commoner. Some say he regained his status while others say he did not. In the end, however, he is regarded as a righteous king and is especially praised for his diligence in building the Temple.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-88">[85]</a> King Josiah was also said to have had the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_rod" title="Aaron's rod">Aaron's rod</a>, vial of <a href="/wiki/Manna" title="Manna">manna</a> and the anointing oil placed within a hidden chamber which had been built by Solomon.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Seder_Olam_Rabbah" title="Seder Olam Rabbah">Seder Olam Rabbah</a> holds that Solomon's reign was not in 1000 BCE, but rather in the ninth century BCE, during which time he built the First Temple in 832 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a> of 1906 gives the more common date of "971 to 931 BCE".<a href="#cite_note-JE-17">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King-Solomon-Russian-icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/King-Solomon-Russian-icon.jpg/220px-King-Solomon-Russian-icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/King-Solomon-Russian-icon.jpg/330px-King-Solomon-Russian-icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/King-Solomon-Russian-icon.jpg/440px-King-Solomon-Russian-icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian</a> icon of King Solomon holding a model of the Temple (18th century, <a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">iconostasis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kizhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizhi">Kizhi</a> monastery, Russia).</figcaption></figure> Christianity has traditionally accepted the historical existence of Solomon, though some modern Christian scholars have also questioned at least his authorship of those biblical texts ascribed to him. Such disputes tend to divide Christians into traditionalist and modernist camps. Of the two <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">genealogies of Jesus</a> given in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> mentions Solomon, but <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> does not. Some commentators see this as an issue that can be reconciled while others disagree. For instance, it has been suggested that Matthew is using Joseph's genealogy and Luke is using Mary's, but <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Bock" class="mw-redirect" title="Darrell Bock">Darrell Bock</a> states that this would be unprecedented, "especially when no other single woman appears in the line". Other suggestions include the use by one of the royal and the other of the natural line, one using the legal line and the other the physical line, or that Joseph was adopted.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> Jesus refers to Solomon, using him for comparison in his admonition against worrying about life. This account is recorded in Matthew 6:29 and the parallel passage in Luke 12:27. In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, Solomon is commemorated as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>, with the title of "Righteous Prophet and King". His <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> is celebrated on the Sunday of the Holy Forefathers (two Sundays before the <a href="/wiki/Great_Feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Feast">Great Feast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Nativity of the Lord</a>). The staunchly Catholic King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> sought to model himself after King Solomon. Statues of <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a> and Solomon stand on either side of the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> of <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a>, Philip's palace, and Solomon is also depicted in a great fresco at the center of El Escorial's library. Philip identified the warrior-king David with his own father <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, and himself sought to emulate the thoughtful and logical character which he perceived in Solomon. Moreover, the structure of the Escorial was inspired by that of Solomon's Temple.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleum_of_Nabi_Suleman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mausoleum_of_Nabi_Suleman.JPG/220px-Mausoleum_of_Nabi_Suleman.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mausoleum_of_Nabi_Suleman.JPG/330px-Mausoleum_of_Nabi_Suleman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mausoleum_of_Nabi_Suleman.JPG/440px-Mausoleum_of_Nabi_Suleman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kursi_Suleiman" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kursi Suleiman">Throne of Solomon</a>, Aqsa Mosque compound, Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Solomon in Islam</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, Solomon is also known as Sulaimān ibn Dāwūd, and is considered a prophet and a messenger of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>, as well as a divinely appointed monarch.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> Solomon inherited his position from his father as the prophetic King of the Israelites. Unlike in the Bible, according to Muslim tradition Solomon never participated in idolatry.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> The Quran ascribes to Solomon a great level of wisdom, knowledge and power.<a href="#cite_note-Qur'an,27:15–19-97">[94]</a> He knew the <a href="/wiki/Language_of_the_birds" title="Language of the birds">language of the birds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: منطق الطير, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: manṭiq al-ṭayr).<a href="#cite_note-Qur'an,27:15–19-97">[94]</a> Solomon was also known in Islam to have other supernatural abilities bestowed upon him by God, like controlling the wind, ruling over the <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a>, enslaving <a href="/wiki/Div_(mythology)" title="Div (mythology)">divs</a>, and hearing the communication of <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And to Solomon ˹We subjected˺ the wind: its morning stride was a month's journey and so was its evening stride. And We caused a stream of molten copper to flow for him, and ˹We subjected˺ some of the jinn to work under him by his Lord's Will. And whoever of them deviated from Our command, We made them taste the torment of the blaze.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Saba_(surah)" title="Saba (surah)">Surah Saba</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/34?startingVerse=12">34:12</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And when they came across a valley of ants, an ant warned, "O ants! Go quickly into your homes so Solomon and his armies do not crush you, unknowingly."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/An-Naml" title="An-Naml">Surah An-Naml</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/27?startingVerse=18">27:18-19</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Quran says: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">They ˹instead˺ followed the magic promoted by the devils during the reign of Solomon. Never did Solomon disbelieve, rather the devils disbelieved. They taught magic to the people, along with what had been revealed to the two angels, <a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Hârût and Mârût</a>, in Babylon. The two angels never taught anyone without saying, "We are only a test ˹for you˺, so do not abandon ˹your˺ faith." Yet people learned ˹magic˺ that caused a rift ˹even˺ between husband and wife; although their magic could not harm anyone except by Allah's Will. They learned what harmed them and did not benefit them—although they already knew that whoever buys into magic would have no share in the Hereafter. Miserable indeed was the price for which they sold their souls, if only they knew!<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">Surah Al-Baqara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=102">2:102</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Quran makes a reference to a "puppet" posing as Solomon in exegetical literature understood as a jinni or demon, who escaped captivity and took over his kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> Solomon's loss of his throne to the demons has been understood in Islamic spirituality to represent a human losing its soul to demonic passion.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur" title="Attar of Nishapur">Attar of Nishapur</a> writes: "If you bind the div (demon), you will set out for the royal pavilion with Solomon" and "You have no command over your self's kingdom, for in your case the div is in the place of Solomon".<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> Solomon's gifts are often used <a href="/wiki/Allegorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegorical">allegorically</a> in popular literature. The demons taking over Solomon's kingdom mirrors <a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">the Sufi concept of the mind</a> giving in to evil urges.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> The ant is depicted as a wise creature, revealing to Solomon the reason behind his gift to control the wind and his name.<a href="#cite_note-Peacock-102">[99]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization of Iran</a>, Solomon became merged with <a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a>, a great king from <a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian mythology</a>, about who similar attributes are ascribed to.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith">Baháʼí Faith</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, Solomon is regarded as one of the lesser prophets along with David, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, along with others.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> Baháʼís see Solomon as a prophet who was sent by God to address the issues of his time.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Baha'ullah wrote about Solomon in the Hidden Words.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> He also mentions Solomon in the Tablet of Wisdom, where he is depicted as a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legends">Legends</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Legends">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_Thousand_and_One_Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: One Thousand and One Nights">edit</a>]</div> A well-known story in the collection <a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a> describes a <a href="/wiki/Genie" class="mw-redirect" title="Genie">genie</a> who had displeased King Solomon and was punished by being locked in a bottle and thrown into the sea. Since the bottle was sealed with Solomon's seal, the genie was helpless to free himself, until he was freed many centuries later by a fisherman who discovered the bottle.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> In other stories from the One Thousand and One Nights, protagonists who had to leave their homeland and travel to the unknown places of the world saw signs which proved that Solomon had already been there. Sometimes, protagonists discovered words of Solomon that were intended to help those who were lost and had unluckily reached those forbidden and deserted places. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angels_and_magic">Angels and magic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Angels and magic">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a>, on account of his modest request for wisdom only, Solomon was rewarded with riches and an unprecedented glorious realm, which extended over the upper world inhabited by the angels and over the whole of the terrestrial globe with all its inhabitants, including all the beasts, fowl, and reptiles, as well as the demons and spirits. His control over the demons, spirits, and animals augmented his splendor, the demons bringing him precious stones, besides water from distant countries to irrigate his exotic plants. The beasts and fowl of their own accord entered the kitchen of Solomon's palace, so that they might be used as food for him, and extravagant meals for him were prepared daily by each of his 700 wives and 300 concubines, with the thought that perhaps the king would feast that day in her house. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seal_of_Solomon">Seal of Solomon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Seal of Solomon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Solomon" title="Seal of Solomon">Seal of Solomon</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Solomon" title="Seal of Solomon">Seal of Solomon</a> is the legendary <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">signet ring</a> attributed to Solomon in medieval mystical traditions, from which it developed in parallel within <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish mysticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Islamic mysticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western occultism</a>. It is the predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a>, the contemporary cultural and religious symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish people</a>. It was often depicted in the shape of either a <a href="/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram">pentagram</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Hexagram" title="Hexagram">hexagram</a>. In religious lore, the ring is described as having given Solomon the power to command the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> and also the ability to speak with animals. Due to the proverbial wisdom of Solomon, it came to be seen as an <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talisman</a>, or a symbol or character in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_European_magic" title="Medieval European magic">medieval magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occultism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solomon_and_Asmodeus">Solomon and Asmodeus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Solomon and Asmodeus">edit</a>]</div> One legend concerning <a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Asmodeus</a> (see: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:The_Story_of_King_Solomon_and_Ashmedai" class="extiw" title="s:Translation:The Story of King Solomon and Ashmedai">The Story of King Solomon and Ashmedai</a>) goes on to state that Solomon one day asked Asmodeus what could make demons powerful over man, and Asmodeus asked to be freed and given the ring so that he could demonstrate; Solomon agreed but Asmodeus threw the ring into the sea and it was swallowed by a fish. Asmodeus then swallowed the king, stood up fully with one wing touching heaven and the other earth, and spat out Solomon to a distance of 400 miles. The Rabbis claim this was a divine punishment for Solomon's having failed to follow three divine commands, and Solomon was forced to wander from city to city, until he eventually arrived in an <a href="/wiki/Ammonites_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonites (people)">Ammonite</a> city where he was forced to work in the king's kitchens. Solomon gained a chance to prepare a meal for the Ammonite king, which the king found so impressive that the previous cook was sacked and Solomon put in his place; the king's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Naamah_(wife_of_Solomon)" title="Naamah (wife of Solomon)">Naamah</a>, subsequently fell in love with Solomon, but the family (thinking Solomon a commoner) disapproved, so the king decided to kill them both by sending them into the desert. Solomon and the king's daughter wandered the desert until they reached a coastal city, where they bought a fish to eat, which just happened to be the one which had swallowed the magic ring. Solomon was then able to regain his throne and expel Asmodeus.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> The element of a ring thrown into the sea and found back in a fish's belly also appeared in <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>' account of <a href="/wiki/Polycrates" title="Polycrates">Polycrates</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrant</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a> (c. 538–522 BCE). In another familiar version of the legend of the Seal of Solomon, Asmodeus disguises himself. In some myths, he's disguised as King Solomon himself. The concealed Asmodeus tells travelers who have ventured up to King Solomon's grand lofty palace that the Seal of Solomon was thrown into the sea. He then convinces them to plunge in and attempt to retrieve it, for if they do they would take the throne as king.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Artifacts">Artifacts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Artifacts">edit</a>]</div> Other magical items attributed to Solomon are <a href="/wiki/Key_of_Solomon" title="Key of Solomon">his key</a> and his Table. The latter was said to be held in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigothic Spain">Visigothic Spain</a> and was part of the loot taken by <a href="/wiki/Tariq_ibn_Ziyad" title="Tariq ibn Ziyad">Tariq ibn Ziyad</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Spain">Muslim conquest of Spain</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hakam" title="Ibn Abd al-Hakam">ibn Abd al-Hakam</a>'s History of the Conquest of Spain. The former appears in the title of <a href="/wiki/The_Lesser_Key_of_Solomon" title="The Lesser Key of Solomon">The Lesser Key of Solomon</a>, a Christian <a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">grimoire</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">framing story</a> is Solomon capturing demons using his ring, and forcing them to explain themselves to him. In The Book of Deadly Names, purportedly translated from Arabic manuscripts found hidden in a building in Spain, the "King of the Jinn" Fiqiṭush brings 72 jinn before King Solomon to confess their corruptions and places of residence. Fiqitush tells King Solomon the recipes for curing such corruptions as each evil jinn confesses.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Angels">Angels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Angels">edit</a>]</div> Angels also helped Solomon in building the Temple, though not by choice. The edifice was, according to rabbinical legend, miraculously constructed throughout, the large heavy stones rising and settling in their respective places of themselves. The general opinion of the Rabbis is that Solomon hewed the stones by means of a <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Shamir" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon's Shamir">shamir</a>, a mythical worm whose mere touch cleft rocks. According to <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Tehillim" title="Midrash Tehillim">Midrash Tehillim</a>, the shamir was brought from paradise by Solomon's eagle; but most of the rabbis state that Solomon was informed of the worm's haunts by Asmodeus. The shamir had been entrusted by the prince of the sea to the mountain rooster alone, and the rooster had sworn to guard it well, but Solomon's men found the bird's nest, and covered it with glass. When the bird returned, it used the shamir to break the glass, whereupon the men scared the bird, causing it to drop the worm, which the men could then bring to Solomon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_Kabbalah">In the Kabbalah</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: In the Kabbalah">edit</a>]</div> Early adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> portray Solomon as having sailed through the air on a throne of light placed on an eagle, which brought him near the heavenly gates as well as to the dark mountains behind which the fallen angels Uzza and Azzazel were chained; the eagle would rest on the chains, and Solomon, using the magic ring, would compel the two angels to reveal every mystery he desired to know. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_palace_without_entrance">The palace without entrance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: The palace without entrance">edit</a>]</div> According to one legend, while traveling magically, Solomon noticed a magnificent palace to which there appeared to be no entrance. He ordered the demons to climb to the roof and see if they could discover any living being within the building but they found only an eagle, which said that it was 700 years old, but that it had never seen an entrance. An elder brother of the eagle, 900 years old, was then found, but it also did not know the entrance. The eldest brother of these two birds, which was 1,300 years old, then declared it had been informed by its father that the door was on the west side, but that it had become hidden by sand drifted by the wind. Having discovered the entrance, Solomon found an idol inside that had in its mouth a silver tablet saying in Greek (a language not thought by modern scholars to have existed 1000 years before the time of Solomon) that the statue was of Shaddad, the son of 'Ad, and that it had reigned over a million cities, rode on a million horses, had under it a million vassals and slew a million warriors, yet it could not resist the <a href="/wiki/Death_(personification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death (personification)">angel of death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JE-17">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Throne">Throne</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Throne">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Solomon" title="Throne of Solomon">Throne of Solomon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wurzach_Pfarrkirche_Decke_Westteil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wurzach_Pfarrkirche_Decke_Westteil.jpg/220px-Wurzach_Pfarrkirche_Decke_Westteil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wurzach_Pfarrkirche_Decke_Westteil.jpg/330px-Wurzach_Pfarrkirche_Decke_Westteil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wurzach_Pfarrkirche_Decke_Westteil.jpg/440px-Wurzach_Pfarrkirche_Decke_Westteil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2516" data-file-height="2246" /></a><figcaption>Solomon at his throne, painting by Andreas Brugger, 1777</figcaption></figure> Solomon's throne is described at length in <a href="/wiki/Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a>, which is compiled from three different sources, and in two later <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>. According to these, there were on the steps of the throne twelve golden lions, each facing a golden eagle. There were six steps to the throne, on which animals, all of gold, were arranged in the following order: on the first step a lion opposite an ox; on the second, a wolf opposite a sheep; on the third, a tiger opposite a camel; on the fourth, an eagle opposite a peacock, on the fifth, a cat opposite a cock; on the sixth, a sparrow-hawk opposite a dove. On the top of the throne was a dove holding a sparrow-hawk in its claws, symbolizing the dominion of Israel over the Gentiles. The first midrash claims that six steps were constructed because Solomon foresaw that six kings would sit on the throne, namely, Solomon, <a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a>. There was also on the top of the throne a golden <a href="/wiki/Candelabrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Candelabrum">candelabrum</a>, on the seven branches of the one side of which were engraved the names of the seven patriarchs Adam, Noah, Shem, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Job, and on the seven of the other the names of Levi, Kohath, Amram, Moses, Aaron, Eldad, Medad, and, in addition, Hur (another version has Haggai). Above the candelabrum was a golden jar filled with olive oil and beneath it a golden basin which supplied the jar with oil and on which the names of Nadab, Abihu, and Eli and his two sons were engraved. Over the throne, twenty-four vines were fixed to cast a shadow on the king's head.<a href="#cite_note-JE-17">[15]</a> By a mechanical contrivance the throne followed Solomon wherever he wished to go. Supposedly, due to another mechanical trick, when the king reached the first step, the ox stretched forth its leg, on which Solomon leaned, a similar action taking place in the case of the animals on each of the six steps. From the sixth step the eagles raised the king and placed him in his seat, near which a golden serpent lay coiled. When the king was seated the large eagle placed the crown on his head, the serpent uncoiled itself, and the lions and eagles moved upward to form a shade over him. The dove then descended, took the scroll of the Law from the Ark, and placed it on Solomon's knees. When the king sat, surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a>, to judge the people, the wheels began to turn, and the beasts and fowls began to utter their respective cries, which frightened those who had intended to bear false testimony. Moreover, while Solomon was ascending the throne, the lions scattered various fragrant spices. After Solomon's death, Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Shishak" title="Shishak">Shishak</a>, when taking away the treasures of the Temple (I Kings xiv. 26), carried off the throne, which remained in Egypt until <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> conquered that country. After Sennacherib's fall Hezekiah gained possession of it, but when Josiah was slain by Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho</a>, the latter took it away. However, according to <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical">rabbinical</a> accounts, Necho did not know how the mechanism worked and so accidentally struck himself with one of the lions causing him to become lame; Nebuchadnezzar, into whose possession the throne subsequently came, shared a similar fate. The throne then passed to the Persians, whose king <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius</a> was the first to sit successfully on Solomon's throne after his death; subsequently the throne came into the possession of the Greeks and <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JE-17">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Freemasonry">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Masonic_ritual_and_symbolism" title="Masonic ritual and symbolism">Masonic rituals</a> refer to King Solomon and the building of his Temple.<a href="#cite_note-lodgechelmsford-110">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Temple" title="Masonic Temple">Masonic Temples</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic Lodge">Masonic Lodge</a> meets, are an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a> reference to King Solomon's Temple.<a href="#cite_note-masons-111">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places">Places</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Places">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, a country and archipelago in <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, were named for King Solomon by the Spanish navigator <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Menda%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Álvaro de Mendaña">Álvaro de Mendaña</a>, who became the first European to see the islands in 1568.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature,_art,_and_music">In literature, art, and music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: In literature, art, and music">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-In_popular_culture plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">irrelevant</a> references to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections#"In_popular_culture"_and_"Cultural_references"_material" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">popular culture</a>. Please help Wikipedia to <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing the content or adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a>. (May 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Solomon" title="Special:EditPage/Solomon">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (October 2013) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/H._Rider_Haggard" title="H. Rider Haggard">H. Rider Haggard</a>'s <a href="/wiki/King_Solomon%27s_Mines" title="King Solomon's Mines">King Solomon's Mines</a> (1885) the protagonists discover multiple settings said to have belonged to or to have been built at the request of King Solomon, such as 'Solomon's Great Road' and the mines themselves. Also, the two mountains which form the entrance to Kukuana Land (where the mines are located in the novel) are referred to as 'Sheba's Breasts' which could be an allusion to the Queen of Sheba, with whom King Solomon had a relationship, or Solomon's mother, who was named Bathsheba. When in the mines, the characters also contemplate what must have occurred to prevent King Solomon from returning to retrieve the massive amounts of diamonds, gold and ivory tusks that were found buried in his great 'Treasure Chamber'.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a>, the spirit of Solomon appears to <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> in the Heaven of the Sun with other exemplars of inspired wisdom.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Physicists" title="The Physicists">The Physicists</a>, the physicist Möbius claims that Solomon appears to him and dictates the "theory of all possible inventions" (based on <a href="/wiki/Unified_field_theory" title="Unified field theory">unified field theory</a>).</li> <li>Solomon appears in <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Just_So_Stories" title="Just So Stories">Just So Stories</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._Henry" title="O. Henry">O. Henry</a>'s short story <a href="/wiki/The_Gift_of_the_Magi" title="The Gift of the Magi">The Gift of the Magi</a> (1905) contains the following description to convey the preciousness of character Jim Dillingham Young's pocket watch: "Had King Solomon been the janitor, with all his treasures piled up in the basement, Jim would have pulled out his watch every time he passed, just to see him pluck at his beard from envy."</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a>'s three-volume <a href="/wiki/The_Baroque_Cycle" title="The Baroque Cycle">The Baroque Cycle</a>, 17th-century alchemists like <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> believe that Solomon created a kind of "heavier" gold with mystical properties and that it was cached in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> where it was accidentally discovered by the crew of a wayward Spanish galleon. In the third volume of The Baroque Cycle, The System of the World, a mysterious member of the entourage of tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, named "Solomon <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohan</a>" appears in early 18th-century London. The czar, traveling incognito to purchase English-made ships for <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy#Russian_Navy_during_the_reign_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Imperial Russian Navy">his navy</a>, explains that he added him to his court after the <a href="/wiki/Azov_campaigns_(1695%E2%80%931696)#The_second_Azov_campaign" title="Azov campaigns (1695–1696)">Sack of Azov</a>, where Kohan had been a guest of the <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a>. Solomon Kohan is later revealed as one of the extremely long-lived "Wise," such as <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Root" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch Root">Enoch Root</a>, and compares a courtyard full of inventors' workstations to "an operation I used to have in Jerusalem a long time ago", denominating either facility as "a temple". Stephenson's sequel to <a href="/wiki/Reamde" title="Reamde">Reamde</a>, 2019's <a href="/wiki/Fall;_or,_Dodge_in_Hell" title="Fall; or, Dodge in Hell">Fall; or, Dodge in Hell</a> was also a surprise sequel to the Baroque Cycle novels and <a href="/wiki/Cryptonomicon" title="Cryptonomicon">Cryptonomicon</a>. In the mid- to late-21st century span of Fall, Solomon Kohan has joined the faculty of Princeton University, going by Solly Pesador, and is described by a student as "one of those guys who had been around forever and played roles in tech companies going at least as far back as <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>" and as an "old-school tech geek turned neuro-hacker".</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Solomon" title="The Ring of Solomon">The Ring of Solomon</a>, both King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba are featured prominently.</li> <li>Solomon, King of Urushalim, is a significant character in <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Shadow_Prince&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Shadow Prince (page does not exist)">The Shadow Prince</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> the first novel of <a href="/wiki/Philip_Armstrong" title="Philip Armstrong">Philip Armstrong</a>'s epic <a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">historical fantasy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chronicles_of_Tupiluliuma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Chronicles of Tupiluliuma (page does not exist)">The Chronicles of Tupiluliuma</a>. His Ring is an Atalantaën Relic, by which is he able to command daemons. He uses it to summon a daemon army, thereafter called the Cohort of Free Daemons, to oppose the forces of the Chaos God, <a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Sutekh</a>, thus allowing the young Hittite musician, Lisarwa, to repair the Veil that separates the physical world from the dangerous wild energies of the Netherworld, using another of the relics, the Harp of Daud, once owned by his father (King David). Solomon's son, <a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a> also appears in a minor capacity.</li> <li>In the Japanese manga series <a href="/wiki/Magi:_The_Labyrinth_of_Magic" title="Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic">Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic</a>, Solomon was a powerful magician who united all of the world under his peaceful rule. However, when this world was destroyed by a calamity, he created the world Magi is set in and saved mankind by sending them there. A special power originated from him, the "Wisdom of Solomon", allows the main character Aladdin to talk directly with the soul of a person, alive or dead.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> <a href="/wiki/Devils_and_Realist" title="Devils and Realist">Devils and Realist</a>, Solomon is a friend of Lucifer and is the "Elector"—the one who can choose the interim ruler over Hell as its emperor rests to regain his strength and had powers over demons known as his seventy-two pillars. He's also known as the one who can control Hell or Heaven with the power of his ring.</li> <li>Chapter 14 of the <a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn" title="Adventures of Huckleberry Finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</a> ends with Huck and Jim debating over how wise Solomon really was.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>'s Essay 'Of Revenge', Solomon is paraphrased: "And Solomon, I am sure, saith, It is the glory of a man, to pass by an offence."</li> <li>In DC Comics, Solomon is one of the Immortal Elders of the hero <a href="/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)" title="Captain Marvel (DC Comics)">Captain Marvel</a>.</li> <li>In a subject called in art the Idolatry of Solomon, the foreign wives are depicted as leading Solomon away from Yahweh toward idolatry because they worshiped gods other than Yahweh (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a11.htm#1">1 Kings 11:1–3</a>). This forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Power_of_Women" title="Power of Women">Power of Women</a> topos in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, showing the dangers women posed to even the most virtuous men.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a></li> <li>Naamah, a princess of <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>) who arrives in Jerusalem at age fourteen to marry King Solomon and tells of their life together, is the narrator of <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Lev_Stollman" title="Aryeh Lev Stollman">Aryeh Lev Stollman</a>'s novel Queen of Jerusalem, which was published in 2020 by Aryeh Nir/Modan (Tel Aviv) in Hebrew translation under the title Divrei Y'mai Naamah (דברי ימי נעמה).<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_and_Sheba" title="Solomon and Sheba">Solomon and Sheba</a> (1959)—Epic film directed by <a href="/wiki/King_Vidor" title="King Vidor">King Vidor</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Yul_Brynner" title="Yul Brynner">Yul Brynner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gina_Lollobrigida" title="Gina Lollobrigida">Gina Lollobrigida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_%26_Sheba_(1995_film)" title="Solomon & Sheba (1995 film)">Solomon & Sheba</a> (1995)—Showtime film directed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Young_(director)" title="Robert M. Young (director)">Robert M. Young</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Halle_Berry" title="Halle Berry">Halle Berry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Smits" title="Jimmy Smits">Jimmy Smits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_(film)" title="Solomon (film)">Solomon</a> (1997, <a href="/wiki/TNT_(U.S._TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="TNT (U.S. TV network)">TNT</a>)—directed by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Young_(director)" title="Roger Young (director)">Roger Young</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Ben_Cross" title="Ben Cross">Ben Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Babylon" title="Brooklyn Babylon">Brooklyn Babylon</a> (2001)— a modern retelling of the story of Solomon and the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a>, set during the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">Crown Heights riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_Solomon_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kingdom of Solomon (film)">The Kingdom of Solomon</a> (2009)—Iranian production directed by <a href="/wiki/Shahriar_Bahrani" title="Shahriar Bahrani">Shahriar Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Song_(2014_film)" title="The Song (2014 film)">The Song</a> (2014)—a modern retelling directed by Richard Ramsey, starring Alan Powell, Ali Faulkner, and Caitlin Nicol-Thomas<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Thousand_Years_of_Longing" title="Three Thousand Years of Longing">Three Thousand Years of Longing</a> (2022)—King Solomon woos the Queen of Sheba in the first tale told by the Djinn</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi" title="Giacomo Carissimi">Giacomo Carissimi</a>, The Judgement of Solomon for three chorus, two violins and organ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a>, Judicium Salomnis, H 422, Oratorio for soloists, chorus, orchestra, and continuo 1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_de_Brossard" title="Sébastien de Brossard">Sébastien de Brossard</a>, Solomon's fall, cantata</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a> composed an oratorio entitled <a href="/wiki/Solomon_(Handel)" title="Solomon (Handel)">Solomon</a> in 1748. The story follows the basic biblical plot.<a href="#cite_note-Handel_Institute-119">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bloch" title="Ernest Bloch">Ernest Bloch</a> composed a Hebraic Rhapsody for cello and orchestra entitled <a href="/wiki/Schelomo" title="Schelomo">Schelomo</a>, based on King Solomon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Bush" title="Kate Bush">Kate Bush</a> wrote a song called "Song of Solomon" in 1993 for her album <a href="/wiki/The_Red_Shoes_(Album)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Red Shoes (Album)">The Red Shoes</a>.</li> <li>Toivo Tulev composed a piece for choir, soloists and chamber orchestra entitled Songs in 2005. The text is taken directly from the Song of Songs in its English, Spanish and Latin translations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Harriott" title="Derrick Harriott">Derrick Harriott</a> has a rocksteady song titled Solomon (later covered by <a href="/wiki/Junior_Murvin" title="Junior Murvin">Junior Murvin</a>), in which he warns a woman that he is wiser than Solomon in the ways of women.</li> <li>Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">dancehall</a> rapper <a href="/wiki/Sean_Paul" title="Sean Paul">Sean Paul</a> mentions King Solomon in his 2005 hit song "<a href="/wiki/We_Be_Burnin" class="mw-redirect" title="We Be Burnin">We Be Burnin</a>". Specifically Sean Paul references the legend that <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a> was found on the grave of King Solomon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Pornographers" title="The New Pornographers">The New Pornographers</a> included a song entitled "One Kind of Solomon" on their 2019 album <a href="/wiki/In_the_Morse_Code_of_Brake_Lights" title="In the Morse Code of Brake Lights">In the Morse Code of Brake Lights</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra_Wilson" title="Cassandra Wilson">Cassandra Wilson</a> performs the self-penned 'Solomon Sang' on her 1995 Blue Note album, <a href="/wiki/New_Moon_Daughter" title="New Moon Daughter">New Moon Daughter</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a> have a song called "King Solomon's Marbles" on their 1975 album, <a href="/wiki/Blues_for_Allah" title="Blues for Allah">Blues for Allah</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Nasir" title="M. Nasir">M. Nasir</a>'s "Tanya Sama Itu Hud Hud" revolves around the correspondence of the <a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a> (hudhud) with the figure especially as told through the poem <a href="/wiki/The_Conference_of_the_Birds" title="The Conference of the Birds">The Conference of the Birds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momus_(musician)" title="Momus (musician)">Momus</a>' debut album <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus_(Momus_album)" title="Circus Maximus (Momus album)">Circus Maximus</a> featured a song called "King Solomon's Song And Mine".</li> <li>The British Coronation Anthem "<a href="/wiki/Zadok_the_Priest" title="Zadok the Priest">Zadok The Priest</a>" mentions the anointing of King Solomon by <a href="/wiki/Zadok" title="Zadok">Zadok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_the_Prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan the Prophet">Nathan the Prophet</a>. The lyrics are derived from <a href="/wiki/1_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Kings">1 Kings</a> 1:34-45.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Goetia">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heichal_Shlomo" title="Heichal Shlomo">Heichal Shlomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">Kings of Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_and_Marcolf" title="Solomon and Marcolf">Solomon and Marcolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Solomon in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Pools" title="Solomon's Pools">Solomon's Pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_column" title="Solomonic column">Solomonic column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Judgement_of_Salomon_(Giorgione)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Judgement of Salomon (Giorgione)">The Judgement of Solomon (Giorgione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Solomon" title="Prison of Solomon">Prison of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takhte_Soleyman" class="mw-redirect" title="Takhte Soleyman">Throne of Solomon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-solomon-names-4"><a href="#cite_ref-solomon-names_4-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: שְׁלֹמֹה, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shlomo" title="Shlomo">Šlōmō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>: Šălōmō, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'peaceful';<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: ܫܠܶܝܡܽܘܢ, Šlēmūn; <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: سُلَيْمَان, Sulaymān, Silimān, Slemān; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Σολομών, Solomōn; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Salomon </li> <li id="cite_note-jedidiah-names-5"><a href="#cite_ref-jedidiah-names_5-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew:</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יְדִידְיָהּ‎, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>: Yǝdīdyah, <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a>: Yăḏīḏyāh, "beloved of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yah</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Recent History Channel promotional production about Indiana Jones's[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] positive impact on archaeology (released mid-May 2008, the week before the 22 May 2008 US release of <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Kingdom_of_the_Crystal_Skull" title="Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull">Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull</a>); History Channel producers were shown interviewing the guardian priest, and expert discussions about the Ark were part of the fare. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01jhjc7">"In Our Time With Melvyn Bragg: King Solomon"</a>. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: BBC Radio 4. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Our+Time+With+Melvyn+Bragg%3A+King+Solomon&rft.place=United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+4&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb01jhjc7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a11.htm#1">1 Kings 11:1–3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2020" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Geoffrey (2020). The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew. Vol. 1. Open Book Publishers. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-676-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-676-7"><bdi>978-1-78374-676-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tiberian+Pronunciation+Tradition+of+Biblical+Hebrew&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78374-676-7&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Book of Kings</a>: 1  Kings 1–11; <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Books of Chronicles</a>: 1 Chronicles 28–29, 2 Chronicles 1–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-JewEnc-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JewEnc_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEnc_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Barton, George A. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14310-temple-of-solomon">"Temple of Solomon"</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia. pp. 98–101. Retrieved 24 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Temple+of+Solomon&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=98-101&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F14310-temple-of-solomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefon2023" class="citation web cs1">Stefon, Matt (27 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Solomon">"Solomon king of Israel"</a>. Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solomon+king+of+Israel&rft.pub=Britannica&rft.date=2023-06-27&rft.aulast=Stefon&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSolomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashi" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, to Megillah, 14a</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=to+Megillah&rft.pages=14a&rft.au=Rashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> 1 Kings 5:5; 8:20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Grabbe22-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grabbe22_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grabbe22_11-1">b</a> Grabbe, Lester. The Dawn of Israel: A History of Canaan in the Second Millennium BCE. 2023. T&T Clark. p. 255-259. “It is essentially a <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">folktale</a> about an Eastern potentate – it is royal legend or Königsnovelle.” “Thus, it looks difficult to discover much in the Solomon story that strikes the critical reader as likely to be historical.” “[T]he temple story has been inflated into a legendary extravaganza.” “[T]he Solomon story is the most problematic of those relating to the early Israelite kings, providing the thickest cloud of obscurity over the history that lies behind it.” </li> <li id="cite_note-De2021-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-De2021_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-De2021_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2021" class="citation journal cs1">Dever, William G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.52486%2F01.00001.4">"Solomon, Scripture, and Science: The Rise of the Judahite State in the 10th Century BCE"</a>. Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology. 1: 102–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.52486%2F01.00001.4">10.52486/01.00001.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2788-8819">2788-8819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Solomon%2C+Scripture%2C+and+Science%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Judahite+State+in+the+10th+Century+BCE&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=102-125&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.52486%2F01.00001.4&rft.issn=2788-8819&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.52486%252F01.00001.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200620-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200620_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200620_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200620_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200620_13-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2006">Finkelstein & Silberman 2006</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Matthew 12:42; Luke 11:31 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Matthew 6:28–29; Luke 12:27 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmc-terrasanta.org/en/archaeology-culture-and-other-religions.html?vid=3586">"Archaeology, Culture, and other Religions"</a>. FMC terra santa. Retrieved 21 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeology%2C+Culture%2C+and+other+Religions&rft.pub=FMC+terra+santa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmc-terrasanta.org%2Fen%2Farchaeology-culture-and-other-religions.html%3Fvid%3D3586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_17-7">h</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschPriceBacherSeligsohn1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emil_G._Hirsch" title="Emil G. Hirsch">Hirsch, Emil G.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ira_Maurice_Price&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ira Maurice Price (page does not exist)">Price, Ira Maurice</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bacher" title="Wilhelm Bacher">Bacher, Wilhelm</a>; <a href="/wiki/Max_Seligsohn" title="Max Seligsohn">Seligsohn, M.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_W._Montgomery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary W. Montgomery (page does not exist)">Montgomery, Mary W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Crawford_Howell_Toy" title="Crawford Howell Toy">toy, Crawford Howell</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13842-solomon">"Solomon"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 11. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 436–448.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Solomon&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=436-448&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Emil+G.&rft.au=Price%2C+Ira+Maurice&rft.au=Bacher%2C+Wilhelm&rft.au=Seligsohn%2C+M.&rft.au=Montgomery%2C+Mary+W.&rft.au=toy%2C+Crawford+Howell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F13842-solomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrevel2023" class="citation book cs1">Frevel, Christian (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvy6EAAAQBAJ">History of Ancient Israel</a>. Atlanta: SBL Press. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-514-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-514-5"><bdi>978-1-62837-514-5</bdi></a>. <q>The name formed from the root šlm makes <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solomon</a> either compensation or a substitute (2 Sam 12:24 indicates Slm means "provide compensation" or the ruler of peace (from šalôm "peace, prosperity, as indicated in 1 Chr 22:9). But the connection with the deified evening star Salem, which is also present in the name of the city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> ("City of Salem"), is also conceivable. This could be read as an indication that <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> brought <a href="/wiki/YHWH" class="mw-redirect" title="YHWH">YHWH</a> with him to Jerusalem but that he could not immediately displace the gods that were already there and were associated with the city. This is also suggested by the names of David's sons listed in 2 Sam 5:14-16, which do not feature any YHWH-related name components. The name of David's son, <a href="/wiki/Absalom" title="Absalom">Absalom</a>, is better interpreted as "my father is Salem" rather than as "father of peace." In support of compensation are the quite frequent biblically and epigraphically documented names <a href="/wiki/Shelemiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelemiah">Shelemiah</a> ("YHWH replaced [the deceased child]"), <a href="/wiki/Shillem" class="mw-redirect" title="Shillem">Shillem</a> ("he replaced"), or <a href="/wiki/Shallum" title="Shallum">Shallum</a> ("he was replaced"). Salem is supported by the fact that the twin pendant to šalem, the dawn šahar, is also documented on name seals and that it is often not possible to decide whether the šlm seals are a reference to compensation or to the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite deity</a> already documented in <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-62837-514-5&rft.aulast=Frevel&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYvy6EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> E. Clarity, 2012, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kitchen, Kenneth A. (September–October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/27/5/2">"How We Know When Solomon Ruled"</a>. Biblical Archaeology Review. 5 (27). BAS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=How+We+Know+When+Solomon+Ruled&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=27&rft.date=2001-09%2F2001-10&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baslibrary.org%2Fbiblical-archaeology-review%2F27%2F5%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiele198378-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThiele198378_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThiele1983">Thiele 1983</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2014:4&version=nrsv">1 Chronicles 14:4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%203:5&version=nrsv">1 Chronicles 3:5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%203:1–4&version=nrsv">1 Chronicles 3:1–4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVance2015" class="citation book cs1">Vance, Jennifer (2015). Solomon. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68146-118-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68146-118-2"><bdi>978-1-68146-118-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solomon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-68146-118-2&rft.aulast=Vance&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Golden childhood. The Little People's Own Pleasure—Book of Delight and Instruction. London: Ward, Lock, and Co. 1878. p. 116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golden+childhood.+The+Little+People%27s+Own+Pleasure%E2%80%94Book+of+Delight+and+Instruction&rft.place=London&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Ward%2C+Lock%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrelJones2017" class="citation book cs1">Farrel, Pam; Jones, Jean (2017). Discovering Hope in the Psalms: A Creative Bible Study Experience. Eugene: Harvest House Publishers. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-6997-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-6997-0"><bdi>978-0-7369-6997-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+Hope+in+the+Psalms%3A+A+Creative+Bible+Study+Experience&rft.place=Eugene&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Harvest+House+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7369-6997-0&rft.aulast=Farrel&rft.aufirst=Pam&rft.au=Jones%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1_Kings_1_ESV-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1_Kings_1_ESV_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1_Kings_1_ESV_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20kings%201;&version=47;">"1 Kings 1 (ESV)"</a>. BibleGateway.com. Retrieved 3 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1+Kings+1+%28ESV%29&rft.pub=BibleGateway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3D1%2520kings%25201%3B%26version%3D47%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Lumby, J. R., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/1_kings/1.htm">Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 1 Kings 1</a>, accessed 24 September 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Kings+4:1–19&version=nkjv">1 Kings 4:1–19</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiersbe2003" class="citation book cs1">Wiersbe, Warren (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bibleexpositionc00wier/page/496">The Bible Exposition Commentary, Volume 1</a>. Eastbourne: Cook Communications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bibleexpositionc00wier/page/496">496</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7814-3531-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7814-3531-4"><bdi>978-0-7814-3531-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Exposition+Commentary%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Eastbourne&rft.pages=496&rft.pub=Cook+Communications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7814-3531-4&rft.aulast=Wiersbe&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbibleexpositionc00wier%2Fpage%2F496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> 1 Kings 3:3–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="/wiki/1_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Kings">1 Kings</a> 3:16–28 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoogan2009375-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoogan2009375_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoogan2009">Coogan 2009</a>, p. 375. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Kings+10:17&version=nkjv">1 Kings 10:17</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Chronicles+9:20&version=nkjv">2 Chronicles 9:20</a>: "House" in the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">Revised Standard Version</a>, "Hall" in the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a> and <a href="/wiki/Good_News_Translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Good News Translation">Good News Translation</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Kings+7:1–8&version=nkjv">1 Kings 7:1–8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Kings%2010:20&version=NIV">"Bible Gateway passage: 1 Kings 10:20 - New International Version"</a>. Bible Gateway. Retrieved 23 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+1+Kings+10%3A20+-+New+International+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3D1%2520Kings%252010%3A20%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a09.htm#15">1 Kings 9:15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001186–195-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001186–195_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001186–195_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001186–195_39-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001">Finkelstein & Silberman 2001</a>, pp. 186–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhaktivejanyana2013" class="citation book cs1">Bhaktivejanyana, Swami (23 January 2013). Ithihaasa: the mystery of his story is my story of history. Bloomington, IN. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4772-4272-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4772-4272-8"><bdi>978-1-4772-4272-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/826444777">826444777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ithihaasa%3A+the+mystery+of+his+story+is+my+story+of+history&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F826444777&rft.isbn=978-1-4772-4272-8&rft.aulast=Bhaktivejanyana&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Kings+11:3&version=nkjv">1 Kings 11:3</a>; not in the 2 Chronicles account </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Kings+3:1&version=nkjv">1 Kings 3:1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Kings+11:2–3&version=nkjv">1 Kings 11:2–3</a>: NKJV </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"1 Kings 12—2 Kings 25", Introduction to the Hebrew Bible, Fortress Press, pp. 281–304, 2018, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1w6tbx5.24">10.2307/j.ctt1w6tbx5.24</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-4605-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-4605-9"><bdi>978-1-5064-4605-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.atitle=1+Kings+12%E2%80%942+Kings+25&rft.pages=281-304&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt1w6tbx5.24&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-4605-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Kings+11:5–9&version=nkjv">1 Kings 11:5–9</a>: NKJV </li> <li id="cite_note-HC-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HC_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HC_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=13777356">"Loving too well: The negative portrayal of Solomon and the composition of the Kings history"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loving+too+well%3A+The+negative+portrayal+of+Solomon+and+the+composition+of+the+Kings+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcat.inist.fr%2F%3FaModele%3DafficheN%26cpsidt%3D13777356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> Retrieved on Jan. 17, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Munro-Hay" title="Stuart Munro-Hay">Stuart Munro-Hay</a>, The Quest for the Ark of the Covenant: The True History of the Tablets of Moses. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_N._Levine" title="Donald N. Levine">Donald N. Levine</a>, Wax and Gold: Tradition and Innovation in Ethiopia Culture (Chicago: University Press, 1972). </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20kings%2011&version=NIV">"NIV 1 Kings 11 (Solomon's Wives)"</a>. Bible Gateway. Retrieved 21 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NIV+1+Kings+11+%28Solomon%27s+Wives%29&rft.pub=Bible+Gateway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3D1%2520kings%252011%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Kings.html">"Ancient Jewish History: The Kings of Ancient Israel"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 3 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Jewish+History%3A+The+Kings+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHistory%2FKings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottlieb2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gottlieb, Isaac (2010). "Mashal Le-Melekh: The Search for Solomon". Hebrew Studies. 51: 107–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhbr.2010.a400580">10.1353/hbr.2010.a400580</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-4094">0146-4094</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170687286">170687286</a> – via Gale Literature Resource Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Studies&rft.atitle=Mashal+Le-Melekh%3A+The+Search+for+Solomon&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=107-127&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170687286%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0146-4094&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhbr.2010.a400580&rft.aulast=Gottlieb&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahood1968" class="citation book cs1">Dahood, Mitchell (1968). Psalms II, 51-100: Introduction, Translation, and Notes. New York: Doubleday. pp. 179–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-03759-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-03759-7"><bdi>0-385-03759-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psalms+II%2C+51-100%3A+Introduction%2C+Translation%2C+and+Notes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=179-180&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-385-03759-7&rft.aulast=Dahood&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Anchor Bible. New York: Doubleday. 1964. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anchor+Bible&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=897&letter=S">"Solomon, Testament of"</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 3 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Solomon%2C+Testament+of&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D897%26letter%3DS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2006">Finkelstein & Silberman 2006</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-lipschits-57"><a href="#cite_ref-lipschits_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschits2014" class="citation book cs1">Lipschits, Oded (2014). "The history of Israel in the biblical period". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ">The Jewish Study Bible</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997846-5"><bdi>978-0-19-997846-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+history+of+Israel+in+the+biblical+period&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Study+Bible&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-997846-5&rft.aulast=Lipschits&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyErYBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhrtp438-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuhrtp438_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhrt1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Kuhrt" title="Amélie Kuhrt">Kuhrt, Amélie</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V_sfMzRPTgoC&q=Kuhrt,+Amiele+(1995).+The+Ancient+Near+East.">The Ancient Near East, c. 3000-330 BC, Band 1</a>. New York: Routledge. p. 438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41516-762-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41516-762-8"><bdi>978-0-41516-762-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%2C+c.+3000-330+BC%2C+Band+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-41516-762-8&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9lie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV_sfMzRPTgoC%26q%3DKuhrt%2C%2BAmiele%2B%281995%29.%2BThe%2BAncient%2BNear%2BEast.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223045043/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/david-and-solomon">"Kings of Controversy"</a>. Magazine. 1 December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/david-and-solomon">the original</a> on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Magazine&rft.atitle=Kings+of+Controversy&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2Fdavid-and-solomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Against_Apion" title="Against Apion">Against Apion</a> i:17, 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever200143-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDever200143_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDever2001">Dever 2001</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi201826-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalimi201826_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalimi2018">Kalimi 2018</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001133-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001133_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001">Finkelstein & Silberman 2001</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Thompson, Thomas L., 1999, The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past, Jonathan Cape, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-03977-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-03977-2">978-0-224-03977-2</a> p. 207 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient_Israel_p113-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Israel_p113_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanks1999" class="citation cs2">Shanks, Hershel (1999), Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple, p. 113</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israel%3A+From+Abraham+to+the+Roman+Destruction+of+the+Temple&rft.pages=113&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Shanks&rft.aufirst=Hershel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitorient.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Lemaire%20South%20Arabia.pdf">Lemaire, South Arabia</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lemaire" title="André Lemaire">André Lemaire</a>'s own words: "The first mention of Sheba in Neo-Assyrian texts is to be dated mid-8th century BCE with the story of a caravan of 200 camels coming from Tayma and Sheba to Hindanu (Middle-Euphrates) (Cavigneaux–Ismaïl 1990: 339–357; Frame 1995: 300; Younger 2003: 279–282; Holladay 2006: 319–321)." </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lemaire" title="André Lemaire">André Lemaire</a>, The Queen of Sheba and the Trade Between South Arabia and Judah, pub. in Bayn ʻEver LaʻArav: Contacts between Arabic Literature and Jewish Literature in the Middle Ages and Modern Times, volume 6; A Collection of Studies Dedicated to Prof. Yosef Tobi on the Occasion of his Retirement, ed. Ali A. Hussein and Ayelet Oettinger (Haifa: University of Haifa Press, 2013), xi–xxxiv </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilboaNamdar2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gilboa, Ayelet; Namdar, Dvory (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_rc.57.18562">"On the Beginnings of South Asian Spice Trade with the Mediterranean Region: A Review"</a>. Radiocarbon. 57 (2): 265–283. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Radcb..57..265G">2015Radcb..57..265G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2458%2Fazu_rc.57.18562">10.2458/azu_rc.57.18562</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8222">0033-8222</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55719842">55719842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=On+the+Beginnings+of+South+Asian+Spice+Trade+with+the+Mediterranean+Region%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=265-283&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2458%2Fazu_rc.57.18562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55719842%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0033-8222&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Radcb..57..265G&rft.aulast=Gilboa&rft.aufirst=Ayelet&rft.au=Namdar%2C+Dvory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2458%2Fazu_rc.57.18562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2003135-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen2003135_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKitchen2003">Kitchen 2003</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2003123-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen2003123_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen2003123_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKitchen2003">Kitchen 2003</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever2001145-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDever2001145_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDever2001145_71-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDever2001">Dever 2001</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Davies, Philip R. 1992. In Search of 'Ancient Israel': A Study in Biblical Origins. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, T and T Clark. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110114905/https://www.bibleodyssey.org/tools/video-gallery/d/david-and-solomon-davies">"David and Solomon"</a>. www.bibleodyssey.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibleodyssey.org/tools/video-gallery/d/david-and-solomon-davies">the original</a> on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bibleodyssey.org&rft.atitle=David+and+Solomon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibleodyssey.org%2Ftools%2Fvideo-gallery%2Fd%2Fdavid-and-solomon-davies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Faust, Avraham. 2012. The Archaeology of Israelite Society in Iron Age II. Translated by Ruth Ludlum. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Faust, Avraham. 2007. "The Sharon and the Yarkon Basin in the Tenth Century BCE: Ecology, Settlement Patterns and Political Involvement". Israel Exploration Journal:65–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Faust, Avraham. 2017. "Jebus, the City of David, and Jerusalem: Jerusalem from the Iron I to the Neo-Babylonian Period [in Hebrew]." In Jerusalem: From its Beginning to the Ottoman Conquest, edited by Avraham Faust, J. Schwartz and E. Baruch, 35–72. Ramat Gan: Ingeborg Renner Center for Jerusalem Studies. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Grabbe, Lester L. 2016. 1 & 2 Kings: An Introduction and Study Guide: History and Story in Ancient Israel: Bloomsbury Publishing. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2020" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William G. (18 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39HoDwAAQBAJ">Has Archaeology Buried the Bible?</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-5949-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-5949-5"><bdi>978-1-4674-5949-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Has+Archaeology+Buried+the+Bible%3F&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2020-08-18&rft.isbn=978-1-4674-5949-5&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39HoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsarchive.msstate.edu/newsroom/article/2014/12/msu-department-announces-major-archaeological-find">"MSU department announces major archaeological find | Mississippi State University News Archive"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MSU+department+announces+major+archaeological+find+%26%23124%3B+Mississippi+State+University+News+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsarchive.msstate.edu%2Fnewsroom%2Farticle%2F2014%2F12%2Fmsu-department-announces-major-archaeological-find&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090621060530/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/temple-mount-excavation.htm">"Temple Mount: Excavation Controversy"</a>. Sacred destinations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/temple-mount-excavation.htm">the original</a> on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Temple+Mount%3A+Excavation+Controversy&rft.pub=Sacred+destinations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-destinations.com%2Fisrael%2Ftemple-mount-excavation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacqueline_Schaalje" class="citation web cs1">Jacqueline Schaalje. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091006025704/http://www.jewishmag.com/42mag/templemount/templemount.htm">"Special: The Temple Mount in Jerusalem"</a>. Jewish Magazine. Archived from the original on 6 October 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special%3A+The+Temple+Mount+in+Jerusalem&rft.pub=Jewish+Magazine&rft.au=Jacqueline+Schaalje&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishmag.com%2F42mag%2Ftemplemount%2Ftemplemount.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonSkaggs2013" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Christine; Skaggs, Sheldon (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue35/thompson_index.html">"King Solomon's Silver? Southern Phoenician Hacksilber Hoards and the Location of Tarshish"</a>. Internet Archaeology (35). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.35.6">10.11141/ia.35.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=King+Solomon%27s+Silver%3F+Southern+Phoenician+Hacksilber+Hoards+and+the+Location+of+Tarshish&rft.issue=35&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.35.6&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft.au=Skaggs%2C+Sheldon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintarch.ac.uk%2Fjournal%2Fissue35%2Fthompson_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1K9:13-83"><a href="#cite_ref-1K9:13_83-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Kings%209:13">1 Kings 9:13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeimer2020" class="citation journal cs1">Keimer, Kyle H. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/sites/bibleinterp.arizona.edu/files/images/Keimer%202020-The%20historical%20geography%20of%201%20Kings%209%2011%2014%20copy-1.pdf">"The historical geography of 1 Kings 9:11–14"</a> (PDF). Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 152 (3): 186–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00310328.2020.1721188">10.1080/00310328.2020.1721188</a> – via Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palestine+Exploration+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+historical+geography+of+1+Kings+9%3A11%E2%80%9314&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=186-206&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00310328.2020.1721188&rft.aulast=Keimer&rft.aufirst=Kyle+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbibleinterp.arizona.edu%2Fsites%2Fbibleinterp.arizona.edu%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2FKeimer%25202020-The%2520historical%2520geography%2520of%25201%2520Kings%25209%252011%252014%2520copy-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1969" class="citation cs2">Harrison, RK (1969), Introduction to the Old Testament, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, pp. 722–724</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=722-724&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=RK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher1964" class="citation cs2">Archer, GL (1964), A Survey of Old Testament Introduction, Chicago: Moody Press, pp. 276–277</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Old+Testament+Introduction&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=276-277&rft.pub=Moody+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=GL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiele1983193–204-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThiele1983193–204_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThiele1983">Thiele 1983</a>, pp. 193–204. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-88"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"tractate Sanhendrin", Talmud Bavli, p. 21b</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=tractate+Sanhendrin&rft.btitle=Talmud+Bavli&rft.pages=21b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Tosefta (Sotah 13:1); cf. <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Keritot.5b.17-18?lang=bi">"Keritot 5b:17-18"</a>. www.sefaria.org. <q>17 The baraita continues: And also sequestered with the Ark was the chest that the Philistines sent as a gift to the God of Israel after they captured the Ark and were stricken by several plagues, as it is stated: "And put the jewels of gold that you return to Him for a guilt offering, in a coffer by its side, and send it away that it may go" (I Samuel 6:8). And who sequestered the Ark? Josiah, king of Judah, sequestered it, as it is stated: And the king said to the priests: Put the sacred Ark in the house that Solomon, the son of David, king of Israel, built (see II Chronicles 35:3). 18 And Rabbi Elazar says: How do we know that all these items needed to be sequestered together with the Ark? The halakha that the jar of manna was to be kept with the Ark is derived through a verbal analogy between the words "there" and "there." The word "there" is stated with regard to the Ark: "Where I will meet with you there" (Exodus 30:6), and it is also stated with regard to the manna: "And put there" (Exodus 16:33).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Keritot+5b%3A17-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FKeritot.5b.17-18%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/148171/jewish/A-Buried-Treasure-The-Entombment-of-the-Ark.htm">"A Buried Treasure: The Entombment of the Ark"</a>. www.chabad.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chabad.org&rft.atitle=A+Buried+Treasure%3A+The+Entombment+of+the+Ark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Ftherebbe%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F148171%2Fjewish%2FA-Buried-Treasure-The-Entombment-of-the-Ark.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Seder Olam Rabba, Jerusalem 1971 (Hebrew) </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBock1996" class="citation book cs1">Bock, Darell (1996). Luke. The NIV Application Commentary. Zondervan. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-49330-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-49330-3"><bdi>978-0-310-49330-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luke&rft.series=The+NIV+Application+Commentary&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-310-49330-3&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.aufirst=Darell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Taylor, René, Arquitectura y Magia. Consideraciones sobre la Idea de El Escorial [Architecture and magic. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfhandel.org/43to100.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G.+F.+Handel%27s+Compositions&rft.pub=The+Handel+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfhandel.org%2F43to100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyakir2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Syakir, Aqil (17 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soscili.my/dipengaruhi-hadis-nabi-ini-merupakan-empat-lagu-yang-mempunyai-maksud-tersirat/">"Dipengaruhi hadis nabi? Ini 4 lagu M. Nasir yang punyai maksud tersirat"</a>. SosCili (in Malay). Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SosCili&rft.atitle=Dipengaruhi+hadis+nabi%3F+Ini+4+lagu+M.+Nasir+yang+punyai+maksud+tersirat&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft.aulast=Syakir&rft.aufirst=Aqil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoscili.my%2Fdipengaruhi-hadis-nabi-ini-merupakan-empat-lagu-yang-mempunyai-maksud-tersirat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westminster-abbey.org/media/4289/royal-maundy-2011-service.pdf">"Office for the Royal Maundy"</a> (PDF). Westminster Abbey. 21 April 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westminster+Abbey&rft.atitle=Office+for+the+Royal+Maundy&rft.date=2011-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Fmedia%2F4289%2Froyal-maundy-2011-service.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2009" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D (2009). A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">Dever, William G.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatdidbiblicalw00deve">What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">Eerdmans Pub.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4794-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4794-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-4794-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45487499">45487499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Did+the+Biblical+Writers+Know+and+When+Did+They+Know+It%3F%3A+What+Archaeology+Can+Tell+Us+about+the+Reality+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Pub.&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45487499&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4794-2&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatdidbiblicalw00deve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2003" class="citation book cs1">——— (2003). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B Eermans</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0975-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0975-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-0975-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Were+the+Early+Israelites+and+Where+Did+They+Come+From%3F&rft.pub=William+B+Eermans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0975-9&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Israel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Neil_Asher_Silberman" title="Neil Asher Silberman">Silberman, Neil Asher</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC">The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2338-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2338-6"><bdi>978-0-7432-2338-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed%3A+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Origin+of+Its+Sacred+Texts&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2338-6&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlu6ywyJr0CMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2006" class="citation book cs1">———; <a href="/wiki/Neil_Asher_Silberman" title="Neil Asher Silberman">Silberman, Neil Asher</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/davidsolomoninse00fink">David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4362-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4362-9"><bdi>978-0-7432-4362-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+and+Solomon%3A+In+Search+of+the+Bible%27s+Sacred+Kings+and+the+Roots+of+the+Western+Tradition&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4362-9&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdavidsolomoninse00fink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalimi2018" class="citation book cs1">Kalimi, Isaac (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qAUWtAEACAAJ">Writing and Rewriting the Story of Solomon in Ancient Israel</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47126-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47126-8"><bdi>978-1-108-47126-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+and+Rewriting+the+Story+of+Solomon+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-47126-8&rft.aulast=Kalimi&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqAUWtAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevyHigham2005" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Thomas E; Higham, Thomas, eds. (2005). The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science. London; <a href="/wiki/Oakville_(Watertown,_Connecticut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakville (Watertown, Connecticut)">Oakville, CT</a>: Equinox. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84553-056-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84553-056-3"><bdi>978-1-84553-056-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60453952">60453952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+Radiocarbon+Dating%3A+Archaeology%2C+Text+and+Science&rft.place=London%3B+Oakville%2C+CT&rft.pub=Equinox&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60453952&rft.isbn=978-1-84553-056-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen">Kitchen, Kenneth A.</a> (2003). On the reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">Eerdmans</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4960-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4960-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-4960-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+reliability+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4960-1&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiele1983" class="citation book cs1">Thiele, ER (1983). The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings (3rd ed.). Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mysterious+Numbers+of+the+Hebrew+Kings&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Zondervan%2FKregel&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Thiele&rft.aufirst=ER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Solomon_(Biblical_figure)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Solomon (Biblical figure)">Solomon (Biblical figure)</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Solomon" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Solomon">Solomon</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Solomon" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Solomon">Solomon</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080115144348/http://www.vdu.lt/~ktv/solomon/">A collection of King Solomon links on the Web</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">LT</a>: VDU, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vdu.lt/~ktv/solomon/">the original</a> on 15 January 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+collection+of+King+Solomon+links+on+the+Web&rft.place=LT&rft.pub=VDU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vdu.lt%2F~ktv%2Fsolomon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOussani1913" class="citation cs2">Oussani, Gabriel (1913), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14135b.htm">"Solomon"</a>, Catholic Encyclopedia (entry)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Solomon&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Oussani&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14135b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0167409/">Solomon</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> Animated depiction of the life of Solomon</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0143889/">Solomon</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> Artistic movie about the rise and the reign of King Solomon</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100125105342/http://www.warsofisrael.com/solommon.html">"The Wars of King Solomon: Summaries and Studies"</a>, Wars of Israel, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsofisrael.com/solommon.html">the original</a> on 25 January 2010, retrieved 5 May 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Wars+of+King+Solomon%3A+Summaries+and+Studies&rft.btitle=Wars+of+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsofisrael.com%2Fsolommon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colecciondeverda.com/search/label/Personajes%20Antiguo%20Testamento%20(Salom%C3%B3n)">Salomon engravings</a>, The De Verda collection</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salomon+engravings&rft.pub=The+De+Verda+collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colecciondeverda.com%2Fsearch%2Flabel%2FPersonajes%2520Antiguo%2520Testamento%2520%28Salom%25C3%25B3n%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Solomon </div><div><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">King of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah</a> 971–931 BCE </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam I</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solomon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solomon" title="Template:Solomon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solomon" title="Template talk:Solomon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solomon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solomon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solomon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solomon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family and reputed relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelik_I" title="Menelik I">Menelik I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamah_(wife_of_Solomon)" title="Naamah (wife of Solomon)">Naamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(wife_of_Solomon)" title="Pharaoh's daughter (wife of Solomon)">Pharaoh's daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occurrences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_Solomon" title="Judgement of Solomon">Judgement of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_and_Marcolf" title="Solomon and Marcolf">Solomon and Marcolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Solomon in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_shamir" title="Solomon's shamir">Solomon's shamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Solomon" title="Throne of Solomon">Throne of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_ants" title="Valley of the ants">Valley of the ants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reputed works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Protocanonical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_72" title="Psalm 72">Psalm 72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_127" title="Psalm 127">Psalm 127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deuterocanonical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of Wisdom</a></li></ul></li> <li>Apocryphal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odes_of_Solomon" title="Odes of Solomon">Odes of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Solomon" title="Prayer of Solomon">Prayer of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Solomon" title="Testament of Solomon">Testament of Solomon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grimoires <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Key_of_Solomon" title="Key of Solomon">Key of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lesser_Key_of_Solomon" title="The Lesser Key of Solomon">The Lesser Key of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Treatise_of_Solomon" title="Magical Treatise of Solomon">Magical Treatise of Solomon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boaz_and_Jachin" title="Boaz and Jachin">Boaz and Jachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Solomon%27s_Mines" title="King Solomon's Mines">King Solomon's Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Solomon" title="Seal of Solomon">Seal of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_column" title="Solomonic column">Solomonic column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_knot" title="Solomon's knot">Solomon's knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Pools" title="Solomon's Pools">Solomon's Pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Sorcery (goetia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United Monarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Israel_and_Judah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Template:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Template talk:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Israel_and_Judah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel and Judah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">Kings of Israel and Judah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah" title="Kings of Judah">Kings of Judah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel (united monarchy)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel (northern kingdom)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadab_of_Israel" title="Nadab of Israel">Nadab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baasha_of_Israel" title="Baasha of Israel">Baasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elah_(king)" title="Elah (king)">Elah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimri_(king)" title="Zimri (king)">Zimri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibni" title="Tibni">Tibni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omri" title="Omri">Omri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Israel" title="Ahaziah of Israel">Ahaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Israel" title="Jehoram of Israel">Jehoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehu" title="Jehu">Jehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Israel" title="Jehoahaz of Israel">Jehoahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Israel" title="Jehoash of Israel">Jehoash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam_II" title="Jeroboam II">Jeroboam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_of_Israel" title="Zechariah of Israel">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallum_of_Israel" title="Shallum of Israel">Shallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem" title="Menahem">Menahem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekahiah" title="Pekahiah">Pekahiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekah" title="Pekah">Pekah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshea" title="Hoshea">Hoshea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah (southern kingdom)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abijah_of_Judah" title="Abijah of Judah">Abijam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_of_Judah" title="Asa of Judah">Asa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoshaphat" title="Jehoshaphat">Jehoshaphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Judah" title="Jehoram of Judah">Jehoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Judah" title="Ahaziah of Judah">Ahaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athaliah" title="Athaliah">Athaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah" title="Jehoash of Judah">Jehoash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaziah_of_Judah" title="Amaziah of Judah">Amaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzziah" title="Uzziah">Uzziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jotham" title="Jotham">Jotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaz" title="Ahaz">Ahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Jehoahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Judea (Hasmonean dynasty)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Jewish leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genealogy_of_Jesus_from_the_first_couple,_according_to_Matthew_1" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adam_to_Jesus" title="Template:Adam to Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adam_to_Jesus" title="Template talk:Adam to Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adam_to_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adam to Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genealogy_of_Jesus_from_the_first_couple,_according_to_Matthew_1" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">first couple</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Adam" title="Generations of Adam">Generations</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Creation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_(biblical_figure)" title="Enos (biblical figure)">Enos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenan" title="Kenan">Kenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalalel" title="Mahalalel">Mahalalel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_(biblical_figure)" title="Jared (biblical figure)">Jared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuselah" title="Methuselah">Methuselah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Lamech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Patriarchs</a> after <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Flood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arpachshad" title="Arpachshad">Arpachshad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selah_(biblical_figure)" title="Selah (biblical figure)">Selah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber" title="Eber">Eber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleg" title="Peleg">Peleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reu" title="Reu">Reu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serug" title="Serug">Serug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Serug" title="Nahor, son of Serug">Nahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terah" title="Terah">Terah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Nationhood</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Judah (son of Jacob)">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perez_(son_of_Judah)" title="Perez (son of Judah)">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezron" title="Hezron">Hezron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_(biblical_figure)" title="Ram (biblical figure)">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amminadab" title="Amminadab">Amminadab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahshon" title="Nahshon">Nahshon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_(biblical_figure)" title="Salmon (biblical figure)">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boaz" title="Boaz">Boaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obed_(biblical_figure)" title="Obed (biblical figure)">Obed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_(biblical_figure)" title="Jesse (biblical figure)">Jesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> to <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Captivity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abijah_of_Judah" title="Abijah of Judah">Abijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_of_Judah" title="Asa of Judah">Asa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoshaphat" title="Jehoshaphat">Jehoshaphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Judah" title="Jehoram of Judah">Jehoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzziah" title="Uzziah">Uzziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jotham" title="Jotham">Jotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaz" title="Ahaz">Ahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Cyrus" title="Edict of Cyrus">Return</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shealtiel" title="Shealtiel">Salathiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerubbabel" title="Zerubbabel">Zerubbabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abihud" title="Abihud">Abihud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Eliakim,_son_of_Abiud" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minor Old Testament figures, A–K">Eliakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Azor" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minor Old Testament figures, A–K">Azor</a></li> <li>Sadoc</li> <li>Achim</li> <li>Eliud</li> <li>Eleazar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_L%E2%80%93Z#Matthan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minor Old Testament figures, L–Z">Matthan</a></li> <li>Jacob</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template talk:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div style="overflow:auto"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/ dates <a href="#cite_note-122">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[5]</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td rowspan="2">4000–3200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqada I">Naqada I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerzeh_culture" title="Gerzeh culture">Naqada II</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_(front_top_part_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gebel el-Arak Knife"><img alt="Gebel el-Arak Knife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/50px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/75px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/100px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1100" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">Pre-Dynastic period</a> (4000–2900 BCE) </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a> (4000–3100 BCE) <a href="/wiki/File:White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/100px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/150px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/200px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1158" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Anu Ziggurat</a>, 4000 BCE) <a href="/wiki/File:Rolzegel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/100px-Rolzegel.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/150px-Rolzegel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/200px-Rolzegel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="714" /></a> (Anonymous "King-priests") </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa II</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows"><img alt="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/35px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/53px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/70px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1663" /></a> (Uruk influence or control) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3200–3100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Proto-Dynastic period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a>) Early or legendary kings: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a> <a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Pen-Abu</a> Animal <a href="/wiki/Stork_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stork (Pharaoh)">Stork</a> <a href="/wiki/Canide_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canide (Pharaoh)">Canide</a> <a href="/wiki/Bull_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (Pharaoh)">Bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a> <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Shendjw</a> <a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a> <a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nat-Hor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nat-Hor (page does not exist)">Nat-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">3100–2900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Egypt</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narmer Palette"><img alt="Narmer Palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/40px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/60px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/80px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Narmer Palette</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> <a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> <a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a> <a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneith" title="Merneith">Merneith</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a> <a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a> <a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a> <a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a> <a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="13"><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a> (3100–2900 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa III</a>) (3100–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2900 BCE </td> <td rowspan="8" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra/Raneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a> <a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a> <a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a> <a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a> <a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a> <a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a> <a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a> <a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a> <a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khasekhemwy"><img alt="Khasekhemwy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/30px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/45px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/60px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4103" data-file-height="5203" /></a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period I</a> (2900–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">First Eblaite</a> Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">First kingdom of Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Jushur" title="Jushur">Jushur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kullassina-bel" title="Kullassina-bel">Kullassina-bel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nangishlishma" title="Nangishlishma">Nangishlishma</a>, <a href="/wiki/En-tarah-ana" title="En-tarah-ana">En-tarah-ana</a> <a href="/wiki/Babum" title="Babum">Babum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puannum" title="Puannum">Puannum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalibum" title="Kalibum">Kalibum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2800 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kalumum" title="Kalumum">Kalumum</a> <a href="/wiki/Zuqaqip" title="Zuqaqip">Zuqaqip</a> <a href="/wiki/Atab" title="Atab">Atab</a> <a href="/wiki/Mashda" title="Mashda">Mashda</a> <a href="/wiki/Arwium" title="Arwium">Arwium</a> <a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a> <a href="/wiki/Balih" title="Balih">Balih</a> <a href="/wiki/En-me-nuna" title="En-me-nuna">En-me-nuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Melem-Kish" title="Melem-Kish">Melem-Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/Barsal-nuna" title="Barsal-nuna">Barsal-nuna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Mesh-ki-ang-gasher" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh-ki-ang-gasher">Mesh-ki-ang-gasher</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a> ("conqueror of <a href="/wiki/Aratta" title="Aratta">Aratta</a>") </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2700 BCE </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period II</a> (2700–2600 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Zamug" title="Zamug">Zamug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tizqar" title="Tizqar">Tizqar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilku" title="Ilku">Ilku</a> <a href="/wiki/Iltasadum" title="Iltasadum">Iltasadum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid,_the_Fisherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid, the Fisherman">Dumuzid, the Fisherman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a> ("made the land of Elam submit")<a href="#cite_note-SKL-127">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga of Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ak_gal-ukkin_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aga of Kish"><img alt="Aga of Kish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/22px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/33px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/44px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="826" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/15px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/20px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda,_2600_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/30px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/45px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/60px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="595" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Old Elamite period</a> (2700–1500 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2600 BCE </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Saqqara,_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2,_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid"><img alt="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/50px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/75px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/100px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a> (First <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a> <a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a> <a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a> <a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period III</a> (2600–2340 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sagisu" title="Sagisu">Sagisu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abur-lim (page does not exist)">Abur-lim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agur-lim (page does not exist)">Agur-lim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibbi-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibbi-Damu (page does not exist)">Ibbi-Damu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baba-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baba-Damu (page does not exist)">Baba-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> II dynasty (5 kings) <a href="/wiki/Uhub" title="Uhub">Uhub</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesilim" title="Mesilim">Mesilim</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nungal" title="Ur-Nungal">Ur-Nungal</a> <a href="/wiki/Udul-kalama" title="Udul-kalama">Udulkalama</a> <a href="/wiki/La-ba%27shum" title="La-ba'shum">Labashum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> <a href="/wiki/En-hegal" title="En-hegal">En-hegal</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugalshaengur" title="Lugalshaengur">Lugal- shaengur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur I">Ur</a> <a href="/wiki/A-Imdugud" title="A-Imdugud">A-Imdugud</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Pabilsag" title="Ur-Pabilsag">Ur-Pabilsag</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Palbisag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/30px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/45px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/60px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="2201" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Meskalamdug" title="Meskalamdug">Meskalamdug</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Puabi" title="Puabi">Puabi</a>) <a href="/wiki/Akalamdug" title="Akalamdug">Akalamdug</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/En-nun-tarah-ana" title="En-nun-tarah-ana">Enun-dara-anna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mes-he" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes-he">Mes-he</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamanna">Melamanna</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kitun" title="Lugal-kitun">Lugal-kitun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> <a href="/wiki/Nin-kisalsi" title="Nin-kisalsi">Nin-kisalsi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Me-durba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Me-durba (page does not exist)">Me-durba</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-dalu" title="Lugal-dalu">Lugal-dalu</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2575 BCE </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a> <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/50px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/75px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/100px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="971" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> <a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="First Dynasty of Ur">Ur I dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a> "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk </td></tr> <tr> <td>2500 BCE </td> <td rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> (2500-539 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/The_second_kingdom_of_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="The second kingdom of Mari">Second kingdom of Mari</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikun-Shamash" title="Ikun-Shamash">Ikun-Shamash</a> <a href="/wiki/Iku-Shamagan" title="Iku-Shamagan">Iku-Shamagan</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iku-Shamagan"><img alt="Iku-Shamagan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/30px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/45px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/60px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="2102" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ansud" title="Ansud">Ansud</a> <a href="/wiki/Sa%27umu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'umu">Sa'umu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ishar" title="Ishtup-Ishar">Ishtup-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikun-Mari" title="Ikun-Mari">Ikun-Mari</a> <a href="/wiki/Iblul-Il" title="Iblul-Il">Iblul-Il</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizi (page does not exist)">Nizi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3">Kish III dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ku-Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ku-Baba">Ku-Baba</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak dynasty</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unzi (page does not exist)">Unzi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undalulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undalulu (page does not exist)">Undalulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Enshakushanna" title="Enshakushanna">Ensha- kushanna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mug-si" title="Mug-si">Mug-si</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Pabilgagaltuku" title="Pabilgagaltuku">Pabilgagaltuku</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nanshe" title="Ur-Nanshe">Ur-Nanshe</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Nanshe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/30px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/45px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/60px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="918" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Akurgal" title="Akurgal">Akurgal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A%27annepada" title="A'annepada">A'annepada</a> <a href="/wiki/Meskiagnun" title="Meskiagnun">Meskiagnun</a> <a href="/wiki/Elulu" title="Elulu">Elulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Balulu" title="Balulu">Balulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Peli_(king_of_Awan)" title="Peli (king of Awan)">Peli</a> <a href="/wiki/Tata_(king_of_Awan)" title="Tata (king of Awan)">Tata</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukku-Tanhish" title="Ukku-Tanhish">Ukkutahesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hishutash" title="Hishutash">Hishur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2450 BCE </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a> <a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enar-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enar-Damu (page does not exist)">Enar-Damu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishar-Malik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishar-Malik (page does not exist)">Ishar-Malik</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ush,_king_of_Umma" title="Ush, king of Umma">Ush</a> <a href="/wiki/Enakalle" title="Enakalle">Enakalle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> invasions (3 kings)<a href="#cite_note-SKL-127">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Shushun-Tarana" title="Shushun-Tarana">Shushun- tarana</a> <a href="/wiki/Napi-Ilhush" title="Napi-Ilhush">Napilhush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2425 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/wiki/Kun-Damu" title="Kun-Damu">Kun-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/30px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/45px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/60px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2595" /></a> (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adub-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adub-Damu (page does not exist)">Adub-Damu</a> <a href="/wiki/Igrish-Halam" title="Igrish-Halam">Igrish-Halam</a> <a href="/wiki/Irkab-Damu" title="Irkab-Damu">Irkab-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> IV dynasty <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Suen" title="Puzur-Suen">Puzur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Zababa" title="Ur-Zababa">Ur-Zababa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urur (page does not exist)">Urur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kinishe-dudu" title="Lugal-kinishe-dudu">Lugal-kinishe-dudu</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisalsi" title="Lugal-kisalsi">Lugal-kisalsi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/E-iginimpa%27e" title="E-iginimpa'e">E-iginimpa'e</a> <a href="/wiki/Meskigal" title="Meskigal">Meskigal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Lumma" title="Ur-Lumma">Ur-Lumma</a> <a href="/wiki/Il,_king_of_Umma" title="Il, king of Umma">Il</a> <a href="/wiki/Gishakidu" title="Gishakidu">Gishakidu</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Bara-irnun" title="Bara-irnun">Bara-irnun</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;"><a href="/wiki/Enannatum_I" title="Enannatum I">Enannatum</a> <a href="/wiki/Entemena" title="Entemena">Entemena</a> <a href="/wiki/Enannatum_II" title="Enannatum II">Enannatum II</a> <a href="/wiki/Enentarzi" title="Enentarzi">Enentarzi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;"><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> II dynasty Nanni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II (page does not exist)">Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Kikku-Siwe-Temti" title="Kikku-Siwe-Temti">Kiku-siwe-tempti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2380 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a> <a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I,_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.,_39.121.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I"><img alt="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/30px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/45px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/60px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1536" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugalannemundu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugalannemundu">Lugalannemundu</a> "King of the four quarters of the world" </td></tr> <tr> <td>2370 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isar-Damu" title="Isar-Damu">Isar-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enna-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enna-Dagan (page does not exist)">Enna-Dagan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikun-Ishar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikun-Ishar (page does not exist)">Ikun-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishqi-Mari" title="Ishqi-Mari">Ishqi-Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Invasion by <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter<a href="#cite_note-SKL-127">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ukush" title="Ukush">Ukush</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugalanda" title="Lugalanda">Lugalanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Urukagina" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Luh-ishan" title="Luh-ishan">Luh-ishan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2350 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-Nirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-Nirah (page does not exist)">Puzur-Nirah</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishu-Il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishu-Il (page does not exist)">Ishu-Il</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Sin_(Akshak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Sin (Akshak) (page does not exist)">Shu-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> III dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugal-zage-si" title="Lugal-zage-si">Lugalzagesi</a> (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2340 BCE </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Period</a> (2340–2150 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="1" rowspan="3">Akkadian Governors: <a href="/wiki/Eshpum" title="Eshpum">Eshpum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilshu-rabi" title="Ilshu-rabi">Ilshu-rabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Epirmupi" title="Epirmupi">Epirmupi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ili-ishmani" title="Ili-ishmani">Ili-ishmani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2250 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Naram-Sin_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/25px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/38px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/50px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2300" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-ushumgal" title="Lugal-ushumgal">Lugal-ushumgal</a> (vassal of the Akkadians) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare Neby</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare Khendu</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare Tereru</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare Pepiseneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a> <a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Ibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="6">Second <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a> Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Third kingdom of Mari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakku</a> dynasty) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ididish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ididish (page does not exist)">Ididish</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Dagan (page does not exist)">Shu-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishma-Dagan" title="Ishma-Dagan">Ishma-Dagan</a> (Vassals of the Akkadians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="5"> <a href="/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri" title="Shar-Kali-Sharri">Shar-Kali-Sharri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Igigi_of_Akkad" title="Igigi of Akkad">Igigi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imi" title="Imi">Imi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanum_of_Akkad" title="Nanum of Akkad">Nanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilulu" title="Ilulu">Ilulu</a> (3 years) <a href="/wiki/Dudu_of_Akkad" title="Dudu of Akkad">Dudu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-turul" title="Shu-turul">Shu-turul</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> IV dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ur-nigin" title="Ur-nigin">Ur-nigin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-gigir" title="Ur-gigir">Ur-gigir</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Puzer-Mama" title="Puzer-Mama">Puzer-Mama</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu_I" title="Ur-Ningirsu I">Ur-Ningirsu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pirig-me" title="Pirig-me">Pirig-me</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-Baba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-Baba (page does not exist)">Lu-Baba</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-gula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-gula (page does not exist)">Lu-gula</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaku_of_Lagash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaku of Lagash (page does not exist)">Ka-ku</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Hishep-Ratep" class="mw-redirect" title="Hishep-Ratep">Hishep-Ratep</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helu_(Awan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helu (Awan) (page does not exist)">Helu</a> <a href="/wiki/Khita" title="Khita">Khita</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2150 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a> </td> <td colspan="8" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III period</a> (2150–2000 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BBr-M%C3%AAr" title="Nûr-Mêr">Nûr-Mêr</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ilum" title="Ishtup-Ilum">Ishtup-Ilum</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ishtup-Ilum_statue_(head).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/25px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/38px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/50px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="810" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ishgum-Addu" title="Ishgum-Addu">Ishgum-Addu</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-kin" title="Apil-kin">Apil-kin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian dynasty of Sumer">Gutian dynasty</a> (21 kings) <a href="/wiki/La-erabum" title="La-erabum">La-erabum</a> <a href="/wiki/Si%27um" title="Si'um">Si'um</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuda_(Uruk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuda (Uruk) (page does not exist)">Kuda (Uruk)</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-ili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-ili (page does not exist)">Puzur-ili</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur-Utu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur-Utu (page does not exist)">Ur-Utu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE; rowspan=2"><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugalannatum" title="Lugalannatum">Lugalannatum</a> (vassal of the Gutians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Baba" title="Ur-Baba">Ur-Baba</a> <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/30px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/45px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/60px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu" title="Ur-Ningirsu">Ur-Ningirsu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-gar" title="Ur-gar">Ur-gar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nam-mahani" title="Nam-mahani">Nam-mahani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Tirigan" title="Tirigan">Tirigan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2125 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">Tenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> V dynasty <a href="/wiki/Utu-hengal" title="Utu-hengal">Utu-hengal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1">(Vassals of UR III) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Iddi-ilum" title="Iddi-ilum">Iddi-ilum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ili-Ishar" title="Ili-Ishar">Ili-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Tura-Dagan" title="Tura-Dagan">Tura-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ishtar" title="Puzur-Ishtar">Puzur-Ishtar</a> (Vassals of Ur III)<a href="#cite_note-128">[7]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Third dynasty of Ur">Ur III dynasty</a> "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"<a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/35px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/53px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/70px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="632" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> <a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2025-1763 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> invasions </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Elamite</a> invasions <a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki Dynasty</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Third Eblaite</a> Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ibbit-Lim" title="Ibbit-Lim">Ibbit-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ibbit-Lim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/30px-Ibbit-Lim.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/45px-Ibbit-Lim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/60px-Ibbit-Lim.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="345" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Immeya" title="Immeya">Immeya</a> <a href="/wiki/Indilimma" title="Indilimma">Indilimma</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakkus</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitial-Erra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitial-Erra (page does not exist)">Hitial-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanun-Dagan" title="Hanun-Dagan">Hanun-Dagan</a> (...) Lim Dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Yaggid-Lim" title="Yaggid-Lim">Yaggid-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yahdun-Lim" title="Yahdun-Lim">Yahdun-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasmah-Adad" title="Yasmah-Adad">Yasmah-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Zimri-Lim" title="Zimri-Lim">Zimri-Lim</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Shibtu" title="Shibtu">Shibtu</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalim-ahum" title="Shalim-ahum">Shalim-ahum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilu-shuma" title="Ilu-shuma">Ilu-shuma</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikunum" title="Ikunum">Ikunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_I" title="Sargon I">Sargon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_II" title="Puzur-Ashur II">Puzur-Ashur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Assyria" title="Naram-Sin of Assyria">Naram-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_II" title="Erishum II">Erishum II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_(1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/30px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/45px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/60px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin" title="Dynasty of Isin">Dynasty of Isin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Ishbi-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ilishu" title="Shu-Ilishu">Shu-Ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Iddin-Dagan" title="Iddin-Dagan">Iddin-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Eshtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipit-Eshtar">Lipit-Eshtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ninurta" title="Ur-Ninurta">Ur-Ninurta</a> <a href="/wiki/Bur-Suen" title="Bur-Suen">Bur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Enlil" title="Lipit-Enlil">Lipit-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Erra-imitti" title="Erra-imitti">Erra-imitti</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-bani" title="Enlil-bani">Enlil-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya">Zambiya</a> <a href="/wiki/Iter-pisha" title="Iter-pisha">Iter-pisha</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-du-kuga" title="Ur-du-kuga">Ur-du-kuga</a> <a href="/wiki/Suen-magir" title="Suen-magir">Suen-magir</a> <a href="/wiki/Damiq-ilishu" title="Damiq-ilishu">Damiq-ilishu</a> Dynasty of Larsa: <a href="/wiki/Naplanum" title="Naplanum">Naplanum</a> <a href="/wiki/Emisum" title="Emisum">Emisum</a> <a href="/wiki/Samium" title="Samium">Samium</a> <a href="/wiki/Zabaia" title="Zabaia">Zabaia</a> <a href="/wiki/Gungunum" title="Gungunum">Gungunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abisare" title="Abisare">Abisare</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumuel" title="Sumuel">Sumuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-Adad" title="Nur-Adad">Nur-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iddinam" title="Sin-Iddinam">Sin-Iddinam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Eribam" title="Sin-Eribam">Sin-Eribam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iqisham" title="Sin-Iqisham">Sin-Iqisham</a> <a href="/wiki/Silli-Adad" title="Silli-Adad">Silli-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Warad-Sin" title="Warad-Sin">Warad-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin I">Rim-Sin I</a> (...) <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin II">Rim-Sin II</a> Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sîn-kāšid</a> Sîn-iribam <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-g%C4%81mil" title="Sîn-gāmil">Sîn-gāmil</a> Ilum-gamil <a href="/wiki/An-am" title="An-am">An-am</a> <a href="/wiki/Irdanene" title="Irdanene">Irdanene</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AEm-Anum" title="Rîm-Anum">Rîm-Anum</a> Nabi-ilišu </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Siwe-Palar-Khuppak" title="Siwe-Palar-Khuppak">Siwe-Palar-Khuppak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>♀ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1800–1595 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a>) <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yamhad_dynasty" title="Yamhad dynasty">Yamhad dynasty</a>) (Amorites) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">Shamshi-Adad</a> dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_I" title="Ishme-Dagan I">Ishme-Dagan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Mut-Ashkur" title="Mut-Ashkur">Mut-Ashkur</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush_of_Assyria" title="Rimush of Assyria">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Asinum" title="Asinum">Asinum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Sin" title="Puzur-Sin">Puzur-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adaside_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaside dynasty">Adaside dynasty</a> 1700–722 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Libaya" title="Libaya">Libaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad I">Sharma-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Iptar-Sin" title="Iptar-Sin">Iptar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Bazaya" title="Bazaya">Bazaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Lullaya" title="Lullaya">Lullaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ninua" title="Shu-Ninua">Shu-Ninua</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad II">Sharma-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Erishum III">Erishum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_II" title="Shamshi-Adad II">Shamshi-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_II" title="Ishme-Dagan II">Ishme-Dagan II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_III" title="Shamshi-Adad III">Shamshi-Adad III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_I" title="Ashur-nirari I">Ashur-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_III" title="Puzur-Ashur III">Puzur-Ashur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nasir_I" title="Enlil-nasir I">Enlil-nasir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-ili" title="Nur-ili">Nur-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-shaduni" title="Ashur-shaduni">Ashur-shaduni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_I" title="Ashur-rabi I">Ashur-rabi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_I" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe I">Ashur-nadin-ahhe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-Nasir_II" title="Enlil-Nasir II">Enlil-Nasir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_II" title="Ashur-nirari II">Ashur-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-nisheshu" title="Ashur-bel-nisheshu">Ashur-bel-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rim-nisheshu" title="Ashur-rim-nisheshu">Ashur-rim-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_II" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe II">Ashur-nadin-ahhe II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="4" rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/40px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/60px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/80px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3170" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">First Babylonian dynasty</a> ("Old Babylonian Period") (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a> <a href="/wiki/Abi-eshuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-eshuh">Abi-eshuh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-ditana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-ditana">Ammi-ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-saduqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-saduqa">Ammi-saduqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Kassite_rulers" title="Early Kassite rulers">Early Kassite rulers</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"> Second Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">Sealand Dynasty</a>") <a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a> <a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">mDIŠ+U-EN</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a> <a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intermediate Period">Second Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixteenth</a> Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a> Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth</a> Dynasty </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>") <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_(axe_of_Ahmose_I,_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II)_Colorized_per_source.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos"><img alt="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/35px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/53px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/70px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a> <a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a> <a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a> <a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Apepi_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apepi (pharaoh)">Apepi</a> <a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> (1600–1260 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Kirta" title="Kirta">Kirta</a> <a href="/wiki/Shuttarna_I" title="Shuttarna I">Shuttarna I</a> <a href="/wiki/Parshatatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshatatar">Parshatatar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1531–1155 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tutankhamun"><img alt="Tutankhamun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/30px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/45px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/60px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Tutankhamun</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/30px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/45px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/60px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="3973" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Third Babylonian dynasty (<a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Agum-Kakrime" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum-Kakrime">Agum-Kakrime</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a> <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-harbe_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadashman-harbe I">Kadashman-harbe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnaburiash II">Burnaburiash II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliashu_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliashu IV">Kashtiliashu IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a> <a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Middle Elamite period</a> (1500–1100 BCE) <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Kidinuid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Igehalkid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> <a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a> <a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a> <a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Elamite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite Empire">Elamite Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutrukid Dynasty">Shutrukid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhunte" title="Shutruk-Nakhunte">Shutruk-Nakhunte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1155–1025 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a> <a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a> <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solomon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyria</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_I" title="Eriba-Adad I">Eriba-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nirari" title="Enlil-nirari">Enlil-nirari</a> <a href="/wiki/Arik-den-ili" title="Arik-den-ili">Arik-den-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli" title="Ashur-nadin-apli">Ashur-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Ashur-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_I" title="Ashur-dan I">Ashur-dan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur" title="Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur">Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutakkil-Nusku" title="Mutakkil-Nusku">Mutakkil-Nusku</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Asharid-apal-Ekur" title="Asharid-apal-Ekur">Asharid-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_II" title="Eriba-Adad II">Eriba-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_IV" title="Shamshi-Adad IV">Shamshi-Adad IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_II" title="Shalmaneser II">Shalmaneser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_IV" title="Ashur-nirari IV">Ashur-nirari IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_II" title="Ashur-rabi II">Ashur-rabi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_II" title="Ashur-resh-ishi II">Ashur-resh-ishi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_II" title="Ashur-dan II">Ashur-dan II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6">Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">Second Dynasty of Isin</a>") <a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Neo-Elamite period</a> (1100–540 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1025–934 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6">Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") <a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a> <a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>911–745 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Samaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Samaria">Kingdom of Samaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> <a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-Dan III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/45px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/68px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/90px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Eight Babylonian Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a> (five kings) <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin II">Nabu-shuma-ukin II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Humban-Tahrid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Urtak_(king_of_Elam)" title="Urtak (king of Elam)">Urtak</a> <a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Teumman</a> <a href="/wiki/Ummanigash_(son_of_Urtak)" title="Ummanigash (son of Urtak)">Ummanigash</a> <a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_(son_of_Urtak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammaritu (son of Urtak)">Tammaritu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Indabibi" title="Indabibi">Indabibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Humban-haltash_III" title="Humban-haltash III">Humban-haltash III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">745–609 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taharqa"><img alt="Taharqa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/30px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/45px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/60px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Taharqa</figcaption></figure>("<a href="/wiki/Black_Pharaohs" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Pharaohs">Black Pharaohs</a>") <a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a> <a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a> <a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a> <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>) <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser</a>† <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser</a>† <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon</a>† <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>† <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a>† <a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a> <a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>† <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Assyrian conquest of Egypt">Assyrian conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Elam" title="Assyrian conquest of Elam">Assyrian conquest of Elam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a> <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a> <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> <a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a> <a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes IV">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetis</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra II of Egypt">Cleopatra II Philometor Soter</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra III of Egypt">Cleopatra III</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra IV of Egypt">Cleopatra IV</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice III of Egypt">Berenice III</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI of Egypt">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIV of Egypt">Ptolemy XIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="11">Hellenistic Period <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/90px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>141–30 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Kingdom of Judea</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="9" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">30 BCE–116 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="4">(<a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Egypt">Roman conquest of Egypt</a>) <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">116–117 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates of Parthia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>117–224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>224–270 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/80px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>270–273 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#48D1CC;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaballathus" title="Vaballathus">Vaballathus</a> <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Antiochus" title="Septimius Antiochus">Antiochus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">273–395 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">395–618 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>618–628 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Sasanian conquest of Egypt">Sasanian conquest of Egypt</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Province of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahralanyozan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahralanyozan">Sahralanyozan</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">628–641 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>639–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" rowspan="1" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/10px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/15px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/20px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology"> Chronology of the Neolithic period</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" colspan="7" align="right"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/12px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/18px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/24px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Central Asia">Rulers of Ancient Central Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalloSimpson1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Hallo" title="William W. Hallo">Hallo, W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Kelly_Simpson" title="William Kelly Simpson">Simpson, W.</a> (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Harcourt%2C+Brace%2C+Jovanovich&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/rulers_of_mesopotamia">"Rulers of Mesopotamia"</a>. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rulers+of+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford%2C+CNRS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ox.ac.uk%2Fwiki%2Frulers_of_mesopotamia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasPotts2020" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Ariane; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Potts" title="Timothy Potts">Potts, Timothy</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14">Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins</a>. Getty Publications. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2"><bdi>978-1-60606-649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia%3A+Civilization+Begins&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-649-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft.au=Potts%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsHEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoux1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Roux" title="Georges Roux">Roux, Georges</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC&pg=PT534">Ancient Iraq</a>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7"><bdi>978-0-14-193825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Iraq&rft.pages=532-534+%28Chronological+Tables%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-193825-7&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklZX8B_RzzYC%26pg%3DPT534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKL-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_127-2">c</a> Per <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Unger" title="Merrill Unger">Unger, Merrill F.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qw6vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4"><bdi>978-1-62564-606-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Aramaeans+of+Damascus%3A+A+Study+in+Archaeological+Illumination+of+Bible+History&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-606-4&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Merrill+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqw6vCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolomon" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37085#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37085#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37085#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108040267">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100963493">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/173419581">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/50906/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjHdRC9xG8y6hd8XH3Rp6C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118605100">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80024516">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12095820b">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12095820b">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d753d6e6-98aa-42bf-9e25-77001556e4df">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118605100.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118605100">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028696670">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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