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class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Louis Porter</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="50205946"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/50205946/Short_term_response_variability_of_monkey_striate_neurons"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Short-term response variability of monkey striate neurons" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68278253/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/50205946/Short_term_response_variability_of_monkey_striate_neurons">Short-term response variability of monkey striate neurons</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Neurons in striate cortex appear to respond in a more variable manner to visual stimulation of th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Neurons in striate cortex appear to respond in a more variable manner to visual stimulation of their receptive fields than do retinal ganglion or lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells. The extent of this variability is of interest for both methodological and theoretical reasons. Methodologically, it is valuable to know what number of samples taken over what period of time adequately assesses a cell's response characteristics. Theoretically, some light may be shed on cortical connectivity by determining the relative variability of cell subgroups and the difference in variability between responses elicited by optimal and non-optimal stimuli. We obtained a measure of response variability for 333 neurons in striate cortex and for 16 neurons in the LGN. The data were collected from 46 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in the standard acute preparation; they were paralyzed with Flaxedil and were artificially respired with 30 ~ O~-70 ~ N20. Only cells with receptive fields 2-5 掳 from the fovea are included in this sample. The data collection and stimulus presentation system capable of producing visual stimuli in random order has been described elsewhere 5. Variability data were collected over the 3-4 rain period when the best orientation or length of an edge or bar was being assessed by sweeping a stimulus of optimal velocity across the receptive field using a waveform generator and a mirror galvanometer. All the impulses elicited during this sweep, which was typically 1 sec in duration per trial, were counted as the response. To obtain an index of variability the standard deviation of the response to 10 repeated presentations of a given stimulus was divided by the mean response and multiplied by 100. Low values indicate a cell with consistent responses and hence low variability; high values show high variability. Using a stimulus of optimal orientation, length, and velocity, the average index of variability for all units was 35.2 with a standard deviation of 20. Breakdowns of variability for simple (S-type) and complex (CX-type) cell groups appear in Fig. 1A. S-type cells are those oriented units which show spatially separated contrast specific subfields; CX-type cells are those oriented units which throughout their receptive fields respond to both light increment and light decrement 5. These categories correspond generally to Hubel and Wiesel's a distinction between these two subgroups. Also included is a small sample of LGN units, studied in a similar manner, that had their receptive fields in the same part of the visual field.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a23fda4a93de6c663fd8c6af28148528" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":68278253,"asset_id":50205946,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68278253/download_file?st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50205946"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50205946"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205946; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205946]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205946]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205946; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50205946']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50205946, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a23fda4a93de6c663fd8c6af28148528" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50205946]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50205946,"title":"Short-term response variability of monkey striate neurons","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Neurons in striate cortex appear to respond in a more variable manner to visual stimulation of their receptive fields than do retinal ganglion or lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells. The extent of this variability is of interest for both methodological and theoretical reasons. Methodologically, it is valuable to know what number of samples taken over what period of time adequately assesses a cell's response characteristics. Theoretically, some light may be shed on cortical connectivity by determining the relative variability of cell subgroups and the difference in variability between responses elicited by optimal and non-optimal stimuli. We obtained a measure of response variability for 333 neurons in striate cortex and for 16 neurons in the LGN. The data were collected from 46 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in the standard acute preparation; they were paralyzed with Flaxedil and were artificially respired with 30 ~ O~-70 ~ N20. Only cells with receptive fields 2-5 掳 from the fovea are included in this sample. The data collection and stimulus presentation system capable of producing visual stimuli in random order has been described elsewhere 5. 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S-type cells are those oriented units which show spatially separated contrast specific subfields; CX-type cells are those oriented units which throughout their receptive fields respond to both light increment and light decrement 5. These categories correspond generally to Hubel and Wiesel's a distinction between these two subgroups. Also included is a small sample of LGN units, studied in a similar manner, that had their receptive fields in the same part of the visual field."},"translated_abstract":"Neurons in striate cortex appear to respond in a more variable manner to visual stimulation of their receptive fields than do retinal ganglion or lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells. The extent of this variability is of interest for both methodological and theoretical reasons. Methodologically, it is valuable to know what number of samples taken over what period of time adequately assesses a cell's response characteristics. Theoretically, some light may be shed on cortical connectivity by determining the relative variability of cell subgroups and the difference in variability between responses elicited by optimal and non-optimal stimuli. We obtained a measure of response variability for 333 neurons in striate cortex and for 16 neurons in the LGN. The data were collected from 46 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in the standard acute preparation; they were paralyzed with Flaxedil and were artificially respired with 30 ~ O~-70 ~ N20. Only cells with receptive fields 2-5 掳 from the fovea are included in this sample. The data collection and stimulus presentation system capable of producing visual stimuli in random order has been described elsewhere 5. Variability data were collected over the 3-4 rain period when the best orientation or length of an edge or bar was being assessed by sweeping a stimulus of optimal velocity across the receptive field using a waveform generator and a mirror galvanometer. All the impulses elicited during this sweep, which was typically 1 sec in duration per trial, were counted as the response. To obtain an index of variability the standard deviation of the response to 10 repeated presentations of a given stimulus was divided by the mean response and multiplied by 100. Low values indicate a cell with consistent responses and hence low variability; high values show high variability. Using a stimulus of optimal orientation, length, and velocity, the average index of variability for all units was 35.2 with a standard deviation of 20. Breakdowns of variability for simple (S-type) and complex (CX-type) cell groups appear in Fig. 1A. S-type cells are those oriented units which show spatially separated contrast specific subfields; CX-type cells are those oriented units which throughout their receptive fields respond to both light increment and light decrement 5. 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Several investigations have looked for a neurophysiological counterpart of this effect in striate cortex of the cat and monkey. Two hypotheses have been proposed: (1) Neurons with horizontal and vertical orientation selectivity are more common in visual cortex than are neurons selective for obliques. (2) All orientations are equally represented but cells responding to horizontal and vertical orientations are more selective for orientation. Recent work on the cat by Rose and Blakemore 7 suggests that simple cells with vertical and horizontal axes of orientation are more tightly tuned than those with diagonal axes. A more provocative finding reported recently by Mansfield 6 suggests that in monkey foveal striate cortex, cells sensitive to horizontally and vertically oriented edges are more numerous than cells for other orientations. This finding implies a columnar organization somewhat different from that proposed by Hubel and Wiesel 4 in that it would necessitate more space or columns allocated to meridional and fewer columns to diagonal orientation specificity. In view of these findings, as part of a more general effort s, we investigated a sample of 673 neurons in 226 penetrations perpendicular to the cortical surface and 11 penetrations at 10 掳 or 20 掳 to the cortical surface from the parafoveal striate cortex in 45 monkeys which were flaxedilized and artificially respired with 30~ Oz-70~ N20. To determine if any meridional variations in cell number or orientation specificity existed, we assessed (1) cell number according to optimal orientation and (2) orientation tuning specificity for different axes. The orientation tuning function was derived from a smoothed curve of average response to presentation of a bar or edge stimulus swept across the receptive field at various orientations in a randomized sequence. The width of tuning in degrees at 71 ~ of maximum response was the measure employed. Fig. 1A shows a plot of the number of cells having optimal responses at various orientations. Only cells between 2 掳 and 5 掳 from the fovea, primarily representing the lower visual field, are included in this sample. In Fig. 1B the data were pooled adding","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":68278230},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50205938/Meridional_differences_in_orientation_sensitivity_in_monkey_striate_cortex","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-07-23T15:34:05.901-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":155395217,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":36728391,"work_id":50205938,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":38416820,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***n@nida.nih.gov","display_order":1,"name":"Susan Volman","title":"Meridional differences in orientation sensitivity in monkey striate cortex"},{"id":36728392,"work_id":50205938,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":2807241,"email":"p***l@mit.edu","display_order":2,"name":"Peter Schiller","title":"Meridional differences in orientation sensitivity in monkey striate cortex"},{"id":36728393,"work_id":50205938,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":39767580,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"p***r@ircm.qc.ca","display_order":3,"name":"Peter Schiller","title":"Meridional differences in orientation sensitivity in monkey striate cortex"},{"id":36728394,"work_id":50205938,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":42343510,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***p@ircm.qc.ca","display_order":4,"name":"Peter Schiller","title":"Meridional differences in orientation sensitivity in monkey striate cortex"},{"id":36728395,"work_id":50205938,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":2208303,"email":"s***r@wccemit.edu","display_order":5,"name":"Peter Schiller","title":"Meridional differences in orientation sensitivity in monkey striate cortex"},{"id":36728396,"work_id":50205938,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":8792,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"b***2@cornell.edu","affiliation":"Cornell University","display_order":6,"name":"Barbara L. Finlay","title":"Meridional differences in orientation sensitivity in monkey striate cortex"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68278230,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68278230/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1_s2.0_0006899376904339_main.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68278230/download_file?st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Meridional_differences_in_orientation_se.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/68278230/1_s2.0_0006899376904339_main-libre.pdf?1627080605=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMeridional_differences_in_orientation_se.pdf\u0026Expires=1732478358\u0026Signature=SByRU3sLN7D5RbezTYTd8UqoH4dKtwZseO-L75g-odKQVKFXm77Xn9SRxMeeM8up26fKWiM~yfvBvA3SP3lEPYiKchENiBFB~xf5FQOfNVrPH0Qq~jMHVcsZcnMK3yuE8UvJwpuulqTdLAW8IvVHEaXS2qFLnJ4XembF87i7eB3dbSV0dZg8K5T4ambK6Dbzg96s6BLLhSSnOTiJ7-kki20D7WTf4p6dTpwz5DQ3ttrkLW4faqCu~69qwiaXQaiuFiPhL0fW1XXDBPALMXwTPMqhB7Gfmb1jbZwSK6AapN6oIBGN5I13~Ck8B7BmJGD5a1C9IxI2ei0WNctjYCGwJg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Meridional_differences_in_orientation_sensitivity_in_monkey_striate_cortex","translated_slug":"","page_count":3,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":155395217,"first_name":"Louis","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Porter","page_name":"LouisPorter2","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2020-04-23T20:59:40.014-07:00","display_name":"Louis Porter","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LouisPorter2"},"attachments":[{"id":68278230,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68278230/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1_s2.0_0006899376904339_main.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68278230/download_file?st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Meridional_differences_in_orientation_se.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/68278230/1_s2.0_0006899376904339_main-libre.pdf?1627080605=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMeridional_differences_in_orientation_se.pdf\u0026Expires=1732478358\u0026Signature=SByRU3sLN7D5RbezTYTd8UqoH4dKtwZseO-L75g-odKQVKFXm77Xn9SRxMeeM8up26fKWiM~yfvBvA3SP3lEPYiKchENiBFB~xf5FQOfNVrPH0Qq~jMHVcsZcnMK3yuE8UvJwpuulqTdLAW8IvVHEaXS2qFLnJ4XembF87i7eB3dbSV0dZg8K5T4ambK6Dbzg96s6BLLhSSnOTiJ7-kki20D7WTf4p6dTpwz5DQ3ttrkLW4faqCu~69qwiaXQaiuFiPhL0fW1XXDBPALMXwTPMqhB7Gfmb1jbZwSK6AapN6oIBGN5I13~Ck8B7BmJGD5a1C9IxI2ei0WNctjYCGwJg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="50205867"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/50205867/Quantitative_Studies_of_Single_Cell_Properties_in_Monkey_Striate_Cortex_V_Multivariate_Statistical_Analyses_and_Models"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. V. Multivariate Statistical Analyses and Models" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68278216/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/50205867/Quantitative_Studies_of_Single_Cell_Properties_in_Monkey_Striate_Cortex_V_Multivariate_Statistical_Analyses_and_Models">Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. V. Multivariate Statistical Analyses and Models</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">AND CONCLUSIONS I. Several statistical analyses were performed on 205 S-type and CX-type cells wh...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">AND CONCLUSIONS I. Several statistical analyses were performed on 205 S-type and CX-type cells which had been completely analyzed on 12 response variables: orientation tuning, end stopping, spontaneous activity, response variability, direction selectivity, contrast selectivity for flashed or moving stimuli, selectivity for interaction of contrast and direction of stimulus movement, spatial-frequency selectivity, spatial separation of subfields responding to light increment or light decrement, sustained/transient response to flash, receptive-field size, and ocular dominance. 2. Correlation of these variables showed that within any cell group, these response variables vary independently. 3. A multivariate discriminant analysis showed that orientation specificity, receptive-field size, interaction of direction and contrast specificity, ocular dominance, and spontaneous activity, taken together, can adequately assign cells into the S-type or CX-type subgroups. 4. Various models of visual cortex are examined in view of the findings reported here and in the previous papers of this series, which suggest that a) orientation and direction s&&vities are produced by separate neural mechanisms, 6) there may be a hierarchy among simple (S type) cells, and c) complex (CX type) cells appear to receive a prominent S-type cell input.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="83bb0562e0fd40c9913a92509b82c2d5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":68278216,"asset_id":50205867,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68278216/download_file?st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50205867"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50205867"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205867; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205867]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205867]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205867; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50205867']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50205867, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "83bb0562e0fd40c9913a92509b82c2d5" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50205867]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50205867,"title":"Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. 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A multivariate discriminant analysis showed that orientation specificity, receptive-field size, interaction of direction and contrast specificity, ocular dominance, and spontaneous activity, taken together, can adequately assign cells into the S-type or CX-type subgroups. 4. Various models of visual cortex are examined in view of the findings reported here and in the previous papers of this series, which suggest that a) orientation and direction s\u0026\u0026vities are produced by separate neural mechanisms, 6) there may be a hierarchy among simple (S type) cells, and c) complex (CX type) cells appear to receive a prominent S-type cell input."},"translated_abstract":"AND CONCLUSIONS I. Several statistical analyses were performed on 205 S-type and CX-type cells which had been completely analyzed on 12 response variables: orientation tuning, end stopping, spontaneous activity, response variability, direction selectivity, contrast selectivity for flashed or moving stimuli, selectivity for interaction of contrast and direction of stimulus movement, spatial-frequency selectivity, spatial separation of subfields responding to light increment or light decrement, sustained/transient response to flash, receptive-field size, and ocular dominance. 2. Correlation of these variables showed that within any cell group, these response variables vary independently. 3. A multivariate discriminant analysis showed that orientation specificity, receptive-field size, interaction of direction and contrast specificity, ocular dominance, and spontaneous activity, taken together, can adequately assign cells into the S-type or CX-type subgroups. 4. Various models of visual cortex are examined in view of the findings reported here and in the previous papers of this series, which suggest that a) orientation and direction s\u0026\u0026vities are produced by separate neural mechanisms, 6) there may be a hierarchy among simple (S type) cells, and c) complex (CX type) cells appear to receive a prominent S-type cell input.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50205867/Quantitative_Studies_of_Single_Cell_Properties_in_Monkey_Striate_Cortex_V_Multivariate_Statistical_Analyses_and_Models","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-07-23T15:31:47.960-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":155395217,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":36728385,"work_id":50205867,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":38416820,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***n@nida.nih.gov","display_order":1,"name":"Susan Volman","title":"Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. 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IV. Corticotectal Cells" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68278196/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/50205858/Quantitative_Studies_of_Single_Cell_Properties_in_Monkey_Striate_Cortex_IV_Corticotectal_Cells">Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. IV. Corticotectal Cells</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">I. The receptive-field properties of corticotectal cells in the monkey's striate cortex were stud...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">I. The receptive-field properties of corticotectal cells in the monkey's striate cortex were studied using stationary and moving stimuli. These cells were identified by antidromic activation from the superior colliculus. 2. Corticotectal cells form a relatively homogeneous group. They are found primarily in layers 5 and 6. These cells can usually be classified as CX-type cells but show broader orientation tuning, larger receptive fields, higher spontaneous activity, and greater binocular activation than CX-type cells do in general. A third of the corticotectal cells were direction selective. 3. These results suggest that the cortical input to the superior colliculus is not directly responsible for the receptive-field properties of collicular cells. We propose that this input has a gating function in contributing to the control of the downflow of excitation from the superficial to the deep layers of the colliculus.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="721c82b00c9d5e5c12b863022e5b6ce4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":68278196,"asset_id":50205858,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68278196/download_file?st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50205858"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50205858"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205858; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205858]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205858]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205858; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50205858']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50205858, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "721c82b00c9d5e5c12b863022e5b6ce4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50205858]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50205858,"title":"Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. 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III. Spatial Frequency" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68278192/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/50205832/Quantitative_Studies_of_Single_Cell_Properties_in_Monkey_Striate_Cortex_III_Spatial_Frequency">Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. III. Spatial Frequency</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">I. The response properties of single cells in monkey striate cortex were examined using moving ba...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">I. The response properties of single cells in monkey striate cortex were examined using moving bars, square-wave gratings, and sinewave gratings. 2. The majority of cells studied were not selective for bar width or for the spatial frequency of square-wave gratings. 3. Most cells responded selectively to the spatial frequency of sine-wave gratings. 4. The spatial frequency of the sine-wave grating eliciting the optimal response could not be predicted from the organization of the receptive field of each cell as determined by stationary or moving stimuli. 5. The sharpness of spatial-frequency selectivity is only slightly more pronounced in S-type cells than in CX-type cells. 6. S-type and CX-type cells differ significantly in the temporal modulation of their discharges to gratings. S-type cells discharge in sharp bursts to each cycle which traverses the receptive field. CX-type cells discharge in a rather continuous fashion. This measure can be used reliably to classify cells as S or CX type.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7e1d572a5551e5da13e8ee0529ce1b07" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":68278192,"asset_id":50205832,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68278192/download_file?st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50205832"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50205832"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205832; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205832]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205832]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205832; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50205832']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50205832, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "7e1d572a5551e5da13e8ee0529ce1b07" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50205832]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50205832,"title":"Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. 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CX-type cells discharge in a rather continuous fashion. This measure can be used reliably to classify cells as S or CX type."},"translated_abstract":"I. The response properties of single cells in monkey striate cortex were examined using moving bars, square-wave gratings, and sinewave gratings. 2. The majority of cells studied were not selective for bar width or for the spatial frequency of square-wave gratings. 3. Most cells responded selectively to the spatial frequency of sine-wave gratings. 4. The spatial frequency of the sine-wave grating eliciting the optimal response could not be predicted from the organization of the receptive field of each cell as determined by stationary or moving stimuli. 5. The sharpness of spatial-frequency selectivity is only slightly more pronounced in S-type cells than in CX-type cells. 6. S-type and CX-type cells differ significantly in the temporal modulation of their discharges to gratings. 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II. Orientation Specificity and Ocular Dominance" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68278184/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/50205819/Quantitative_Studies_of_Single_Cell_Properties_in_Monkey_Striate_Cortex_II_Orientation_Specificity_and_Ocular_Dominance">Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. II. Orientation Specificity and Ocular Dominance</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">AND CONCLUSIONS 1. Quantitative analyses of orientation specificity and ocular dominance were car...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">AND CONCLUSIONS 1. Quantitative analyses of orientation specificity and ocular dominance were carried out in striate cortex of the rhesus monkey. 2. Sharpness of orientation selectivity was greater for simple (S type) than for complex (CX type) cells. CX-type cells became more broadly tuned in the deeper cortical layers: S-type cells were equally well tuned throughout the cortex. 3. Sharpness of orientation selectivity for S-type cells was similar at all retinal eccentricities studied (0"-20" from the fovea): in CX-type cells orientation selectivity decreased slightly with increasing eccentricity. 4. The orientation tuning of binocular cells was similar when mapped separately through each eye. 5. Orientation selectivity and direction selectivity are independent of each other, suggesting that separate neural mechanisms give rise to them. 6. More CX-type cells can be binocularly activated than S-type cells (88% versus 49%). The ocular dominance of S-type cells is similar in all cortical layers: for CX-type cells there is an increase in the number of cells in oculardominance category 4 in layers 5 and 6.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="87b8e5cf24b835cf17451826155a68be" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":68278184,"asset_id":50205819,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68278184/download_file?st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50205819"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50205819"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205819; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205819]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205819]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205819; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50205819']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50205819, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "87b8e5cf24b835cf17451826155a68be" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50205819]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50205819,"title":"Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. 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One group served as an unoperated control (C), and the others were subjected to the following lesions: (1) bilateral SI-bilateral SII; (2) bilateral SI; (3) bilateral SI-contralateral SII; (4) bilateral SII-bilateral posterior parietal; (5) bilateral parietal lobectomy; and (6) contralateral parietal lobectomy. The groups were then tested again on the same tasks. No group showed any difficulty with differences larger than 12 掳C, and groups 2, 4, 6 and C showed no statistical differences in their preoperative and postoperative number of trials to criteria for any of the temperature tasks. However, groups 1,3 and 5 had considerable difficulty making discriminations ranging between 3 and 12 掳C; and, although their postoperative performances were not significantly different from one another, they took statistically more trials to discriminate the 1 掳C difference in post-than in preoperative testing. 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Presently, it was assumed that (1) the rat's face might possess thermal acuity comparable to that found in highly sensitive skin regions of primates, (2) the rat's facial discriminative capacity for thermal differences might be more acute in a cool range well below normal room temperature (24掳C), and (3) by using more sensitive procedures and focusing on the effects of damage to the face areas in the rat's somatosensory cortex, disturbances in the capacity to make discriminations between cool stimuli might be revealed that previously went unnoticed. Results of experiments testing these assumptions indicated that rats can use their snouts to make discriminations of I掳C or less, that their acuity is better in the cool than in the warm range, and that somatosensory ablations produce moderate to severe disturbances in the capacity to discriminate between cool stimuli but only slight transitory disturbances in this capacity for warm stimuli. Additionally, the results suggest that the sensorimotor cortex may be involved in the rat's thermal discriminative capacity.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1993,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Brain Research","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":66304560},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/46952585/Disturbances_in_the_performance_of_thermal_discrimination_tasks_following_cortical_ablations_in_rats","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-04-19T17:45:29.392-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":155395217,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66304560,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66304560/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"0006-8993_2893_2990122-420210419-11506-1nsqhy.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66304560/download_file?st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Disturbances_in_the_performance_of_therm.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66304560/0006-8993_2893_2990122-420210419-11506-1nsqhy-libre.pdf?1618882230=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDisturbances_in_the_performance_of_therm.pdf\u0026Expires=1732478358\u0026Signature=GyKFH8LJVre4FoYWHN8VMF25jGnr1J8aWZRM5m8Jf6Rhx~XNAumXoCg4it8ZITdU9r7-GCG9jEdmmiUeMa9XuNe7Xy8TBw1nbt29udB4Uo0NyWWgEJ4XgUyLLBQzF9W9jAzuhq10y0pKCCJe11QE0D1jtjzzDv0BRLz34eSa1RajYgkQfc310TeUCFa4VpXVqq-iHpyR~4V14D0d6FlfNOwW8fOTVvX2~R1E1~ESYJ999OyAL8WOMe-HbQVcsW7FwENEQ4Ukk2fLDyxvNh2t~qmnKhpPpm8TXJkcBDLSjKQgehqizsMczynfNPBkWwm-zjrXAo3MtNKHi6NKIXcQiA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Disturbances_in_the_performance_of_thermal_discrimination_tasks_following_cortical_ablations_in_rats","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":155395217,"first_name":"Louis","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Porter","page_name":"LouisPorter2","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2020-04-23T20:59:40.014-07:00","display_name":"Louis Porter","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LouisPorter2"},"attachments":[{"id":66304560,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66304560/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"0006-8993_2893_2990122-420210419-11506-1nsqhy.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66304560/download_file?st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Disturbances_in_the_performance_of_therm.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66304560/0006-8993_2893_2990122-420210419-11506-1nsqhy-libre.pdf?1618882230=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDisturbances_in_the_performance_of_therm.pdf\u0026Expires=1732478358\u0026Signature=GyKFH8LJVre4FoYWHN8VMF25jGnr1J8aWZRM5m8Jf6Rhx~XNAumXoCg4it8ZITdU9r7-GCG9jEdmmiUeMa9XuNe7Xy8TBw1nbt29udB4Uo0NyWWgEJ4XgUyLLBQzF9W9jAzuhq10y0pKCCJe11QE0D1jtjzzDv0BRLz34eSa1RajYgkQfc310TeUCFa4VpXVqq-iHpyR~4V14D0d6FlfNOwW8fOTVvX2~R1E1~ESYJ999OyAL8WOMe-HbQVcsW7FwENEQ4Ukk2fLDyxvNh2t~qmnKhpPpm8TXJkcBDLSjKQgehqizsMczynfNPBkWwm-zjrXAo3MtNKHi6NKIXcQiA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain"},{"id":72150,"name":"Discrimination Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discrimination_Learning"},{"id":99234,"name":"Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animals"},{"id":133177,"name":"Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature"},{"id":161202,"name":"Somatosensory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Somatosensory"},{"id":277717,"name":"Somatosensory Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Somatosensory_Cortex"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats"},{"id":413194,"name":"Analysis of Variance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analysis_of_Variance"},{"id":1000427,"name":"Reference Values","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reference_Values"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences"},{"id":2915986,"name":"Haplorhini","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haplorhini"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="11089372" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="50205946"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/50205946/Short_term_response_variability_of_monkey_striate_neurons"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Short-term response variability of monkey striate neurons" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68278253/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/50205946/Short_term_response_variability_of_monkey_striate_neurons">Short-term response variability of monkey striate neurons</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Neurons in striate cortex appear to respond in a more variable manner to visual stimulation of th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Neurons in striate cortex appear to respond in a more variable manner to visual stimulation of their receptive fields than do retinal ganglion or lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells. The extent of this variability is of interest for both methodological and theoretical reasons. Methodologically, it is valuable to know what number of samples taken over what period of time adequately assesses a cell's response characteristics. Theoretically, some light may be shed on cortical connectivity by determining the relative variability of cell subgroups and the difference in variability between responses elicited by optimal and non-optimal stimuli. We obtained a measure of response variability for 333 neurons in striate cortex and for 16 neurons in the LGN. The data were collected from 46 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in the standard acute preparation; they were paralyzed with Flaxedil and were artificially respired with 30 ~ O~-70 ~ N20. Only cells with receptive fields 2-5 掳 from the fovea are included in this sample. The data collection and stimulus presentation system capable of producing visual stimuli in random order has been described elsewhere 5. Variability data were collected over the 3-4 rain period when the best orientation or length of an edge or bar was being assessed by sweeping a stimulus of optimal velocity across the receptive field using a waveform generator and a mirror galvanometer. All the impulses elicited during this sweep, which was typically 1 sec in duration per trial, were counted as the response. To obtain an index of variability the standard deviation of the response to 10 repeated presentations of a given stimulus was divided by the mean response and multiplied by 100. Low values indicate a cell with consistent responses and hence low variability; high values show high variability. Using a stimulus of optimal orientation, length, and velocity, the average index of variability for all units was 35.2 with a standard deviation of 20. Breakdowns of variability for simple (S-type) and complex (CX-type) cell groups appear in Fig. 1A. S-type cells are those oriented units which show spatially separated contrast specific subfields; CX-type cells are those oriented units which throughout their receptive fields respond to both light increment and light decrement 5. These categories correspond generally to Hubel and Wiesel's a distinction between these two subgroups. Also included is a small sample of LGN units, studied in a similar manner, that had their receptive fields in the same part of the visual field.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a23fda4a93de6c663fd8c6af28148528" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":68278253,"asset_id":50205946,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68278253/download_file?st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50205946"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50205946"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205946; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205946]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205946]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205946; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50205946']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50205946, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a23fda4a93de6c663fd8c6af28148528" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50205946]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50205946,"title":"Short-term response variability of monkey striate neurons","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Neurons in striate cortex appear to respond in a more variable manner to visual stimulation of their receptive fields than do retinal ganglion or lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells. The extent of this variability is of interest for both methodological and theoretical reasons. Methodologically, it is valuable to know what number of samples taken over what period of time adequately assesses a cell's response characteristics. Theoretically, some light may be shed on cortical connectivity by determining the relative variability of cell subgroups and the difference in variability between responses elicited by optimal and non-optimal stimuli. We obtained a measure of response variability for 333 neurons in striate cortex and for 16 neurons in the LGN. The data were collected from 46 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in the standard acute preparation; they were paralyzed with Flaxedil and were artificially respired with 30 ~ O~-70 ~ N20. Only cells with receptive fields 2-5 掳 from the fovea are included in this sample. The data collection and stimulus presentation system capable of producing visual stimuli in random order has been described elsewhere 5. Variability data were collected over the 3-4 rain period when the best orientation or length of an edge or bar was being assessed by sweeping a stimulus of optimal velocity across the receptive field using a waveform generator and a mirror galvanometer. All the impulses elicited during this sweep, which was typically 1 sec in duration per trial, were counted as the response. To obtain an index of variability the standard deviation of the response to 10 repeated presentations of a given stimulus was divided by the mean response and multiplied by 100. Low values indicate a cell with consistent responses and hence low variability; high values show high variability. Using a stimulus of optimal orientation, length, and velocity, the average index of variability for all units was 35.2 with a standard deviation of 20. Breakdowns of variability for simple (S-type) and complex (CX-type) cell groups appear in Fig. 1A. S-type cells are those oriented units which show spatially separated contrast specific subfields; CX-type cells are those oriented units which throughout their receptive fields respond to both light increment and light decrement 5. These categories correspond generally to Hubel and Wiesel's a distinction between these two subgroups. Also included is a small sample of LGN units, studied in a similar manner, that had their receptive fields in the same part of the visual field."},"translated_abstract":"Neurons in striate cortex appear to respond in a more variable manner to visual stimulation of their receptive fields than do retinal ganglion or lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells. The extent of this variability is of interest for both methodological and theoretical reasons. Methodologically, it is valuable to know what number of samples taken over what period of time adequately assesses a cell's response characteristics. Theoretically, some light may be shed on cortical connectivity by determining the relative variability of cell subgroups and the difference in variability between responses elicited by optimal and non-optimal stimuli. We obtained a measure of response variability for 333 neurons in striate cortex and for 16 neurons in the LGN. The data were collected from 46 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in the standard acute preparation; they were paralyzed with Flaxedil and were artificially respired with 30 ~ O~-70 ~ N20. Only cells with receptive fields 2-5 掳 from the fovea are included in this sample. The data collection and stimulus presentation system capable of producing visual stimuli in random order has been described elsewhere 5. Variability data were collected over the 3-4 rain period when the best orientation or length of an edge or bar was being assessed by sweeping a stimulus of optimal velocity across the receptive field using a waveform generator and a mirror galvanometer. All the impulses elicited during this sweep, which was typically 1 sec in duration per trial, were counted as the response. To obtain an index of variability the standard deviation of the response to 10 repeated presentations of a given stimulus was divided by the mean response and multiplied by 100. Low values indicate a cell with consistent responses and hence low variability; high values show high variability. Using a stimulus of optimal orientation, length, and velocity, the average index of variability for all units was 35.2 with a standard deviation of 20. Breakdowns of variability for simple (S-type) and complex (CX-type) cell groups appear in Fig. 1A. S-type cells are those oriented units which show spatially separated contrast specific subfields; CX-type cells are those oriented units which throughout their receptive fields respond to both light increment and light decrement 5. These categories correspond generally to Hubel and Wiesel's a distinction between these two subgroups. Also included is a small sample of LGN units, studied in a similar manner, that had their receptive fields in the same part of the visual field.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50205946/Short_term_response_variability_of_monkey_striate_neurons","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-07-23T15:35:13.892-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":155395217,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":36728397,"work_id":50205946,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":38416820,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***n@nida.nih.gov","display_order":1,"name":"Susan Volman","title":"Short-term response variability of monkey striate neurons"},{"id":36728398,"work_id":50205946,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":2807241,"email":"p***l@mit.edu","display_order":2,"name":"Peter Schiller","title":"Short-term response variability of monkey striate neurons"},{"id":36728399,"work_id":50205946,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":39767580,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"p***r@ircm.qc.ca","display_order":3,"name":"Peter Schiller","title":"Short-term response variability of monkey striate neurons"},{"id":36728400,"work_id":50205946,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":42343510,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***p@ircm.qc.ca","display_order":4,"name":"Peter Schiller","title":"Short-term response variability of monkey striate neurons"},{"id":36728401,"work_id":50205946,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":2208303,"email":"s***r@wccemit.edu","display_order":5,"name":"Peter Schiller","title":"Short-term response variability of monkey striate neurons"},{"id":36728402,"work_id":50205946,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":8792,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"b***2@cornell.edu","affiliation":"Cornell University","display_order":6,"name":"Barbara L. 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Several investigations have looked for a neurophysiological counterpart of this effect in striate cortex of the cat and monkey. Two hypotheses have been proposed: (1) Neurons with horizontal and vertical orientation selectivity are more common in visual cortex than are neurons selective for obliques. (2) All orientations are equally represented but cells responding to horizontal and vertical orientations are more selective for orientation. Recent work on the cat by Rose and Blakemore 7 suggests that simple cells with vertical and horizontal axes of orientation are more tightly tuned than those with diagonal axes. A more provocative finding reported recently by Mansfield 6 suggests that in monkey foveal striate cortex, cells sensitive to horizontally and vertically oriented edges are more numerous than cells for other orientations. This finding implies a columnar organization somewhat different from that proposed by Hubel and Wiesel 4 in that it would necessitate more space or columns allocated to meridional and fewer columns to diagonal orientation specificity. In view of these findings, as part of a more general effort s, we investigated a sample of 673 neurons in 226 penetrations perpendicular to the cortical surface and 11 penetrations at 10 掳 or 20 掳 to the cortical surface from the parafoveal striate cortex in 45 monkeys which were flaxedilized and artificially respired with 30~ Oz-70~ N20. To determine if any meridional variations in cell number or orientation specificity existed, we assessed (1) cell number according to optimal orientation and (2) orientation tuning specificity for different axes. The orientation tuning function was derived from a smoothed curve of average response to presentation of a bar or edge stimulus swept across the receptive field at various orientations in a randomized sequence. The width of tuning in degrees at 71 ~ of maximum response was the measure employed. Fig. 1A shows a plot of the number of cells having optimal responses at various orientations. Only cells between 2 掳 and 5 掳 from the fovea, primarily representing the lower visual field, are included in this sample. In Fig. 1B the data were pooled adding","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":68278230},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50205938/Meridional_differences_in_orientation_sensitivity_in_monkey_striate_cortex","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-07-23T15:34:05.901-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":155395217,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":36728391,"work_id":50205938,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":38416820,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***n@nida.nih.gov","display_order":1,"name":"Susan Volman","title":"Meridional differences in orientation sensitivity in monkey striate cortex"},{"id":36728392,"work_id":50205938,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":2807241,"email":"p***l@mit.edu","display_order":2,"name":"Peter Schiller","title":"Meridional differences in orientation sensitivity in monkey striate cortex"},{"id":36728393,"work_id":50205938,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":39767580,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"p***r@ircm.qc.ca","display_order":3,"name":"Peter Schiller","title":"Meridional differences in orientation sensitivity in monkey striate cortex"},{"id":36728394,"work_id":50205938,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":42343510,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***p@ircm.qc.ca","display_order":4,"name":"Peter Schiller","title":"Meridional differences in orientation sensitivity in monkey striate cortex"},{"id":36728395,"work_id":50205938,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":2208303,"email":"s***r@wccemit.edu","display_order":5,"name":"Peter Schiller","title":"Meridional differences in orientation sensitivity in monkey striate cortex"},{"id":36728396,"work_id":50205938,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":8792,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"b***2@cornell.edu","affiliation":"Cornell University","display_order":6,"name":"Barbara L. 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V. Multivariate Statistical Analyses and Models" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68278216/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/50205867/Quantitative_Studies_of_Single_Cell_Properties_in_Monkey_Striate_Cortex_V_Multivariate_Statistical_Analyses_and_Models">Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. V. Multivariate Statistical Analyses and Models</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">AND CONCLUSIONS I. Several statistical analyses were performed on 205 S-type and CX-type cells wh...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">AND CONCLUSIONS I. Several statistical analyses were performed on 205 S-type and CX-type cells which had been completely analyzed on 12 response variables: orientation tuning, end stopping, spontaneous activity, response variability, direction selectivity, contrast selectivity for flashed or moving stimuli, selectivity for interaction of contrast and direction of stimulus movement, spatial-frequency selectivity, spatial separation of subfields responding to light increment or light decrement, sustained/transient response to flash, receptive-field size, and ocular dominance. 2. Correlation of these variables showed that within any cell group, these response variables vary independently. 3. A multivariate discriminant analysis showed that orientation specificity, receptive-field size, interaction of direction and contrast specificity, ocular dominance, and spontaneous activity, taken together, can adequately assign cells into the S-type or CX-type subgroups. 4. Various models of visual cortex are examined in view of the findings reported here and in the previous papers of this series, which suggest that a) orientation and direction s&&vities are produced by separate neural mechanisms, 6) there may be a hierarchy among simple (S type) cells, and c) complex (CX type) cells appear to receive a prominent S-type cell input.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="83bb0562e0fd40c9913a92509b82c2d5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":68278216,"asset_id":50205867,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68278216/download_file?st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50205867"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50205867"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205867; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205867]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205867]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205867; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50205867']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50205867, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "83bb0562e0fd40c9913a92509b82c2d5" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50205867]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50205867,"title":"Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. V. Multivariate Statistical Analyses and Models","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"AND CONCLUSIONS I. Several statistical analyses were performed on 205 S-type and CX-type cells which had been completely analyzed on 12 response variables: orientation tuning, end stopping, spontaneous activity, response variability, direction selectivity, contrast selectivity for flashed or moving stimuli, selectivity for interaction of contrast and direction of stimulus movement, spatial-frequency selectivity, spatial separation of subfields responding to light increment or light decrement, sustained/transient response to flash, receptive-field size, and ocular dominance. 2. Correlation of these variables showed that within any cell group, these response variables vary independently. 3. A multivariate discriminant analysis showed that orientation specificity, receptive-field size, interaction of direction and contrast specificity, ocular dominance, and spontaneous activity, taken together, can adequately assign cells into the S-type or CX-type subgroups. 4. Various models of visual cortex are examined in view of the findings reported here and in the previous papers of this series, which suggest that a) orientation and direction s\u0026\u0026vities are produced by separate neural mechanisms, 6) there may be a hierarchy among simple (S type) cells, and c) complex (CX type) cells appear to receive a prominent S-type cell input."},"translated_abstract":"AND CONCLUSIONS I. Several statistical analyses were performed on 205 S-type and CX-type cells which had been completely analyzed on 12 response variables: orientation tuning, end stopping, spontaneous activity, response variability, direction selectivity, contrast selectivity for flashed or moving stimuli, selectivity for interaction of contrast and direction of stimulus movement, spatial-frequency selectivity, spatial separation of subfields responding to light increment or light decrement, sustained/transient response to flash, receptive-field size, and ocular dominance. 2. Correlation of these variables showed that within any cell group, these response variables vary independently. 3. A multivariate discriminant analysis showed that orientation specificity, receptive-field size, interaction of direction and contrast specificity, ocular dominance, and spontaneous activity, taken together, can adequately assign cells into the S-type or CX-type subgroups. 4. Various models of visual cortex are examined in view of the findings reported here and in the previous papers of this series, which suggest that a) orientation and direction s\u0026\u0026vities are produced by separate neural mechanisms, 6) there may be a hierarchy among simple (S type) cells, and c) complex (CX type) cells appear to receive a prominent S-type cell input.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50205867/Quantitative_Studies_of_Single_Cell_Properties_in_Monkey_Striate_Cortex_V_Multivariate_Statistical_Analyses_and_Models","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-07-23T15:31:47.960-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":155395217,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":36728385,"work_id":50205867,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":38416820,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***n@nida.nih.gov","display_order":1,"name":"Susan Volman","title":"Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. 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IV. Corticotectal Cells" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68278196/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/50205858/Quantitative_Studies_of_Single_Cell_Properties_in_Monkey_Striate_Cortex_IV_Corticotectal_Cells">Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. IV. Corticotectal Cells</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">I. The receptive-field properties of corticotectal cells in the monkey's striate cortex were stud...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">I. The receptive-field properties of corticotectal cells in the monkey's striate cortex were studied using stationary and moving stimuli. These cells were identified by antidromic activation from the superior colliculus. 2. Corticotectal cells form a relatively homogeneous group. They are found primarily in layers 5 and 6. These cells can usually be classified as CX-type cells but show broader orientation tuning, larger receptive fields, higher spontaneous activity, and greater binocular activation than CX-type cells do in general. A third of the corticotectal cells were direction selective. 3. These results suggest that the cortical input to the superior colliculus is not directly responsible for the receptive-field properties of collicular cells. We propose that this input has a gating function in contributing to the control of the downflow of excitation from the superficial to the deep layers of the colliculus.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="721c82b00c9d5e5c12b863022e5b6ce4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":68278196,"asset_id":50205858,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68278196/download_file?st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50205858"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50205858"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205858; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205858]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205858]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205858; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50205858']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50205858, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "721c82b00c9d5e5c12b863022e5b6ce4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50205858]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50205858,"title":"Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. 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We propose that this input has a gating function in contributing to the control of the downflow of excitation from the superficial to the deep layers of the colliculus."},"translated_abstract":"I. The receptive-field properties of corticotectal cells in the monkey's striate cortex were studied using stationary and moving stimuli. These cells were identified by antidromic activation from the superior colliculus. 2. Corticotectal cells form a relatively homogeneous group. They are found primarily in layers 5 and 6. These cells can usually be classified as CX-type cells but show broader orientation tuning, larger receptive fields, higher spontaneous activity, and greater binocular activation than CX-type cells do in general. A third of the corticotectal cells were direction selective. 3. These results suggest that the cortical input to the superior colliculus is not directly responsible for the receptive-field properties of collicular cells. We propose that this input has a gating function in contributing to the control of the downflow of excitation from the superficial to the deep layers of the colliculus.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50205858/Quantitative_Studies_of_Single_Cell_Properties_in_Monkey_Striate_Cortex_IV_Corticotectal_Cells","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-07-23T15:30:06.605-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":155395217,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":36728379,"work_id":50205858,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":38416820,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***n@nida.nih.gov","display_order":1,"name":"Susan Volman","title":"Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. IV. 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III. Spatial Frequency" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68278192/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/50205832/Quantitative_Studies_of_Single_Cell_Properties_in_Monkey_Striate_Cortex_III_Spatial_Frequency">Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. III. Spatial Frequency</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">I. The response properties of single cells in monkey striate cortex were examined using moving ba...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">I. The response properties of single cells in monkey striate cortex were examined using moving bars, square-wave gratings, and sinewave gratings. 2. The majority of cells studied were not selective for bar width or for the spatial frequency of square-wave gratings. 3. Most cells responded selectively to the spatial frequency of sine-wave gratings. 4. The spatial frequency of the sine-wave grating eliciting the optimal response could not be predicted from the organization of the receptive field of each cell as determined by stationary or moving stimuli. 5. The sharpness of spatial-frequency selectivity is only slightly more pronounced in S-type cells than in CX-type cells. 6. S-type and CX-type cells differ significantly in the temporal modulation of their discharges to gratings. S-type cells discharge in sharp bursts to each cycle which traverses the receptive field. CX-type cells discharge in a rather continuous fashion. This measure can be used reliably to classify cells as S or CX type.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7e1d572a5551e5da13e8ee0529ce1b07" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":68278192,"asset_id":50205832,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68278192/download_file?st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50205832"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50205832"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205832; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205832]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205832]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205832; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50205832']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50205832, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "7e1d572a5551e5da13e8ee0529ce1b07" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50205832]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50205832,"title":"Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. 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CX-type cells discharge in a rather continuous fashion. This measure can be used reliably to classify cells as S or CX type."},"translated_abstract":"I. The response properties of single cells in monkey striate cortex were examined using moving bars, square-wave gratings, and sinewave gratings. 2. The majority of cells studied were not selective for bar width or for the spatial frequency of square-wave gratings. 3. Most cells responded selectively to the spatial frequency of sine-wave gratings. 4. The spatial frequency of the sine-wave grating eliciting the optimal response could not be predicted from the organization of the receptive field of each cell as determined by stationary or moving stimuli. 5. The sharpness of spatial-frequency selectivity is only slightly more pronounced in S-type cells than in CX-type cells. 6. S-type and CX-type cells differ significantly in the temporal modulation of their discharges to gratings. 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II. Orientation Specificity and Ocular Dominance" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68278184/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/50205819/Quantitative_Studies_of_Single_Cell_Properties_in_Monkey_Striate_Cortex_II_Orientation_Specificity_and_Ocular_Dominance">Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. II. Orientation Specificity and Ocular Dominance</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">AND CONCLUSIONS 1. Quantitative analyses of orientation specificity and ocular dominance were car...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">AND CONCLUSIONS 1. Quantitative analyses of orientation specificity and ocular dominance were carried out in striate cortex of the rhesus monkey. 2. Sharpness of orientation selectivity was greater for simple (S type) than for complex (CX type) cells. CX-type cells became more broadly tuned in the deeper cortical layers: S-type cells were equally well tuned throughout the cortex. 3. Sharpness of orientation selectivity for S-type cells was similar at all retinal eccentricities studied (0"-20" from the fovea): in CX-type cells orientation selectivity decreased slightly with increasing eccentricity. 4. The orientation tuning of binocular cells was similar when mapped separately through each eye. 5. Orientation selectivity and direction selectivity are independent of each other, suggesting that separate neural mechanisms give rise to them. 6. More CX-type cells can be binocularly activated than S-type cells (88% versus 49%). The ocular dominance of S-type cells is similar in all cortical layers: for CX-type cells there is an increase in the number of cells in oculardominance category 4 in layers 5 and 6.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="87b8e5cf24b835cf17451826155a68be" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":68278184,"asset_id":50205819,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68278184/download_file?st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50205819"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50205819"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205819; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205819]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50205819]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50205819; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50205819']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50205819, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "87b8e5cf24b835cf17451826155a68be" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50205819]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50205819,"title":"Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. II. Orientation Specificity and Ocular Dominance","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"AND CONCLUSIONS 1. Quantitative analyses of orientation specificity and ocular dominance were carried out in striate cortex of the rhesus monkey. 2. Sharpness of orientation selectivity was greater for simple (S type) than for complex (CX type) cells. CX-type cells became more broadly tuned in the deeper cortical layers: S-type cells were equally well tuned throughout the cortex. 3. Sharpness of orientation selectivity for S-type cells was similar at all retinal eccentricities studied (0\"-20\" from the fovea): in CX-type cells orientation selectivity decreased slightly with increasing eccentricity. 4. The orientation tuning of binocular cells was similar when mapped separately through each eye. 5. Orientation selectivity and direction selectivity are independent of each other, suggesting that separate neural mechanisms give rise to them. 6. More CX-type cells can be binocularly activated than S-type cells (88% versus 49%). The ocular dominance of S-type cells is similar in all cortical layers: for CX-type cells there is an increase in the number of cells in oculardominance category 4 in layers 5 and 6."},"translated_abstract":"AND CONCLUSIONS 1. Quantitative analyses of orientation specificity and ocular dominance were carried out in striate cortex of the rhesus monkey. 2. Sharpness of orientation selectivity was greater for simple (S type) than for complex (CX type) cells. CX-type cells became more broadly tuned in the deeper cortical layers: S-type cells were equally well tuned throughout the cortex. 3. Sharpness of orientation selectivity for S-type cells was similar at all retinal eccentricities studied (0\"-20\" from the fovea): in CX-type cells orientation selectivity decreased slightly with increasing eccentricity. 4. The orientation tuning of binocular cells was similar when mapped separately through each eye. 5. Orientation selectivity and direction selectivity are independent of each other, suggesting that separate neural mechanisms give rise to them. 6. More CX-type cells can be binocularly activated than S-type cells (88% versus 49%). The ocular dominance of S-type cells is similar in all cortical layers: for CX-type cells there is an increase in the number of cells in oculardominance category 4 in layers 5 and 6.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50205819/Quantitative_Studies_of_Single_Cell_Properties_in_Monkey_Striate_Cortex_II_Orientation_Specificity_and_Ocular_Dominance","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-07-23T15:27:01.050-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":155395217,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":36728355,"work_id":50205819,"tagging_user_id":155395217,"tagged_user_id":38416820,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***n@nida.nih.gov","display_order":1,"name":"Susan Volman","title":"Quantitative Studies of Single-Cell Properties in Monkey Striate Cortex. II. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="46952586"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/46952586/An_experimental_investigation_of_the_parietal_lobes_and_temperature_discrimination_in_monkeys"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of An experimental investigation of the parietal lobes and temperature discrimination in monkeys" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66304562/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/46952586/An_experimental_investigation_of_the_parietal_lobes_and_temperature_discrimination_in_monkeys">An experimental investigation of the parietal lobes and temperature discrimination in monkeys</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Brain Research</span><span>, 1987</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b097050fa0cd70ecb5ab5e0b9bc836df" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":66304562,"asset_id":46952586,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66304562/download_file?st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="46952586"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="46952586"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 46952586; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="46952585"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/46952585/Disturbances_in_the_performance_of_thermal_discrimination_tasks_following_cortical_ablations_in_rats"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Disturbances in the performance of thermal discrimination tasks following cortical ablations in rats" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66304560/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/46952585/Disturbances_in_the_performance_of_thermal_discrimination_tasks_following_cortical_ablations_in_rats">Disturbances in the performance of thermal discrimination tasks following cortical ablations in rats</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Brain Research</span><span>, 1993</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9a328dea4e2fb0e8e2aa391fbc5c9cf8" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":66304560,"asset_id":46952585,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66304560/download_file?st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjQ3NDc1OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="46952585"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="46952585"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 46952585; 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Presently, it was assumed that (1) the rat's face might possess thermal acuity comparable to that found in highly sensitive skin regions of primates, (2) the rat's facial discriminative capacity for thermal differences might be more acute in a cool range well below normal room temperature (24掳C), and (3) by using more sensitive procedures and focusing on the effects of damage to the face areas in the rat's somatosensory cortex, disturbances in the capacity to make discriminations between cool stimuli might be revealed that previously went unnoticed. Results of experiments testing these assumptions indicated that rats can use their snouts to make discriminations of I掳C or less, that their acuity is better in the cool than in the warm range, and that somatosensory ablations produce moderate to severe disturbances in the capacity to discriminate between cool stimuli but only slight transitory disturbances in this capacity for warm stimuli. 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