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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Influence of climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intensity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Intensity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Intensity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Intensity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Intensity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapid_intensification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapid_intensification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Rapid intensification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapid_intensification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissipation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissipation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Dissipation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissipation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Assessment methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intensity_metrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensity_metrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Intensity metrics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensity_metrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_and_naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_and_naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Classification and naming </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_and_naming-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classification and naming subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Naming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_cyclone_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_cyclone_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Related cyclone types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_cyclone_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eye_and_center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eye_and_center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Eye and center </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eye_and_center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Size </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Movement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Movement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Movement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_steering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_steering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Environmental steering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_steering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beta_drift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beta_drift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Beta drift </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beta_drift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_storm_interaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_storm_interaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Multiple storm interaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_storm_interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaction_with_the_mid-latitude_westerlies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaction_with_the_mid-latitude_westerlies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Interaction with the mid-latitude westerlies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interaction_with_the_mid-latitude_westerlies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_phenomena_caused_or_worsened_by_tropical_cyclones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_phenomena_caused_or_worsened_by_tropical_cyclones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Natural phenomena caused or worsened by tropical cyclones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_phenomena_caused_or_worsened_by_tropical_cyclones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_property_and_human_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_property_and_human_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Effect on property and human life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_property_and_human_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_and_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_and_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.3 North and South America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_and_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.4 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Environmental effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observation_and_forecasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observation_and_forecasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Observation and forecasting </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observation_and_forecasting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Observation and forecasting subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Observation_and_forecasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Observation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Observation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forecasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forecasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Forecasting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forecasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geopotential_height" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geopotential_height"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Geopotential height </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geopotential_height-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tropical_Cyclone_Awareness_and_Response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tropical_Cyclone_Awareness_and_Response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Tropical Cyclone Awareness and Response </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tropical_Cyclone_Awareness_and_Response-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tropical Cyclone Awareness and Response subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tropical_Cyclone_Awareness_and_Response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Preparations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tropical cyclone</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 127 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-127" aria-hidden="true" > 127 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropiese_sikloon" title="Tropiese sikloon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tropiese sikloon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropischer_Wirbelsturm" title="Tropischer Wirbelsturm – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tropischer Wirbelsturm" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="उष्णकटिबंधी चक्रबात – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उष्णकटिबंधी चक्रबात" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="إعصار استوائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إعصار استوائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicl%C3%B3n_tropical" title="Ciclón tropical – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ciclón tropical" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicl%C3%B3n_tropical" title="Ciclón tropical – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ciclón tropical" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravai_jere" title="Aravai jere – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Aravai jere" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropik_siklon" title="Tropik siklon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tropik siklon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="تروپیک سیکلون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تروپیک سیکلون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC" title="ক্রান্তীয় ঘূর্ণিঝড় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্রান্তীয় ঘূর্ণিঝড়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia%CC%8Dt-t%C3%A0i_so%C3%A2n-hong" title="Jia̍t-tài soân-hong – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jia̍t-tài soân-hong" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тропик циклон – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тропик циклон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Трапічны цыклон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трапічны цыклон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Трапічны цыклён – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трапічны цыклён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="उष्णकटिबंधी चक्रवात – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="उष्णकटिबंधी चक्रवात" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagyo" title="Bagyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bagyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigwin" title="Bigwin – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Bigwin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тропически циклон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тропически циклон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropischa_Wiabeschtuam" title="Tropischa Wiabeschtuam – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tropischa Wiabeschtuam" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropski_ciklon" title="Tropski ciklon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tropski ciklon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicl%C3%B3_tropical" title="Cicló tropical – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cicló tropical" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Тропик циклонĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тропик циклонĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagyo" title="Bagyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bagyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropick%C3%A1_cykl%C3%B3na" title="Tropická cyklóna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tropická cyklóna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corwynt" title="Corwynt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Corwynt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropischer_Wirbelsturm" title="Tropischer Wirbelsturm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tropischer Wirbelsturm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkaan" title="Orkaan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Orkaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BB%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Τροπικός κυκλώνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τροπικός κυκλώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicl%C3%B3n_tropical" title="Ciclón tropical – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciclón tropical" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uragano" title="Uragano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Uragano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zikloi_tropikal" title="Zikloi tropikal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zikloi tropikal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="چرخند حاره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چرخند حاره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufaan" title="Tufaan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tufaan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93dnir" title="Ódnir – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ódnir" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_tropical" title="Cyclone tropical – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cyclone tropical" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furac%C3%A1n" title="Furacán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Furacán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EB%8C%80_%EC%A0%80%EA%B8%B0%EC%95%95" title="열대 저기압 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열대 저기압" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makani_P%C4%81hili" title="Makani Pāhili – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Makani Pāhili" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Արևադարձային ցիկլոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևադարձային ցիկլոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="उष्णकटिबंधीय चक्रवात – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उष्णकटिबंधीय चक्रवात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropska_oluja" title="Tropska oluja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tropska oluja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropikala_ciklono" title="Tropikala ciklono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tropikala ciklono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropikal_nga_alipugpog" title="Tropikal nga alipugpog – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tropikal nga alipugpog" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siklon_tropis" title="Siklon tropis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Siklon tropis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclon_tropic" title="Cyclon tropic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cyclon tropic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclon_tropical" title="Ciclon tropical – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ciclon tropical" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellibylur" title="Fellibylur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fellibylur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclone_tropicale" title="Ciclone tropicale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ciclone tropicale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="סופה טרופית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סופה טרופית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siklon_tropis" title="Siklon tropis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Siklon tropis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4" title="ಚಂಡಮಾರುತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಂಡಮಾರುತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტროპიკული ციკლონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტროპიკული ციკლონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тропиктік циклон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тропиктік циклон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trowyns_trovannel" title="Trowyns trovannel – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Trowyns trovannel" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbunga" title="Kimbunga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kimbunga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikl%C3%B2n_twopikal" title="Siklòn twopikal – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Siklòn twopikal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siklonn_tropikal" title="Siklonn tropikal – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Siklonn tropikal" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagera_bih%C3%AAz_a_trop%C3%AEkal" title="Bagera bihêz a tropîkal – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bagera bihêz a tropîkal" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Тропик циклону – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тропик циклону" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhon_marinus" title="Typhon marinus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Typhon marinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viesu%C4%BCv%C4%93tra" title="Viesuļvētra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viesuļvētra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atogr%C4%85%C5%BE%C5%B3_ciklonas" title="Atogrąžų ciklonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atogrąžų ciklonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/vlile_carna_xamsi_brife" title="vlile carna xamsi brife – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="vlile carna xamsi brife" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uragan" title="Uragan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Uragan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B3pusi_ciklon" title="Trópusi ciklon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trópusi ciklon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тропски циклон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тропски циклон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഉഷ്ണമേഖലാകൊടുങ്കാറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉഷ്ണമേഖലാകൊടുങ്കാറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="हरिकेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हरिकेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტროპიკული ციკლონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტროპიკული ციკლონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siklon_tropika" title="Siklon tropika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Siklon tropika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclone_tropical" title="Ciclone tropical – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ciclone tropical" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Халуун орны хуй салхи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Халуун орны хуй салхи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropische_cycloon" title="Tropische cycloon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tropische cycloon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="उष्णदेशीय चक्रवात – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उष्णदेशीय चक्रवात" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%AF%E4%BD%8E%E6%B0%97%E5%9C%A7" title="熱帯低気圧 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱帯低気圧" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropisk_syklon" title="Tropisk syklon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tropisk syklon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropisk_syklon" title="Tropisk syklon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tropisk syklon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclon_tropical" title="Ciclon tropical – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ciclon tropical" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%98%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE" title="କ୍ରାନ୍ତୀୟ ଘୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିବାତ୍ୟା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ରାନ୍ତୀୟ ଘୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିବାତ୍ୟା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tropical cyclone" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropik_siklon" title="Tropik siklon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tropik siklon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A4-%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤਪਤ-ਖੰਡੀ ਵਾਵਰੋਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਪਤ-ਖੰਡੀ ਵਾਵਰੋਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="طوفان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="طوفان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tormenta_tropikal" title="Tormenta tropikal – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tormenta tropikal" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AF_%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%A8%DA%93%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8D_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="استوايي توپان (د ګردجنې بړبوکۍ توپان) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="استوايي توپان (د ګردجنې بړبوکۍ توپان)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrapikal_saikluon" title="Chrapikal saikluon – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chrapikal saikluon" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siclon_tropical" title="Siclon tropical – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Siclon tropical" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troopsch_K%C3%BCselstorm" title="Troopsch Küselstorm – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Troopsch Küselstorm" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyklon_tropikalny" title="Cyklon tropikalny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cyklon tropikalny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclone_tropical" title="Ciclone tropical – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ciclone tropical" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclon_tropical" title="Ciclon tropical – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ciclon tropical" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatun_pillunkuy" title="Hatun pillunkuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hatun pillunkuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тропический циклон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тропический циклон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83" title="प्रभञ्जनः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्रभञ्जनः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicluni_tropicali" title="Cicluni tropicali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cicluni tropicali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%94" title="නිවර්තන සුළි කුණාටු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිවර්තන සුළි කුණාටු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tropical cyclone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropick%C3%A1_cykl%C3%B3na" title="Tropická cyklóna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tropická cyklóna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropski_ciklon" title="Tropski ciklon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tropski ciklon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زریانی خولگەیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زریانی خولگەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ураган – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ураган" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropski_ciklon" title="Tropski ciklon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tropski ciklon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siklon_Tropis" title="Siklon Tropis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Siklon Tropis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trooppinen_hirmumyrsky" title="Trooppinen hirmumyrsky – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Trooppinen hirmumyrsky" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropisk_cyklon" title="Tropisk cyklon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tropisk cyklon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagyo" title="Bagyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bagyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="வெப்ப மண்டலச் சூறாவளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெப்ப மண்டலச் சூறாவளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гарасат – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гарасат" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81" title="ఉష్ణమండల తుఫాను – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉష్ణమండల తుఫాను" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="พายุหมุนเขตร้อน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พายุหมุนเขตร้อน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahpe_hevovet%C3%A4so" title="Mahpe hevovetäso – 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data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of rapidly rotating storm system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms of bands and albums redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Depression_(band)" title="Tropical Depression (band)">Tropical Depression (band)</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_Goats_discography#Split_EPs" title="The Mountain Goats discography">The Mountain Goats discography#Split EPs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_(album)" title="Tropical Storm (album)">Tropical Storm (album)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint selfref">For <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)">technical reasons</a>, "Hurricane #1" redirects here. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_No._1" title="Hurricane No. 1">Hurricane No. 1</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hurricane" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hurricane (disambiguation)">Hurricane (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dramatic_Views_of_Hurricane_Florence_from_the_International_Space_Station_From_9_12_(42828603210)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of a tropical cyclone from space" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dramatic_Views_of_Hurricane_Florence_from_the_International_Space_Station_From_9_12_%2842828603210%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/290px-Dramatic_Views_of_Hurricane_Florence_from_the_International_Space_Station_From_9_12_%2842828603210%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dramatic_Views_of_Hurricane_Florence_from_the_International_Space_Station_From_9_12_%2842828603210%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/435px-Dramatic_Views_of_Hurricane_Florence_from_the_International_Space_Station_From_9_12_%2842828603210%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dramatic_Views_of_Hurricane_Florence_from_the_International_Space_Station_From_9_12_%2842828603210%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/580px-Dramatic_Views_of_Hurricane_Florence_from_the_International_Space_Station_From_9_12_%2842828603210%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4750" data-file-height="3250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Florence" title="Hurricane Florence">Hurricane Florence</a> viewed from <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> in 2018. The <a href="/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)" title="Eye (cyclone)">eye</a>, eyewall, and surrounding <a href="/wiki/Rainband" title="Rainband">rainbands</a> are characteristics of tropical cyclones.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:22.5em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tropical cyclones</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricane_Kate_(2003)-_Good_pic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hurricane_Kate_%282003%29-_Good_pic.jpg/170px-Hurricane_Kate_%282003%29-_Good_pic.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hurricane_Kate_%282003%29-_Good_pic.jpg/255px-Hurricane_Kate_%282003%29-_Good_pic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hurricane_Kate_%282003%29-_Good_pic.jpg/340px-Hurricane_Kate_%282003%29-_Good_pic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_dense_overcast" title="Central dense overcast">Central dense overcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclogenesis" title="Tropical cyclogenesis">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)" title="Eye (cyclone)">Eye</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_tropical_cyclones" title="Effects of tropical cyclones">Effects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_effects_by_region" title="Tropical cyclone effects by region">By Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_warnings_and_watches" title="Tropical cyclone warnings and watches">Warnings and watches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_preparedness" title="Tropical cyclone preparedness">Preparedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_response" title="Tropical cyclone response">Response</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Climatology and tracking</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_basins" title="Tropical cyclone basins">Basins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Climate change effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Specialized_Meteorological_Centre" title="Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre">RSMCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_scales" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical cyclone scales">Scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_observation" title="Tropical cyclone observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_forecasting" title="Tropical cyclone forecasting">Forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_rainfall_forecasting" title="Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting">Rainfall forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_rainfall_climatology" title="Tropical cyclone rainfall climatology">Rainfall climatology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_naming" title="Tropical cyclone naming">Tropical cyclone naming</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tropical_cyclone_naming" title="History of tropical cyclone naming">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_tropical_cyclone_names" title="List of historical tropical cyclone names">List of historical names</a></li> <li>Lists of retired names: <a href="/wiki/List_of_retired_Atlantic_hurricane_names" title="List of retired Atlantic hurricane names">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_retired_Pacific_hurricane_names" title="List of retired Pacific hurricane names">Pacific hurricane</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_retired_Pacific_typhoon_names" title="List of retired Pacific typhoon names">Pacific typhoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_retired_Philippine_typhoon_names" title="List of retired Philippine typhoon names">Philippine</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_retired_Australian_region_cyclone_names" title="List of retired Australian region cyclone names">Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_retired_South_Pacific_cyclone_names" title="List of retired South Pacific cyclone names">South Pacific</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tropical_cyclones" title="Outline of tropical cyclones">Outline</a> <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_tropical_cyclones" title="Media coverage of tropical cyclones">Media coverage</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG/16px-Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG/24px-Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG/32px-Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2004" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Tropical_cyclones" title="Portal:Tropical cyclones">Tropical cyclones portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tropicalcyclone" title="Template:Tropicalcyclone"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tropicalcyclone" title="Template talk:Tropicalcyclone"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tropicalcyclone" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tropicalcyclone"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating <a href="/wiki/Storm_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm system">storm system</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_area" title="Low-pressure area">low-pressure area</a>, a closed low-level <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">atmospheric circulation</a>, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a> that produce heavy rain and <a href="/wiki/Squall" title="Squall">squalls</a>. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is called a hurricane (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhʌrɪkən, -keɪn/</a>), typhoon (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/taɪˈfuːn/</a>), tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, or simply cyclone. A hurricane is a strong tropical cyclone that occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> or northeastern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a> is the same thing which occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and South Pacific, comparable storms are referred to as "tropical cyclones". In modern times, on average around 80 to 90 named tropical cyclones form each year around the world, over half of which develop <a href="/wiki/Hurricane-force_winds" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane-force winds">hurricane-force winds</a> of 65 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">kn</a> (120 km/h; 75 mph) or more.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Guide_2017-1">[1]</a> Tropical cyclones <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclogenesis" title="Tropical cyclogenesis">typically form</a> over large bodies of relatively warm water. They derive their energy through the evaporation of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> surface, which ultimately <a href="/wiki/Condenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Condenses">condenses</a> into <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a> and rain when moist air rises and cools to <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated fluid">saturation</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Energy_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy source">energy source</a> differs from that of <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">mid-latitude cyclonic storms</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">nor'easters</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_windstorm" title="European windstorm">European windstorms</a>, which are powered primarily by <a href="/wiki/Baroclinic_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroclinic instability">horizontal temperature contrasts</a>. Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km (62 and 1,243 mi) in diameter. The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of angular momentum">conservation of angular momentum</a> imparted by the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a> as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation. As a result, cyclones rarely form within 5° of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>. Tropical cyclones are very rare in the South Atlantic (although <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_tropical_cyclone" title="South Atlantic tropical cyclone">occasional examples do occur</a>) due to consistently strong <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a> and a weak <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a>. In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/African_easterly_jet" title="African easterly jet">African easterly jet</a> and areas of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_instability" title="Atmospheric instability">atmospheric instability</a> give rise to cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>. Heat energy from the ocean acts as the accelerator for tropical cyclones. This causes inland regions to suffer far less damage from cyclones than coastal regions, although the impacts of flooding are felt across the board. Coastal damage may be caused by strong winds and rain, high waves (due to winds), <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surges</a> (due to wind and severe pressure changes), and <a href="/wiki/Tornadogenesis" title="Tornadogenesis">the potential</a> of spawning <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Climate change affects tropical cyclones</a> in several ways. Scientists found that climate change can exacerbate the impact of tropical cyclones by increasing their duration, occurrence, and intensity due to the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">warming of ocean waters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">intensification of the water cycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Tropical cyclones draw in air from a large area and concentrate the water content of that air into <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> over a much smaller area. This replenishing of moisture-bearing air after rain may cause multi-hour or multi-day extremely heavy rain up to 40 km (25 mi) from the coastline, far beyond the amount of water that the local atmosphere holds at any one time. This in turn can lead to river <a href="/wiki/Flooding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooding">flooding</a>, overland flooding, and a general overwhelming of local water control structures across a large area. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_terminology">Definition and terminology</h2></div> A tropical cyclone is the generic term for a warm-cored, non-frontal <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_scale_meteorology" title="Synoptic scale meteorology">synoptic-scale</a> <a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-pressure system">low-pressure system</a> over <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> waters around the world.<a href="#cite_note-Gloss-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-What-5">[5]</a> The systems generally have a well-defined center which is surrounded by deep <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_convection" title="Atmospheric convection">atmospheric convection</a> and a closed wind circulation at the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Gloss-4">[4]</a> A tropical cyclone is generally deemed to have formed once mean surface winds in excess of 35 kn (65 km/h; 40 mph) are observed.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Guide_2017-1">[1]</a> It is assumed at this stage that a tropical cyclone has become self-sustaining and can continue to intensify without any help from its environment.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Guide_2017-1">[1]</a> Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by <a href="#Classification_and_naming">different names</a>, including hurricane, typhoon, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, or simply cyclone. A <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">hurricane</a> is a strong tropical cyclone that occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> or northeastern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a> occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and South Pacific, comparable storms are referred to as "tropical cyclones", and such storms in the Indian Ocean can also be called "severe cyclonic storms". Tropical refers to the geographical origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively over <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> seas. <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclone</a> refers to their winds moving in a circle, whirling round their central clear <a href="/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)" title="Eye (cyclone)">eye</a>, with their surface winds blowing <a href="/wiki/Counterclockwise" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterclockwise">counterclockwise</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clockwise" title="Clockwise">clockwise</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>. The opposite direction of circulation is due to the <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis effect">Coriolis effect</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclogenesis" title="Tropical cyclogenesis">Tropical cyclogenesis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricane-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A schematic diagram of a tropical cyclone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hurricane-en.svg/290px-Hurricane-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hurricane-en.svg/435px-Hurricane-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hurricane-en.svg/580px-Hurricane-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of a tropical cyclone in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></figcaption></figure> Tropical cyclones tend to develop during the summer, but have been noted in nearly every month in most <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_basins" title="Tropical cyclone basins">tropical cyclone basins</a>. Tropical cyclones on either side of the Equator generally have their origins in the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a>, where winds blow from either the northeast or southeast.<a href="#cite_note-Form-6">[6]</a> Within this broad area of low-pressure, air is heated over the warm tropical ocean and rises in discrete parcels, which causes thundery showers to form.<a href="#cite_note-Form-6">[6]</a> These showers dissipate quite quickly; however, they can group together into large clusters of thunderstorms.<a href="#cite_note-Form-6">[6]</a> This creates a flow of warm, moist, rapidly rising air, which starts to <a href="/wiki/Cyclonic_rotation" title="Cyclonic rotation">rotate cyclonically</a> as it interacts with the rotation of the earth.<a href="#cite_note-Form-6">[6]</a> Several factors are required for these thunderstorms to develop further, including <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperatures" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea surface temperatures">sea surface temperatures</a> of around 27 °C (81 °F) and low vertical <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a> surrounding the system,<a href="#cite_note-Form-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-A15-7">[7]</a> atmospheric instability, high <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> in the lower to middle levels of the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>, enough <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a> to develop a <a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_area" title="Low-pressure area">low-pressure center</a>, and a pre-existing low-level focus or disturbance.<a href="#cite_note-A15-7">[7]</a> There is a limit on tropical cyclone intensity which is strongly related to the water temperatures along its path.<a href="#cite_note-RSMAS-8">[8]</a> and upper-level divergence.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> An average of 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm intensity form annually worldwide. Of those cyclones, 47 reach strengths higher than 119 km/h (74 mph), and 20 become intense tropical cyclones, of at least Category 3 intensity on the <a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale" title="Saffir–Simpson scale">Saffir–Simpson scale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Climate oscillations such as <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a> (ENSO) and the <a href="/wiki/Madden%E2%80%93Julian_oscillation" title="Madden–Julian oscillation">Madden–Julian oscillation</a> modulate the timing and frequency of tropical cyclone development.<a href="#cite_note-AOML_climt_var-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rossby_wave" title="Rossby wave">Rossby waves</a> can aid in the formation of a new tropical cyclone by disseminating the energy of an existing, mature storm.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_wave" title="Kelvin wave">Kelvin waves</a> can contribute to tropical cyclone formation by regulating the development of the <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">westerlies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Cyclone formation is usually reduced 3 days prior to the wave's crest and increased during the 3 days after.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_regions_and_warning_centers">Formation regions and warning centers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_basins" title="Tropical cyclone basins">Tropical cyclone basins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_Specialized_Meteorological_Centre" title="Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre">Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Tropical cyclone basins and official warning centers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Basin </th> <th scope="col">Warning center </th> <th scope="col">Area of responsibility </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center;">Northern Hemisphere </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">North Atlantic</a> </th> <td>United States <a href="/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center" title="National Hurricane Center">National Hurricane Center</a> (Miami) </td> <td>Equator northward, African Coast – 140°W </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-RA_IV_HOP-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_hurricane" title="Pacific hurricane">Eastern Pacific</a> </th> <td>United States <a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_Hurricane_Center" title="Central Pacific Hurricane Center">Central Pacific Hurricane Center</a> (Honolulu) </td> <td>Equator northward, 140–180°W </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-RA_IV_HOP-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">Western Pacific</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">Japan Meteorological Agency</a> </td> <td>Equator – 60°N, 180–100°E </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-WPAC_TCOP-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_Ocean_tropical_cyclone" title="North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone">North Indian Ocean</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a> </td> <td>Equator northwards, 100–40°E </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-NIO_TCOP-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center;">Southern Hemisphere </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/South-West_Indian_Ocean_tropical_cyclone" title="South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone">South-West Indian Ocean</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o-France" title="Météo-France">Météo-France</a> Reunion </td> <td>Equator – 40°S, African Coast – 90°E </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SWIO_TCOP-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Australian_region_tropical_cyclone" title="Australian region tropical cyclone">Australian region</a> </th> <td>Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Meteorology,_Climatology,_and_Geophysical_Agency" title="Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency">Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency</a> (BMKG) </td> <td>Equator – 10°S, 90–141°E </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SPAC_TCOP-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Papua New Guinea National Weather Service </td> <td>Equator – 10°S, 141–160°E </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SPAC_TCOP-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australian <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a> </td> <td>10–40°S, 90–160°E </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SPAC_TCOP-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_tropical_cyclone" title="South Pacific tropical cyclone">Southern Pacific</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Meteorological_Service" title="Fiji Meteorological Service">Fiji Meteorological Service</a> </td> <td>Equator – 25°S, 160°E – 120°W </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SPAC_TCOP-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meteorological_Service_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological Service of New Zealand">Meteorological Service of New Zealand</a> </td> <td>25–40°S, 160°E – 120°W </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SPAC_TCOP-23">[23]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The majority of tropical cyclones each year form in one of seven tropical cyclone basins, which are monitored by a variety of meteorological services and warning centers.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Guide_2017-1">[1]</a> Ten of these warning centers worldwide are designated as either a <a href="/wiki/Regional_Specialized_Meteorological_Centre" title="Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre">Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Regional_Specialized_Meteorological_Centre#Tropical_cyclones" title="Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre">Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>'s (WMO) tropical cyclone programme.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Guide_2017-1">[1]</a> These warning centers issue advisories which provide basic information and cover a systems present, forecast position, movement and intensity, in their designated areas of responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Guide_2017-1">[1]</a> Meteorological services around the world are generally responsible for issuing warnings for their own country. There are exceptions, as the United States National Hurricane Center and Fiji Meteorological Service issue alerts, watches and warnings for various island nations in their areas of responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Guide_2017-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPAC_TCOP-23">[23]</a> The United States <a href="/wiki/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center" title="Joint Typhoon Warning Center">Joint Typhoon Warning Center</a> and Fleet Weather Center also publicly issue warnings about tropical cyclones on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government">United States Government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Guide_2017-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Navy" title="Brazilian Navy">Brazilian Navy</a> Hydrographic Center names <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_tropical_cyclone" title="South Atlantic tropical cyclone">South Atlantic tropical cyclones</a>, however the South Atlantic is not a major basin, and not an official basin according to the WMO.<a href="#cite_note-names_2011-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions_with_climate">Interactions with climate</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_by_year" title="Tropical cyclones by year">Tropical cyclones by year</a></div> Each year on average, around 80 to 90 named tropical cyclones form around the world, of which over half develop hurricane-force winds of 65 kn (120 km/h; 75 mph) or more.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Guide_2017-1">[1]</a> Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperatures</a> is the greatest. However, each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns. On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month, while September is the most active month. November is the only month in which all the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_basins" title="Tropical cyclone basins">tropical cyclone basins</a> are in season.<a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_G1-25">[25]</a> In the Northern <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, a distinct <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="Atlantic hurricane season">cyclone season</a> occurs from June 1 to November 30, sharply peaking from late August through September.<a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_G1-25">[25]</a> The statistical peak of the Atlantic hurricane season is September 10.<a href="#cite_note-NHC_Atl_climatology-26">[26]</a> The Northeast Pacific Ocean has a broader period of activity, but in a similar time frame to the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-NHC_Atl_climatology-26">[26]</a> The Northwest Pacific sees tropical cyclones year-round, with a minimum in February and March and a peak in early September.<a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_G1-25">[25]</a> In the North Indian basin, storms are most common from April to December, with peaks in May and November.<a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_G1-25">[25]</a> In the Southern Hemisphere, the tropical cyclone year begins on July 1 and runs all year-round encompassing the tropical cyclone seasons, which run from November 1 until the end of April, with peaks in mid-February to early March.<a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_G1-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPAC_TCOP-23">[23]</a> Of various <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">modes of variability</a> in the climate system, <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a> has the largest effect on tropical cyclone activity.<a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[27]</a> Most tropical cyclones form on the side of the subtropical ridge closer to the equator, then move poleward past the ridge axis before recurving into the main belt of the <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">Westerlies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical ridge">subtropical ridge</a> position shifts due to El Niño, so will the preferred tropical cyclone tracks. Areas west of Japan and <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> tend to experience much fewer September–November tropical cyclone impacts during <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> and neutral years.<a href="#cite_note-China-29">[29]</a> During <a href="/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="La Niña">La Niña</a> years, the formation of tropical cyclones, along with the subtropical ridge position, shifts westward across the western Pacific Ocean, which increases the landfall threat to China and much greater intensity in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-China-29">[29]</a> The Atlantic Ocean experiences depressed activity due to increased vertical <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a> across the region during El Niño years.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Tropical cyclones are further influenced by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Meridional_Mode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantic Meridional Mode (page does not exist)">Atlantic Meridional Mode</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quasi-biennial_oscillation" title="Quasi-biennial oscillation">Quasi-biennial oscillation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Madden%E2%80%93Julian_oscillation" title="Madden–Julian oscillation">Madden–Julian oscillation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <table class="wikitable unsortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption>Season lengths and averages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Basin </th> <th scope="col">Season start </th> <th scope="col">Season end </th> <th scope="col">Tropical cyclones </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Reference citations">Refs</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">North Atlantic </th> <td>June 1</td> <td>November 30</td> <td>14.4</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_E10-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Eastern Pacific </th> <td>May 15</td> <td>November 30</td> <td>16.6</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_E10-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Western Pacific </th> <td>January 1</td> <td>December 31</td> <td>26.0</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_E10-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">North Indian </th> <td>January 1</td> <td>December 31</td> <td>12</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">South-West Indian </th> <td>July 1</td> <td>June 30</td> <td>9.3</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_E10-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWIO_TCOP-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Australian region </th> <td>November 1</td> <td>April 30</td> <td>11.0</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Aus_TC_Outlook-34">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Southern Pacific </th> <td>November 1</td> <td>April 30</td> <td>7.1</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2019-20_SO-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" colspan="3">Total: </th> <td colspan="2">96.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_climate_change">Influence of climate change</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones and climate change</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1980-_Atlantic_region_category_4_and_5_hurricanes_-_NYTimes_and_NOAA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/1980-_Atlantic_region_category_4_and_5_hurricanes_-_NYTimes_and_NOAA.svg/290px-1980-_Atlantic_region_category_4_and_5_hurricanes_-_NYTimes_and_NOAA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/1980-_Atlantic_region_category_4_and_5_hurricanes_-_NYTimes_and_NOAA.svg/435px-1980-_Atlantic_region_category_4_and_5_hurricanes_-_NYTimes_and_NOAA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/1980-_Atlantic_region_category_4_and_5_hurricanes_-_NYTimes_and_NOAA.svg/580px-1980-_Atlantic_region_category_4_and_5_hurricanes_-_NYTimes_and_NOAA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>The 20-year average of the number of annual Category 4 and 5 hurricanes in the Atlantic region has approximately doubled since the year 2000.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_20220929-36">[36]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2024_Climate_change_increasing_Atlantic_hurricane_peak_wind_speeds.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2024_Climate_change_increasing_Atlantic_hurricane_peak_wind_speeds.svg/290px-2024_Climate_change_increasing_Atlantic_hurricane_peak_wind_speeds.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2024_Climate_change_increasing_Atlantic_hurricane_peak_wind_speeds.svg/435px-2024_Climate_change_increasing_Atlantic_hurricane_peak_wind_speeds.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2024_Climate_change_increasing_Atlantic_hurricane_peak_wind_speeds.svg/580px-2024_Climate_change_increasing_Atlantic_hurricane_peak_wind_speeds.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption> Climate change's increase of water temperatures intensified peak wind speeds in all eleven 2024 Atlantic hurricanes.<a href="#cite_note-EnvRschClimate_20241120-37">[37]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:202307_Survey_-_climate_change_%22major_factor%22_in_extreme_weather_-_Washington_Post.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/202307_Survey_-_climate_change_%22major_factor%22_in_extreme_weather_-_Washington_Post.svg/290px-202307_Survey_-_climate_change_%22major_factor%22_in_extreme_weather_-_Washington_Post.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/202307_Survey_-_climate_change_%22major_factor%22_in_extreme_weather_-_Washington_Post.svg/435px-202307_Survey_-_climate_change_%22major_factor%22_in_extreme_weather_-_Washington_Post.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/202307_Survey_-_climate_change_%22major_factor%22_in_extreme_weather_-_Washington_Post.svg/580px-202307_Survey_-_climate_change_%22major_factor%22_in_extreme_weather_-_Washington_Post.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Perceptions in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> differ along political lines, on whether climate change was a "major factor" contributing to various extreme weather events experienced by respondents in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-WashPost_20230823-38">[38]</a> "Severe storms" includes hurricanes.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a> summarize the latest scientific findings about the impact of climate change on tropical cyclones. According to the report, we have now better understanding about the impact of climate change on tropical storm than before. Major tropical storms likely became more frequent in the last 40 years. We can say with high confidence that climate change increase rainfall during tropical cyclones. We can say with high confidence that a 1.5 degree warming lead to "increased proportion of and peak wind speeds of intense tropical cyclones". We can say with medium confidence that regional impacts of further warming include more intense tropical cyclones and/or extratropical storms.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> can affect tropical cyclones in a variety of ways: an intensification of rainfall and wind speed, a decrease in overall frequency, an increase in the frequency of very intense storms and a poleward extension of where the cyclones reach maximum intensity are among the possible consequences of human-induced climate change.<a href="#cite_note-:5-2">[2]</a> Tropical cyclones use warm, moist air as their fuel. As climate change is <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">warming ocean temperatures</a>, there is potentially more of this fuel available.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Between 1979 and 2017, there was a global increase in the proportion of tropical cyclones of Category 3 and higher on the <a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale" title="Saffir–Simpson scale">Saffir–Simpson scale</a>. The trend was most clear in the North Atlantic and in the Southern Indian Ocean. In the North Pacific, tropical cyclones have been moving poleward into colder waters and there was no increase in intensity over this period.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> With 2 °C (3.6 °F) warming, a greater percentage (+13%) of tropical cyclones are expected to reach Category 4 and 5 strength.<a href="#cite_note-:5-2">[2]</a> A 2019 study indicates that climate change has been driving the observed trend of <a href="/wiki/Rapid_intensification" title="Rapid intensification">rapid intensification</a> of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin. Rapidly intensifying cyclones are hard to forecast and therefore pose additional risk to coastal communities.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Warmer air can hold more water vapor: the theoretical maximum water vapor content is given by the <a href="/wiki/Clausius%E2%80%93Clapeyron_relation" title="Clausius–Clapeyron relation">Clausius–Clapeyron relation</a>, which yields ≈7% increase in water vapor in the atmosphere per 1 °C (1.8 °F) warming.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-knutson_2013-44">[44]</a> All models that were assessed in a 2019 review paper show a future increase of rainfall rates.<a href="#cite_note-:5-2">[2]</a> Additional <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> will increase storm surge levels.<a href="#cite_note-:6-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-46">[46]</a> It is plausible that extreme <a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">wind waves</a> see an increase as a consequence of changes in tropical cyclones, further exacerbating storm surge dangers to coastal communities.<a href="#cite_note-:7-47">[47]</a> The compounding effects from floods, storm surge, and terrestrial flooding (rivers) are projected to increase <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming">due to global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-46">[46]</a> There is currently no consensus on how climate change will affect the overall frequency of tropical cyclones.<a href="#cite_note-:5-2">[2]</a> A majority of <a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">climate models</a> show a decreased frequency in future projections.<a href="#cite_note-:7-47">[47]</a> For instance, a 2020 paper comparing nine high-resolution climate models found robust decreases in frequency in the Southern Indian Ocean and the Southern Hemisphere more generally, while finding mixed signals for Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclones.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Observations have shown little change in the overall frequency of tropical cyclones worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> with increased frequency in the North Atlantic and central Pacific, and significant decreases in the southern Indian Ocean and western North Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> There has been a poleward expansion of the latitude at which the maximum intensity of tropical cyclones occurs, which may be associated with climate change.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In the North Pacific, there may also have been an eastward expansion.<a href="#cite_note-:6-45">[45]</a> Between 1949 and 2016, there was a slowdown in tropical cyclone translation speeds. It is unclear still to what extent this can be attributed to climate change: climate models do not all show this feature.<a href="#cite_note-:7-47">[47]</a> A 2021 study review article concluded that the geographic range of tropical cyclones will probably expand poleward in response to climate warming of the <a href="/wiki/Hadley_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadley circulation">Hadley circulation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> When hurricane winds speed rise by 5%, its destructive power rise by about 50%. Therefore, as climate change increased the wind speed of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Helene" title="Hurricane Helene">Hurricane Helene</a> by 11%, it increased the destruction from it by more than twice.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/World_Weather_Attribution" title="World Weather Attribution">World Weather Attribution</a> the influence of climate change on the rainfall of some latest hurricanes can be described as follows:<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Impact of climate change on the rainfall during some recent hurricanes according to <a href="/wiki/World_Weather_Attribution" title="World Weather Attribution">World Weather Attribution</a>. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>The name of the hurricane</th> <th>How much climate change increased rainfall </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a></td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Hurricane Maria</a></td> <td>9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Florence" title="Hurricane Florence">Hurricane Florence</a></td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian" title="Hurricane Dorian">Hurricane Dorian</a></td> <td>5-18% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ian" title="Hurricane Ian">Hurricane Ian</a></td> <td>18% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a></td> <td>7-38% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Helene" title="Hurricane Helene">Hurricane Helene</a></td> <td>10% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intensity">Intensity</h2></div> Tropical cyclone intensity is based on wind speeds and pressure. Relationships between winds and pressure are often used in determining the intensity of a storm.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_scales" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical cyclone scales">Tropical cyclone scales</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Saffir-Simpson_hurricane_wind_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale">Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale</a> and Australia's scale (Bureau of Meteorology), only use wind speed for determining the category of a storm.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The most intense storm on record is <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Tip" title="Typhoon Tip">Typhoon Tip</a> in the northwestern Pacific Ocean in 1979, which reached a minimum pressure of 870 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">hPa</a> (26 <a href="/wiki/Inch_of_mercury" title="Inch of mercury">inHg</a>) and maximum sustained wind speeds of 165 kn (85 m/s; 305 km/h; 190 mph).<a href="#cite_note-jtwc-58">[58]</a> The highest maximum sustained wind speed ever recorded was 185 kn (95 m/s; 345 km/h; 215 mph) in <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Patricia" title="Hurricane Patricia">Hurricane Patricia</a> in 2015—the most intense cyclone ever recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factors">Factors</h3></div> Warm <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperatures</a> are required for tropical cyclones to form and strengthen. The commonly-accepted minimum temperature range for this to occur is 26–27 °C (79–81 °F), however, multiple studies have proposed a lower minimum of 25.5 °C (77.9 °F).<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Higher sea surface temperatures result in faster intensification rates and sometimes even <a href="/wiki/Rapid_intensification" title="Rapid intensification">rapid intensification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> High <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">ocean heat content</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Cyclone_Heat_Potential" title="Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential">Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential</a>, allows storms to achieve a higher intensity.<a href="#cite_note-NHC_Intensity_Forecasting-63">[63]</a> Most tropical cyclones that experience rapid intensification are traversing regions of high ocean heat content rather than lower values.<a href="#cite_note-OHC-64">[64]</a> High ocean heat content values can help to offset the oceanic cooling caused by the passage of a tropical cyclone, limiting the effect this cooling has on the storm.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Faster-moving systems are able to intensify to higher intensities with lower ocean heat content values. Slower-moving systems require higher values of ocean heat content to achieve the same intensity.<a href="#cite_note-OHC-64">[64]</a> The passage of a tropical cyclone over the ocean causes the upper layers of the ocean to cool substantially, a process known as <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> which can negatively influence subsequent cyclone development. This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters. This effect results in a negative feedback process that can inhibit further development or lead to weakening. Additional cooling may come in the form of cold water from falling raindrops (this is because the atmosphere is cooler at higher altitudes). Cloud cover may also play a role in cooling the ocean, by shielding the ocean surface from direct sunlight before and slightly after the storm passage. All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_Cooling-67">[67]</a> Conversely, the mixing of the sea can result in heat being inserted in deeper waters, with <a href="/wiki/Cyclonic_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Cyclonic Niño">potential effects</a> on global <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertical_wind_shear" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical wind shear">Vertical wind shear</a> decreases tropical cyclone predicability, with storms exhibiting wide range of responses in the presence of shear.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Wind shear often negatively affects tropical cyclone intensification by displacing moisture and heat from a system's center.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Low levels of vertical wind shear are most optimal for strengthening, while stronger wind shear induces weakening.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Dry air entraining into a tropical cyclone's core has a negative effect on its development and intensity by diminishing atmospheric convection and introducing asymmetries in the storm's structure.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Symmetric, strong <a href="/wiki/Outflow_(meteorology)" title="Outflow (meteorology)">outflow</a> leads to a faster rate of intensification than observed in other systems by mitigating local wind shear.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Weakening outflow is associated with the weakening of <a href="/wiki/Rainband" title="Rainband">rainbands</a> within a tropical cyclone.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Tropical cyclones may still intensify, even rapidly, in the presence of moderate or strong wind shear depending on the evolution and structure of the storm's convection.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The size of tropical cyclones plays a role in how quickly they intensify. Smaller tropical cyclones are more prone to rapid intensification than larger ones.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fujiwhara_effect" title="Fujiwhara effect">Fujiwhara effect</a>, which involves interaction between two tropical cyclones, can weaken and ultimately result in the dissipation of the weaker of two tropical cyclones by reducing the organization of the system's convection and imparting horizontal wind shear.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Tropical cyclones typically weaken while situated over a landmass because conditions are often unfavorable as a result of the lack of oceanic forcing.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brown_ocean_effect" title="Brown ocean effect">Brown ocean effect</a> can allow a tropical cyclone to maintain or increase its intensity following <a href="/wiki/Landfall" title="Landfall">landfall</a>, in cases where there has been copious rainfall, through the release of latent heat from the saturated soil.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orographic_lift" title="Orographic lift">Orographic lift</a> can cause a significant increase in the intensity of the convection of a tropical cyclone when its eye moves over a mountain, breaking the capped boundary layer that had been restraining it.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Jet streams can both enhance and inhibit tropical cyclone intensity by influencing the storm's outflow as well as vertical wind shear.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rapid_intensification">Rapid intensification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rapid_intensification" title="Rapid intensification">Rapid intensification</a></div> On occasion, tropical cyclones may undergo a process known as rapid intensification, a period in which the maximum sustained winds of a tropical cyclone increase by 30 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">kn</a> (56 km/h; 35 mph) or more within 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-NWS_Glossary-89">[89]</a> Similarly, rapid deepening in tropical cyclones is defined as a minimum sea surface pressure decrease of 1.75 hPa (0.052 inHg) per hour or 42 hPa (1.2 inHg) within a 24-hour period; explosive deepening occurs when the surface pressure decreases by 2.5 hPa (0.074 inHg) per hour for at least 12 hours or 5 hPa (0.15 inHg) per hour for at least 6 hours.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> For rapid intensification to occur, several conditions must be in place. Water temperatures must be extremely high, near or above 30 °C (86 °F), and water of this temperature must be sufficiently deep such that waves do not upwell cooler waters to the surface. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Cyclone_Heat_Potential" title="Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential">Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential</a> is one of such non-conventional subsurface <a href="/wiki/Oceanographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanographic">oceanographic</a> parameters influencing the <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclone</a> intensity.<a href="#cite_note-Energetics-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">Wind shear</a> must be low. When wind shear is high, the <a href="/wiki/Convection#Atmospheric_convection" title="Convection">convection</a> and circulation in the cyclone will be disrupted. Usually, an <a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticyclone">anticyclone</a> in the upper layers of the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> above the storm must be present as well—for extremely low surface pressures to develop, air must be rising very rapidly in the eyewall of the storm, and an upper-level anticyclone helps channel this air away from the cyclone efficiently.<a href="#cite_note-Energetics-91">[91]</a> However, some cyclones such as <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Epsilon_(2020)" title="Hurricane Epsilon (2020)">Hurricane Epsilon</a> have rapidly intensified despite relatively unfavorable conditions.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissipation">Dissipation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulette_2020-09-10_1620Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Satellite image of a cyclone where the thickest clouds are displaced from the central vortex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Paulette_2020-09-10_1620Z.jpg/220px-Paulette_2020-09-10_1620Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Paulette_2020-09-10_1620Z.jpg/330px-Paulette_2020-09-10_1620Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Paulette_2020-09-10_1620Z.jpg/440px-Paulette_2020-09-10_1620Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="8000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Paulette_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Paulette (2020)">Hurricane Paulette</a>, in <a href="/wiki/2020_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2020 Atlantic hurricane season">2020</a>, is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Windshear" class="mw-redirect" title="Windshear">sheared</a> tropical cyclone, with deep <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_convection" title="Atmospheric convection">convection</a> slightly removed from the center of the system.</figcaption></figure> There are a number of ways a tropical cyclone can weaken, dissipate, or lose its tropical characteristics. These include making landfall, moving over cooler water, encountering dry air, or interacting with other weather systems; however, once a system has dissipated or lost its tropical characteristics, its remnants could regenerate a tropical cyclone if environmental conditions become favorable.<a href="#cite_note-HurricaneGraveyard-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sadler_and_Kilonsky_1977-95">[95]</a> A tropical cyclone can dissipate when it moves over waters significantly cooler than 26.5 °C (79.7 °F). This will deprive the storm of such tropical characteristics as a warm core with thunderstorms near the center, so that it becomes a remnant <a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_area" title="Low-pressure area">low-pressure area</a>. Remnant systems may persist for several days before losing their identity. This dissipation mechanism is most common in the eastern North Pacific. Weakening or dissipation can also occur if a storm experiences vertical wind shear which causes the convection and heat engine to move away from the center. This normally ceases the development of a tropical cyclone.<a href="#cite_note-EAM-96">[96]</a> In addition, its interaction with the main belt of the <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">Westerlies</a>, by means of merging with a nearby frontal zone, can cause tropical cyclones to evolve into <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclones" class="mw-redirect" title="Extratropical cyclones">extratropical cyclones</a>. This transition can take 1–3 days.<a href="#cite_note-JWTC_intensity-97">[97]</a> Should a tropical cyclone make landfall or pass over an island, its circulation could start to break down, especially if it encounters mountainous terrain.<a href="#cite_note-LifeCycle-98">[98]</a> When a system makes landfall on a large landmass, it is cut off from its supply of warm moist maritime air and starts to draw in dry continental air.<a href="#cite_note-LifeCycle-98">[98]</a> This, combined with the increased friction over land areas, leads to the weakening and dissipation of the tropical cyclone.<a href="#cite_note-LifeCycle-98">[98]</a> Over a mountainous terrain, a system can quickly weaken. Over flat areas, it may endure for two to three days before circulation breaks down and dissipates.<a href="#cite_note-LifeCycle-98">[98]</a> Over the years, there have been a number of techniques considered to try to artificially modify tropical cyclones.<a href="#cite_note-Stop-99">[99]</a> These techniques have included using <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>, cooling the ocean with icebergs, blowing the storm away from land with giant fans, and <a href="/wiki/Cloud_seeding" title="Cloud seeding">seeding</a> selected storms with dry ice or <a href="/wiki/Silver_iodide" title="Silver iodide">silver iodide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stop-99">[99]</a> These techniques, however, fail to appreciate the duration, intensity, power or size of tropical cyclones.<a href="#cite_note-Stop-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assessment_methods">Assessment methods</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Dvorak_technique" title="Dvorak technique">Dvorak technique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scatterometer" title="Scatterometer">Scatterometer</a>.</div> A variety of methods or techniques, including surface, satellite, and aerial, are used to assess the intensity of a tropical cyclone. Reconnaissance aircraft fly around and through tropical cyclones, outfitted with specialized instruments, to collect information that can be used to ascertain the winds and pressure of a system.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Guide_2017-1">[1]</a> Tropical cyclones possess winds of different speeds at different heights. Winds recorded at flight level can be converted to find the wind speeds at the surface.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Surface observations, such as ship reports, land stations, <a href="/wiki/Mesonet" title="Mesonet">mesonets</a>, coastal stations, and buoys, can provide information on a tropical cyclone's intensity or the direction it is traveling.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Guide_2017-1">[1]</a> Wind-pressure relationships (WPRs) are used as a way to determine the pressure of a storm based on its wind speed. Several different methods and equations have been proposed to calculate WPRs.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-WPRs-102">[102]</a> Tropical cyclones agencies each use their own, fixed WPR, which can result in inaccuracies between agencies that are issuing estimates on the same system.<a href="#cite_note-WPRs-102">[102]</a> The ASCAT is a <a href="/wiki/Scatterometer" title="Scatterometer">scatterometer</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp</a> satellites to map the wind field vectors of tropical cyclones.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Guide_2017-1">[1]</a> The SMAP uses an L-band <a href="/wiki/Radiometer" title="Radiometer">radiometer</a> channel to determine the wind speeds of tropical cyclones at the ocean surface, and has been shown to be reliable at higher intensities and under heavy rainfall conditions, unlike scatterometer-based and other radiometer-based instruments.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dvorak_technique" title="Dvorak technique">Dvorak technique</a> plays a large role in both the classification of a tropical cyclone and the determination of its intensity. Used in warning centers, the method was developed by <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dvorak" title="Vernon Dvorak">Vernon Dvorak</a> in the 1970s, and uses both visible and infrared satellite imagery in the assessment of tropical cyclone intensity. The Dvorak technique uses a scale of "T-numbers", scaling in increments of 0.5 from T1.0 to T8.0. Each T-number has an intensity assigned to it, with larger T-numbers indicating a stronger system. Tropical cyclones are assessed by forecasters according to an array of patterns, including <a href="/wiki/Rainband" title="Rainband">curved banding features</a>, shear, central dense overcast, and eye, to determine the T-number and thus assess the intensity of the storm.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Institute_for_Meteorological_Satellite_Studies" title="Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies">Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies</a> works to develop and improve automated satellite methods, such as the Advanced Dvorak Technique (ADT) and SATCON. The ADT, used by a large number of forecasting centers, uses infrared geostationary satellite imagery and an algorithm based upon the Dvorak technique to assess the intensity of tropical cyclones. The ADT has a number of differences from the conventional Dvorak technique, including changes to intensity constraint rules and the usage of microwave imagery to base a system's intensity upon its internal structure, which prevents the intensity from leveling off before an eye emerges in infrared imagery.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The SATCON weights estimates from various satellite-based systems and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_microwave_sounding_unit" title="Advanced microwave sounding unit">microwave sounders</a>, accounting for the strengths and flaws in each individual estimate, to produce a consensus estimate of a tropical cyclone's intensity which can be more reliable than the Dvorak technique at times.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intensity_metrics">Intensity metrics</h3></div> Multiple intensity metrics are used, including <a href="/wiki/Accumulated_cyclone_energy" title="Accumulated cyclone energy">accumulated cyclone energy</a> (ACE), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Surge_Index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurricane Surge Index (page does not exist)">Hurricane Surge Index</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Severity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Severity Index">Hurricane Severity Index</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_Dissipation_Index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Power Dissipation Index (page does not exist)">Power Dissipation Index</a> (PDI), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_kinetic_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrated kinetic energy (page does not exist)">integrated kinetic energy</a> (IKE). ACE is a metric of the total energy a system has exerted over its lifespan. ACE is calculated by summing the squares of a cyclone's sustained wind speed, every six hours as long as the system is at or above tropical storm intensity and either tropical or subtropical.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The calculation of the PDI is similar in nature to ACE, with the major difference being that wind speeds are cubed rather than squared.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The Hurricane Surge Index is a metric of the potential damage a storm may inflict via storm surge. It is calculated by squaring the dividend of the storm's wind speed and a climatological value (33 m/s or 74 mph), and then multiplying that quantity by the dividend of the radius of hurricane-force winds and its climatological value (96.6 km or 60.0 mi). This can be represented in equation form as: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {v}{33\ \mathrm {m/s} }}\right)^{2}\times \left({\frac {r}{96.6\ \mathrm {km} }}\right)\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>v</mi> <mrow> <mn>33</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>×</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mn>96.6</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {v}{33\ \mathrm {m/s} }}\right)^{2}\times \left({\frac {r}{96.6\ \mathrm {km} }}\right)\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7b129017653ddbf21d1fcd7f16653a3f8dc0f09e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:26.949ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {v}{33\ \mathrm {m/s} }}\right)^{2}\times \left({\frac {r}{96.6\ \mathrm {km} }}\right)\,}"></dd></dl> where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle v}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e970b082b4c08f1583d01d713815a0900fab6a8c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\textstyle v}"> is the storm's wind speed and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f2dfb06630b52c9e18fcc0a4688da10774206729" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\textstyle r}"> is the radius of hurricane-force winds.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The Hurricane Severity Index is a scale that can assign up to 50 points to a system; up to 25 points come from intensity, while the other 25 come from the size of the storm's wind field.<a href="#cite_note-IKE_+_HSI-111">[111]</a> The IKE model measures the destructive capability of a tropical cyclone via winds, waves, and surge. It is calculated as: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{Vol}{\frac {1}{2}}pu^{2}d_{v}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>p</mi> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{Vol}{\frac {1}{2}}pu^{2}d_{v}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/edbf3f4364293fbc62e7fae3b2e8f429ccb3b0ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:12.641ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{Vol}{\frac {1}{2}}pu^{2}d_{v}\,}"></dd></dl> where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ad87bd7009e2a5c52bd0fb5a9bda9d8c1c23a79b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\textstyle p}"> is the density of air, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle u}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>u</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle u}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/24e12e26e505ed5b02c7648a89bbc6737038b2de" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\textstyle u}"> is a sustained surface wind speed value, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle d_{v}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle d_{v}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1ba99aea1e0a5d0778d94fb3c907681528229df4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.239ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\textstyle d_{v}}"> is the <a href="/wiki/Volume_element" title="Volume element">volume element</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IKE_+_HSI-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_naming">Classification and naming</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_scales" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical cyclone scales">Tropical cyclone scales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria,_Bopha_and_Saomai_2006-08-07_0435Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Satellite image of three simultaneous tropical cyclones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Maria%2C_Bopha_and_Saomai_2006-08-07_0435Z.jpg/210px-Maria%2C_Bopha_and_Saomai_2006-08-07_0435Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Maria%2C_Bopha_and_Saomai_2006-08-07_0435Z.jpg/315px-Maria%2C_Bopha_and_Saomai_2006-08-07_0435Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Maria%2C_Bopha_and_Saomai_2006-08-07_0435Z.jpg/420px-Maria%2C_Bopha_and_Saomai_2006-08-07_0435Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="9000" /></a><figcaption>Three tropical cyclones of the <a href="/wiki/2006_Pacific_typhoon_season" title="2006 Pacific typhoon season">2006 Pacific typhoon season</a> at different stages of development. <a href="/wiki/2006_Pacific_typhoon_season#Severe_Tropical_Storm_Bopha_(Inday)" title="2006 Pacific typhoon season">The weakest</a> (left) demonstrates only the most basic circular shape. <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Maria_(2006)" title="Typhoon Maria (2006)">A stronger storm</a> (top right) demonstrates <a href="/wiki/Rainband" title="Rainband">spiral banding</a> and increased centralization, while the <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Saomai" title="Typhoon Saomai">strongest</a> (lower right) has developed an <a href="/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)" title="Eye (cyclone)">eye</a>.</figcaption></figure> Around the world, tropical cyclones are classified in different ways, based on the location (<a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_basins" title="Tropical cyclone basins">tropical cyclone basins</a>), the structure of the system and its intensity. For example, within the Northern Atlantic and Eastern Pacific basins, a tropical cyclone with wind speeds of over 65 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">kn</a> (120 km/h; 75 mph) is called a hurricane, while it is called a typhoon or a severe cyclonic storm within the Western Pacific or North Indian oceans.<a href="#cite_note-RA_IV_HOP-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-WPAC_TCOP-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIO_TCOP-21">[21]</a> When a hurricane passes west across the <a href="/wiki/International_Dateline" class="mw-redirect" title="International Dateline">International Dateline</a> in the Northern Hemisphere, it becomes known as a typhoon. This happened in 2014 for <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Genevieve_(2014)" title="Hurricane Genevieve (2014)">Hurricane Genevieve</a>, which became Typhoon Genevieve.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Within the Southern Hemisphere, it is either called a hurricane, tropical cyclone or a severe tropical cyclone, depending on if it is located within the South Atlantic, South-West Indian Ocean, Australian region or the South Pacific Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-SWIO_TCOP-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPAC_TCOP-23">[23]</a> The descriptors for tropical cyclones with wind speeds below 65 kn (120 km/h; 75 mph) vary by tropical cyclone basin and may be further subdivided into categories such as "tropical storm", "cyclonic storm", "tropical depression", or "deep depression".<a href="#cite_note-WPAC_TCOP-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIO_TCOP-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-RA_IV_HOP-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_naming" title="Tropical cyclone naming">Tropical cyclone naming</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_tropical_cyclone_naming" title="History of tropical cyclone naming">History of tropical cyclone naming</a></div> The practice of using <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given names</a> to identify tropical cyclones dates back to the late 1800s and early 1900s and gradually superseded the existing system—simply naming cyclones based on what they hit.<a href="#cite_note-Whats_in_a_name?-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahina-115">[115]</a> The system currently used provides positive identification of severe weather systems in a brief form, that is readily understood and recognized by the public.<a href="#cite_note-Whats_in_a_name?-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahina-115">[115]</a> The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is generally given to the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Government" title="Queensland Government">Queensland Government</a> Meteorologist <a href="/wiki/Clement_Wragge" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement Wragge">Clement Wragge</a> who named systems between 1887 and 1907.<a href="#cite_note-Whats_in_a_name?-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahina-115">[115]</a> This system of naming weather systems fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired, until it was revived in the latter part of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> for the Western Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-Whats_in_a_name?-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahina-115">[115]</a> Formal naming schemes have subsequently been introduced for the North and South Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Western and Southern Pacific basins as well as the Australian region and Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Mahina-115">[115]</a> At present, tropical cyclones are officially named by one of twelve <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_naming" title="Tropical cyclone naming">meteorological services</a> and retain their names throughout their lifetimes to provide ease of communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts, watches, and warnings.<a href="#cite_note-Whats_in_a_name?-114">[114]</a> Since the systems can last a week or longer, and more than one can be occurring in the same basin at the same time, the names are thought to reduce the confusion about what storm is being described.<a href="#cite_note-Whats_in_a_name?-114">[114]</a> Names are assigned in order from predetermined <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tropical_cyclone_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of tropical cyclone names">lists</a> with one, three, or ten-minute sustained wind speeds of more than 65 km/h (40 mph) depending on which basin it originates.<a href="#cite_note-RA_IV_HOP-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIO_TCOP-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWIO_TCOP-22">[22]</a> Standards vary from basin to basin. Some tropical depressions are named in the Western Pacific. Tropical cyclones have to have a significant amount of gale-force winds occurring around the center before they are named within the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SWIO_TCOP-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPAC_TCOP-23">[23]</a> The names of significant tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Australian region are retired from the naming lists and replaced with another name.<a href="#cite_note-RA_IV_HOP-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-WPAC_TCOP-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPAC_TCOP-23">[23]</a> Tropical cyclones that develop around the world are assigned an identification code consisting of a two-digit number and suffix letter by the warning centers that monitor them.<a href="#cite_note-SPAC_TCOP-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-OFCM_NHOP-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_cyclone_types">Related cyclone types</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical cyclone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">Subtropical cyclone</a></div> In addition to tropical cyclones, there are two other classes of <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a> within the spectrum of cyclone types. These kinds of cyclones, known as <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">extratropical cyclones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">subtropical cyclones</a>, can be stages a tropical cyclone passes through during its <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclogenesis" title="Tropical cyclogenesis">formation</a> or dissipation.<a href="#cite_note-IWTC5-117">[117]</a> An extratropical cyclone is a storm that derives energy from horizontal temperature differences, which are typical in higher latitudes. A tropical cyclone can become extratropical as it moves toward higher latitudes if its energy source changes from heat released by condensation to differences in temperature between air masses. Although not as frequently, an extratropical cyclone can transform into a subtropical storm, and from there into a tropical cyclone.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-118">[118]</a> From space, extratropical storms have a characteristic "<a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a>-shaped" cloud pattern.<a href="#cite_note-L14-119">[119]</a> Extratropical cyclones can also be dangerous when their low-pressure centers cause powerful winds and high seas.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> A subtropical cyclone is a <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> system that has some characteristics of a tropical cyclone and some characteristics of an extratropical cyclone. They can form in a wide band of latitudes, from the equator to 50°. Although subtropical storms rarely have hurricane-force winds, they may become tropical in nature as their cores warm.<a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_A6-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eye_and_center">Eye and center</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)" title="Eye (cyclone)">Eye (cyclone)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Staring_Down_Hurricane_Florence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Staring_Down_Hurricane_Florence.jpg/220px-Staring_Down_Hurricane_Florence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Staring_Down_Hurricane_Florence.jpg/330px-Staring_Down_Hurricane_Florence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Staring_Down_Hurricane_Florence.jpg/440px-Staring_Down_Hurricane_Florence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5322" data-file-height="3558" /></a><figcaption>The eye and surrounding clouds of 2018 <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Florence" title="Hurricane Florence">Hurricane Florence</a> as seen from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> At the center of a mature tropical cyclone, air sinks rather than rises. For a sufficiently strong storm, air may sink over a layer deep enough to suppress cloud formation, thereby creating a clear "<a href="/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)" title="Eye (cyclone)">eye</a>". Weather in the eye is normally calm and free of <a href="/wiki/Convective_storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Convective storm">convective clouds</a>, although the sea may be extremely violent.<a href="#cite_note-JetStream_structure-122">[122]</a> The eye is normally circular and is typically 30–65 km (19–40 mi) in diameter, though eyes as small as 3 km (1.9 mi) and as large as 370 km (230 mi) have been observed.<a href="#cite_note-WilmaTCR-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-MWR_1996_AHS_summary-124">[124]</a> The cloudy outer edge of the eye is called the "eyewall". The eyewall typically expands outward with height, resembling an arena football stadium; this phenomenon is sometimes referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Stadium_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadium effect">stadium effect</a>".<a href="#cite_note-MWR_1996_AHS_summary-124">[124]</a> The eyewall is where the greatest wind speeds are found, air rises most rapidly, clouds reach their highest <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a>, and precipitation is the heaviest. The heaviest wind damage occurs where a tropical cyclone's eyewall passes over land.<a href="#cite_note-JetStream_structure-122">[122]</a> In a weaker storm, the eye may be obscured by the <a href="/wiki/Central_dense_overcast" title="Central dense overcast">central dense overcast</a>, which is the upper-level cirrus shield that is associated with a concentrated area of strong thunderstorm activity near the center of a tropical cyclone.<a href="#cite_note-CDO_AMS-125">[125]</a> The eyewall may vary over time in the form of <a href="/wiki/Eyewall_replacement_cycle" title="Eyewall replacement cycle">eyewall replacement cycles</a>, particularly in intense tropical cyclones. <a href="/wiki/Rainbands" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbands">Outer rainbands</a> can organize into an outer ring of thunderstorms that slowly moves inward, which is believed to rob the primary eyewall of moisture and <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a>. When the primary eyewall weakens, the tropical cyclone weakens temporarily. The outer eyewall eventually replaces the primary one at the end of the cycle, at which time the storm may return to its original intensity.<a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_D8-126">[126]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; font-size: 92%; margin: 1em 0 1em 1em;"> <caption>Size descriptions of tropical cyclones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">ROCI (Diameter) </th> <th scope="col">Type </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Less than 2 degrees latitude </th> <td>Very small/minor </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2 to 3 degrees of latitude </th> <td>Small </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3 to 6 degrees of latitude </th> <td>Medium/average/normal </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">6 to 8 degrees of latitude </th> <td>Large </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Over 8 degrees of latitude </th> <td>Very large<a href="#cite_note-JTWCsize-127">[127]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1988-_US_Gulf_Coast_hurricane_diameters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1988-_US_Gulf_Coast_hurricane_diameters.svg/220px-1988-_US_Gulf_Coast_hurricane_diameters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1988-_US_Gulf_Coast_hurricane_diameters.svg/330px-1988-_US_Gulf_Coast_hurricane_diameters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1988-_US_Gulf_Coast_hurricane_diameters.svg/440px-1988-_US_Gulf_Coast_hurricane_diameters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Though large hurricane size does not imply strength—which is based on sustained wind measurements—it can mean that more people are exposed to its hazards.<a href="#cite_note-WashPost_20240926-128">[128]</a></figcaption></figure> There are a variety of metrics commonly used to measure storm size. The most common metrics include the radius of maximum wind, the radius of 34-knot (17 m/s; 63 km/h; 39 mph) wind (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Gale" title="Gale">gale force</a>), the radius of outermost closed <a href="/wiki/Isobar_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isobar (meteorology)">isobar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ROCI" class="mw-redirect" title="ROCI">ROCI</a>), and the radius of vanishing wind.<a href="#cite_note-Global-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chavas_Emanuel_GRL-130">[130]</a> An additional metric is the radius at which the cyclone's relative <a href="/wiki/Vorticity" title="Vorticity">vorticity</a> field decreases to 1×10−5 s−1.<a href="#cite_note-MWR_1996_AHS_summary-124">[124]</a> On Earth, tropical cyclones span a large range of sizes, from 100–2,000 km (62–1,243 mi) as measured by the radius of vanishing wind. They are largest on average in the northwest Pacific Ocean basin and smallest in the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> basin.<a href="#cite_note-Merrill-131">[131]</a> If the radius of outermost closed isobar is less than two <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">degrees of latitude</a> (222 km (138 mi)), then the cyclone is "very small" or a "midget". A radius of 3–6 latitude degrees (333–670 km (207–416 mi)) is considered "average sized". "Very large" tropical cyclones have a radius of greater than 8 degrees (888 km (552 mi)).<a href="#cite_note-JTWCsize-127">[127]</a> Observations indicate that size is only weakly correlated to variables such as storm intensity (i.e. maximum wind speed), radius of maximum wind, latitude, and maximum potential intensity.<a href="#cite_note-Chavas_Emanuel_GRL-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Merrill-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Tip" title="Typhoon Tip">Typhoon Tip</a> is the largest cyclone on record, with tropical storm-force winds 2,170 km (1,350 mi) in diameter. The smallest storm on record is <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Marco_(2008)" title="Tropical Storm Marco (2008)">Tropical Storm Marco</a> of <a href="/wiki/2008_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2008 Atlantic hurricane season">2008</a>, which generated tropical storm-force winds only 37 km (23 mi) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-FAQ-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movement">Movement</h2></div> The movement of a tropical cyclone (i.e. its "track") is typically approximated as the sum of two terms: "steering" by the background environmental wind and "beta drift".<a href="#cite_note-Holland_JAS_1983-133">[133]</a> Some tropical cyclones can move across large distances, such as <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_John_(1994)" title="Hurricane John (1994)">Hurricane John</a>, the second longest-lasting tropical cyclone on record, which traveled 13,280 km (8,250 mi), the longest track of any Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclone, over its 31-day lifespan in <a href="/wiki/1994_Pacific_hurricane_season" title="1994 Pacific hurricane season">1994</a>.<a href="#cite_note-john94-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-faqe7-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_steering">Environmental steering</h3></div> Environmental steering is the primary influence on the motion of tropical cyclones.<a href="#cite_note-Galarneau_and_Davis_2013-137">[137]</a> It represents the movement of the storm due to prevailing winds and other wider environmental conditions, similar to "leaves carried along by a stream".<a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_G6-138">[138]</a> Physically, the winds, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flow_field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flow field (page does not exist)">flow field</a>, in the vicinity of a tropical cyclone may be treated as having two parts: the flow associated with the storm itself, and the large-scale background flow of the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Galarneau_and_Davis_2013-137">[137]</a> Tropical cyclones can be treated as local maxima of <a href="/wiki/Vorticity" title="Vorticity">vorticity</a> suspended within the large-scale background flow of the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Wu_and_Emmanuel_1995-139">[139]</a> In this way, tropical cyclone motion may be represented to first-order as <a href="/wiki/Advection" title="Advection">advection</a> of the storm by the local <a href="/wiki/Environmental_flow" title="Environmental flow">environmental flow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carr_and_Elsberry_1990-140">[140]</a> This environmental flow is termed the "steering flow" and is the dominant influence on tropical cyclone motion.<a href="#cite_note-Galarneau_and_Davis_2013-137">[137]</a> The strength and direction of the steering flow can be approximated as a vertical integration of the winds blowing horizontally in the cyclone's vicinity, weighted by the altitude at which those winds are occurring. Because winds can vary with height, determining the steering flow precisely can be difficult. The <a href="/wiki/Pressure_altitude" title="Pressure altitude">pressure altitude</a> at which the background winds are most correlated with a tropical cyclone's motion is known as the "steering level".<a href="#cite_note-Wu_and_Emmanuel_1995-139">[139]</a> The motion of stronger tropical cyclones is more correlated with the background flow averaged across a thicker portion of <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> compared to weaker tropical cyclones whose motion is more correlated with the background flow averaged across a narrower extent of the lower troposphere.<a href="#cite_note-Velden_and_Leslie_1991-141">[141]</a> When wind shear and <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">latent heat</a> release is present, tropical cyclones tend to move towards regions where <a href="/wiki/Potential_vorticity" title="Potential vorticity">potential vorticity</a> is increasing most quickly.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Climatologically, tropical cyclones are steered primarily westward by the east-to-west <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a> on the equatorial side of the <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical ridge">subtropical ridge</a>—a persistent high-pressure area over the world's subtropical oceans.<a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_G6-138">[138]</a> In the tropical North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific oceans, the trade winds steer <a href="/wiki/Tropical_wave" title="Tropical wave">tropical easterly waves</a> westward from the African coast toward the Caribbean Sea, North America, and ultimately into the central Pacific Ocean before the waves dampen out.<a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_A4-143">[143]</a> These waves are the precursors to many tropical cyclones within this region.<a href="#cite_note-MWR_Avila_1995-144">[144]</a> In contrast, in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and Western Pacific in both hemispheres, tropical <a href="/wiki/Cyclogenesis" title="Cyclogenesis">cyclogenesis</a> is influenced less by tropical easterly waves and more by the seasonal movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_trough" title="Monsoon trough">monsoon trough</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-145">[145]</a> Other weather systems such as mid-latitude <a href="/wiki/Trough_(meteorology)" title="Trough (meteorology)">troughs</a> and broad monsoon gyres can also influence tropical cyclone motion by modifying the steering flow.<a href="#cite_note-Velden_and_Leslie_1991-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carr_and_Elsberry_1995-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beta_drift">Beta drift</h3></div> In addition to environmental steering, a tropical cyclone will tend to drift poleward and westward, a motion known as "beta drift".<a href="#cite_note-Wang_et_al._1998-147">[147]</a> This motion is due to the superposition of a vortex, such as a tropical cyclone, onto an environment in which the <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a> varies with latitude, such as on a sphere or <a href="/wiki/Beta_plane" title="Beta plane">beta plane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holland_1983-148">[148]</a> The magnitude of the component of tropical cyclone motion associated with the beta drift ranges between 1–3 m/s (3.6–10.8 km/h; 2.2–6.7 mph) and tends to be larger for more intense tropical cyclones and at higher latitudes. It is induced indirectly by the storm itself as a result of feedback between the cyclonic flow of the storm and its environment.<a href="#cite_note-Fiorino_and_Elsberry_1989-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wang_et_al._1998-147">[147]</a> Physically, the cyclonic circulation of the storm advects environmental air poleward east of center and equatorial west of center. Because air must conserve its <a href="/wiki/Absolute_angular_momentum" title="Absolute angular momentum">angular momentum</a>, this flow configuration induces a cyclonic gyre equatorward and westward of the storm center and an anticyclonic gyre poleward and eastward of the storm center. The combined flow of these gyres acts to advect the storm slowly poleward and westward. This effect occurs even if there is zero environmental flow.<a href="#cite_note-Li_and_Wang_1994-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Willoughby_1990-151">[151]</a> Due to a direct dependence of the beta drift on angular momentum, the size of a tropical cyclone can affect the influence of beta drift on its motion; beta drift imparts a greater influence on the movement of larger tropical cyclones than that of smaller ones.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_and_Lackmann_2009-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sun_et_al._2015-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_storm_interaction">Multiple storm interaction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fujiwhara_effect" title="Fujiwhara effect">Fujiwhara effect</a></div> A third component of motion that occurs relatively infrequently involves the interaction of multiple tropical cyclones. When two cyclones approach one another, their centers will begin orbiting cyclonically about a point between the two systems. Depending on their separation distance and strength, the two vortices may simply orbit around one another, or else may spiral into the center point and merge. When the two vortices are of unequal size, the larger vortex will tend to dominate the interaction, and the smaller vortex will orbit around it. This phenomenon is called the Fujiwhara effect, after <a href="/wiki/Sakuhei_Fujiwhara" title="Sakuhei Fujiwhara">Sakuhei Fujiwhara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interaction_with_the_mid-latitude_westerlies">Interaction with the mid-latitude westerlies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">Westerlies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ioke_2006_track.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Path of a tropical cyclone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ioke_2006_track.png/220px-Ioke_2006_track.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ioke_2006_track.png/330px-Ioke_2006_track.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ioke_2006_track.png/440px-Ioke_2006_track.png 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1993" /></a><figcaption>Storm track of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ioke" title="Hurricane Ioke">Typhoon Ioke</a>, showing <a href="/wiki/Recurvature" class="mw-redirect" title="Recurvature">recurvature</a> off the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese coastline">Japanese coast</a> in <a href="/wiki/2006_Pacific_hurricane_season" title="2006 Pacific hurricane season">2006</a></figcaption></figure> Though a tropical cyclone typically moves from east to west in the tropics, its track may shift poleward and eastward either as it moves west of the subtropical ridge axis or else if it interacts with the mid-latitude flow, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">extratropical cyclone</a>. This motion, termed "<a href="/wiki/Recurvature" class="mw-redirect" title="Recurvature">recurvature</a>", commonly occurs near the western edge of the major ocean basins, where the jet stream typically has a poleward component and extratropical cyclones are common.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> An example of tropical cyclone recurvature was <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Ioke" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoon Ioke">Typhoon Ioke</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-CPHC_Ioke-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_tropical_cyclones" title="Effects of tropical cyclones">Effects of tropical cyclones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_effects_by_region" title="Tropical cyclone effects by region">Tropical cyclone effects by region</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_phenomena_caused_or_worsened_by_tropical_cyclones">Natural phenomena caused or worsened by tropical cyclones</h3></div> Tropical cyclones out at sea cause large waves, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_rain_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy rain (meteorology)">heavy rain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a> and high winds, disrupting international shipping and, at times, causing shipwrecks.<a href="#cite_note-18cva-157">[157]</a> Tropical cyclones stir up water, leaving a cool wake behind them, which causes the region to be less favorable for subsequent tropical cyclones.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_Cooling-67">[67]</a> On land, strong <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">winds</a> can damage or destroy vehicles, buildings, bridges, and other outside objects, turning loose debris into deadly flying projectiles. The <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surge</a>, or the increase in sea level due to the cyclone, is typically the worst effect from landfalling tropical cyclones, historically resulting in 90% of tropical cyclone deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Shultz_Epid_Reviews_2005-158">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Mahina" title="Cyclone Mahina">Cyclone Mahina</a> produced the highest storm surge on record, 13 m (43 ft), at <a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Bay" title="Bathurst Bay">Bathurst Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, in March 1899.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Other ocean-based hazards that tropical cyclones produce are <a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">rip currents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">undertow</a>. These hazards can occur hundreds of kilometers (hundreds of miles) away from the center of a cyclone, even if other weather conditions are favorable.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The broad rotation of a landfalling tropical cyclone, and vertical wind shear at its periphery, spawns <a href="/wiki/List_of_tropical_cyclone-spawned_tornadoes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tropical cyclone-spawned tornadoes">tornadoes</a>. Tornadoes can also be spawned as a result of <a href="/wiki/Eyewall_mesovortices" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyewall mesovortices">eyewall mesovortices</a>, which persist until landfall.<a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_L6-162">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan" title="Hurricane Ivan">Hurricane Ivan</a> produced <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan_tornado_outbreak" title="Hurricane Ivan tornado outbreak">120 tornadoes</a>, more than any other tropical cyclone.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Lightning activity is produced within tropical cyclones. This activity is more intense within stronger storms and closer to and within the storm's eyewall.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Tropical cyclones can increase the amount of snowfall a region experiences by delivering additional moisture.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Wildfires can be worsened when a nearby storm fans their flames with its strong winds.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_property_and_human_life">Effect on property and human life</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricane_Ike_Bolivar_Peninsula,_TX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="total collapse of houses, cars and facilities" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hurricane_Ike_Bolivar_Peninsula%2C_TX.jpg/220px-Hurricane_Ike_Bolivar_Peninsula%2C_TX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hurricane_Ike_Bolivar_Peninsula%2C_TX.jpg/330px-Hurricane_Ike_Bolivar_Peninsula%2C_TX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hurricane_Ike_Bolivar_Peninsula%2C_TX.jpg/440px-Hurricane_Ike_Bolivar_Peninsula%2C_TX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2718" data-file-height="1257" /></a><figcaption>Aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ike" title="Hurricane Ike">Hurricane Ike</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bolivar_Peninsula,_Texas" title="Bolivar Peninsula, Texas">Bolivar Peninsula, Texas</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1980-_Cost_of_billion_dollar_hurricanes_-_US_-_variwide_chart_-_NOAA_data.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1980-_Cost_of_billion_dollar_hurricanes_-_US_-_variwide_chart_-_NOAA_data.svg/220px-1980-_Cost_of_billion_dollar_hurricanes_-_US_-_variwide_chart_-_NOAA_data.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1980-_Cost_of_billion_dollar_hurricanes_-_US_-_variwide_chart_-_NOAA_data.svg/330px-1980-_Cost_of_billion_dollar_hurricanes_-_US_-_variwide_chart_-_NOAA_data.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1980-_Cost_of_billion_dollar_hurricanes_-_US_-_variwide_chart_-_NOAA_data.svg/440px-1980-_Cost_of_billion_dollar_hurricanes_-_US_-_variwide_chart_-_NOAA_data.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption> The number of $1 billion Atlantic hurricanes almost doubled from the 1980s to the 2010s, and inflation-adjusted costs have increased more than elevenfold.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_20221202-169">[169]</a> The increases have been attributed to climate change and to greater numbers of people moving to coastal areas.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_20221202-169">[169]</a></figcaption></figure> Tropical cyclones regularly affect the coastlines of most of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s major bodies of water along the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific">Pacific</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a> oceans. Tropical cyclones have caused significant destruction and loss of human life, resulting in about 2 million deaths since the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-red-170">[170]</a> Large areas of standing water caused by flooding lead to <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>, as well as contributing to <a href="/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease" title="Mosquito-borne disease">mosquito-borne illnesses</a>. Crowded evacuees in <a href="/wiki/Emergency_shelter" title="Emergency shelter">shelters</a> increase the risk of disease propagation.<a href="#cite_note-Shultz_Epid_Reviews_2005-158">[158]</a> Tropical cyclones significantly interrupt infrastructure, leading to <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">power outages</a>, bridge and road destruction, and the hampering of reconstruction efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Shultz_Epid_Reviews_2005-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Power_failures-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Winds and water from storms can damage or destroy homes, buildings, and other manmade structures.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Tropical cyclones destroy agriculture, kill livestock, and prevent access to marketplaces for both buyers and sellers; both of these result in financial losses.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Powerful cyclones that make <a href="/wiki/Landfall" title="Landfall">landfall</a> – moving from the ocean to over land – are some of the most powerful, although that is not always the case. An average of 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm intensity form annually worldwide, with 47 reaching hurricane or typhoon strength, and 20 becoming intense tropical cyclones, super typhoons, or major hurricanes (at least of <a href="/wiki/Saffir-Simpson_Hurricane_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale">Category 3</a> intensity).<a href="#cite_note-Landsea_variability_table-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, tropical cyclones can originate from <a href="/wiki/Tropical_wave" title="Tropical wave">tropical waves</a> generated over the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a>,<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> or otherwise strike the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Idai" title="Cyclone Idai">Cyclone Idai</a> in March 2019 hit central <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, becoming the deadliest tropical cyclone on record in Africa, with 1,302 fatalities, and damage estimated at US$2.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Global_Catastrophe_Recap-183">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> island, located east of Southern Africa, experiences some of the wettest tropical cyclones on record. In January 1980, <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Hyacinthe" title="Cyclone Hyacinthe">Cyclone Hyacinthe</a> produced 6,083 mm (239.5 in) of rain over 15 days, which was the largest rain total recorded from a tropical cyclone on record.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, tropical cyclones from the Indian and Pacific oceans regularly affect some of the most populated countries on Earth. In 1970, <a href="/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclone" title="1970 Bhola cyclone">a cyclone</a> struck <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, then known as East Pakistan, producing a 6.1 m (20 ft) storm surge that killed at least 300,000 people. This made it the deadliest tropical cyclone on record.<a href="#cite_note-dead-187">[187]</a> In October 2019, <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Hagibis" title="Typhoon Hagibis">Typhoon Hagibis</a> struck the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a> and inflicted US$15 billion in damage, making it the costliest storm on record in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> The islands that comprise <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> to <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>, are routinely affected by tropical cyclones.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/1973_Flores_cyclone" title="1973 Flores cyclone">a cyclone</a> struck the island of <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a> in April 1973, killing 1,653 people, making it the deadliest tropical cyclone recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_and_South_America">North and South America</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_hurricanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific hurricanes">Pacific hurricanes</a> regularly affect <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, hurricanes <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Katrina</a> in 2005 and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Harvey</a> in 2017 are the country's costliest ever natural disasters, with monetary damage estimated at US$125 billion. Katrina struck <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> and largely destroyed the city of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harvey_TCR-195">[195]</a> while Harvey caused significant flooding in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> after it dropped 60.58 in (1,539 mm) of rainfall; this was the highest rainfall total on record in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey_TCR-195">[195]</a> The Caribbean islands are regularly hit by hurricanes, which have caused multiple humanitarian crises in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> since 2004 due in part to the lack of infrastructure and high population density in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> In 2004, hurricane <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Jeanne" title="Hurricane Jeanne">Jeanne</a> caused severe flooding and mudslides, and a total estimated 3,006 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> More recently, in 2016, hurricane <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Matthew" title="Hurricane Matthew">Matthew</a> caused US$2.8 billion in damages, killing an estimated 674 people.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> The northern portion of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> experiences occasional tropical cyclones, with 173 fatalities from <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Bret_(1993)" title="Tropical Storm Bret (1993)">Tropical Storm Bret</a> in August 1993.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic Ocean</a> is generally inhospitable to the formation of a tropical storm.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> However, in March 2004, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Catarina" title="Hurricane Catarina">Hurricane Catarina</a> struck southeastern <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> as the first hurricane on record in the South Atlantic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> is rarely affected by tropical cyclones; however, the continent regularly encounters storms after they transitioned into <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">extratropical cyclones</a>. Only one tropical depression – <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Vince" title="Hurricane Vince">Vince</a> in 2005 – struck <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> and only one <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">subtropical cyclone</a> – <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_Storm_Alpha_(2020)" title="Subtropical Storm Alpha (2020)">Subtropical Storm Alpha</a> in 2020 – struck <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Occasionally, there are <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_tropical-like_cyclone" title="Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone">tropical-like cyclones</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h3></div> Although cyclones take an enormous toll in lives and personal property, they may be important factors in the <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> regimes of places they affect, as they may bring much-needed precipitation to otherwise dry regions.<a href="#cite_note-2005_EPac_outlook-208">[208]</a> Their precipitation may also alleviate drought conditions by restoring soil moisture, though one study focused on the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a> suggested tropical cyclones did not offer significant drought recovery.<a href="#cite_note-DontFix-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yoo_et_al._(2015)-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kam_et_al._(2013)-211">[211]</a> Tropical cyclones also help maintain the global heat balance by moving warm, moist tropical air to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_latitudes" title="Middle latitudes">middle latitudes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar regions">polar regions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-JetStream_introduction-212">[212]</a> and by regulating the <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a> through <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Research on Pacific cyclones has demonstrated that deeper layers of the ocean receive a <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer_physics" title="Heat transfer physics">heat transfer</a> from these powerful storms.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> The storm surge and winds of hurricanes may be destructive to human-made structures, but they also stir up the waters of coastal <a href="/wiki/Estuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaries">estuaries</a>, which are typically important <a href="/wiki/Fish_reproduction" title="Fish reproduction">fish breeding</a> locales.<a href="#cite_note-Christopherson-216">[216]</a> Ecosystems, such as <a href="/wiki/Saltmarsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltmarsh">saltmarshes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forests</a>, can be severely damaged or destroyed by tropical cyclones, which erode land and destroy vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Tropical cyclones can cause harmful <a href="/wiki/Algae_bloom" class="mw-redirect" title="Algae bloom">algae blooms</a> to form in bodies of water by increasing the amount of nutrients available.<a href="#cite_note-Oil+Algae-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Insect populations can decrease in both quantity and diversity after the passage of storms.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Strong winds associated with tropical cyclones and their remnants are capable of felling thousands of trees, causing damage to forests.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> When hurricanes surge upon shore from the ocean, salt is introduced to many freshwater areas and raises the <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> levels too high for some habitats to withstand. Some are able to cope with the salt and recycle it back into the ocean, but others can not release the extra surface water quickly enough or do not have a large enough freshwater source to replace it. Because of this, some species of plants and vegetation die due to the excess salt.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Hurricanes can carry <a href="/wiki/Toxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxins">toxins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Acids">acids</a> onshore when they make landfall. The floodwater can pick up the toxins from different spills and contaminate the land that it passes over. These toxins are harmful to the people and animals in the area, as well as the environment around them.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Tropical cyclones can cause <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a> by damaging or destroying pipelines and storage facilities.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oil+Algae-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oil_+_Chemicals-227">[227]</a> Similarly, chemical spills have been reported when chemical and processing facilities were damaged.<a href="#cite_note-Oil_+_Chemicals-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Waterways have become contaminated with toxic levels of metals such as <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> during tropical cyclones.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-Erosion_+_Mercury-231">[231]</a> Tropical cyclones can have an extensive effect on geography, such as creating or destroying land.<a href="#cite_note-Land_created-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-Land_Destroyed-233">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Bebe" title="Cyclone Bebe">Cyclone Bebe</a> increased the size of <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> island, <a href="/wiki/Funafuti_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Funafuti Atoll">Funafuti Atoll</a>, by nearly 20%.<a href="#cite_note-Land_created-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Walaka" title="Hurricane Walaka">Hurricane Walaka</a> destroyed the small <a href="/wiki/East_Island,_Hawaii" title="East Island, Hawaii">East Island</a> in 2018,<a href="#cite_note-Land_Destroyed-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> which destroyed the habitat for the endangered <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_monk_seal" title="Hawaiian monk seal">Hawaiian monk seal</a>, as well as, threatened <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslides</a> frequently occur during tropical cyclones and can vastly alter landscapes. Some storms are capable of causing hundreds to tens of thousands of landslides.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> Storms can erode coastlines over an extensive area and transport the sediment to other locations.<a href="#cite_note-Erosion_+_Mercury-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observation_and_forecasting">Observation and forecasting</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Observation">Observation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_observation" title="Tropical cyclone observation">Tropical cyclone observation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isidore091902-p3sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of storm clouds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Isidore091902-p3sunset.jpg/250px-Isidore091902-p3sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Isidore091902-p3sunset.jpg/375px-Isidore091902-p3sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Isidore091902-p3sunset.jpg/500px-Isidore091902-p3sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>A sunset view of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Isidore" title="Hurricane Isidore">Hurricane Isidore</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rainband" title="Rainband">rainbands</a> photographed at 2,100 m (7,000 ft)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOAA_Lockheed_WP-3D_Orion_%22Hurricane_Hunter%22_(N42RF)_at_SENEX_Air_Quality-Climate_Research_Study_(9119691512).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head-on view of an airplane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/NOAA_Lockheed_WP-3D_Orion_%22Hurricane_Hunter%22_%28N42RF%29_at_SENEX_Air_Quality-Climate_Research_Study_%289119691512%29.jpg/220px-NOAA_Lockheed_WP-3D_Orion_%22Hurricane_Hunter%22_%28N42RF%29_at_SENEX_Air_Quality-Climate_Research_Study_%289119691512%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/NOAA_Lockheed_WP-3D_Orion_%22Hurricane_Hunter%22_%28N42RF%29_at_SENEX_Air_Quality-Climate_Research_Study_%289119691512%29.jpg/330px-NOAA_Lockheed_WP-3D_Orion_%22Hurricane_Hunter%22_%28N42RF%29_at_SENEX_Air_Quality-Climate_Research_Study_%289119691512%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/NOAA_Lockheed_WP-3D_Orion_%22Hurricane_Hunter%22_%28N42RF%29_at_SENEX_Air_Quality-Climate_Research_Study_%289119691512%29.jpg/440px-NOAA_Lockheed_WP-3D_Orion_%22Hurricane_Hunter%22_%28N42RF%29_at_SENEX_Air_Quality-Climate_Research_Study_%289119691512%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Hurricane_hunters" title="Hurricane hunters">Hurricane Hunter</a>" – <a href="/wiki/WP-3D_Orion" class="mw-redirect" title="WP-3D Orion">WP-3D Orion</a> is used to go into the <a href="/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)" title="Eye (cyclone)">eye of a hurricane</a> for data collection and measurements purposes.</figcaption></figure> Tropical cyclones have occurred around the world for millennia. Reanalyses and research are being undertaken to extend the historical record, through the usage of <a href="/wiki/Proxy_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Proxy data">proxy data</a> such as overwash deposits, <a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">beach ridges</a> and historical documents such as diaries.<a href="#cite_note-6000_WA-244">[244]</a> Major tropical cyclones leave traces in <a href="/wiki/Overwash" title="Overwash">overwash records</a> and shell layers in some coastal areas, which have been used to gain insight into hurricane activity over the past thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-:8-245">[245]</a> Sediment records in Western Australia suggest an intense tropical cyclone in the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6000_WA-244">[244]</a> Proxy records based on <a href="/wiki/Paleotempestology" title="Paleotempestology">paleotempestological</a> research have revealed that major hurricane activity along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> coast varies on timescales of centuries to millennia.<a href="#cite_note-Liu1999-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-LiuFearn2000-247">[247]</a> In the year 957, a powerful typhoon struck <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">southern China</a>, killing around 10,000 people due to flooding.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Spanish colonization of Mexico</a> described "tempestades" in 1730,<a href="#cite_note-calif-249">[249]</a> although the official record for Pacific hurricanes only dates to 1949.<a href="#cite_note-HURDAT-250">[250]</a> In the south-west Indian Ocean, the tropical cyclone record goes back to 1848.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_reanalysis_project" title="Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project">Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project</a> examined and analyzed the historical record of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic back to 1851, extending the existing database from 1886.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Before satellite imagery became available during the 20th century, many of these systems went undetected unless it impacted land or a ship encountered it by chance.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Guide_2017-1">[1]</a> Often in part because of the threat of hurricanes, many coastal regions had sparse population between major ports until the advent of automobile tourism; therefore, the most severe portions of hurricanes striking the coast may have gone unmeasured in some instances. The combined effects of ship destruction and remote landfall severely limit the number of intense hurricanes in the official record before the era of hurricane reconnaissance aircraft and satellite meteorology. Although the record shows a distinct increase in the number and strength of intense hurricanes, therefore, experts regard the early data as suspect.<a href="#cite_note-BOM_TC_Guide_1.3-253">[253]</a> The ability of climatologists to make a long-term analysis of tropical cyclones is limited by the amount of reliable historical data.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> In the 1940s, routine aircraft reconnaissance started in both the Atlantic and Western Pacific basin in the mid-1940s, which provided ground truth data. Early flights were only made once or twice a day.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Guide_2017-1">[1]</a> In 1960, Polar-orbiting weather satellites were first launched by the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>, but were not declared operational until 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Guide_2017-1">[1]</a> It took several years for some of the warning centers to take advantage of this new viewing platform and develop the expertise to associate satellite signatures with storm position and intensity.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Guide_2017-1">[1]</a> Intense tropical cyclones pose a particular observation challenge, as they are a dangerous oceanic phenomenon, and <a href="/wiki/Weather_station" title="Weather station">weather stations</a>, being relatively sparse, are rarely available on the site of the storm itself. In general, surface observations are available only if the storm is passing over an island or a coastal area, or if there is a nearby ship. Real-time measurements are usually taken in the periphery of the cyclone, where conditions are less catastrophic and its true strength cannot be evaluated. For this reason, there are teams of meteorologists that move into the path of tropical cyclones to help evaluate their strength at the point of landfall.<a href="#cite_note-FCMP-255">[255]</a> Tropical cyclones are tracked by <a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">weather satellites</a> capturing <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> images from space, usually at half-hour to quarter-hour intervals. As a storm approaches land, it can be observed by land-based <a href="/wiki/Pulse-Doppler_radar" title="Pulse-Doppler radar">Doppler</a> <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">weather radar</a>. Radar plays a crucial role around landfall by showing a storm's location and intensity every several minutes.<a href="#cite_note-CPHC-256">[256]</a> Other satellites provide information from the perturbations of <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> signals, providing thousands of snapshots per day and capturing atmospheric temperature, pressure, and moisture content.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">In situ</a> measurements, in real-time, can be taken by sending specially equipped reconnaissance flights into the cyclone. In the Atlantic basin, these flights are regularly flown by United States government <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_hunters" title="Hurricane hunters">hurricane hunters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hurricane_Hunters-258">[258]</a> These aircraft fly directly into the cyclone and take direct and remote-sensing measurements. The aircraft launch <a href="/wiki/GPS_dropsonde" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS dropsonde">GPS dropsondes</a> inside the cyclone. These sondes measure temperature, humidity, pressure, and especially winds between flight level and the ocean's surface. A new era in hurricane observation began when a remotely piloted <a href="/wiki/Insitu_Aerosonde" class="mw-redirect" title="Insitu Aerosonde">Aerosonde</a>, a small drone aircraft, was flown through <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Ophelia_(2005)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Storm Ophelia (2005)">Tropical Storm Ophelia</a> as it passed <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>'s eastern shore during the <a href="/wiki/2005_hurricane_season" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 hurricane season">2005 hurricane season</a>. A similar mission was also completed successfully in the western Pacific Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-SunHerald-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forecasting">Forecasting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_track_forecasting" title="Tropical cyclone track forecasting">Tropical cyclone track forecasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_prediction_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical cyclone prediction model">Tropical cyclone prediction model</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_rainfall_forecasting" title="Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting">Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NHC_Atlantic_Forecast_Error_Trends.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graph shows five colored curves (actually, jagged point-to-point data sets) measuring average forecast errors in nautical miles (0 to 700, the y-axis on the left) for each year (from 1970 to 2022, the x-axis at the bottom). The red curve indicates forecast errors 24 hours in advance, and is the lowest of the five curves; its points and the resultant trend line are below that of the other curves. The 24-hour forecast trends from approximately 140 nm in 1970 to about 45 nm in 2022. The green line shows forecast errors 48 hours in advance, with a trend line from about 290 nm in 1970 to 45 nm in 2022. The yellow curve indicates errors from 72-hour forecasts, and jags dramatically up and down in the first 10 years shown. Its trend line runs from approx. 445 nm (1970) to about 50 nm (2022). The two remaining lines stretch only from 2001. The brown curve shows a 96-hour forecast (trending from about 240 nm in 2001 to 100 nm in 2022), and the blue line for forecasts 120 hours in advance trends from about 310 nm (2001) to 150 nm (2022). With remarkable consistency, the farther in advance the forecast is, the greater the error visible here, and the trend line for each set of plotted points is clearly downward, generally with increasing steepness for the wider-ranging forecasts." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NHC_Atlantic_Forecast_Error_Trends.png/250px-NHC_Atlantic_Forecast_Error_Trends.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NHC_Atlantic_Forecast_Error_Trends.png/375px-NHC_Atlantic_Forecast_Error_Trends.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NHC_Atlantic_Forecast_Error_Trends.png/500px-NHC_Atlantic_Forecast_Error_Trends.png 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1313" /></a><figcaption>A general decrease in error trends in tropical cyclone path prediction is evident since the 1970s.</figcaption></figure> High-speed computers and sophisticated simulation software allow forecasters to produce <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_prediction_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical cyclone prediction model">computer models</a> that predict tropical cyclone tracks based on the future position and strength of high- and low-pressure systems. Combining forecast models with increased understanding of the forces that act on tropical cyclones, as well as with a wealth of data from Earth-orbiting <a href="/wiki/Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellites">satellites</a> and other sensors, scientists have increased the accuracy of track forecasts over recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-NHC_forecast_verifications_models-260">[260]</a> However, scientists are not as skillful at predicting the intensity of tropical cyclones.<a href="#cite_note-NHC_forecast_verifications_Atlantic-261">[261]</a> The lack of improvement in intensity forecasting is attributed to the complexity of tropical systems and an incomplete understanding of factors that affect their development. New tropical cyclone position and forecast information is available at least every six hours from the various warning centers.<a href="#cite_note-WMO_RSMC_list-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-NHCprod-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geopotential_height">Geopotential height</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geopotential_height" title="Geopotential height">Geopotential height</a></div> In meteorology, geopotential heights are used when creating forecasts and analyzing pressure systems. Geopotential heights represent the estimate of the real height of a pressure system above the average sea level.<a href="#cite_note-Geo_Height-267">[267]</a> Geopotential heights for weather are divided up into several levels. The lowest geopotential height level is 850 hPa (25.10 inHg), which represents the lowest 1,500 m (5,000 ft) of the atmosphere. The moisture content, gained by using either the relative humidity or the precipitable water value, is used in creating forecasts for precipitation.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> The next level, 700 hPa (20.67 inHg), is at a height of 2,300–3,200 m (7,700–10,500 ft). 700 hPa is regarded as the highest point in the lower atmosphere. At this layer, both vertical movement and moisture levels are used to locate and create forecasts for precipitation.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> The middle level of the atmosphere is at 500 hPa (14.76 inHg) or a height of 4,900–6,100 m (16,000–20,000 ft). The 500 hPa level is used for measuring atmospheric vorticity, commonly known as the spin of air. The relative humidity is also analyzed at this height to establish where precipitation is likely to materialize.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> The next level occurs at 300 hPa (8.859 inHg) or a height of 8,200–9,800 m (27,000–32,000 ft).<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> The top-most level is located at 200 hPa (5.906 inHg), which corresponds to a height of 11,000–12,000 m (35,000–41,000 ft). Both the 200 and 300 hPa levels are mainly used to locate the jet stream.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tropical_Cyclone_Awareness_and_Response">Tropical Cyclone Awareness and Response</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparations">Preparations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_preparedness" title="Tropical cyclone preparedness">Tropical cyclone preparedness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_engineering" title="Tropical cyclone engineering">Tropical cyclone engineering</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricane_Route_sign_Tulane_Avenue_floodlines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hurricane_Route_sign_Tulane_Avenue_floodlines.jpg/200px-Hurricane_Route_sign_Tulane_Avenue_floodlines.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hurricane_Route_sign_Tulane_Avenue_floodlines.jpg/301px-Hurricane_Route_sign_Tulane_Avenue_floodlines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hurricane_Route_sign_Tulane_Avenue_floodlines.jpg/400px-Hurricane_Route_sign_Tulane_Avenue_floodlines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Evacuation route sign on Tulane Avenue in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> shows lines from long standing floodwaters after <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ahead of the formal season starting, people are urged to <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_preparedness" title="Tropical cyclone preparedness">prepare for the effects of a tropical cyclone</a> by politicians and weather forecasters, among others. They prepare by determining their risk to the different types of weather, tropical cyclones cause, checking their insurance coverage and emergency supplies, as well as determining where to evacuate to if needed.<a href="#cite_note-ReadyGov_Preparedness-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gray_et_al._2019-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morrissey_and_Reser_2003-275">[275]</a> When a tropical cyclone develops and is forecast to impact land, each member nation of the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> issues various <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_watches_and_warnings" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical cyclone watches and warnings">watches and warnings</a> to cover the expected effects.<a href="#cite_note-WMO_TC-276">[276]</a> However, there are some exceptions with the United States National Hurricane Center and Fiji Meteorological Service responsible for issuing or recommending warnings for other nations in their area of responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-AboutFMS-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-About_NHC-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-RAIV2017-279">[279]</a>: 2–4  An important decision in individual preparedness is determining if and when to evacuate an area that will be affected by a tropical cyclone.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_tracking_chart" title="Tropical cyclone tracking chart">Tropical cyclone tracking charts</a> allow people to track ongoing systems to form their own opinions regarding where the storms are going and whether or not they need to prepare for the system being tracked, including possible evacuation. This continues to be encouraged by the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> and National Hurricane Center.<a href="#cite_note-FTH-281">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response">Response</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_response" title="Tropical cyclone response">Tropical cyclone response</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ATropical_cyclone&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+23+February+2025&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Tropical+cyclone">making an edit request</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_cyclone&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> . (October 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSS_Supports_Hurricane_Dorian_Relief_Efforts_in_the_Bahamas_(49091289561).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of tropical cyclone damage from a helicopter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/DSS_Supports_Hurricane_Dorian_Relief_Efforts_in_the_Bahamas_%2849091289561%29.jpg/220px-DSS_Supports_Hurricane_Dorian_Relief_Efforts_in_the_Bahamas_%2849091289561%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/DSS_Supports_Hurricane_Dorian_Relief_Efforts_in_the_Bahamas_%2849091289561%29.jpg/330px-DSS_Supports_Hurricane_Dorian_Relief_Efforts_in_the_Bahamas_%2849091289561%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/DSS_Supports_Hurricane_Dorian_Relief_Efforts_in_the_Bahamas_%2849091289561%29.jpg/440px-DSS_Supports_Hurricane_Dorian_Relief_Efforts_in_the_Bahamas_%2849091289561%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Relief efforts for <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian" title="Hurricane Dorian">Hurricane Dorian</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a></figcaption></figure> Hurricane response is the <a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">disaster response</a> after a hurricane. Activities performed by hurricane responders include assessment, restoration, and demolition of buildings; removal of <a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">debris</a> and waste; repairs to land-based and maritime <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>; and public health services including <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a> operations.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> Hurricane response requires coordination between federal, tribal, state, local, and private entities.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Organizations_Active_in_Disaster" title="National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster">National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster</a>, potential response volunteers should affiliate with established organizations and should not self-deploy, so that proper training and support can be provided to mitigate the danger and stress of response work.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> Hurricane responders face many hazards. Hurricane responders may be exposed to chemical and biological contaminants including stored chemicals, <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corpse" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpse">human remains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indoor_mold" title="Indoor mold">mold</a> growth encouraged by flooding,<a href="#cite_note-:0-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> that may be present in older buildings.<a href="#cite_note-:2-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-288">[288]</a> Common injuries arise from <a href="/wiki/Falling_(accident)" title="Falling (accident)">falls</a> from heights, such as from a ladder or from level surfaces; from <a href="/wiki/Electrocution" title="Electrocution">electrocution</a> in flooded areas, including from <a href="/wiki/Backfeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Backfeed">backfeed</a> from <a href="/wiki/Portable_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable generator">portable generators</a>; or from <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicle accidents">motor vehicle accidents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shift_work" title="Shift work">Long and irregular shifts</a> may lead to <a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation" title="Sleep deprivation">sleep deprivation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">fatigue</a>, increasing the risk of injuries, and workers may experience <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">mental stress associated with a traumatic incident</a>. <a href="/wiki/Heat_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat stress">Heat stress</a> is a concern as workers are often exposed to hot and humid temperatures, wear protective clothing and equipment, and have physically difficult tasks.<a href="#cite_note-:0-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-288">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG/32px-Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG/48px-Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG/64px-Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2004" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tropical_cyclones" title="Portal:Tropical cyclones">Tropical cyclones portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclone</a> – Large scale rotating air mass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_by_year" title="Tropical cyclones by year">Tropical cyclones by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_in_2025" title="Tropical cyclones in 2025">Tropical cyclones in 2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2025 Atlantic hurricane season">2025 Atlantic hurricane season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Pacific_hurricane_season" title="2025 Pacific hurricane season">2025 Pacific hurricane season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Pacific_typhoon_season" title="2025 Pacific typhoon season">2025 Pacific typhoon season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_North_Indian_Ocean_cyclone_season" title="2025 North Indian Ocean cyclone season">2025 North Indian Ocean cyclone season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_South-West_Indian_Ocean_cyclone_season" title="2024–25 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season">2024–25 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_Australian_region_cyclone_season" title="2024–25 Australian region cyclone season">2024–25 Australian region cyclone season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_South_Pacific_cyclone_season" title="2024–25 South Pacific cyclone season">2024–25 South Pacific cyclone season</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Global_Guide_2017-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Guide_2017_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Guide_2017_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Guide_2017_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Guide_2017_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Guide_2017_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Guide_2017_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Guide_2017_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Guide_2017_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Guide_2017_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Guide_2017_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Guide_2017_1-10">k</a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Science of the Total Environment. 748: 141226. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ScTEn.74841226D">2020ScTEn.74841226D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.141226">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141226</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7606715">7606715</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32818899">32818899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=How+tropical+cyclone+flooding+caused+erosion+and+dispersal+of+mercury-contaminated+sediment+in+an+urban+estuary%3A+The+impact+of+Hurricane+Harvey+on+Buffalo+Bayou+and+the+San+Jacinto+Estuary%2C+Galveston+Bay%2C+USA&rft.volume=748&rft.pages=141226&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7606715%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32818899&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.141226&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ScTEn.74841226D&rft.aulast=Dellapenna&rft.aufirst=Timothy+M.&rft.au=Hoelscher%2C+Christena&rft.au=Hill%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Al+Mukaimi%2C+Mohammad+E.&rft.au=Knap%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7606715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATropical+cyclone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Land_created-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Land_created_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land_created_232-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoltoDuvat2020" class="citation journal cs1">Volto, Natacha; Duvat, Virginie K.E. 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Meridian Allen Press: 732–740. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2112%2FJCOASTRES-D-19-00153.1">10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-19-00153.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220323810">220323810</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125103957/https://meridian.allenpress.com/jcr/article-abstract/36/4/732/440511/Applying-Directional-Filters-to-Satellite-Imagery">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2021. 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Journal of Mountain Science. 17 (4). Springer: 773–786. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JMouS..17..773S">2020JMouS..17..773S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11629-019-5734-y">10.1007/s11629-019-5734-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215725140">215725140</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517014552/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11629-019-5734-y">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2022. 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Retrieved June 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+on+RSMC+Tropical+Cyclone+Information&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jma.go.jp%2Fjma%2Fjma-eng%2Fjma-center%2Frsmc-hp-pub-eg%2Fadvisory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATropical+cyclone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geo_Height-267"><a href="#cite_ref-Geo_Height_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/source/zhu/ZHU_Training_Page/Miscellaneous/Heights_Thicknesses/thickness_temperature.htm">"Geopotential Height"</a>. National Weather Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324054919/https://www.weather.gov/source/zhu/ZHU_Training_Page/Miscellaneous/Heights_Thicknesses/thickness_temperature.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geopotential+Height&rft.pub=National+Weather+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fsource%2Fzhu%2FZHU_Training_Page%2FMiscellaneous%2FHeights_Thicknesses%2Fthickness_temperature.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATropical+cyclone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/850mb">"Constant Pressure Charts: 850 mb"</a>. 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National Weather Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629223346/https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/300mb">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constant+Pressure+Charts%3A+700+mb&rft.pub=National+Weather+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fjetstream%2F300mb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATropical+cyclone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/500mb">"Constant Pressure Charts: 500 mb"</a>. National Weather Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521143701/https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/500mb">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constant+Pressure+Charts%3A+500+mb&rft.pub=National+Weather+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fjetstream%2F500mb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATropical+cyclone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/300mb">"Constant Pressure Charts: 300 mb"</a>. National Weather Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007215843/https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/300mb">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constant+Pressure+Charts%3A+300+mb&rft.pub=National+Weather+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fjetstream%2F300mb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATropical+cyclone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/200mb">"Constant Pressure Charts: 200 mb"</a>. National Weather Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805062247/https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/200mb">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constant+Pressure+Charts%3A+200+mb&rft.pub=National+Weather+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fjetstream%2F200mb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATropical+cyclone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReadyGov_Preparedness-273"><a href="#cite_ref-ReadyGov_Preparedness_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ready.gov/ru/node/5121">"Hurricane Seasonal Preparedness Digital Toolkit"</a>. Ready.gov. February 18, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321121554/https://www.ready.gov/ru/node/5121">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hurricane+Seasonal+Preparedness+Digital+Toolkit&rft.pub=Ready.gov&rft.date=2021-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ready.gov%2Fru%2Fnode%2F5121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATropical+cyclone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray_et_al._2019-274"><a href="#cite_ref-Gray_et_al._2019_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayWealMartin2019" class="citation conference cs1">Gray, Briony; Weal, Mark; Martin, David (2019). "The Role of Social Networking in Small Island Communities: Lessons from the 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season". 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Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012163706/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutintro.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+National+Hurricane+Center&rft.place=Miami%2C+Florida&rft.pub=National+Hurricane+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhc.noaa.gov%2Faboutintro.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATropical+cyclone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAIV2017-279"><a href="#cite_ref-RAIV2017_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=3781">Regional Association IV – Hurricane Operational Plan for NOrth America, Central America and the Caribbean</a>. World Meteorological Organization. 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789263111630" title="Special:BookSources/9789263111630"><bdi>9789263111630</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114181542/https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=3781">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2020. 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U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929041128/https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hurricane/recommendations.html#encounter">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2018. 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American Industrial Hygiene Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aiha.org/publications-and-resources/HealthandSafetyIssuesinNaturalDisasters/Pages/Electrical-Hazards-Floods.aspx">the original</a> on September 29, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Industrial+Hygiene+Association&rft.atitle=Electrical+Hazards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiha.org%2Fpublications-and-resources%2FHealthandSafetyIssuesinNaturalDisasters%2FPages%2FElectrical-Hazards-Floods.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATropical+cyclone" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tropical_cyclones" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tropical cyclones">Tropical cyclones</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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States Central Pacific Hurricane Center</a> – Central Pacific</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jma.go.jp/en/typh/">Japan Meteorological Agency</a> – Western Pacific</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/index.php?lang=en">India Meteorological Department</a> – Indian Ocean</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteofrance.re/fr/cyclone">Météo-France – La Reunion</a> – South Indian Ocean from 30°E to 90°E</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/siklon">Indonesian Meteorological Department</a> – South Indian Ocean from 90°E to 125°E, north of 10°S</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/">Australian Bureau of Meteorology</a> – South Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean from 90°E to 160°E</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pngmet.gov.pg/">Papua New Guinea National Weather Service</a> – South Pacific east of 160°E, north of 10°S</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.met.gov.fj/">Fiji Meteorological Service</a> – South Pacific west of 160°E, north of 25° S</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metservice.com/">MetService New Zealand</a> – South Pacific west of 160°E, south of 25°S</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cyclones_and_anticyclones_of_the_world_(centers_of_action)460" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cyclones" title="Template:Cyclones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cyclones" title="Template talk:Cyclones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cyclones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cyclones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cyclones_and_anticyclones_of_the_world_(centers_of_action)460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticyclone">anticyclones</a> of the world (<a href="/wiki/Centers_of_action" title="Centers of action">centers of action</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_storm" title="Anticyclonic storm">Anticyclonic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">High-pressure area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_area" title="Low-pressure area">Low-pressure area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_intensification" title="Rapid intensification">Rapid intensification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive_cyclogenesis" title="Explosive cyclogenesis">Explosive cyclogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_dense_overcast" title="Central dense overcast">Central dense overcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annular_tropical_cyclone" title="Annular tropical cyclone">Annular tropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(tropical_cyclone)" title="Bar (tropical cyclone)">Bar (tropical cyclone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstorm">Superstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tropical_cyclone" title="Post-tropical cyclone">Post-tropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sting_jet" title="Sting jet">Sting jet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sting_jet_cyclones" title="List of sting jet cyclones">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainband" title="Rainband">Rainband</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticyclone">Anticyclone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Hemisphere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_high" title="Polar high">North Polar High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_High" title="Siberian High">Siberian High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azores_High" title="Azores High">Azores High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_High" title="North American High">North American High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_High" title="North Pacific High">North Pacific High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridiculously_Resilient_Ridge" title="Ridiculously Resilient Ridge">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical ridge">Subtropical ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Hemisphere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_high" title="Polar high">South Polar High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_High" title="South Atlantic High">South Atlantic High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_High" title="South Pacific High">South Pacific High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_High" title="Kalahari High">Kalahari High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_High" title="Australian High">Australian High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical ridge">Subtropical ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_scale_meteorology" title="Synoptic scale meteorology">Synoptic scale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">North Polar low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">South Polar low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Arctic_Cyclone_of_2012" title="Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012">Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclones" class="mw-redirect" title="Extratropical cyclones">Extratropical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lee Cyclone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_clipper" title="Alberta clipper">Alberta clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_low" title="Colorado low">Colorado low</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Basin_low&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Basin low (page does not exist)">Great Basin low</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bighorn_Low&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bighorn Low (page does not exist)">Bighorn Low</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panhandle_hook" title="Panhandle hook">Panhandle hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_gale" title="November gale">November gale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Low" title="Aleutian Low">Aleutian Low</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatteras_low&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hatteras low (page does not exist)">Hatteras low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">Nor'easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_low" title="Gulf low">Gulf low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_windstorm" title="Pacific Northwest windstorm">Pacific Northwest windstorm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Low" title="Icelandic Low">Icelandic Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa_low" title="Genoa low">Genoa low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_windstorm" title="European windstorm">European windstorm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Low" title="Asiatic Low">Asiatic Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Disturbance" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Disturbance">Western Disturbance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continental_North_Asian_storms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Continental North Asian storms (page does not exist)">Continental North Asian storms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Asian-northwest_Pacific_storms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Asian-northwest Pacific storms (page does not exist)">East Asian-northwest Pacific storms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Hemisphere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Southern_Ocean_cyclone" title="October 2022 Southern Ocean cyclone">Southern Ocean cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudestada" title="Sudestada">Sudestada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">Subtropical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kona_storm" title="Kona storm">Kona storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_east_coast_low" title="Australian east coast low">Australian east coast low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nor%27easter" title="Black nor'easter">Black nor'easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Lake_Huron_cyclone" title="1996 Lake Huron cyclone">Lake Huron cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_tropical-like_cyclone" title="Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone">Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_low" title="Thermal low">Thermal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tropical</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tropical_cyclones" title="Outline of tropical cyclones">Outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Hemisphere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">Atlantic hurricane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_hurricane" title="Cape Verde hurricane">Cape Verde hurricane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_hurricane" title="Pacific hurricane">Pacific hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">Typhoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_Ocean_tropical_cyclone" title="North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone">North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_tropical-like_cyclone" title="Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone">Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_tropical-like_cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea tropical-like cyclone">Black Sea tropical-like cyclone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Hemisphere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Indian_Ocean_tropical_cyclone" title="South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone">South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_region_tropical_cyclone" title="Australian region tropical cyclone">Australian region tropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_tropical_cyclone" title="South Pacific tropical cyclone">South Pacific tropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_tropical_cyclone" title="South Atlantic tropical cyclone">South Atlantic tropical cyclone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-core_low" title="Cold-core low">Cold-core low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-off_low" title="Cut-off low">Cut-off low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_vortex" title="Polar vortex">Polar vortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_tropospheric_cyclonic_vortex" title="Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex">Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_meteorology" title="Mesoscale meteorology">Mesoscale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_ocean_eddies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoscale ocean eddies">Mesoscale ocean eddies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_eddy" title="Catalina eddy">Catalina eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_Eddies" title="Haida Eddies">Haida Eddies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_convective_system" title="Mesoscale convective system">Mesoscale convective system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wake_low" title="Wake low">Wake Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesohigh" title="Mesohigh">Mesohigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_convective_vortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoscale convective vortex">Mesoscale convective vortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_echo_wave_pattern" title="Line echo wave pattern">Line echo wave pattern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Whirlwind" title="Whirlwind">Whirlwind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">Mesocyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">Supercell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-supercell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-supercell">Low-topped supercell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_cloud" title="Wall cloud">Wall cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funnel_cloud" title="Funnel cloud">Funnel cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-vortex_tornado" title="Multiple-vortex tornado">Multiple-vortex tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_tornado" title="Satellite tornado">Satellite tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_tornado" title="Anticyclonic tornado">Anticyclonic tornado</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landspout" title="Landspout">Landspout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">Waterspout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustnado" title="Gustnado">Gustnado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_devil" title="Dust devil">Dust devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_devil" title="Steam devil">Steam devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG/32px-Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG/48px-Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG/64px-Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2004" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Tropical_cyclones" title="Portal:Tropical cyclones">Tropical cyclones portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg/32px-F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg/48px-F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg/64px-F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Tornadoes" title="Portal:Tornadoes">Tornadoes portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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